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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you should know?

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Speaker 1: From House Stuff Works dot com? Hey, and welcome to

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Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W Chuck Bryant

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Speaker 1: and that makes this stuff you should know? How's it

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Speaker 1: killing everybody? It's a joy stage, Josh, so oh, I

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Speaker 1: don't know, it's just it's been a joy. Stay. Don't

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Speaker 1: you think? I'm very glad you think it's been a

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Speaker 1: joyous day. What do you think? You haven't had a computer,

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Speaker 1: so you don't care. I know my laptop has been

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Speaker 1: apparently too full of data to operate whatever that means. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he's stuffed it up with fifty gigs of shady stuff.

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Speaker 1: It's right. Yeah, it's called research, I guess. So every

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Speaker 1: single bit of that it was hard facts buddy. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And songs? Yeah? Videos is that? Well? There you go.

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Speaker 1: Videos tend to stop stuff up by especially high res ones. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's probably what it was. I would imagine. So on

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Speaker 1: your work computer, no less, Well, what am I going

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Speaker 1: to do? Cary? Answer? Computers? Why where are we talking

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Speaker 1: about this? I don't know you started it let's hear

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Speaker 1: the intro. Chuck, Yes, I'm quite sure that. Um, you'll

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Speaker 1: think I'm kind of stupid for mentioning probably the most

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Speaker 1: famous ship ever to be sunk by an iceberg, but

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Speaker 1: humor me. Of course. We all know the wreck of

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Speaker 1: the William Carson, which in seven went down off the

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Speaker 1: coast of Labrador. Uh. It had a number of cars

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Speaker 1: on board, but more importantly, a hundred and nine souls, right,

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Speaker 1: which is what they call you when you're to see. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: like a hundred and nine souls lost. I never really

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Speaker 1: hope heard that or paid attention. Really, I thought they

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Speaker 1: would say lives lost. They say souls. They say souls.

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Speaker 1: Are they used to old time, you wise, before Kennedy

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Speaker 1: in the separation of Church and date. I guess right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I guess now they call them lives before they were

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Speaker 1: souls all souls lost. That's sad. Yeah, it makes it

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Speaker 1: even sader. It's like the saint crying right under certain circumstances. Um.

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Speaker 1: But the luckily a hundred and nine souls were not lost.

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Speaker 1: Zero souls were lost on the William Carson, as everybody knows.

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Speaker 1: The cars went down, though, which is a tragedy for

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Speaker 1: the insurance companies covering those cars. But as I said,

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Speaker 1: like every school child knows the story of the William Carson.

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Speaker 1: Did you know that there were other ships that have

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Speaker 1: hit icebergs? I was not aware of any. It's true.

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Speaker 1: The Lady of the Lake Okay, yeah, I didn't know

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Speaker 1: about that one went down in the Grand Banks. Didn't

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Speaker 1: make a movie about that. Uh no, no, you're thinking

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Speaker 1: of ex caliber Um. The Lady of the Lake went

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Speaker 1: down the Grand Banks on its way to Quebec with

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Speaker 1: seventy people on board, seventy souls. Um the s s

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Speaker 1: hush SHD toft hush and toft okay yeah, um off

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Speaker 1: the coast of Greenland in nineteen fifty nine on her

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Speaker 1: maiden voyage. Can you believe this? That makes it so

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Speaker 1: much worse that it's a maiden voyage. People dead all

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Speaker 1: because of icebergs. I mean, there's been other ships that

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Speaker 1: have hit icebergs, but um, all because a chunk of

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Speaker 1: floating ice took out an entire ship. Souls and souls

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Speaker 1: and souls were lost. Yeah. You know, we have a

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Speaker 1: young fan named Shelley Stein right now that is about

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Speaker 1: to throw her iPod through a window. Is that the

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Speaker 1: person who always wants to hear about that that other ships, thinking, yeah,

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Speaker 1: she's been begging for like two years leading into the anniversary.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Um. Anyway, what's crazy is that all of

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Speaker 1: these ships were lost. As a matter of fact, between

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty two and eighteen passenger liners went down in

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Speaker 1: a place called Iceberg Galley. But it was only the

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Speaker 1: last twenty five years that we started tracking icebergs. What's

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Speaker 1: even more amazing, though, is that we have learned a

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Speaker 1: tremendous amount in those twenty five years, and we're still

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Speaker 1: learning and we will dispense with the learning forth with.

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Speaker 1: That's right. This is interesting. Was this a grabster? Yeah? Boy,

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Speaker 1: he puts together a nice article, then he he does.

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Speaker 1: He knows what he's doing. He's a professional. I never

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Speaker 1: feel uh, I never feel bad about about his. But

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Speaker 1: you feel bad about some of them. Yeah, like the

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Speaker 1: ones I write, like the ones you write. They're very adventurous.

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Speaker 1: They were for the Adventure Channel right at one point.

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Speaker 1: So chuck, um. I think people they're sitting there sitting

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Speaker 1: at home thinking right now, like they're talking about icebergs

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Speaker 1: and it's just a chunk of floating ice and You're

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Speaker 1: absolutely right. It is just a chunk of floating as

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Speaker 1: not just a chunk. There's so much more to us um.

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Speaker 1: For example, iceberg salt water, Nope, fresh water yep. Why well, Uh,

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Speaker 1: I learned virtually everything I've ever known about icebergs within

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Speaker 1: the past forty same here, by the way, Uh, it

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Speaker 1: is ice um, but it's not sea ice or pack ice.

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Speaker 1: Like when you see deadly sketching there motoring through that

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Speaker 1: that sea ice. Those those aren't little chunks of iceberg.

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Speaker 1: That's saltwater, right, that's frozen seawater. Frozen seawater and iceberg

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Speaker 1: was um is a piece of a glacier that has

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Speaker 1: busted off or calved, calved, calved like having a calf,

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Speaker 1: like giving birth to a cat is calving, calving, calving, calving. Yeah, man,

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Speaker 1: I had it until you threw me off. Well saying

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Speaker 1: cal I thought it would be calving, calving, caving away

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Speaker 1: from a glacier. How many times we just say calving

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Speaker 1: and a glacier. Uh, Let's talk about glaciers for a second.

