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Speaker 1: Q Josh Trumpet. But you know what that means, everybody.

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Speaker 1: We are going back on tour again. We are hitting

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Speaker 1: the road next year in January for our annual Pacific

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Speaker 1: Northwest and Northern California Swing, and we will be at

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Speaker 1: the Paramount Theater in Seattle on January twenty fourth, Revolution

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Speaker 1: Hall and Portland on the twenty fifth, and our home

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Speaker 1: away from home at San Francisco's Sketch Fest on January

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Speaker 1: twenty six.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, we'll be at the Sydney Goldstein Theater again. Everybody

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Speaker 2: a great place, that's right. If you want tickets and information,

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Speaker 2: you can go to linktree slash sysk and it's got

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Speaker 2: all that jam. You can go to our website stuff

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Speaker 2: youshould do dot com. It's got all that jam. And

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Speaker 2: we will see all of you guys in January with

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Speaker 2: bells on.

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Speaker 3: Welcome to stuff you should know, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 2: Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh and fucking

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Speaker 2: Jerry's here too, and we're just moving slowly against one another,

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Speaker 2: starting static in the slowest possible way.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Perhaps one day will be a mountain.

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Speaker 2: Range yeah, or a deep deep drench hmm.

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Speaker 1: All right, you get down there. I'll be up in

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Speaker 1: the mountains, all right.

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Speaker 2: When I'm down there, I'll be like, Hello, how's the

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Speaker 2: weather up there?

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Speaker 1: Jerry'll be uh, you know her nickname will sea level

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Speaker 1: Roland sea level.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, but we need to spell it with just the

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Speaker 2: letter C. Right, that's more nickname me.

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Speaker 1: Oh no, that sounds mean all of a sudden seed level.

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Speaker 2: Oh I didn't mean it like that.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, like Jerry's the sea level producer.

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Speaker 2: Right, Wow, that was just subconscious, Sorry, Jerry. So since

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Speaker 2: Jerry said that was okay, I say we just go

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Speaker 2: ahead and move on because we're making all these plate

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Speaker 2: tectonic jokes for a good reason. Chuck. We're going to

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Speaker 2: talk today in part about plate tectonics, that's.

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Speaker 1: Right, But first we're going to go back before that.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, so I included this. I coupled this together from

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Speaker 2: a bunch of different stuff, including our old Vulnerable House

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Speaker 2: Stuff work site, net Geo, Live Science, I go wrong there,

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Speaker 2: Heritage Daily, Good Stuff, Great You of Calgary. Yeah, the

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Speaker 2: U stands for Upwardly Mobile Mob of Calgary. Uh huh.

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Speaker 2: And then Wonderum Daily, which I hadn't heard of before,

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Speaker 2: but it's a cool little site.

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Speaker 1: Is it a wondrium on the daily, on the daily.

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Speaker 2: So yeah, I coupled this together and I wanted to

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Speaker 2: put this in there about the idea of what people

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Speaker 2: used to think of I guess I'm fascinated with that

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Speaker 2: lately because I just did a whole episode on on

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Speaker 2: what people used to think before the scientific method. I

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Speaker 2: feel like we talked about something similar in another episode,

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Speaker 2: and then now we've got this. But this, to me

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Speaker 2: is like we're right on the precipice of essentially folklore

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Speaker 2: and then scientific understanding. This is essentially like the dividing

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Speaker 2: line what we're looking at right here in this first

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Speaker 2: little anecdote. And then the other reason I thought it

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Speaker 2: was really significant is because I think Madam Blovotsky, who

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Speaker 2: kind of comes up in a second, she would play

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Speaker 2: really well today, everybody'd be like, what kind of bs

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Speaker 2: are you selling? I want to give you some of

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Speaker 2: my money, Like she would be a featured like Goop contributor.

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Speaker 1: Basically, yeah, yes, you're talking about Helena Blavatsky aka Madam Blovotsky,

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Speaker 1: the Russian occultist from the eighteen hundreds who was a

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Speaker 1: member and co founder in fact of the Theosophical society

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Speaker 1: that sounds like it would play these days for sure,

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Speaker 1: for sure. And something that keep wanting sleep Blatovsky. Blavatsky

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Speaker 1: was going on about back then was something called Lemuria.

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Speaker 1: And we'll get to how that came about in a

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Speaker 1: second as well. But this is the idea that a

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Speaker 1: lot of theosophists, huh thought that, Hey listen, Religion has tried,

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Speaker 1: science has tried, but nobody still here in the nineteenth

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Speaker 1: century has fully explained how we got here and what's

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Speaker 1: going on on planet Earth. But I am able to

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Speaker 1: because I am the great Blavatsky, and I have talent

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Speaker 1: and insight into the times that came before.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, through psychic gifts, right, So just drop.

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Speaker 1: Your rubles in a bucket and I'll tell you exactly.

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Speaker 2: So. She had I think, multiple books, but in one

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Speaker 2: in particular that came out in nineteen eighty eight, called

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Speaker 2: The Secret Doctrine, she talked about how there were seven

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Speaker 2: root races. This is another thing people were very preoccupied with. Oh, yeah,

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Speaker 2: where we came from? Yeah, And the reason why is

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Speaker 2: because just a couple decades before, Darwin had published on

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Speaker 2: the origin of the species. And it's really difficult to

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Speaker 2: get across like the revolution and understanding that book brought right,

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Speaker 2: and that made people fascinated like, wait, okay, well where

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Speaker 2: did we come from? If God just didn't go boop

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Speaker 2: seven thousand years ago, where did we come from? Let's

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Speaker 2: figure that out. And again, this was at a time

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Speaker 2: when science was very much mishmashed with the superstition, I guess,

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Speaker 2: so you could really get some play with the superstitious stuff.

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Speaker 2: And that's exactly what Blovotski was doing. She was saying,

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Speaker 2: check this out, this place called Lemuria. It's a lost continent.

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Speaker 2: Everybody loves those, and it's where one of the three

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Speaker 2: of seven root races came from.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, the third root race, in which giant hermaphroditic egg

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Speaker 1: laying humans pre sex organ humans lived along with the dinosaurs.

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Speaker 1: And everyone was like, hey, sounds pretty good to me.

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Speaker 2: Sounds good. Take my money.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. So it made me wonder too if some of

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Speaker 1: this obsession with where we came from too, because you know,

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Speaker 1: we'll learn later. Other people talked about, you know, some

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Speaker 1: of the original races, like with some of that rooted

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Speaker 1: in things like you know, horrors to come like, we're

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Speaker 1: the original people, so we're the ones who count.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, I think it definitely was finds its roots in

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Speaker 2: that era, that whole fascination at this time.

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Speaker 1: Yes, okay, I thought so.

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Speaker 2: And also there's something that comes up in another episode.

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Speaker 2: We're going to talk about scientific romanticism, which I guess

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Speaker 2: this is probably kind of an example of. But that's like, yeah,

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Speaker 2: not only are we uncovering like this history in the

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Speaker 2: deep past, we're uncovering my ethnicity's history in the deep past.

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Speaker 2: And all we're gonna find is the most splendorous, spectacular

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Speaker 2: examples of how we're actually the survivors of a lost

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Speaker 2: civilization that was even grander than anything we can understand. Now,

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Speaker 2: that's another thing that people were at the same time.

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Speaker 2: So it's pop culture, but again it's kind of dressed

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Speaker 2: up like it's following the same lines as science, but

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Speaker 2: it's not really science. Fortunately, at the same time, there

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Speaker 2: were like legitimate scientists working. It's just they were still

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Speaker 2: following blind alleys to some way, which I just I

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Speaker 2: want to press the pause button right here. I am

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Speaker 2: in no way suggesting that science is done, like we've reached.

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Speaker 2: Science is exactly perfect the way it is now. Yeah,

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Speaker 2: there's still plenty of problems with it, There's still lots

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Speaker 2: left to discover, and so by casting dispersions or shade

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Speaker 2: at this kind of situation back in the mid to

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Speaker 2: late nineteenth century, I'm not insinuating that our current reality

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Speaker 2: is vastly superior and perfect. I'm just saying at this

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Speaker 2: time there were big problems with science and pop culture meshing.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and I'm glad you said that, But you've been

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Speaker 1: clear where you are on that through the years.

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Speaker 2: I think, hey, we get new listeners every episode.

