1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,040 Speaker 1: Hey, everyone, Technically you're getting two days in History today 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,920 Speaker 1: because we're running two episodes from the History Vault. I 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,160 Speaker 1: hope you enjoy Hi there, Welcome to this Day in 4 00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: History class, where we stift through the artifacts of history, 5 00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:24,479 Speaker 1: seven days a week. The day was April twelve, nineteen 6 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:30,840 Speaker 1: sixty one. Soviet Union cosmonaut Yuri alex Avich Gogden spent 7 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:33,800 Speaker 1: one hour in forty eight minutes in space aboard the 8 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:37,560 Speaker 1: spacecraft VOSS Stock one, becoming the first person to fly 9 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:42,800 Speaker 1: into outer space. Gogoden's pioneering flight garnered a ton of 10 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: celebration from around the world, and the space race between 11 00:00:46,159 --> 00:00:51,600 Speaker 1: the US and Soviet Union was intensifying. Good Gotten graduated 12 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:54,800 Speaker 1: from the Soviet Air Force Cadet school in eighteen fifty seven. 13 00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:58,320 Speaker 1: By nineteen fifty nine, he had risen to the rank 14 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:01,600 Speaker 1: of senior lieutenant and the Soviet Air Forces and was 15 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:06,080 Speaker 1: interested in becoming a cosmonaut. The next year, Gogden and 16 00:01:06,200 --> 00:01:09,039 Speaker 1: nineteen other pilots were chosen to take part in the 17 00:01:09,080 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: Soviet space program. He became one of the Vanguard six, 18 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:17,160 Speaker 1: or the group of cosmonauts who went through accelerated training 19 00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:21,039 Speaker 1: to be sent into space. Through the Vostok program. The 20 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:24,200 Speaker 1: program was the Soviet space flight project that aimed to 21 00:01:24,280 --> 00:01:27,479 Speaker 1: send people into low Earth orbit and then bring them 22 00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:32,160 Speaker 1: back to Earth. After Gogotten and the other candidates endured 23 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:35,520 Speaker 1: training for the space flight and experiments that tested their 24 00:01:35,560 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 1: preparedness and endurance, it was determined that Gogotten and his 25 00:01:39,280 --> 00:01:42,759 Speaker 1: colleague German Titov were the best candidates for the first 26 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:46,400 Speaker 1: trip into space, since they were short and the spacecraft's 27 00:01:46,400 --> 00:01:50,600 Speaker 1: cockpit was tiny. In the end, Gotten beat out Titov 28 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:53,280 Speaker 1: when he was slated to make the first human flight 29 00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:57,240 Speaker 1: in space. Many of gogtens peers believed he should be 30 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:00,480 Speaker 1: the first to venture into space, and a doctor who 31 00:02:00,480 --> 00:02:04,520 Speaker 1: evaluated him said he was modest, had quick reactions, and 32 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:07,080 Speaker 1: appeared to understand him life better than a lot of 33 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:12,760 Speaker 1: his friends. Launches that sent dogs, mice, insects, guinea pigs, 34 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:16,240 Speaker 1: and other organisms into space in nineteen sixty and nineteen 35 00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:21,920 Speaker 1: sixty one were successful. The last uncrewed test mission in 36 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:25,160 Speaker 1: late March of nineteen sixty one, sent a mannequin and 37 00:02:25,200 --> 00:02:29,520 Speaker 1: a dog named vez Dolchka. It was completely successful, so 38 00:02:29,560 --> 00:02:32,920 Speaker 1: the Soviet Union decided to move forward with the crude mission. 39 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:37,480 Speaker 1: Just before he took off, Gotten joked about having enough 40 00:02:37,480 --> 00:02:40,040 Speaker 1: moonshine to go with the sausage he was given to 41 00:02:40,080 --> 00:02:43,160 Speaker 1: eat once he got back to Earth. At nine oh 42 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:46,880 Speaker 1: seven am Moscow time on April twelfth, nineteen sixty one, 43 00:02:47,240 --> 00:02:51,079 Speaker 1: the Vostok one spacecraft carrying Gogtten blasted off from a 44 00:02:51,160 --> 00:02:56,240 Speaker 1: launch complex called Bichael Nor Cosmo Drome. As it lifted off, 45 00:02:56,440 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: twenty seven year old go Gotten yelled Pachali, translated to 46 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:04,880 Speaker 1: English as let's go. Godd could not do much aboard 47 00:03:04,919 --> 00:03:08,240 Speaker 1: the spacecraft as much of the craft's operations were controlled 48 00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:12,200 Speaker 1: from the ground. He had a manual override code and 49 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 1: there were provisions on the spacecraft in case a malfunction 50 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:18,160 Speaker 1: caused him to have to stay in space longer, but 51 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:22,280 Speaker 1: his single orbit around the Earth was uneventful. In the 52 00:03:22,360 --> 00:03:25,359 Speaker 1: nearly two hours that he was in flight, the Vostok 53 00:03:25,440 --> 00:03:28,440 Speaker 1: one reached a maximum height of two and three miles. 