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Speaker 1: Glaciers are packed snow basically. Well, yeah, but I mean

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Speaker 1: they're a little more interesting than that. Well, yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: the that's the base route. Though in certain latitudes, um,

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Speaker 1: it never gets warm enough for snow to fully melt

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Speaker 1: all the way in the summertime. So what you have

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Speaker 1: an accumulation of that snow that builds up over and

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Speaker 1: over and over again over the centuries, over the eons,

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Speaker 1: as old as ten thousand years old, sometimes right. Uh,

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Speaker 1: And that's a glacier. But glaciers are also additionally interesting

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Speaker 1: in that um, they become so heavy that they over

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Speaker 1: this freezing thaw cycle and um the accumulation of layers

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Speaker 1: that they all of the air bubbles are pressed out

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Speaker 1: of them. So glaciers are blue, the color of frozen

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Speaker 1: water with no air in it. Um. And they also

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Speaker 1: move under the force of their own weight. They moved downward,

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Speaker 1: downhill towards sea level, because sea levels as downhill as

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Speaker 1: it gets right until you hit the sea, that's right.

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Speaker 1: And um, So because of this, they they are this

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Speaker 1: ultra dense form of ice. So it slips down, floats

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Speaker 1: out into the sea. Tidal motions eventually will cause little

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Speaker 1: cracks and fissures, and then a piece of the glacier

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Speaker 1: will break off and boom there that's an iceberg. It's

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Speaker 1: a freshwater piece of the glacier freshwater glacier chunks, right,

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Speaker 1: And it's freshwater because it's made of snow, not seawater. Um.

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Speaker 1: And when you said that it floats out into the sea.

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Speaker 1: That's called an ice shelf. Um. And up north and

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Speaker 1: northern latitudes, Um, the biggest ice shelves are found on

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Speaker 1: the western coast of Greenland. Was there Arctic or northern

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Speaker 1: icebergs that are formed up there off of those glaciers

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Speaker 1: down south in Antarctica where there are penguins. But it's

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Speaker 1: not the only place there's penguins. I want to make

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Speaker 1: sure everybody knows. I know. And no polar bears. No,

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Speaker 1: only a pool would say that. Yes. Um, the pretty

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Speaker 1: much the continent of Antarctica is ringed with ice shelves

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Speaker 1: and there's a lot of open sea, so the icebergs

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Speaker 1: can get really big. They can keep extending, extending, extending,

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Speaker 1: But then like you said, yeah, they break off and

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Speaker 1: then you have an iceberg. Don't talk about ice. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: this is fascinating. Like I want over this again and

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Speaker 1: again and again until I finally got it, and I

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Speaker 1: feel like I got it. It's so easy though I

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Speaker 1: was making a lot of pot of it. Yeah. Uh, ice,

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Speaker 1: as we all know, is the solid phase of water

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Speaker 1: you have you know, liquid solid gas. Iis a solid

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Speaker 1: phase thirty two degrees fahrenheit for fresh water zero celsius.

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Speaker 1: Salt water is gonna need to be a little bit

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Speaker 1: colder because, um, there are basically salt molecules getting in

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Speaker 1: the way of the ice forming. Well. They they they

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Speaker 1: move faster I believe than water molecules, and it takes

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Speaker 1: a lower temperature to slow them down. And also it's

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Speaker 1: greater density if you're talking saltwater, right, which is important,

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Speaker 1: very important. But ice also is the is peculiar meaning unique,

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Speaker 1: and that it's the only solid phase of any substance.

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Speaker 1: I believe that is less dense than the liquid phase.

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Speaker 1: So ice is less sense the water, and then seawater

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Speaker 1: is denser than fresh water. So well, and it's easy

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Speaker 1: to remember the ice is less dense because when you

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Speaker 1: put a little ice cube in your little chardonnay this summer,

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Speaker 1: if you're a red neck, it'll float. Yeah, because there's

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Speaker 1: little uh, ice forms in a crystalline shape, so those

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Speaker 1: that leaves area for gaps, I guess, And so what

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Speaker 1: is the air in there? Uh? I'm sure there's just

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Speaker 1: less dense. It's just the it's just it's less dense. Basically,

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Speaker 1: if you take water and freeze it, you can think

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Speaker 1: of it as spreading out, so it gets bigger, has

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Speaker 1: it has a larger volume, but it'll weigh the same

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Speaker 1: as that lesser amount of water, right, And when you

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Speaker 1: put something, say ice, in water, it's buoyant in that

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Speaker 1: the amount of water displaces has to equal the weight

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Speaker 1: of the ice that's displacing it. But since there's more

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Speaker 1: ice than an equal weight of water, there's some leftover

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Speaker 1: that floats. And that is what we call the tip

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Speaker 1: of the iceberg. And when do you get confused, Yes,

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Speaker 1: the tip of the iceberg. That is the part that

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Speaker 1: sticks out, and it's about, depending on the iceberg, about

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Speaker 1: one six to one ninth. And I'm sure everyone's seen

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Speaker 1: those awesome pictures on the interwebs of you know, the

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Speaker 1: top of the water and under the water of the iceberg.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty cool, right, you've seen those. I have very

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Speaker 1: nice And the reason there's very variation between how much

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Speaker 1: iceberg is showing it is because of the variation in

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Speaker 1: the concentration of salt in seawaters or any particular part

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Speaker 1: of seawater. And and um. Also uh, some icebergs are

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Speaker 1: denser than others as more as he said, just like people. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: Uh that you mentioned earlier that glacial ice is blue. Um.

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Speaker 1: That is true. Um. During different melting and freezing cycles, though,

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Speaker 1: they will turn white because the air gets trapped in there. Um.

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Speaker 1: And then sometimes these really old icebergs that have formed

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Speaker 1: at the bottom of these thick Antarctic ice shelves like

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Speaker 1: that have been around for thousands of years might actually

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Speaker 1: have a greenish hue because it's just you know, soaked

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Speaker 1: up organic matter under there over the years, right and

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Speaker 1: then so which is kind of a dirty yellow brown.