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Speaker 1: Now, that's a good point, and that's a lot easier

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Speaker 1: to say that than to say, go back and listen

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Speaker 1: to sixteen years worth of.

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Speaker 2: Stuff, right, or feel a bunch of angry emails?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we will never get those. After you said that

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Speaker 1: so Lemiria was not something that Blovotsky created, Lomia has

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Speaker 1: a well this will all tie into tectonic plates, believe

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Speaker 1: it or not. Yeah, just wait, just wait. It really

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Speaker 1: does in a very neat way spectacular. I love how

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Speaker 1: you did this. But there was a British zoologist named Philip.

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Speaker 1: I'm sorry, Philip. Philip is not a name that I

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Speaker 1: know of.

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Speaker 2: Phallic is in there, but who would name their kid Fallic.

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Speaker 1: Not Phyllis or Gary Goldman, the Great Comedian has a

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Speaker 1: great bit on Phyllis and that name being retired in

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Speaker 1: nineteen thirty three by the government.

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Speaker 2: Gary Goldman The Rock and Roll Part two, Guy.

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Speaker 1: Gary Golman g U. L. M. A. N. The Great

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Speaker 1: stand up Comedian, I got you anyway. Philip not Phyllis

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Speaker 1: or Philic Sclatter or Sclater wrote an essay in eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty four called the Mammals of Madagascar. And this one

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Speaker 1: is sort of kind of funny when you think about

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Speaker 1: how Madagascar so clearly fits off of where it broke

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Speaker 1: off from Africa. But Slater didn't see that at the time.

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Speaker 1: He really wondered, like, hey, I'm looking at Madagascar. It's

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Speaker 1: right off the just right off the coast of Africa there,

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Speaker 1: and they have all these dozens of species of lemurs.

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Speaker 1: Yet Africa and India don't only have a few species

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Speaker 1: of lemur. He was wrong about that, even which isn't

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Speaker 1: the point. They didn't have any true lemurs. But he

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Speaker 1: was like, why is Madagascar just loaded with all these

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Speaker 1: lemurs and Africa so close has none. And he says,

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Speaker 1: here's what happened. There was a land bridge there and

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Speaker 1: it was once, you know, all connected, and I'm going

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Speaker 1: to call that big, you know, great continent lee Muria

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Speaker 1: after the lemur.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, he really liked leamers a lot. So this is

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Speaker 2: a lost continent. It includes a land bridge. And what

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Speaker 2: Sclater's doing here is what was kind of all the

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Speaker 2: scientific rage. It was like, okay, again, like we came

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Speaker 2: from apes, animals evolved from other animals. Let's take that

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Speaker 2: new worldview and figure out how that works. And he

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Speaker 2: couldn't figure out like how like similar species got it

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Speaker 2: out there eventually mm hmm could be separated by hundreds

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Speaker 2: of miles of water. The best explanation that he thought

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Speaker 2: was a land bridge that's just currently inundated with water.

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Speaker 2: And so, like you said, he came up with Lemuria

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Speaker 2: and that got very quickly deposited into the pop culture,

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Speaker 2: and people like Blovatsky and others were like, yep, Lamuria,

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Speaker 2: and then let's add to it so we can get

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Speaker 2: that goop money.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And land bridges were just land bridges were the thing,

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Speaker 1: and here's the thing, and we'll, you know, we'll get

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Speaker 1: to some more of this in a minute. But like

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Speaker 1: they weren't totally off and all of this stuff. Like

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Speaker 1: they were on the right track for some of it,

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Speaker 1: some a little bit more than others. There was I

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Speaker 1: think a German biologist that you track down named Ernst

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Speaker 1: Heckel or Heckel, and he was like, hey, listen, Lemyria

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Speaker 1: was not only a thing, but that's where we all

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Speaker 1: came from. That was a cradle of humanity. There were

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Speaker 1: twelve varieties of men. Here we go with that stuff again. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and we evolved from these ancient primates right there at

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Speaker 1: this place that is now you know, partially underwater.

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Speaker 2: Right. What's nuts about the whole thing, though, is that

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Speaker 2: that actually has happened before. There actually is at least

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Speaker 2: one and I'm sure there's plenty. It's not a lost continent,

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Speaker 2: but a lost pretty decent sized bit of land, yeah,

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Speaker 2: that is now covered by water that once held people

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Speaker 2: who lived there, and it's called Doggerland. And it's just

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Speaker 2: so nuts that, like these guys were off in their

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Speaker 2: interpretation of what they were seeing to explain species divergence.

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Speaker 2: And as we'll see, like fossil beds separated by an ocean,

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Speaker 2: but they still kind of match up on one coast

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Speaker 2: of Africa and one coast of South America, all these

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Speaker 2: things are trying to put together. They were on the

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Speaker 2: right track trying to explain it, but they were just

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Speaker 2: awful little bit and yet at the same time they

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Speaker 2: were explaining stuff that they didn't actually know really existed.

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Speaker 2: But did Does that make sense in a really roundabout way?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure. And when something like Doggerland happens where

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Speaker 1: you know, this was the land that was around basically

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Speaker 1: what we now know is the UK and it connected

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Speaker 1: to Europe. In nineteen thirty one, a fisherman pulled up

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Speaker 1: a barbed antler point, part of a weapon, basically part

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Speaker 1: of a harpoon that they were using twelve thousand years ago,

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Speaker 1: buried in Pete. They're like, well, wait a minute, Pete

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Speaker 1: isn't in the ocean. Pete's in the forest. Why would

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Speaker 1: it be twenty five miles out into the ocean. And

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Speaker 1: then they started poking around more and more in the

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Speaker 1: decades and they're like, oh, well this used to all

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Speaker 1: be land, and beneath the North Sea are canoes and

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Speaker 1: burial sites and all kinds of other things that we

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Speaker 1: can point to. Is like pretty good proof that, yeah,

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Speaker 1: this happens. There is land that used to be here

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Speaker 1: that is now beneath the sea at different places on

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Speaker 1: planet Earth.

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Speaker 2: And I mean like a lot of land. This land

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Speaker 2: stretched out from all points that surrounded the UK and

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Speaker 2: stretched toward Europe, from southern Scandinavia to Brittany and France.

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Speaker 2: It was just connected and there were river beds and

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Speaker 2: all sorts of animals to hunt. It was just really cool.

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Speaker 2: And then over time, as the sea levels rose, it

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Speaker 2: became inundated, and then there was a landslide and under

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Speaker 2: sea landslide that really inundated it, and it was just

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Speaker 2: lost to history because the people running around there were

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Speaker 2: running around there, you know, no less than five thousand

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Speaker 2: years ago, maybe seven, so everyone forgot about it. But

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Speaker 2: one of the noteworthy things that I found just completely

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Speaker 2: fascinating is HG. Wells show off that he was set

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Speaker 2: an eighteen ninety seven book called The Story of the

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Speaker 2: Stone Age in exactly that place. He didn't call it

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Speaker 2: daughter Land, but he set his story in this land

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Speaker 2: that was now covered by water between the UK and Europe.

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Speaker 2: And it turned out about three or so decades later

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Speaker 2: that he was confirmed H. G.

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Speaker 1: Wells was a special human.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, pretty cool. So he actually managed to combine the

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Speaker 2: science and the speculation speculativeness of the age. But he

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Speaker 2: was never trying to say like, this is real, this

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Speaker 2: is a real book. He was like, this is fiction.

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Speaker 2: It's awesome.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: I like him for that.

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Speaker 1: Didn't he write Didn't he write the original Invisible Man book?

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Speaker 2: I think so?

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Speaker 1: Yeah. I watched the I've been trying to watch some

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Speaker 1: scary movies in October and now in a November a bit,

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Speaker 1: and I watched that Invisible Man update from a few

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Speaker 1: years ago with Elizabeth Moss that I had never seen before.

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Speaker 1: You No, it's good, okay, and it's you know, it's

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Speaker 1: not the same story h. G. Wells put forward, but

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Speaker 1: it's it's you know, it's based sort of adapted from

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Speaker 1: that story. And it's actually really good and quite scary

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Speaker 1: and has a great ending.

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Speaker 2: Okay, good to know.

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Speaker 1: So I recommend it.

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Speaker 2: Did you ever get around to watching the Juwan origins miniseries?

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Speaker 1: Now you gotta email me this stuff. I don't remember

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Speaker 1: anything after I leave the studio. Scary.

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Speaker 2: So you know the Grudge that Sarah Michelle Geller was

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Speaker 2: in in the nineties.