54 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:33,480 Speaker 1: Gagad and ejected himself before the spacecraft landed, as the 55 00:03:33,520 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 1: descent module and service module failed to separate properly and 56 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:41,440 Speaker 1: the spacecraft did not have a safe landing system. He 57 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:44,920 Speaker 1: parachuted down near the Vulgar River and the spacecraft landed 58 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:50,720 Speaker 1: in Kazakhstan. The Soviets falsified his flight record and didn't 59 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:53,800 Speaker 1: say that he ejected until nineteen seventy one, since the 60 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:56,840 Speaker 1: World Air Sports Federation set pilots had to land with 61 00:03:56,880 --> 00:04:01,360 Speaker 1: their spacecraft for the trip to count as a space flight. Later, 62 00:04:01,560 --> 00:04:06,080 Speaker 1: after some controversy over Gogoden and his fellow cosmonaut Titov's ejections, 63 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: the World Air Sports Federation switched the parameters that defined 64 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:14,760 Speaker 1: spaceflight and decided to honor their feats. Still, the world 65 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:18,400 Speaker 1: recognized Gogaden as the first person to travel into space 66 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 1: and to orbit Earth. When Gogden touchdown on the planet, 67 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,840 Speaker 1: he became a celebrity and traveled around the world promoting 68 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: his accomplishment. Gogatin became a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet 69 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:35,000 Speaker 1: of the Soviet Union and commander of the Cosmonauts Detachment, 70 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:38,919 Speaker 1: and Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev awarded him the Order of 71 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:41,960 Speaker 1: Linen and named him a Hero of the Soviet Union. 72 00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: Alan Shepherd became the first American in space on May fifth, 73 00:04:46,560 --> 00:04:49,719 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, but a U S astronaut didn't orbit 74 00:04:49,760 --> 00:04:53,240 Speaker 1: the Earth until John Glenn did so in February nineteen 75 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:57,880 Speaker 1: sixty two. Since Gogoden was now a celebrated figure, the 76 00:04:57,920 --> 00:05:01,200 Speaker 1: Soviets did not want to risk sind him back into space, 77 00:05:01,880 --> 00:05:04,719 Speaker 1: and all the touring in fame led to a drinking 78 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:08,240 Speaker 1: problem for good Gotten. He did continue to make test 79 00:05:08,279 --> 00:05:11,720 Speaker 1: fights for the Air Force and trained other cosmonauts. Though 80 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:16,480 Speaker 1: in Night, good Gotten and a flight instructor were killed 81 00:05:16,520 --> 00:05:20,799 Speaker 1: while test piloting a jet Fighter aircraft. He was survived 82 00:05:20,839 --> 00:05:24,560 Speaker 1: by a wife and two daughters. Soon, the US and 83 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:29,360 Speaker 1: Soviet Union space exploration rivalry turned into a collaboration in 84 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:32,839 Speaker 1: April twelve. Is now known as Cosmonautics Day in Russia 85 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:37,240 Speaker 1: and other former Soviet states, and the United Nations General 86 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:41,400 Speaker 1: Assembly has declared it the International Day of Human space Flight. 87 00:05:43,520 --> 00:05:46,040 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Steffcote and hopefully you know a little more 88 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:51,239 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. If there's something 89 00:05:51,279 --> 00:05:53,560 Speaker 1: that I missed in an episode, you can share it 90 00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:57,440 Speaker 1: with everybody else on Twitter, Instagram or Facebook at t 91 00:05:57,920 --> 00:06:02,920 Speaker 1: d i h C podcast asked thanks for listening today 92 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:16,480 Speaker 1: and we'll see you again tomorrow. Hey everyone, I'm Eves 93 00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:19,239 Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, A show 94 00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:29,679 Speaker 1: that believes no day in history is a slow day. 95 00:06:31,839 --> 00:06:36,719 Speaker 1: The day was April twelve. Anco mouse became the first 96 00:06:36,800 --> 00:06:41,360 Speaker 1: animal to be patented in the United States. Before nineteen eighty, 97 00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 1: it was believed that living things were not eligible for patenting. 98 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:49,159 Speaker 1: But while working at General Electric, genetic engineer Ananda Mohan 99 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: Chakrabarti developed a bacterium that could break down crude oil 100 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:59,240 Speaker 1: and ability that no naturally occurring bacteria head. When General 101 00:06:59,279 --> 00:07:04,240 Speaker 1: Electric the patent application for the bacterium, the application was rejected. 102 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:09,160 Speaker 1: The Patent Office Board of Appeals affirmed this rejection, but 103 00:07:09,279 --> 00:07:12,800 Speaker 1: the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals reversed 104 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:16,960 Speaker 1: this decision, saying that quote the fact that microorganisms are 105 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:20,920 Speaker 1: alive is without legal significance for purposes of the patent law. 106 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the Court of 107 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:28,200 Speaker 1: Customs and Patent Appeals. In the nineteen eight case Diamond 108 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,600 Speaker 1: versus Chaco Barty. The Supreme Court ruled that a live 109 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:36,600 Speaker 1: human made microorganism is patentable subject matter as a manufacturer 110 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:40,240 Speaker 1: or a composition of matter. It said that the bacterium 111 00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:43,160 Speaker 1: was patentable because the patent claim was not for a 112 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:48,240 Speaker 1: quote hitherto unknown natural phenomenon, but instead had markedly different 113 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:53,560 Speaker 1: characteristics from any found in nature. The bacterium known as 114 00:07:53,760 --> 00:07:58,280 Speaker 1: Pseudomonis putida, is the first patented living organism in the world. 