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Speaker 1: But icebergs have the tendency to roll over without warning,

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Speaker 1: which is one reason why you wouldn't want to camp

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Speaker 1: on an iceberg. No, they're dangerous to be around. They are.

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Speaker 1: And actually there was one that floated down to New

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Speaker 1: Zealand and some helicopter charters were like selling flights to

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Speaker 1: go check them out, and one of them landed on

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Speaker 1: the iceberg and they realized prett quickly they shouldn't do

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Speaker 1: that anymore. Um. But did they like getting short did it? No?

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Speaker 1: They made it out okay, But when they got back

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Speaker 1: and told people, I'm sure some scientists like, wait, what

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Speaker 1: did you just do? Right? Don't ever do that again?

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Speaker 1: Tc um, but the iceberg will roll over. And so

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Speaker 1: you've got the green part up that's with the light

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Speaker 1: reflecting up through the blue park when you get this

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Speaker 1: brilliant emerald green. And that's some old ice right there, Bubby, Bobby, Yes, Bobby,

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Speaker 1: I've never said that before. Uh. The life cycle of

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Speaker 1: an iceberg is pretty interesting too. Why we mentioned they

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Speaker 1: can be as old as ten thousand years before they

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Speaker 1: ever reached the ocean, and um, this is like centuries

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Speaker 1: of compression. So that's why it's so so dense, that's

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Speaker 1: why it's blue. And then once it calves off though

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Speaker 1: and and from the glacier, you've got about three to

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Speaker 1: six years on average, right if it's like say, it's

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Speaker 1: up in the in iceberg galley and never strays below parallel,

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Speaker 1: which is apparently where the water starts to get a

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Speaker 1: lot warmer. Four Parallel goes for Americans through like the

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Speaker 1: tip of Minnesota and the Upper Peninsula Michigan. People below

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Speaker 1: that are like, it's still pretty cold. I imagine, um,

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Speaker 1: so ones that stay up there and never come back down,

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Speaker 1: can float around for like fifty years and just kind

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Speaker 1: of alt the way slowly and quietly. Right. Ones that

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Speaker 1: make it further south, like one made it to Bermuda once,

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Speaker 1: which I'm sure was quite a surprise. Um. Those go

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Speaker 1: away fairly quickly. Uh yeah, and I enjoyed this. Um.

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Speaker 1: One account of this expedition. Um. What's the guy's name?

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Speaker 1: Dr Gregory Stone witnessed and wrote about in his book

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Speaker 1: Ice Island um, which I believed the largest ones are

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Speaker 1: called ice island sometimes. Yeah. Right. Um. His quote is

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Speaker 1: in this iceberg basically became destabilized, and it sounds like

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Speaker 1: it exploded, like right in front of his face. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Well he said that there was an ice debris field

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Speaker 1: across two miles. Yeah, and he said it was like

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Speaker 1: shards of crystal shattering. Right. But if you think about it,

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Speaker 1: that's what happens when you put in ice cuban water. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: You hear that noise, right, It's called thermal shock. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty cool. And it's also because ice is less

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Speaker 1: dense than water. As it's liquefying, it shrinks because think

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Speaker 1: about it's contracting and it's pulling apart the outer warm

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Speaker 1: or layer from the inner colder layer, and this cracks

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Speaker 1: form and the ice cube essentially explodes. It sounds like

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Speaker 1: that's the same thing that happened. Yes, when you pour

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Speaker 1: that that twelve year old scotch on top of your

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Speaker 1: single cube of ice. If you're into that, I don't

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Speaker 1: know if you should be doing that. But okay, I'm

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Speaker 1: not a neat guy. I like my I like it

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Speaker 1: a little cold, and and I'm not so hardcore with

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Speaker 1: the single malts, so too remove that bite just a

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Speaker 1: bit is good for me. You don't so you don't

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Speaker 1: like take it neat through your nose as that the

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Speaker 1: way to do it. Yeah, the way you drink it

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Speaker 1: with ice through your mouth. Yeah, I know, scotch pure

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Speaker 1: scoff at me, but scalp away or whatever. Just do

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Speaker 1: what you like exactly. Um, that it was very supportive.

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Speaker 1: I meant you as like people in general. Okay, so

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Speaker 1: that wasn't supportive. Um, let's talk about some factoids and

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Speaker 1: this this is to me. The fact of the show

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Speaker 1: is that there are actually six official classifications with their size,

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Speaker 1: and the first two it sounds like they were having

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Speaker 1: a lot to drink when they had the naming party

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Speaker 1: and sobered up a bit, because the smallest one's about

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Speaker 1: the size of a car, maybe a little smaller, called growlers,

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Speaker 1: and then the next one, maybe about the size of

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Speaker 1: your house, is called a burgie bit. I put the

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Speaker 1: emphases on a bit like a burgie bit, a burgie bit.

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Speaker 1: Either way, it's pretty cute. It is very cute. And

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Speaker 1: then they got I guess sobered up or got bored

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Speaker 1: or ran out of whiskey, and then they said, all right,

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Speaker 1: then the next ones are small, medium, large, and very large,

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Speaker 1: which is really boring compared to burgie bit. It is,

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Speaker 1: but the very large ones are kind of interesting in

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Speaker 1: that they just keep going and going. The largest one

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Speaker 1: ever record is the B fifteen iceberg. Yeah, broke off

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Speaker 1: of the Ross ice shelf down in Antarctica. Apparently it

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Speaker 1: was about the size of Jamaica. Yeah. I think it's

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Speaker 1: it's broken apart into smaller piece of sense, but I

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Speaker 1: think the original um area was about sixty square miles.

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Speaker 1: That's all. That's a big chunk of ice. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: in order to be I mean, that's the upper limit,

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Speaker 1: like it can just be as big as they're gonna get.