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Speaker 1: Sure it was based on Well I know the movie

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Speaker 1: and I know it was based on an original Japanese

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Speaker 1: film right.

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Speaker 2: Right called Juwan, and so somebody went back and made

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Speaker 2: a prequel to the Japanese version. Oh okay, that explains

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Speaker 2: how everything got that way. Yes, it is so scary that, like,

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Speaker 2: I will leave the light on from you know, the

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Speaker 2: family room to the bedroom as I'm going to bed

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Speaker 2: and then turn it off remotely. I just won't turn

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Speaker 2: it off and walk through the dark. It is that scary.

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Speaker 2: It's awesome.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I didn't watch as many this year because the

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Speaker 1: movie crushesn't around. I used to like really heavily watch

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Speaker 1: a lot of horror movies in October, but only caught

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Speaker 1: a few this year. And uh, I still I enjoy

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Speaker 1: being scared like that and being in another part of

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Speaker 1: your house and having to navigate your way back in

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Speaker 1: the dark, Even in my fifties, it's always scary and

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Speaker 1: kind of funny. Like, of course, I know that the

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Speaker 1: supernatural being from the movie I just watched isn't in

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Speaker 1: this all way, but but do I.

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Speaker 2: Really could be exactly? I know?

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Speaker 1: All right, Uh, off topic, let's take a break a sure,

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Speaker 1: let's and we'll be right back.

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Speaker 2: Definitely should large holds.

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Speaker 1: Of chucking r y s k.

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Speaker 3: I want to learn about a terror's hortan college, horrid actyle,

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Speaker 3: how to take a berg, all about fractal think is gone,

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Speaker 3: that's a little hunt, the Lizzie Border murders, and all right, everything,

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Speaker 3: and jo should.

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Speaker 1: Now word up Jerry. All right. So when we broke

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Speaker 1: actually we were talking about horror movies. But a little

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Speaker 1: bit before that, I was talking some about how it's

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Speaker 1: a little frust not frustrating, but maybe kind of funny

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Speaker 1: that they didn't put together that Madagascar so clearly broke

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Speaker 1: off from Africa and fits very nicely if you just

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Speaker 1: shove it back together right there in its spot. And

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Speaker 1: as I was studying today, I have my light up

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Speaker 1: globe on my desk, and you know, when you look

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Speaker 1: at that thing, my my medium smart eight year old

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Speaker 1: daughter can say, hey, Daddy, you know, it looks like

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Speaker 1: Africa could fit into South America, and it looks like

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Speaker 1: all of these things sort of could be puzzled together

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Speaker 1: to form a larger super continents. A medium smart but

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Speaker 1: she knows the word super continent.

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Speaker 2: That's pretty smart.

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Speaker 1: But it's pretty it seems pretty obvious to us now.

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Speaker 1: But it was all about land bridges back then and

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Speaker 1: sort of this idea of super continent came about a

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Speaker 1: little slower.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, because if you stand on any continent and just

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Speaker 2: stand around and wait, you will not perceive that you're

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Speaker 2: moving even though you are moving. So they were not

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Speaker 2: aware of the fact that the continents moved, and so

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Speaker 2: of course that wasn't what they went with. They went

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Speaker 2: with land bridges. Again, it's a very sensible explanation. How

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Speaker 2: did one thing get to another when it's covered by oceans. Well,

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Speaker 2: that there was land that used to be above the

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Speaker 2: ocean and they just migrated across. It's happened before. There's

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Speaker 2: dogger land, there's the bearing land bridge, all that stuff.

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Speaker 2: But the idea that the continents moved, that just was

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Speaker 2: not around until another guy came along, who will talk

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Speaker 2: about in a second. But there was like little inklings

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Speaker 2: of this idea that that just weren't There was like

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Speaker 2: a light bulb that was just about to come on,

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Speaker 2: but it just burns out right before, right before it

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Speaker 2: fully comes on. That's kind of what was happening with

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Speaker 2: the idea that the continent's moved. And again, just to

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Speaker 2: reiterate the whole reason people are thinking about this stuff

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Speaker 2: is because fossil beds suddenly take on new meaning. If

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Speaker 2: evolution and natural selection exists, climatological evidence suddenly takes on

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Speaker 2: new meaning. Why species are similar but separated from one

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Speaker 2: continent to another, it takes on significance. And so they're

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Speaker 2: looking around their world with brand new fresh eyes and

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Speaker 2: trying to answer these questions. And they were coming up

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Speaker 2: with all these different meta narratives and on the way

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Speaker 2: to the idea that we have now that the continents

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Speaker 2: actually move and they actually formed one large super continent

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Speaker 2: in the past. Like I was saying, there were a

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Speaker 2: few people who came along and almost had it.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, the idea of continental contraction was one pretty good

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Speaker 1: idea and an alternate theory, you know, pre tectonic plate shifts,

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Speaker 1: and that is that the Earth was a huge magma ball,

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Speaker 1: which is true, and that as that thing cooled down

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Speaker 1: over time, the land that it formed trunk basically as

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Speaker 1: things might do when they cool, and the continents broke apart.

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Speaker 1: So that was that was really headed toward the right

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Speaker 1: idea until the end, basically for sure. Another thing that

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Speaker 1: they had trouble kind of explaining were things like mountains,

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Speaker 1: Like I kind of hitt it around the beginning. One

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Speaker 1: of us will be a mountain range. They did have

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Speaker 1: theories that parts of the Earth were, you know, breaking

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Speaker 1: off from one another and could go underneath other parts,

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Speaker 1: but they just hadn't quite arrived there until Alfred Wegner

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Speaker 1: came along in nineteen twelve and published a book called

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Speaker 1: The Origin of Continents and Oceans where he was kind

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Speaker 1: of like, hey, wait a minute, everyone, this looks like

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Speaker 1: a giant puzzle if you stand back and look at

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Speaker 1: a map and you're just not standing back far enough, like,

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Speaker 1: get get over on the other side of the room.

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Speaker 1: And then everyone did, and they go, oh wow, and

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Speaker 1: this helps explain things like you were talking about why

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Speaker 1: the coast of Africa and the coast of Brazil might

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Speaker 1: share fossils even though they're separated by such a vast ocean.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, or share species are all sorts of different explanations.

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Speaker 2: It would go on to become considered a theory of

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Speaker 2: everything for geology, for earth science, in much the same

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Speaker 2: way that our understanding of the atom is like explains

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Speaker 2: you know, quantum mechanics or vice versa. It was a

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Speaker 2: really big deal that he came up with this, but

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Speaker 2: it was not well received at first, as we'll see,

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Speaker 2: like he was not considered a genius in his time.

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Speaker 2: People ridicule them essentially, and his whole idea was very

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Speaker 2: quickly forgotten for several decades until he was pretty much

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Speaker 2: proven right. But in that book, The Origin of the

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Speaker 2: Continents and Oceans, he's saying, not only did the continents

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Speaker 2: move apart, because they used to form this super continent

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Speaker 2: called Pangaea, all the land they're still moving around today.

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Speaker 1: Yeah.

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Speaker 2: All the Victorians and I'm sorry these would be Edwardians.

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Speaker 2: Maybe we're like, nah, I've stood still for like an

399
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Speaker 2: hour at a stretch and I could not tell we

400
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Speaker 2: were moving, So we're not moving. And he's like, no, really,

401
00:22:12,560 --> 00:22:16,480
Speaker 2: trust me. The continents are still moving. It explains everything.

402
00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:19,359
Speaker 2: How about earthquakes. They're like, well, it's God putting his

403
00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:23,400
Speaker 2: finger on Antarctica. He's like, no, it's actually these plates

404
00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:26,800
Speaker 2: sliding against one another. He's wrong. And they just kind

405
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Speaker 2: of went back and forth like this until Wegner died

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Speaker 2: in nineteen thirty in a blizzard.

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Speaker 1: Wow. Really really shot right to the ending there. So

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Speaker 1: the other thing that was pretty brilliant was he was like, well,

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Speaker 1: not only you know, maybe we can't stand back. There's

410
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Speaker 1: no room big enough to where we can stand back

411
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Speaker 1: and see how exactly that puzzle might fit. But what

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Speaker 1: we can do because you know, under this theory of

413
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Speaker 1: continental drift, we can look at the fossil record and

414
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Speaker 1: look at different speciological phenomenon and that is part of

415
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Speaker 1: the puzzle as well, Like if we match up this

416
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Speaker 1: place with that place, maybe in our mind's eye we

417
00:23:07,280 --> 00:23:09,480
Speaker 1: can envision how they used to fit together. Even though

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Speaker 1: it's not as tidy as Madagascar off the coast of Africa.