115 00:07:59,360 --> 00:08:02,360 Speaker 1: The chocolate Bard case was a landmark one that paved 116 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: the way for the patenting of other living organisms and 117 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: the protection of biotechnology related inventions. In the early nineteen eighties, 118 00:08:11,560 --> 00:08:15,800 Speaker 1: researchers at Harvard Medical School created a genetically modified mouse 119 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:19,520 Speaker 1: that was highly susceptible to cancer. By introducing an Onco 120 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:23,120 Speaker 1: gene that triggers the growth of tumors, the mouse could 121 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:27,760 Speaker 1: be used for studying cancer and testing therapies for cancer treatment. 122 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:32,120 Speaker 1: In June of ninety four, Harvard College filed a patent 123 00:08:32,160 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 1: application for the so called Onco mouse in the US 124 00:08:36,160 --> 00:08:38,880 Speaker 1: that included the process by which the mice were produced 125 00:08:39,040 --> 00:08:43,400 Speaker 1: and the mice themselves. Harvard went on to file applications 126 00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:47,920 Speaker 1: around the world in countries like Australia, Canada, Ireland, Belgium, 127 00:08:47,920 --> 00:08:52,000 Speaker 1: and Denmark. In night seven, the U S Patent and 128 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:56,680 Speaker 1: Trademark Office said that quote non naturally occurring, non human 129 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:02,439 Speaker 1: multicellular living organisms, including animals, were patentable. This paved the 130 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:05,840 Speaker 1: way for the onco mouse's patent to be granted. On 131 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:10,240 Speaker 1: April twelve, the U S Patent and Trademark Office granted 132 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: Harvard College patent number four million, seven hundred and thirty 133 00:09:13,920 --> 00:09:16,920 Speaker 1: six thousand, eight hundred and sixty six. The patent was 134 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: for a quote transgenic non human mammal, all of whose 135 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:25,520 Speaker 1: germ sales and somatic sales contain a recombinant activated ONCO 136 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:29,800 Speaker 1: gene sequence introduced into said mammal or an ancestor of 137 00:09:29,840 --> 00:09:33,840 Speaker 1: said mammal at an embryonic stage. A transgenic animal is 138 00:09:33,880 --> 00:09:37,640 Speaker 1: one that contains genetic material that has been artificially inserted. 139 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:42,400 Speaker 1: Other labs were developing similar mice using different genes, but 140 00:09:42,559 --> 00:09:46,800 Speaker 1: Onco mouse was the first to be patented. Harvard gave 141 00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:50,240 Speaker 1: chemical company DuPont, which helped fund the research done at 142 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:55,520 Speaker 1: Harvard Medical School, priority to license the patent. DuPont began 143 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:59,440 Speaker 1: marketing and selling the onco mouse. Researchers who viewed lab 144 00:09:59,520 --> 00:10:03,760 Speaker 1: mice at Shared Resources took issue with this. Animal rights 145 00:10:03,760 --> 00:10:06,839 Speaker 1: groups also opposed the patenting of animals and the commercial 146 00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:11,000 Speaker 1: use of the genetically engineered onco mouse. In two thousand, 147 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:14,160 Speaker 1: the U S National Institutes of Health reached an agreement 148 00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 1: with du Pont so that DuPont would retain commercial rights, 149 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:21,040 Speaker 1: but academic and government researchers could use Onco mouse without 150 00:10:21,080 --> 00:10:24,720 Speaker 1: a fee. The Onco mouse is also patented in Europe 151 00:10:24,760 --> 00:10:29,800 Speaker 1: and Japan. Since n many other patents related to transgenic 152 00:10:29,880 --> 00:10:33,319 Speaker 1: animals have been issued in the US, the patent for 153 00:10:33,360 --> 00:10:36,480 Speaker 1: the Onco mouse has expired in the US and other countries, 154 00:10:36,920 --> 00:10:40,319 Speaker 1: though the name Onco mouse is still a registered trademark. 155 00:10:41,679 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Coo and hopefully you know a little 156 00:10:44,120 --> 00:10:48,400 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If there's 157 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:50,800 Speaker 1: anything I missed, please let us know. You can do 158 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:54,839 Speaker 1: so on social media at t d I h C Podcast. 159 00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: You can also send us an email at this day 160 00:10:57,679 --> 00:11:01,200 Speaker 1: at I heeart media dot com. Thanks again for listening 161 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:08,079 Speaker 1: to the show, and we'll see you tomorrow. For more 162 00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:10,640 Speaker 1: podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, 163 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:13,360 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.