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Speaker 1: There's no like cap or anything like that. To call

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Speaker 1: it super extra large. Um, but very large. You have

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Speaker 1: to be about twenty four stories tall and a little

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Speaker 1: longer than two football field six to be classified is

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Speaker 1: very large. Yeah, that's that's big man. If you think

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Speaker 1: about that, Yeah, it's huge. UM. I'm sorry, it's very

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Speaker 1: large or it's huge huge. Um. The other two classifications

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Speaker 1: that icebergs can fall in are equally boring as the

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Speaker 1: last four size names. They really could have done better

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Speaker 1: than this if you ask me, But they're the t

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Speaker 1: shape classifications are tabular and non tabular. And tabular is

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Speaker 1: basically just like a well, it looks like a table,

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Speaker 1: like a or a tab tablet, writing tablet, and it's back.

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Speaker 1: It's like tall with steep sides and a flat tops

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Speaker 1: like a floating plateau. Um. And those tend to come

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Speaker 1: off of the ice sheets down in the act Antarctic.

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Speaker 1: I believe, Yeah those are um. I think they have

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Speaker 1: to have a with five times greater than their height

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Speaker 1: to be tabular. And then non tabular have I think

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Speaker 1: five different classifications. You got blocky flat top steep signs.

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Speaker 1: They sound like characters they do wedged um flat with

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Speaker 1: a steep surface on one side and a gradual slope

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Speaker 1: on another. So it's like the high right haircut. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the gumby the gumby the dome which is round and

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Speaker 1: smooth pinnacle, which means it has at least one big

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Speaker 1: tall spiral sticking up, and then the ones that um

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Speaker 1: deteriorate to where they form a big canyon. And it

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Speaker 1: looks like two different icebergs, but it's really connected. Underneath

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Speaker 1: those are dry docks, so that means they have two

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Speaker 1: tips sticking out, but they're connected underwater. It's like mind blowing.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty much. It was. It's pretty neat at the

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Speaker 1: very least. So, um, we've got northern icebergs, southern icebergs, um,

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Speaker 1: and there's plenty of icebergs like elsewhere, but for the

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Speaker 1: most part, in northern icebergs, like we said, form off

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Speaker 1: the western coast of Greenland, because Greenland, apparently I read this,

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Speaker 1: Greenland and Antarctica are the only place where, um, there's

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Speaker 1: ice sheets, glaciel glacial true glacial sheets, glacial sheets. Boy,

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Speaker 1: that's a tough one, that was. It surprised me too.

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Speaker 1: I wasn't expecting that. Uh. And in Greenland there's about

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Speaker 1: twenty glaciers that cap the majority of the icebergs. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that was I thought pretty cool. I thought it was

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Speaker 1: cool too. Um. Roughly forty thousand medium too large h

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Speaker 1: calv from Greenland glaciers each year, is that right? And

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Speaker 1: they are about ten percent as strong as concrete, which

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Speaker 1: I thought sounded not super strong, but apparently that's like

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Speaker 1: way harder than like freeze our ice. Oh yeah, like

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Speaker 1: this ice is different than the ice you put in

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Speaker 1: your scotch, right, which is why when icebergs run into

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Speaker 1: one another, it tends to break it up into smaller icebergs.

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Speaker 1: They're very much subject to um wave motion uh storms,

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Speaker 1: other icebergs land When they run into things, like they

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Speaker 1: break up, and it's one of the things that has

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Speaker 1: a big deletrious effect on their lifespan. But it's part

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Speaker 1: of the it's part of the iceberg life cycle. Going

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Speaker 1: with the okay, good, Um, they are pretty slow but um,

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Speaker 1: to give you an idea, like a fast moving iceberg

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Speaker 1: goes about two point two miles per hour and that's

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Speaker 1: Hauland oh, I'm glad you bring this up because that

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Speaker 1: raises a very important point because we see the tip

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Speaker 1: of the iceberg and because we're so um anthropocentric, Um,

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Speaker 1: we assume that wind drives icebergs, you would be dead wrong.

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Speaker 1: And assuming that since most of the iceberg is underwater,

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Speaker 1: it's currents that drive icebergs, makes sense. Yeah, um. And

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Speaker 1: so that's how icebergs can be trapped, like in the Antarctic,

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Speaker 1: because they're trapped in that current or up north in

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Speaker 1: the Labrador Current, they kind of stay trapped up there. Um.

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Speaker 1: But it also makes them subject to wave motion currents

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Speaker 1: from other far far off storms. And I guess getting

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Speaker 1: hung up on things underwater, yes as well. It's another

347
00:20:26,040 --> 00:20:29,800
Speaker 1: good point is um, they apparently strike the bottom of

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Speaker 1: land a lot. Yeah, and they can like wreck the seafloor,

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Speaker 1: can't they. But if you think about it, like there's

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Speaker 1: plenty of parts of North America where glacial movement carved

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Speaker 1: geological features are of the land. The icebergs do the

352
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Speaker 1: same thing when they're dragged along by the current. And

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Speaker 1: say one's a thousand feet tall underwater and it hits

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Speaker 1: a patch of sea that's less than a thousand feet

355
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Speaker 1: it's gonna strike New York City and fast go to

356
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Speaker 1: Central Park and look at the there. Oh yeah, yeah,

357
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Speaker 1: they got all those little grooves cut out, that's ice.

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Speaker 1: That's ice ice baby. Um no, no, it's not nice. Uh.

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Speaker 1: The ecology this was sort of surprising to me because

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Speaker 1: I just figured they're just floating along. Maybe they melt

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Speaker 1: a little bit, what's the big whoop? But I didn't

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Speaker 1: really consider the fact that it's melting this glacial fresh water,

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Speaker 1: a lot of it at times, depending on the size

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Speaker 1: of the iceberg, all around in the sea water. And

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Speaker 1: that's got to have some sort of ecological effect. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And I couldn't find anything anywhere that said, like there's

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Speaker 1: a lot of life that's adapted to living in fresh

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Speaker 1: water even though it's home is sea water, and they

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Speaker 1: live around icebergs. I couldn't find anything like that. But

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Speaker 1: apparently it has little effect on these animals because icebergs

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Speaker 1: are basically like floating time released nutrient capsules. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: like teeming with life around it. So they must love it,

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Speaker 1: these little krill and plankton. It's like a lot of

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Speaker 1: small stuff generally, Well, what there's there's a there's a

375
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Speaker 1: definite Um, what's that chain called food chain that iceberg support. Um.