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Speaker 2: It's so cool. He was so he was a climate

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Speaker 2: or a meteorologist and a geophysicist, right. He was a

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Speaker 2: sharp dude. He took paleoclimatological data. I think there was

422
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Speaker 2: like a fern species that he was tracking. There was

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Speaker 2: glacier glacier coverage I guess, like evidence of old glacier coverage,

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Speaker 2: and then species and fossils. And he would take all

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Speaker 2: this and basically say, okay, well this fits here, and

426
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Speaker 2: then this range now connects from you know, India to

427
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Speaker 2: North Africa. That explains that that would fit. And he

428
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Speaker 2: figured out not only did the continents fit together exactly

429
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Speaker 2: how they would fit together, and not by geography, but

430
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Speaker 2: by all of this evidence, all this data he had

431
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Speaker 2: and pair it up. And so, I mean, he really

432
00:24:03,160 --> 00:24:06,119
Speaker 2: did some amazing work. And again like people were just like,

433
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:09,000
Speaker 2: we don't believe what you're saying. And then in the

434
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:13,040
Speaker 2: fifties and sixties, apparently, as nat Geo puts it, as

435
00:24:13,080 --> 00:24:17,800
Speaker 2: we got more technologically advanced in warfare, we started to

436
00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:23,119
Speaker 2: confirm Wegner's theories inadvertently, like when they were trying to

437
00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:28,040
Speaker 2: detect submarines using magnetometers, or when they used seismographs to

438
00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:32,120
Speaker 2: detect nuclear testing elsewhere in the world. These things actually

439
00:24:32,240 --> 00:24:36,320
Speaker 2: inadvertently turned up evidence that, oh, my gosh, the continents

440
00:24:36,359 --> 00:24:40,960
Speaker 2: actually are moving, and they're moving today, and Wagner was right,

441
00:24:41,160 --> 00:24:42,840
Speaker 2: let's go dig them up and shake his hand.

442
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,520
Speaker 1: Yeah. And not only that, but now we know that

443
00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:49,920
Speaker 1: Pangaea wasn't even Pangea is just the most recent super continent, right,

444
00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:53,840
Speaker 1: there were super continents before that, because before Pangaea, there

445
00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:57,280
Speaker 1: were obviously separate continents that came together to form Pangaea,

446
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:01,000
Speaker 1: and those continents had broken off from the previous super

447
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:05,520
Speaker 1: continent that we call Panotia that was about six hundred

448
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:08,720
Speaker 1: million years ago, and there was one before that called Rodinia,

449
00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:13,120
Speaker 1: who was that like a billion years ago? And Earth

450
00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:15,520
Speaker 1: has had lamb ass for about three billion years. So

451
00:25:15,640 --> 00:25:19,760
Speaker 1: if you're looking at this on that timeline, this is

452
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:22,440
Speaker 1: pretty quick movement. It's not to us today. It was

453
00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:26,200
Speaker 1: it like a half an inch a year or something, or.

454
00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:28,720
Speaker 2: Roughly one and a half centimeter or something like that.

455
00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:32,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's you know, that's cooking if you look at

456
00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:34,879
Speaker 1: it on that kind of timeline exactly.

457
00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:38,800
Speaker 2: So what we've arrived to today, Chuck, is called plate tectonics,

458
00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:42,119
Speaker 2: and it's essentially so Wagner's theory was continental drift, that

459
00:25:42,160 --> 00:25:44,440
Speaker 2: the continent's drift, and they were like, well, how Wagner,

460
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:48,240
Speaker 2: He's like, huh yeah, well, finally with plate tectonics, we've

461
00:25:48,359 --> 00:25:50,840
Speaker 2: arrived at how we still don't know exactly what the

462
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:53,720
Speaker 2: mechanism is, but what we figured out is that below

463
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,800
Speaker 2: the Earth's crust, below the what's called the Lyssa sphere.

464
00:25:56,800 --> 00:25:59,240
Speaker 2: It's the crust in the uppermost mantle, the really thick

465
00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:02,800
Speaker 2: hard stuff. Yeah, that's about sixty miles or one hundred

466
00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:08,280
Speaker 2: kilometers thick, take your choice. There's something called the isthenosphere,

467
00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:14,480
Speaker 2: and it's like molten it's viscous, it's liquidish, and it's

468
00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:18,400
Speaker 2: separated from the lithosphere so that the lithosphere can move

469
00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:19,320
Speaker 2: about on it.

470
00:26:19,680 --> 00:26:24,040
Speaker 1: Yeah. Right, it's like the oil yes, sort of, hm.

471
00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:28,360
Speaker 2: Exactly, oil all bearings WD forty all mixed together. That's

472
00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:31,399
Speaker 2: what the lithosphere is moving around on. So now we

473
00:26:31,560 --> 00:26:35,200
Speaker 2: know how it could happen. We still don't know exactly

474
00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:39,639
Speaker 2: what creates the motion in the ocean, but we do

475
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:42,560
Speaker 2: know that this is what it's based on. One way

476
00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:45,200
Speaker 2: or another. This is what it's based on. And it's

477
00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:49,520
Speaker 2: possibly because of the convective currents coming from the center

478
00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:52,720
Speaker 2: of Earth towards the outer crust and mantle.

479
00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:57,280
Speaker 1: Yeah. And Johns Hopkins University a few years ago in

480
00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,080
Speaker 1: twenty nineteen said this has been going on for about

481
00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:04,199
Speaker 1: two and a half billion years. Yeah, which tracks with

482
00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:07,640
Speaker 1: the other you know super continents we were talking about.

483
00:27:08,040 --> 00:27:11,280
Speaker 1: And I guess this was h This is a professor

484
00:27:11,359 --> 00:27:14,560
Speaker 1: from the University of Florida named Ray Russo, an associate

485
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,000
Speaker 1: professor that talked about the Earth being what you call

486
00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:21,399
Speaker 1: it a quote, large scale heat engine and you know,

487
00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:23,399
Speaker 1: like we talked about that just big hot ball of

488
00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:27,240
Speaker 1: magma and so you know, all this heat coming from

489
00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:30,119
Speaker 1: all these different things throughout these you know, you know,

490
00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:33,359
Speaker 1: hundreds of thousands and millions of years, is gonna try.

491
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,160
Speaker 1: Heat's going to try to go from warm to cold.

492
00:27:36,160 --> 00:27:38,600
Speaker 1: It's going to flow from a warm area to a

493
00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:40,959
Speaker 1: cold area, right, And if the heat is on the

494
00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:44,640
Speaker 1: interior of the Earth, it's going to try to move outward,

495
00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:47,639
Speaker 1: and in fact does towards the cold surface of the Earth.

496
00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:50,440
Speaker 2: Yeah, what's neat is the Earth still hasn't cooled off

497
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:53,359
Speaker 2: from when it was formed almost five billion years ago.

498
00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:56,040
Speaker 2: It may have by now, I don't know if it

499
00:27:56,080 --> 00:27:58,679
Speaker 2: would have or not. But the thing that keeps it going,

500
00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:03,960
Speaker 2: that keeps it hot is well left over heat radioactive

501
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,320
Speaker 2: decay of all of these amazing atoms and elements that

502
00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,960
Speaker 2: are in the core. They are under such intense pressure

503
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,439
Speaker 2: that they just create more heat, and that creates more

504
00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:14,159
Speaker 2: pressure and so on and so forth, and you've got

505
00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:18,280
Speaker 2: more and more radioactive decay. And then also just the compression,

506
00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:22,960
Speaker 2: the gravitational compression is so great it actually produces temperatures.

507
00:28:22,720 --> 00:28:25,960
Speaker 2: That's some pressure right there, right, And so all this

508
00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:30,400
Speaker 2: heat is emanating, like you said, outward toward the colder surface,

509
00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:33,199
Speaker 2: and as it does, it carries the heat energy with it.