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Speaker 1: They bring a lot of iron rich nutrients from the

377
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Speaker 1: land as a gift to the sea, and as they melt,

378
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Speaker 1: they slowly release this stuff. This supports um algae, right,

379
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Speaker 1: So there's a lot of algae that that grows on

380
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Speaker 1: their krill. These little tiny shrimp like things eat the

381
00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:26,440
Speaker 1: algae um, and then all these other animals eat the krill,

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Speaker 1: and then the birds prey on the other fish that

383
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Speaker 1: are eating the krill. So this whole food chain develops

384
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Speaker 1: around this iceberg. It's pretty cool. But even even something

385
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Speaker 1: that I think they've only recently begun to figure out

386
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Speaker 1: is that icebergs are there a sign of climate chains,

387
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:43,639
Speaker 1: Like everybody's worried about all the icebergs melting in the

388
00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:47,359
Speaker 1: sea levels rising, and for good reason. But they're also

389
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Speaker 1: figuring out that they also aid in carbon sequestration in

390
00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:55,000
Speaker 1: the ocean. That makes sense. So this algae and all

391
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,080
Speaker 1: this stuff is they're eating this iron. There's a transfer

392
00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:02,720
Speaker 1: of carbon from the land to these uh that this

393
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,960
Speaker 1: life that eventually will die fall down to the bottom

394
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Speaker 1: of the sea and keep the carbon trapped with it,

395
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Speaker 1: So algae that wouldn't be there um is soaking up

396
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,040
Speaker 1: carbon and then being eaten and passed along in this

397
00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:18,240
Speaker 1: undersea food chain, and they found that, Um, the carbon

398
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Speaker 1: absorption around in iceberg is twice what it is elsewhere

399
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Speaker 1: because this algae wouldn't be there if it weren't for

400
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Speaker 1: the iceberg. So there it's soaking up the CEO too.

401
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,960
Speaker 1: That's crazy. Um, but they also take it away what

402
00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:37,000
Speaker 1: icebergs giveth uh and not just boats and chips Like

403
00:23:37,840 --> 00:23:42,480
Speaker 1: that's a tanic there, I said it, Okay, Um, they

404
00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,520
Speaker 1: can actually, like I said, they can clog up shipping lanes.

405
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,560
Speaker 1: They can. In the case of B fifteen, I think

406
00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:54,000
Speaker 1: it actually um had a pretty uh deliterious effect on

407
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Speaker 1: Emperor Penguin's Yeah, in much of the March of the

408
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Speaker 1: Penguins and they so you know what happens in that

409
00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:03,720
Speaker 1: sad movie. I guess what. They have to walk around it. Yeah,

410
00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:06,920
Speaker 1: and there's a they really have a tight schedule. When

411
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Speaker 1: they hit an iceberg that's you know, taller than the

412
00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:14,320
Speaker 1: penguins don't fly, remember, and it's really wide, they have

413
00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:17,000
Speaker 1: to go around it. They learn to fly. Yeah, that

414
00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:21,200
Speaker 1: would just solve a lot of problems. Um. So yeah,

415
00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:23,200
Speaker 1: it can have negative effects on the little penguins, a

416
00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:27,680
Speaker 1: cute little penguins, and um, it can rake the sea

417
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Speaker 1: floor and just destroy it basically over the course of

418
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Speaker 1: many years. No good, no another cool thing. And this

419
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:40,800
Speaker 1: I don't know. I couldn't find if they're actually moving

420
00:24:40,840 --> 00:24:45,320
Speaker 1: on this. But the United States military UM called up

421
00:24:45,320 --> 00:24:49,280
Speaker 1: the RAND Corporation said, hey, boy, these things are huge

422
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:53,280
Speaker 1: chunks of awesome drinking water, totally safe to drink because

423
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:58,720
Speaker 1: it's from the water. Boy. Yeah really I never saw

424
00:24:58,760 --> 00:25:02,720
Speaker 1: that all the way through. That was pretty um it Uh.

425
00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:05,040
Speaker 1: They called the rain corporations said, hey, can we study

426
00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:07,639
Speaker 1: these things? And how viable is it too? I know

427
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:10,400
Speaker 1: it sounds crazy, but how viable is it to get

428
00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:13,200
Speaker 1: one of these icebergs over here and provide fresh drinking

429
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:16,280
Speaker 1: water for people who need it? And it sounds like

430
00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:20,760
Speaker 1: it's not the most ridiculous idea in the world. Um.

431
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:23,320
Speaker 1: Their study said that a system allowing a ten percent

432
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:27,439
Speaker 1: yield could provide water for five hundred million people at

433
00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:30,400
Speaker 1: a cost of eight dollars per one thousand cubic meters,

434
00:25:31,119 --> 00:25:33,840
Speaker 1: which is not too bad. I mean, it's way more

435
00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:36,679
Speaker 1: expensive than it should be, I think, than than we

436
00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:40,879
Speaker 1: pay for water now. But our water is artificially cheap,

437
00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:45,120
Speaker 1: so as water becomes more expensive, if there's any icebergs left.

438
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:47,560
Speaker 1: We may want to go do that, And they say,

439
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:49,680
Speaker 1: I guess they just nudge it through the water closer

440
00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:52,520
Speaker 1: and closer. Um. And this is where it gets a

441
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:55,679
Speaker 1: little hinky. It says in the article, using massive insulating

442
00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:57,879
Speaker 1: sheets to slow the melting. I don't know what that

443
00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:00,239
Speaker 1: looks like, but it looks like, um my l are

444
00:26:00,359 --> 00:26:03,000
Speaker 1: like you used to reflect the sun on your car.

445
00:26:03,080 --> 00:26:06,840
Speaker 1: That's what they would use. That's all it'll take, you know,

446
00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:10,480
Speaker 1: like those um sun blankets or whatever, just something to

447
00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:14,080
Speaker 1: reflect the sun sunlight radiation. Well, it's also moving into

448
00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:16,000
Speaker 1: warmer water that was not gonna melt it from below,

449
00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:18,520
Speaker 1: or it'll melt it from below for sure. Yeah, but

450
00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,399
Speaker 1: I mean you protect what you can. I guess, I

451
00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:25,320
Speaker 1: guess if you're harvesting icebergs, you're right, they're not the

452
00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:27,159
Speaker 1: they're not the only ones looking at this. UM. I

453
00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:30,280
Speaker 1: ran across an M I T proposal of building a

454
00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:33,440
Speaker 1: pipeline from Alaska, where there's plenty of glaciers that the

455
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:37,600
Speaker 1: western US makes sense, but the author concluded it's like

456
00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:41,040
Speaker 1: four and eighty seven billion dollars to build the pipeline

457
00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:43,840
Speaker 1: and keep it going, and that just wouldn't be worth it,

458
00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:48,040
Speaker 1: uh in canals to another Another group studied that and

459
00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:50,480
Speaker 1: suggested a canal well and in the United States have

460
00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:52,359
Speaker 1: exactly hurting for water. It would be nice that they

461
00:26:52,359 --> 00:26:54,359
Speaker 1: did some of these studies and like pushed it to

462
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:56,360
Speaker 1: where they don't have fresh water right now at all.

463
00:26:57,440 --> 00:26:59,240
Speaker 1: You know. Yeah, it's been a little money for them,

464
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:05,440
Speaker 1: like straws oat. Um, well, I guess we already went over. Well,

465
00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:07,800
Speaker 1: Iceberg Galley is actually a little more interesting. They started

466
00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:13,240
Speaker 1: studying it. They formed the International Ice Patrol uh way

467
00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:15,160
Speaker 1: later than they should have, I guess, but they probably

468
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,160
Speaker 1: didn't have the equipment they needed back in the day

469
00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:20,600
Speaker 1: to do what they do now. Um, the Coastguard US

470
00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:24,719
Speaker 1: Coastguard administers it and they worn ships. They kind of

471
00:27:25,200 --> 00:27:27,000
Speaker 1: run it through their little program and say, we think

472
00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:30,200
Speaker 1: this is where it's headed. This is how big it is. Uh,

473
00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:32,280
Speaker 1: if you're in this area, you might want to watch

474
00:27:32,280 --> 00:27:34,760
Speaker 1: out for this, for this guy floating your way. Well,

475
00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:37,760
Speaker 1: they basically say, like there's ice up here, don't go

476
00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:41,320
Speaker 1: above this these coordinates. That's called the limit of all

477
00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:46,360
Speaker 1: known ice. Wow. And they the Coast Guard also does

478
00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:48,120
Speaker 1: some other stuff for the I should say the Ice

479
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:53,760
Speaker 1: Patrol Um, they do other things like um bomb icebergs. Ye.

480
00:27:53,920 --> 00:27:55,680
Speaker 1: Did you find out more about that? No? I looked

481
00:27:55,680 --> 00:27:58,040
Speaker 1: it up on YouTube because I was like, surely somebody's

482
00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:01,680
Speaker 1: videos everybody dropping obamba and iceberg. I couldn't find anything.

483
00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:07,080
Speaker 1: Plenty of calving stuff. Um. And they also spray paint

484
00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:10,080
Speaker 1: them with very bright paint, which it seems wrong to me,

485
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:12,080
Speaker 1: just so you can see him. Yeah. Yeah, that's like

486
00:28:12,160 --> 00:28:17,040
Speaker 1: tagging like a new car or something, um, a beautiful

487
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:22,479
Speaker 1: new car made by nature, or putting like m radio

488
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,280
Speaker 1: transmitters on them, which makes sense. But then when they

489
00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:27,000
Speaker 1: start to break up, it's like, well, there's a little

490
00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:32,760
Speaker 1: chunk that has the radio transmitting three ft big. Uh.

491
00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:36,560
Speaker 1: So I got nothing else? I don't either, I've got

492
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:41,120
Speaker 1: something else, all right, what you got? So it became um,

493
00:28:41,160 --> 00:28:44,960
Speaker 1: I became interested in the idea of this article mentions

494
00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:48,840
Speaker 1: a nautical mile, sure, well, like why why is there

495
00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:51,600
Speaker 1: a nautical mile in a mile? And I found out why.

496
00:28:52,280 --> 00:28:56,280
Speaker 1: So a nautical mile is um one point one five

497
00:28:56,480 --> 00:28:59,600
Speaker 1: o eight miles And the reason why is because a

498
00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:04,440
Speaker 1: notical mile, when going around the equator, takes into account

499
00:29:04,840 --> 00:29:09,760
Speaker 1: the curvature of the Earth. A regular mile um or

500
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:13,320
Speaker 1: called a statute mile is what it's called. Goes from

501
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:17,360
Speaker 1: one point on the map to another through a straight line,

502
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:20,840
Speaker 1: which means that it's not taking into account the curvature

503
00:29:20,840 --> 00:29:23,920
Speaker 1: of the earth, which means that the nautical mile accurate

504
00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:26,480
Speaker 1: is more accurate and thus a little longer than the

505
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:30,480
Speaker 1: regular mile from minute to minute along a degree. So

506
00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: a mile is really not a mile. So if you're

507
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:35,840
Speaker 1: saying on land, huh, no, it's not because it's a

508
00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:39,200
Speaker 1: it's it's it's like if you take the earth, cut

509
00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:41,520
Speaker 1: in half of the equator and turn it over. You've

510
00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:43,080
Speaker 1: got the two halves and you're looking in the molten

511
00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:47,560
Speaker 1: center um and you divide it into three six degrees,

512
00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:50,360
Speaker 1: divide those degrees in two minutes, and the measure a

513
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:52,640
Speaker 1: minute to a minute. If you do a straight line,

514
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:54,440
Speaker 1: it's not as accurate. If you do the curve line,

515
00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:57,800
Speaker 1: it will be accurate. And a kilometer is this way

516
00:29:58,080 --> 00:30:04,560
Speaker 1: out there. And seventeen the French Academy of Sciences said, okay,

517
00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:08,560
Speaker 1: we're gonna designate a kilometers the amount of the length

518
00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:11,680
Speaker 1: the distance from the north pole to the equator through

519
00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:18,040
Speaker 1: Paris divided by ten thousand. Pretty clever. So there you