510
00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:35,680
Speaker 2: As it gets toward the top, it starts to cool off,

511
00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:38,040
Speaker 2: and he goes, oh, here, I go back down because

512
00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:40,680
Speaker 2: the cooler stuff sinks, it's less dense, it's less buoyant

513
00:28:40,880 --> 00:28:44,280
Speaker 2: than heat. Then the warm stuff that's coming up from

514
00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:46,400
Speaker 2: the core, and then that stuff gets heated up and

515
00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:48,680
Speaker 2: comes back up. And what I've just described as a

516
00:28:48,720 --> 00:28:51,200
Speaker 2: convective current, it's the same thing that you get when

517
00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:54,160
Speaker 2: you look at one of those awesome see through glass

518
00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:58,440
Speaker 2: cookware pots from the early eighties. When the water's bubbling.

519
00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:03,640
Speaker 2: That's a convective current. It's the same thing. Yes, the water,

520
00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:05,920
Speaker 2: the bubbles of water trying to get away from the

521
00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:08,200
Speaker 2: heat source. They're rising. As they get toward the top,

522
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:10,360
Speaker 2: they cool and they come back down. And that's exactly

523
00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:15,400
Speaker 2: what they're saying is happening, they being today's scientists, is

524
00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:20,040
Speaker 2: coming from the core moving like that moves like all

525
00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:24,040
Speaker 2: the molten junk that's in that four hundred miles of

526
00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,480
Speaker 2: a cenosphere. And as that's moving, they think that that

527
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:30,320
Speaker 2: is acting like some sort of maybe conveyor belt or

528
00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:33,200
Speaker 2: something that moves the plates around. So we know they

529
00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:35,880
Speaker 2: move on the athenosphere, and they think the convective currents

530
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,320
Speaker 2: are possibly the mechanism that actually moves them.

531
00:29:39,640 --> 00:29:43,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, and there's this other theory called slab pool. You

532
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:47,520
Speaker 1: were talking about those oceanic plates sinking of the to

533
00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:50,560
Speaker 1: the less dense plates below them, and you know, just

534
00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:53,959
Speaker 1: think about when you're pulling a tablecloth off of a table.

535
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:58,280
Speaker 1: It's basically saying, hey, the tablecloth's coming, but so is

536
00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:00,520
Speaker 1: that dinner plate that's sitting on the table cloth. You're

537
00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:03,160
Speaker 1: coming with me, right, And that's what slab poll is

538
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:07,040
Speaker 1: basically at point I think now I said point five

539
00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:11,959
Speaker 1: point six inches per year is the average speed. Although

540
00:30:11,960 --> 00:30:15,240
Speaker 1: science isn't fully in agreement on if things are going

541
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:19,160
Speaker 1: faster now if they're going slower, but they have figured

542
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:22,840
Speaker 1: out that things are still moving and as these plates

543
00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:25,160
Speaker 1: are close to each other, there's going to be three

544
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:27,800
Speaker 1: different ways which they're going to interact, and that's going

545
00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:33,320
Speaker 1: to help cause planet Earth. Basically, divergent boundaries obviously are

546
00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:35,520
Speaker 1: when they are diverging, when they're moving away from each other,

547
00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:40,880
Speaker 1: and you're going to find earthquakes a lot along these areas.

548
00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:46,720
Speaker 1: We talked about this in earthquakes and volcanoes and super volcanoes.

549
00:30:46,720 --> 00:30:50,000
Speaker 1: So it's a bit of a refresher, sure, but that's

550
00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:54,200
Speaker 1: a divergent boundary. The other two are convergent. That's obviously

551
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:57,280
Speaker 1: when things are going toward one another, and that's where

552
00:30:57,280 --> 00:30:59,920
Speaker 1: you're going to get those mountain range. Mountain ranges when

553
00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:02,680
Speaker 1: when two continents are gonna hit one another, they're gonna

554
00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:04,840
Speaker 1: buckle up and either go up or down, so they

555
00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,440
Speaker 1: you're either going to get a mountain range or something

556
00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:11,040
Speaker 1: like the Mariana trench on the ocean floor. Right, And

557
00:31:11,280 --> 00:31:13,960
Speaker 1: then you have transform plate boundaries, and that's when things

558
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:17,880
Speaker 1: are not moving away or toward each other. They're just

559
00:31:17,920 --> 00:31:22,480
Speaker 1: sort of generally happily side by side, going by one

560
00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:26,440
Speaker 1: another very slowly, saying, hey, how you doing. We might

561
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:29,360
Speaker 1: be cracking apart here and there as we touch one another,

562
00:31:29,720 --> 00:31:32,760
Speaker 1: but we're not smashing against one another very slowly. And

563
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,400
Speaker 1: you're also going to find earthquakes here along these fault lines.

564
00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:39,000
Speaker 2: Yeah, I say we take a break because I mean

565
00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:42,040
Speaker 2: you mentioned like volcanoes and earthquakes and all that happening.

566
00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:45,840
Speaker 2: There's a lot of action that happens thanks to plate tectonics,

567
00:31:45,880 --> 00:31:48,960
Speaker 2: and in fact, it turns out that life actually may

568
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:51,120
Speaker 2: not be able to exist on Earth were it not

569
00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:53,440
Speaker 2: for plate tectonics. They're that important.

570
00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:55,000
Speaker 1: Let's do it, definitely.

571
00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:56,720
Speaker 2: I'm not.

572
00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:08,480
Speaker 1: I want to learn about a terror sort and college verdactyl.

573
00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:09,520
Speaker 1: How to take a perfect.

574
00:32:10,760 --> 00:32:11,080
Speaker 2: Is gone?

575
00:32:11,160 --> 00:32:12,760
Speaker 1: That's another hunt. The Lizzie.

576
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:23,959
Speaker 2: Everything word up, Jerry, Okay, Chuck. So one thing I

577
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:26,680
Speaker 2: wanted to mention is tectonic is a strange word, and

578
00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:30,280
Speaker 2: it sounds super futuristic and technological. It is actually a

579
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:36,080
Speaker 2: very old medieval word that was used uh as what

580
00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:38,960
Speaker 2: you would call a builder or a carpenter. So plate

581
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:43,840
Speaker 2: tectonics is the actual process of building Earth, and that's

582
00:32:43,840 --> 00:32:46,400
Speaker 2: a really apt name for it, because that's what's going

583
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,760
Speaker 2: on with plate tectonics, because when all that magma starts

584
00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:52,720
Speaker 2: to come up, it doesn't just move the plates. At

585
00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:55,520
Speaker 2: places where there's a gap between the plates. That magma

586
00:32:55,560 --> 00:32:58,320
Speaker 2: comes up and comes out, and as it does and cools,

587
00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:02,320
Speaker 2: it forms new rock, essentially Earth, and over the course

588
00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,400
Speaker 2: of millions and millions and millions of years, that moves

589
00:33:05,480 --> 00:33:07,720
Speaker 2: up and out and over and does all sorts of

590
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:11,800
Speaker 2: other cool things until it's eventually recycled back into magma

591
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:15,920
Speaker 2: where it will be heated and eventually brought back up

592
00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:19,640
Speaker 2: as new magma to form new continental crust. So tectonic

593
00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:22,640
Speaker 2: is a really great word for this whole process.

594
00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:26,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, totally. And you were talking about and or I

595
00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:28,400
Speaker 1: guess I was talking about the fact that we spoke

596
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:33,520
Speaker 1: about volcanoes and how they form in volcanoes and super volcanoes, right,

597
00:33:33,560 --> 00:33:37,960
Speaker 1: But as a refresher, these plates are causing you know,

598
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:41,880
Speaker 1: they're moving around, and when there's a break in the crust,

599
00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:46,440
Speaker 1: that's basically like an event for all that hotness underneath

600
00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:50,840
Speaker 1: and that lava to come out or to erupt. This

601
00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:53,280
Speaker 1: is what I'm going to recommend my second movie of

602
00:33:53,320 --> 00:33:55,960
Speaker 1: the day. May have talked about it before, but the

603
00:33:56,000 --> 00:34:01,080
Speaker 1: documentary Fire of Love is amazing. It's about volcanoes. It's

604
00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:04,560
Speaker 1: about this couple, these volcano hunters. Okay, and it is

605
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,320
Speaker 1: one of the most amazing some of the most amazing

606
00:34:07,360 --> 00:34:10,520
Speaker 1: footage I've ever seen in my life. Is this sixteen

607
00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:15,080
Speaker 1: millimeter film footage that this couple shot years and years ago,

608
00:34:15,120 --> 00:34:18,400
Speaker 1: that this current documentarian has put together in the form

609
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:22,000
Speaker 1: of Fire of Love. Okay, you even would love it.

610
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:24,680
Speaker 2: All right, I'll check it out. Yeah, is it even

611
00:34:24,719 --> 00:34:27,800
Speaker 2: better footage than Joe getting spit out of the volcano

612
00:34:27,840 --> 00:34:30,800
Speaker 2: that he just jumped in, and Joe versus the volcano,

613
00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:32,400
Speaker 2: because that was a pretty amazing site.

614
00:34:32,520 --> 00:34:35,080
Speaker 1: It's pretty amazing that Noah pony Woo in this one.

615
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:39,919
Speaker 2: Okay, So I haven't seen that movie in a while.

616
00:34:39,960 --> 00:34:40,880
Speaker 2: I hope it holds up.

617
00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:41,479
Speaker 1: It does.

618
00:34:41,960 --> 00:34:44,480
Speaker 2: Okay. So, as I was saying, there's a lot of

619
00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:47,520
Speaker 2: stuff that the plate tectonics do in addition to volcanoes,

620
00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:51,399
Speaker 2: you're like volcanoes, big woop again, this is how new

621
00:34:51,520 --> 00:34:54,200
Speaker 2: crust is formed. Like all that magma comes up out

622
00:34:54,200 --> 00:34:56,960
Speaker 2: of these vents or even on land and forms new

623
00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:02,120
Speaker 2: land or new undersea crust. Right, Yeah, that also does

624
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:04,600
Speaker 2: all sorts of other things too, Like when that magma

625
00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:07,480
Speaker 2: comes up, it's bringing all sorts of minerals and elements

626
00:35:07,480 --> 00:35:11,239
Speaker 2: and all sorts of crazy superheated stuff that's really reactive

627
00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:14,239
Speaker 2: and ready to just party essentially when it comes at

628
00:35:14,360 --> 00:35:19,040
Speaker 2: shooting out of these magma vents. And it actually I

629
00:35:19,120 --> 00:35:22,200
Speaker 2: did not realize this. One of the things that under

630
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:26,080
Speaker 2: sea volcanoes are responsible for is the balancing the ocean's salinity.

631
00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:29,760
Speaker 2: I never thought, like, where did the salt come from?

632
00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:32,719
Speaker 2: It comes from the magma that's spitting out at the

633
00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:33,760
Speaker 2: bottom of the ocean.

634
00:35:34,680 --> 00:35:36,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we came from there, and so it's no

635
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:41,600
Speaker 1: coincidence that our blood has about the same salinity as seawater.

636
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:45,759
Speaker 2: Yeah. Pretty cool. And then on land, those same openings

637
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:50,520
Speaker 2: down to the magma chambers below what we typically think

638
00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:53,600
Speaker 2: of as volcanoes, when they erupt, they create new land too.

639
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:58,879
Speaker 2: They replenish land, they replenish soil over time. They so, yes,

640
00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:03,960
Speaker 2: there was a there's a direct connection between the volcanoes

641
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:07,520
Speaker 2: that are formed by plate boundaries and life on Earth.

642
00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:09,279
Speaker 2: But it gets even more arcane than that.

643
00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:13,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, for sure. You know we mentioned earthquakes. It's also

644
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,200
Speaker 1: no coincidence that we're gonna find you know, earthquakes don't

645
00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:20,960
Speaker 1: happen everywhere. They are clustered around these tectonic plate boundaries

646
00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,520
Speaker 1: and when they press together, when those plates move, and

647
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:27,520
Speaker 1: for them, it's a sudden movement. That energy's got to

648
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:32,239
Speaker 1: go somewhere, and that is what an earthquake is. We

649
00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:35,000
Speaker 1: should do one on the fault lines, like the San

650
00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:37,040
Speaker 1: Andreas fault, maybe the most famous fault line.

651
00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:40,720
Speaker 2: I feel like the rock did that. It's done.

652
00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:47,160
Speaker 1: That's funny. What else, what about those What about the rocks,

653
00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:48,560
Speaker 1: the undersea rocks.

654
00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:51,000
Speaker 2: So remember when I said that they used to and

655
00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:57,239
Speaker 2: probably still do have magnetometers like undersea to detect submarines. Well,

656
00:36:57,280 --> 00:36:59,799
Speaker 2: this is actually one reason they figured out that that

657
00:37:00,440 --> 00:37:02,799
Speaker 2: is right, and that it's plate tectonics doing it. They

658
00:37:02,920 --> 00:37:06,719
Speaker 2: inadvertently detected that if you go along the seafloor on

659
00:37:06,800 --> 00:37:10,359
Speaker 2: either side of a ridge, you're going to find that

660
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,600
Speaker 2: your compass goes haywire. Yeah.

661
00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:14,440
Speaker 1: Yeah.

662
00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:17,120
Speaker 2: And the reason why is because as that magma comes

663
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:19,480
Speaker 2: up from the vent in the middle of the undersea

664
00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:24,759
Speaker 2: ridge and spills out over there's some minerals in there

665
00:37:24,920 --> 00:37:29,960
Speaker 2: that actually kind of clock the north pole right, like

666
00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:34,600
Speaker 2: the minerals are magnet episode is really really interesting. I

667
00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:38,800
Speaker 2: went back and listened to it again and it's even

668
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:42,480
Speaker 2: more difficult than I remember trying to explain it, but

669
00:37:42,960 --> 00:37:45,760
Speaker 2: just suffice to say that there's minerals that align themselves

670
00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:49,200
Speaker 2: with the north pole, and in effect, when they become rock,

671
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:54,600
Speaker 2: they record where the north pole was. Wow, Earth's magnetic

672
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:57,600
Speaker 2: north pole sometimes switches with the South pole. It can

673
00:37:57,680 --> 00:37:59,960
Speaker 2: wander throughout Earth and end up at the opposite se

674
00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:02,799
Speaker 2: and depending on when those rocks were formed, from the

675
00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:05,920
Speaker 2: undersea vent, it will record where that north pole was,

676
00:38:06,360 --> 00:38:09,000
Speaker 2: and so over the course of millions and millions of years,

677
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:11,960
Speaker 2: I think the poles flip every one to three hundred

678
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:17,200
Speaker 2: thousand years something like that. Those new ridges that are

679
00:38:17,239 --> 00:38:19,200
Speaker 2: created are going to get pushed further and further out

680
00:38:19,239 --> 00:38:21,120
Speaker 2: from the vent, so that if you went over them

681
00:38:21,160 --> 00:38:23,200
Speaker 2: with a compass, you will see that they just keep

682
00:38:23,239 --> 00:38:26,600
Speaker 2: flipping back and forth, marking each time that the north

683
00:38:26,640 --> 00:38:28,680
Speaker 2: pole changed direction.

684
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:31,680
Speaker 1: Amazing, I think so too.

685
00:38:31,719 --> 00:38:34,560
Speaker 2: And they're like, well, the only the only thing that

686
00:38:34,680 --> 00:38:39,400
Speaker 2: explains this is that the the the continents are actually

687
00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:43,040
Speaker 2: pushing apart. They're forming new continents that's coming out of

688
00:38:43,080 --> 00:38:45,319
Speaker 2: the vent, and as it cools, it's getting pushed apart

689
00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:50,680
Speaker 2: by new stuff. Hence the plate tectonics theory seems pretty accurate.

690
00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:53,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, it has an effect on the

691
00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:55,400
Speaker 1: overall climate too, because we tend to think when we

692
00:38:55,440 --> 00:38:59,400
Speaker 1: think about plate tectonics, we think about the land masses

693
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,760
Speaker 1: that are moving, But that's also going to affect the

694
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:05,920
Speaker 1: shape of the ocean, and very much did inform the

695
00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:07,719
Speaker 1: shape of the ocean, you know, two and a half

696
00:39:07,719 --> 00:39:11,200
Speaker 1: billion years ago whenever all this stuff started because it,

697
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:12,600
Speaker 1: you know, used to be what did they call it,

698
00:39:12,680 --> 00:39:15,520
Speaker 1: not a super ocean, a.

699
00:39:14,719 --> 00:39:19,400
Speaker 2: Panhosia, I can't remember, but basically super ocean, like all

700
00:39:19,480 --> 00:39:21,399
Speaker 2: the ocean, yeah, all the ocean.