520
00:30:18,080 --> 00:30:21,760
Speaker 1: have it, Um, nautical miles. I love it. Thanks man,

521
00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:25,840
Speaker 1: I really uh went all out on this one. I

522
00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:28,720
Speaker 1: think so too, kudos sir. Um. If you want to

523
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:32,120
Speaker 1: learn more about icebergs, you can type in that word

524
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:35,840
Speaker 1: I ce E b r g s in the search

525
00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:37,720
Speaker 1: bars how stuff works dot com and I'll bring up

526
00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:41,120
Speaker 1: this fine, fine article by A Grabowski. Um and I

527
00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:43,840
Speaker 1: said search bar how stuff works, which means it's time

528
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:49,640
Speaker 1: for listener mail. Before listener mail quickly. I know we're

529
00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:52,560
Speaker 1: going to Comic Con. Oh, yes, we are. This is exciting,

530
00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:55,440
Speaker 1: It is very exciting. We've never been San Diego, California.

531
00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:59,120
Speaker 1: Right July twelfth to fifteenth. We will be there, um,

532
00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:01,840
Speaker 1: I believe on the today. Yeah, and we will be

533
00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:04,360
Speaker 1: presenting and we are not quite sure the deats yet,

534
00:31:04,480 --> 00:31:07,880
Speaker 1: but as we find out, you will find out excellent.

535
00:31:07,920 --> 00:31:09,760
Speaker 1: So if you're gonna be there, come see us. Yes,

536
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:12,600
Speaker 1: come say hi to us. We're pretty friendly. We're gonna

537
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:19,000
Speaker 1: be pressing flesh, as they say, hands, baking hands and

538
00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:23,000
Speaker 1: then okay, so I'll be listening, len okay, wait, wait,

539
00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:27,040
Speaker 1: wait again, hold on, yes, uh we have a huge

540
00:31:27,040 --> 00:31:33,560
Speaker 1: announcement dude. Yeah, um, we are running a pretty cool

541
00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:36,720
Speaker 1: contest if you asked me, agreed, Chuck. You know how

542
00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:39,280
Speaker 1: every Halloween we read a short story. So far we've

543
00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:42,720
Speaker 1: read one by HP Lovecraft, the tune we read Barnice

544
00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:46,920
Speaker 1: by a ground poet. Well, we thought, hey, why don't

545
00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:49,520
Speaker 1: we see what our listeners can do. This is your

546
00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:51,960
Speaker 1: brainchild and a great idea, Thank you very much. Sure,

547
00:31:52,120 --> 00:31:58,560
Speaker 1: So we're holding a horror fiction contest um by our listeners. Uh.

548
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,960
Speaker 1: And you can say and then your submission. Uh. And

549
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:05,840
Speaker 1: if you win, we will read your story as our

550
00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:09,920
Speaker 1: Halloween episode. That's right. Um, let's get down to brass

551
00:32:09,920 --> 00:32:12,680
Speaker 1: tacks here. Here, here's what we're gonna be ranking on

552
00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:14,680
Speaker 1: the scale of one to five in the following categories.

553
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:16,760
Speaker 1: This has all got to be, you know, on the

554
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:23,480
Speaker 1: level h interestingness, a plot, awesomeness of characters, well paced pacing.

555
00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:27,760
Speaker 1: Well yeah, it's gonna be well paced, scariness, and overall

556
00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:30,520
Speaker 1: quality of writing. And it's actually gonna be a bracket.

557
00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:32,480
Speaker 1: You can follow this. We'll have you r l s

558
00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:34,480
Speaker 1: later for you know where you can follow this bracket

559
00:32:34,880 --> 00:32:36,520
Speaker 1: on the house to work site. Well, so you and

560
00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:38,760
Speaker 1: I are going to judge all the submissions and we're

561
00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:42,480
Speaker 1: gonna select based on these this criteria the top sixteen.

562
00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:45,640
Speaker 1: Then the top sixteen gets put onto the bracket, and

563
00:32:45,640 --> 00:32:48,320
Speaker 1: then it's up to everybody to read and vote, and

564
00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:51,720
Speaker 1: then the one that's picked Democratic is number one. That's

565
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:53,800
Speaker 1: the one that wins. This is I mean, I'm really

566
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,320
Speaker 1: genuinely excited about this. Yes, Um, In speaking of genuine

567
00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:01,520
Speaker 1: I want to see genuinely scary stuff. Agreed. Um. I

568
00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:05,280
Speaker 1: don't want to give too many hints, but if you're

569
00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:08,800
Speaker 1: creeping into like torture porn territory, you're not going to

570
00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:12,520
Speaker 1: be impressing anyone with your literary skills. Agreed to get

571
00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:15,520
Speaker 1: get creative. I'm glad you pointed that out. Uh so

572
00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:19,480
Speaker 1: the if you want to submit your stuff, you jump,

573
00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:23,080
Speaker 1: you want to send it to how Stuff Works Underscore

574
00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:28,920
Speaker 1: Contests plural at Discovery dot com. Oh, and to qualify,

575
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:31,640
Speaker 1: the email has to have the words by participating in

576
00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:35,160
Speaker 1: this contest, I agree to abide by the contest rules.

577
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:37,480
Speaker 1: It's kind of mouthful, but um, it has to be

578
00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:39,960
Speaker 1: in the email that you send in your submission with

579
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:42,520
Speaker 1: and emails that don't have that in it are going

580
00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:45,360
Speaker 1: to be disqualified. I'm afraid. Yes, And what is our limit.

581
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:47,280
Speaker 1: We have a limit here or character or not word

582
00:33:47,320 --> 00:33:50,520
Speaker 1: limit three thousand to four thousand words and three thousand minimum.