701
00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:24,799
Speaker 1: But the current shape, Like what I'm about to say

702
00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:27,800
Speaker 1: might sound silly, like the current shape of the ocean

703
00:39:27,840 --> 00:39:32,440
Speaker 1: prevents the equator and the poles from having like wildly

704
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:37,200
Speaker 1: different temperatures. They have pretty widely different temperatures according to us,

705
00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:39,920
Speaker 1: like humans walking around on the planet. But if it

706
00:39:39,960 --> 00:39:42,360
Speaker 1: wasn't for the fact that it was that the oceans

707
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:46,560
Speaker 1: ended up shaped in such a way where they are supplying,

708
00:39:46,840 --> 00:39:50,800
Speaker 1: like always supplying this warm equatorial water toward those polar regions,

709
00:39:51,719 --> 00:39:54,960
Speaker 1: the difference in temperature between the poles and the equator

710
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:58,440
Speaker 1: would be I don't even know, it would be. It

711
00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:02,120
Speaker 1: would be crazy how big that disparity would be.

712
00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:03,200
Speaker 2: It'd be a mess.

713
00:40:03,480 --> 00:40:05,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. It wouldn't be like, oh, it's like hot at

714
00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:07,760
Speaker 1: the equator and boy it's super cold there. It would

715
00:40:07,760 --> 00:40:10,560
Speaker 1: be you know, I wish somebody knew what hundreds of degrees.

716
00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:14,040
Speaker 2: I don't know, but I do know that really weird

717
00:40:14,080 --> 00:40:16,839
Speaker 2: stuff happens along temperature gradient. So you would not want

718
00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:19,279
Speaker 2: something like that it would not be hospitable for us.

719
00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:21,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, but all of the ocean currents, and because of

720
00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:23,640
Speaker 1: the way the oceans are shape, because of the way

721
00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:27,560
Speaker 1: the continents broke apart, influences climate all over the place.

722
00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:30,759
Speaker 2: Yeah, it carries water from here to there, and yeah,

723
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:33,480
Speaker 2: it's pretty interesting. And again you can trace it all

724
00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:36,719
Speaker 2: the way back to the movement of the plates. There's

725
00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:41,200
Speaker 2: also carbon dioxide. The amount of CO two that's in

726
00:40:41,239 --> 00:40:44,280
Speaker 2: the atmosphere at any given point in time also serves

727
00:40:44,320 --> 00:40:50,759
Speaker 2: as a global thermostat, right, and that if there's a

728
00:40:50,760 --> 00:40:54,040
Speaker 2: lot of CO two in the atmosphere, it warms up

729
00:40:54,239 --> 00:40:56,880
Speaker 2: kind of like what's going on right now. And when

730
00:40:56,920 --> 00:40:59,600
Speaker 2: there's a lot of CO two in the atmosphere, the

731
00:40:59,640 --> 00:41:02,520
Speaker 2: water sea levels rise, and as the sea levels rise,

732
00:41:02,880 --> 00:41:05,000
Speaker 2: rocks are weathered and a lot of the CO two

733
00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:07,399
Speaker 2: in the atmosphere gets sucked out of it into water

734
00:41:07,640 --> 00:41:11,799
Speaker 2: to form limestone and essentially gets locked away from the atmosphere.

735
00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:16,120
Speaker 2: And as this happens enough over enough time, the atmosphere cools.

736
00:41:16,640 --> 00:41:19,160
Speaker 2: As the atmosphere cools, sea levels lower again, and the

737
00:41:19,239 --> 00:41:22,160
Speaker 2: opposite process starts to happen. Those rocks that are exposed

738
00:41:22,160 --> 00:41:26,240
Speaker 2: now get weathered and that CO two enters the atmosphere again.

739
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:29,600
Speaker 2: And then another way that the plate tectonics influence. This

740
00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:33,360
Speaker 2: is the stuff that gets formed into limestone, settles to

741
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:36,520
Speaker 2: the bottom of the ocean and it's just trapped. It's

742
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:39,040
Speaker 2: trapped CO two, but as it forms part of a

743
00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:42,399
Speaker 2: plate that ends up back down into the core, into

744
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:45,720
Speaker 2: the stenosphere and gets heated up and turned into magma again.

745
00:41:45,760 --> 00:41:47,759
Speaker 2: When it comes out of the volcano, it brings all

746
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:50,279
Speaker 2: that CO two with it, releasing it in an atmosphere.

747
00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:53,799
Speaker 2: It's a really long it's the carbon cycle, and over

748
00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:56,799
Speaker 2: really long geological time scales, it keeps the Earth from

749
00:41:56,840 --> 00:42:00,399
Speaker 2: getting too warm or too cold. It's a thermostat. And again,

750
00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:03,680
Speaker 2: without plate tectonics, this would not be possible, and we

751
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:06,759
Speaker 2: probably would not be here today talking about this.

752
00:42:07,280 --> 00:42:12,200
Speaker 1: Yeah. Absolutely. If you're wondering where, you know, if things

753
00:42:12,239 --> 00:42:15,400
Speaker 1: are moving even that slowly, where might we be in

754
00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:18,200
Speaker 1: a million years from now or something like that. That's

755
00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:21,000
Speaker 1: a good question. And there are people that are studying

756
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:25,680
Speaker 1: exactly that their computer simulations. Obviously that scientists can run

757
00:42:26,480 --> 00:42:28,959
Speaker 1: to see which way we're going and how fast we're going,

758
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,279
Speaker 1: and what might bump into what at what point, And

759
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:36,080
Speaker 1: they have estimated some things they you know, they're they're

760
00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:39,280
Speaker 1: good enough now to know and say out loud like, hey, listen,

761
00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:42,080
Speaker 1: this is a guest. Still we have no idea what's

762
00:42:42,120 --> 00:42:46,920
Speaker 1: going to happen really in a million years or one

763
00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:50,600
Speaker 1: hundred million years, but they're saying what we think might

764
00:42:50,640 --> 00:42:53,560
Speaker 1: happen is one day, just as there were previous super

765
00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:57,520
Speaker 1: continents before Pangaea, we will all be reunited again. And

766
00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:03,040
Speaker 1: maybe that's when humanity really comes together as one super

767
00:43:03,080 --> 00:43:06,120
Speaker 1: continent in about two hundred and fifty million years. And

768
00:43:06,120 --> 00:43:10,640
Speaker 1: they've already pre named it Pangaea proxima, which I guess

769
00:43:10,760 --> 00:43:13,000
Speaker 1: is just you know, what they're approximating. It will be

770
00:43:13,160 --> 00:43:16,279
Speaker 1: like there'll be new mountain ranges. And in fact, they

771
00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:20,520
Speaker 1: think once Africa eventually finishes going north and hits Europe,

772
00:43:20,880 --> 00:43:23,440
Speaker 1: then that may be like if you think the Himalayas

773
00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:24,880
Speaker 1: or something, way, do you get a load of like

774
00:43:25,120 --> 00:43:27,479
Speaker 1: the mountain range that's coming in one hundred million years.

775
00:43:27,719 --> 00:43:30,360
Speaker 2: Yeah, The Rock needs to do a movie about that.

776
00:43:32,080 --> 00:43:35,920
Speaker 1: I mean, that's probably in development already, probably waiting on

777
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:40,920
Speaker 1: the Sack strike to finish Pangaea proxima. But the Rock's

778
00:43:40,960 --> 00:43:42,719
Speaker 1: going to get in in the middle and.

779
00:43:44,360 --> 00:43:48,960
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, you just sold the movie. Yep, so you

780
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:49,719
Speaker 2: got anything else?

781
00:43:50,440 --> 00:43:52,520
Speaker 1: I got nothing else. This is really fascinating. I mean,

782
00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:54,879
Speaker 1: point six inches a year doesn't sound like a lot,

783
00:43:54,920 --> 00:43:59,280
Speaker 1: but when you're talking about plate tectonics, it's it's moving.

784
00:43:59,640 --> 00:44:03,680
Speaker 2: Yeah, a lot happens. Well, if you were jazzed by this,

785
00:44:03,760 --> 00:44:07,879
Speaker 2: you can go search plate tectonics on the website HowStuffWorks

786
00:44:07,920 --> 00:44:09,879
Speaker 2: dot Com or anywhere on the Internet and it will

787
00:44:09,880 --> 00:44:12,440
Speaker 2: bring up all sorts of neat little earth science lessons.

788
00:44:12,840 --> 00:44:14,959
Speaker 2: And since I said that, it's time for listener mail,

789
00:44:17,360 --> 00:44:17,759
Speaker 2: all right.