583
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:54,560
Speaker 1: Don't go under disqualified the four thousand maximum. Don't go

584
00:33:54,640 --> 00:33:57,360
Speaker 1: over disqualified. Yeah, we gotta be sticklers on the rules

585
00:33:57,360 --> 00:34:00,880
Speaker 1: here because it's official, right exactly. Um. So the whole

586
00:34:00,920 --> 00:34:04,400
Speaker 1: thing starts um, Monday, June eighteenth, and it goes until

587
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:10,520
Speaker 1: even pm Friday, July. Okay, you have the within that

588
00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:15,480
Speaker 1: time to submit your um, your stories, and uh after that,

589
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:18,480
Speaker 1: after the deadline, sorry, it's closed. I mean you and

590
00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:21,920
Speaker 1: I get to judging. I might submit under a pseudonym

591
00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:25,880
Speaker 1: just for fun. Okay, I don't know if pseudonyms are Okay, no,

592
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:29,960
Speaker 1: as a matter of fact, sorry, no pseudonyms allowed, Chuck. Yeah, no,

593
00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:34,399
Speaker 1: pseudonym is allowed. Uh. You have to be eighteen to enter,

594
00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:39,520
Speaker 1: and it's open only to America. It is as usual,

595
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:43,920
Speaker 1: one submission per person. Um. We'll post all the rules

596
00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:46,759
Speaker 1: on a blog post and put it on Facebook. Um,

597
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,879
Speaker 1: but that's generally the criteria. So get to writing, see

598
00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:53,560
Speaker 1: if you can scare our socks off, and um, we

599
00:34:53,640 --> 00:34:55,799
Speaker 1: look forward to reading. This is gonna be awesome. Yeah,

600
00:34:55,800 --> 00:35:00,120
Speaker 1: this is gonna be really make Halloween wonderful. Wow, there

601
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:04,320
Speaker 1: we go. Ready, yep, now, I guess it's time for listener. Indeed, Josh,

602
00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:09,160
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this one um good email from a Chicago,

603
00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:14,960
Speaker 1: Chicago guy. That's a terrible Just yesterday, guys, I was

604
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:19,640
Speaker 1: finished reading a book Robin Dunbar wrote called Grooming, Gossip

605
00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:22,960
Speaker 1: and the Evolution of Language. Her argument is that language

606
00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:26,520
Speaker 1: evolved out of a need to keep up social relationships

607
00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:29,680
Speaker 1: with group members. Put in its most basic form, Over time,

608
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:32,840
Speaker 1: our brains evolved to be larger, which made our average

609
00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:36,279
Speaker 1: group size increase. At the same time. Once our group

610
00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:39,840
Speaker 1: size became large enough, today our average group size is

611
00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:42,879
Speaker 1: about one. We didn't have enough time in the day

612
00:35:42,920 --> 00:35:46,720
Speaker 1: to groom one on one with that many group members

613
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,480
Speaker 1: to keep up our social bonds with them. So we

614
00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:52,200
Speaker 1: have all language, so we could use language as a

615
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:55,040
Speaker 1: way to verbally groom with more members at a time

616
00:35:55,280 --> 00:35:58,319
Speaker 1: to keep the group strong. That's interesting. It was my

617
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:01,040
Speaker 1: understanding that our brains have actually decreased in size and

618
00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:07,239
Speaker 1: the last years because of group group size, because it's

619
00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:09,680
Speaker 1: increased and we have to rely less on our like

620
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:12,520
Speaker 1: instincts and run from thunder and stuff like that. I

621
00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:16,480
Speaker 1: smell a cage match. Um. Another interesting experiment I read

622
00:36:16,520 --> 00:36:20,920
Speaker 1: about is this to Scientists were studying vervet monkeys in

623
00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:24,040
Speaker 1: their natural habitat. They started recording the sounds of the

624
00:36:24,120 --> 00:36:27,839
Speaker 1: vervets um and make notes about what they were doing

625
00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:30,880
Speaker 1: when they made the noise. After examining a large sample

626
00:36:30,880 --> 00:36:33,359
Speaker 1: of noises, they found a correlation between the sound they

627
00:36:33,360 --> 00:36:35,320
Speaker 1: made and what was happening when they made it. I

628
00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:37,800
Speaker 1: believe the noises were difficult to distinguish by the naked

629
00:36:37,880 --> 00:36:40,560
Speaker 1: human ear, but the pattern was obvious when they compared

630
00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:44,400
Speaker 1: large numbers of them together. The verbets made a different

631
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,120
Speaker 1: noise for when an error predator was spotted, when a

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00:36:47,200 --> 00:36:50,840
Speaker 1: ground predator was spotted, when approaching a dominant male, etcetera.

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00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:54,719
Speaker 1: It's not quite language where it like syntax, but it's

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00:36:54,719 --> 00:36:58,920
Speaker 1: still more advanced than I thought they were. Um, and

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00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:01,840
Speaker 1: that's pretty much to hope it wasn't too dense, but

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00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:04,080
Speaker 1: if it was, and that has revenge for the Sun

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00:37:04,120 --> 00:37:08,759
Speaker 1: podcast as a listener right there, that's right, and that

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00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:14,160
Speaker 1: is from Matt Schunk from Chicago. Thanks Matt SHUNKA go bears.

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00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:19,080
Speaker 1: Yeah seriously, bear. Um. I guess I always like to

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00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:21,920
Speaker 1: hear about new books that I should be reading. I'm

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00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:26,719
Speaker 1: sure like we have any time for that anymore. Did

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00:37:26,719 --> 00:37:29,319
Speaker 1: you hear that that was a limit? It was? Um

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00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:33,080
Speaker 1: send us your book recommendation, suck us. You can turn it.

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00:37:33,239 --> 00:37:35,400
Speaker 1: You can turn it into uh s y s K

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00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:39,200
Speaker 1: podcast on Twitter. Uh. You could send it to Facebook

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00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:42,080
Speaker 1: dot com slash stuff you should know. Don't send it.

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00:37:42,120 --> 00:37:44,520
Speaker 1: I guess you'd post it on that um. Or you

648
00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:48,040
Speaker 1: can send us an email good old fashioned electronic mail,

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00:37:48,320 --> 00:37:50,799
Speaker 1: wrap it up, spanking on the bottom, and send it

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00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:59,799
Speaker 1: off to Stuff Podcasts at Discovery dot com. For more

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00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:02,440
Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics, visit how Stuff

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00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:12,000
Speaker 1: works dot com. Mhmm. Brought to you by the reinvented

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Speaker 1: two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are you