790
00:44:17,680 --> 00:44:20,319
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this don't listen to us because we're

791
00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:24,000
Speaker 1: not vets. Because on the White Dog Poop Short Stuff,

792
00:44:24,040 --> 00:44:27,880
Speaker 1: we talked about cooking your own dog food, which a

793
00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:30,440
Speaker 1: lot of vets rowed in said, don't do that unless

794
00:44:30,440 --> 00:44:34,000
Speaker 1: you're really have it dialed in with a pet nutritionist.

795
00:44:34,760 --> 00:44:37,160
Speaker 1: And we talked about grain free. I mentioned grain free

796
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:40,799
Speaker 1: because one of our dogs required it because of an

797
00:44:40,800 --> 00:44:46,640
Speaker 1: autoimmune issue, Sweet Buckley, and I was under the misinterpretation

798
00:44:47,560 --> 00:44:50,279
Speaker 1: or the misunderstanding rather that that was just sort of

799
00:44:50,280 --> 00:44:52,560
Speaker 1: good for all dogs. And they were like, no, grain

800
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:56,799
Speaker 1: free can lead to cardiac abnormalities. Du So, we heard

801
00:44:56,840 --> 00:45:01,080
Speaker 1: from lots of vets. This is from a very frustrated

802
00:45:01,160 --> 00:45:05,960
Speaker 1: VET and stuff you should know. Fam. Jeez all, it says, Hey, guys,

803
00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:09,680
Speaker 1: your white dog poop episode Dropy Bonker's pet. Nutrition is

804
00:45:09,719 --> 00:45:13,920
Speaker 1: a hot topic. Unfortunately. Not only should people not be

805
00:45:13,960 --> 00:45:17,040
Speaker 1: getting advice from you, but there are a lot of

806
00:45:17,160 --> 00:45:20,680
Speaker 1: people on the internet, a lot of quacks even that

807
00:45:21,239 --> 00:45:23,680
Speaker 1: within their own industry, they're saying that you shouldn't listen to.

808
00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:27,160
Speaker 1: Sure home cooked diets are difficult to do. We see

809
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:31,040
Speaker 1: all sorts of medical abnormalities from unbalanced diets. It should

810
00:45:31,040 --> 00:45:34,120
Speaker 1: be only done under the guidance of the veterinary nutritionists.

811
00:45:34,840 --> 00:45:37,520
Speaker 1: Please do not even look for random recipes online, even

812
00:45:37,560 --> 00:45:40,400
Speaker 1: if they're written by a VET, because of the quacks

813
00:45:40,400 --> 00:45:41,160
Speaker 1: in our industry.

814
00:45:42,040 --> 00:45:43,560
Speaker 2: I want to just stick up for my wife here

815
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,319
Speaker 2: and be like, yes, she's got that covered. She's not

816
00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:49,320
Speaker 2: some dummy who just looks up random recipes on the internet.

817
00:45:49,520 --> 00:45:50,960
Speaker 1: Oh are you guys making your own food?

818
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,040
Speaker 2: Yeah, she cooks for momo quite a bit. Okay, I

819
00:45:54,080 --> 00:45:56,279
Speaker 2: think that's what they're responding to as I mentioned that.

820
00:45:57,280 --> 00:45:58,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think you mentioned it. But one of my

821
00:45:58,719 --> 00:46:00,600
Speaker 1: friends is doing it, and I texted right away and

822
00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:02,600
Speaker 1: I was like, hey, dude, stop cooking for your dog

823
00:46:02,680 --> 00:46:03,720
Speaker 1: until you get it down.

824
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:06,360
Speaker 2: Yeah, I mean, and that's right. You should talk to

825
00:46:06,360 --> 00:46:10,840
Speaker 2: you a nutritionists. There's also like nutrition info sites, like

826
00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:15,000
Speaker 2: legitimate sites that kind of help you balance what you're

827
00:46:15,080 --> 00:46:17,640
Speaker 2: cooking for your dog. But yes, random recipes on the

828
00:46:17,680 --> 00:46:21,000
Speaker 2: internet are not a good idea unless you're cooking like

829
00:46:21,160 --> 00:46:22,400
Speaker 2: chicken Diane or something.

830
00:46:22,840 --> 00:46:24,879
Speaker 1: I think he was under the impression like, hey, give

831
00:46:24,960 --> 00:46:27,560
Speaker 1: him some fruits and veggies and protein and like you're

832
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,920
Speaker 1: done right, And that's just not the case. And in fact,

833
00:46:31,239 --> 00:46:33,319
Speaker 1: we're not one to buzzmarket too much. But this vet

834
00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:36,680
Speaker 1: said balance dot it is a great option if you're

835
00:46:36,680 --> 00:46:40,480
Speaker 1: looking for legitimate recipes and formulations and supplements.

836
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:42,680
Speaker 2: I think that's the one that you me went and

837
00:46:42,719 --> 00:46:43,960
Speaker 2: found initially.

838
00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:49,560
Speaker 1: Oh sure, it is right. Grain free is also dangerous,

839
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:55,560
Speaker 1: has been linked to dilated cardiomyopathy, still a developing area

840
00:46:55,560 --> 00:46:58,800
Speaker 1: of research, but grain sensitivity is super rare in dogs.

841
00:47:00,360 --> 00:47:04,640
Speaker 1: Grain is fine for the vast majority of dogs. So

842
00:47:05,560 --> 00:47:08,000
Speaker 1: when you recommend a food, look for a food that

843
00:47:08,080 --> 00:47:13,200
Speaker 1: is compliant with w SAVA guidelines. I think we can

844
00:47:13,239 --> 00:47:15,080
Speaker 1: all agree These are pretty reasonable things to want in

845
00:47:15,080 --> 00:47:17,759
Speaker 1: a pet food company. Most of the food on the

846
00:47:17,760 --> 00:47:20,680
Speaker 1: shelf does not meet these standards, though, so people should

847
00:47:20,719 --> 00:47:23,799
Speaker 1: talk to their vets. I'm thankful you didn't touch on

848
00:47:23,880 --> 00:47:26,920
Speaker 1: raw food, which is trash, or the idea that vets

849
00:47:26,920 --> 00:47:30,960
Speaker 1: are paid by big pet food because we're not. That

850
00:47:31,040 --> 00:47:33,359
Speaker 1: is from a frustrated vet. I'm not even gonna say

851
00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:34,760
Speaker 1: stuff you should know fan anymore.

852
00:47:35,480 --> 00:47:38,880
Speaker 2: I have to say, yeah, you me went online and

853
00:47:38,880 --> 00:47:42,240
Speaker 2: got her WSVA certification over the course of many years.

854
00:47:42,560 --> 00:47:45,840
Speaker 2: Heck yeah, so yeah, she got it all covered everybody.

855
00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:47,240
Speaker 1: Of course you do in your house?

856
00:47:47,560 --> 00:47:51,319
Speaker 2: Do I sign defense? Who was that for? They didn't

857
00:47:51,320 --> 00:47:56,120
Speaker 2: even sign their name, and then they didn't sign their name.

858
00:47:56,360 --> 00:47:58,560
Speaker 1: They signed it as a frustrated vet, So I took

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00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:00,640
Speaker 1: that to mean that's how they wanted to addressed.

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00:48:00,800 --> 00:48:02,480
Speaker 2: I see, well, what was their email.

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Speaker 1: Address, doctor quack at dot com.

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Speaker 2: Okay, thank you doctor quack, I mean frustrated vet. We

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00:48:11,880 --> 00:48:14,799
Speaker 2: appreciate that we know that you are looking out for

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00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:17,279
Speaker 2: all the animal babies out there. Hats off to you

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00:48:17,360 --> 00:48:19,200
Speaker 2: for that, and we would never accuse you of being

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00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:23,759
Speaker 2: owned by big PetFood. No, that's just crazy talk. If

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Speaker 2: you want to get in touch with us, anonymously or

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00:48:25,880 --> 00:48:29,040
Speaker 2: otherwise and say, you, guys, stink is stink to high Heaven.

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00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:31,560
Speaker 2: We'd love to hear that kind of thing. You can

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Speaker 2: wrap it up, spank it on the bottom, and send

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00:48:33,880 --> 00:48:39,839
Speaker 2: it off to Stuff Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com.

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00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:42,319
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 3: For more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app,

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Speaker 3: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.