1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,680 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, were rerunning two episodes today, which means that 2 00:00:02,720 --> 00:00:06,320 Speaker 1: you'll hear two hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson. Enjoy 3 00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:10,160 Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this Day in History Class from 4 00:00:10,200 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot Com and from the desk of 5 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:14,800 Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class. It's the show where 6 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:17,119 Speaker 1: we explore the past, one day at a time with 7 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:23,920 Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello, 8 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:26,639 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and 9 00:00:26,680 --> 00:00:30,800 Speaker 1: it's October seventh. Desmond Tutu was born on this day 10 00:00:30,840 --> 00:00:34,560 Speaker 1: in nine. He was born in South Africa, and he's 11 00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:37,960 Speaker 1: most known for his non violent work against apartheid in 12 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:40,720 Speaker 1: South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 13 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:45,080 Speaker 1: this work in four Apartheid was South africa system of 14 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:49,200 Speaker 1: racial segregation. It had been implemented by the nation's white 15 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: minority government, and South Africa had already been segregated long 16 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 1: before this point, but in night the National Party came 17 00:00:56,600 --> 00:01:00,400 Speaker 1: to power and the National Party began formulating this system 18 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:04,600 Speaker 1: of enforced segregation through government policy. So some of that 19 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:08,880 Speaker 1: the government was actively working on doing and enforcing the 20 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:13,399 Speaker 1: Population Registration Act of nineteen fifty sorted everyone in South 21 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,960 Speaker 1: Africa into one of three categories. They were the Black Africans, 22 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,480 Speaker 1: people who were multiracial, and white people. Later on a 23 00:01:21,520 --> 00:01:25,839 Speaker 1: category was added for Asians. It was illegal for people 24 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: in these different groups to marry each other. You could 25 00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,720 Speaker 1: only marry a person in your same group. Laws also 26 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:36,640 Speaker 1: outlined where each group were allowed to live and operate businesses, 27 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:41,800 Speaker 1: and those businesses and public facilities were segregated. Even though 28 00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:44,880 Speaker 1: the white population of South Africa was a really small minority, 29 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: these laws favored that white population, giving them the most 30 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:53,040 Speaker 1: advantageous places to live and work and access to almost 31 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:57,160 Speaker 1: all of the land. The system was extremely strict. It 32 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,720 Speaker 1: regulated every facet of life, and the South African government 33 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: was was enforcing it in law. At the same time 34 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:08,960 Speaker 1: as in the United States, the Civil Rights movement was 35 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:13,120 Speaker 1: working to dismantle these types of laws. Black South Africans, 36 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:16,720 Speaker 1: along with some white supporters, had been resisting these laws 37 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:19,760 Speaker 1: as soon as they were proposed. They had been resisting 38 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:23,440 Speaker 1: segregation before the laws even existed. And that brings us 39 00:02:23,440 --> 00:02:26,320 Speaker 1: back to Desmond to two. After spending a couple of 40 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: years as a teacher, he attended Theological College and he 41 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:33,880 Speaker 1: was ordained as an Anglican priest. In nineteen seventy eight, 42 00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:36,239 Speaker 1: he was appointed to be the General Secretary of the 43 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:38,720 Speaker 1: South African Council of Churches, and it was in this 44 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: role that he started to become so well known in 45 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:47,000 Speaker 1: his outspoken work against apartheid. This included non violent protests 46 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:50,520 Speaker 1: and advocating for other nations to place economic sanctions on 47 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: South Africa. He wanted quote a democratic and just society 48 00:02:55,360 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: without racial divisions. South Africa was facing increasing the nation 49 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:03,040 Speaker 1: from other parts of the world by the time Tuto 50 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:06,079 Speaker 1: was awarded the Nobel Prize, that again happened in nineteen 51 00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:09,640 Speaker 1: eighty four. The prize itself was also a signal that 52 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:13,280 Speaker 1: the issue of South African apartheid was an important one 53 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:17,400 Speaker 1: in the world of global humanitarian struggle. In nineteen ninety 54 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:21,000 Speaker 1: the South African government finally started repealing these laws and 55 00:03:21,040 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: a new constitution followed in nineteen ninety three. It took 56 00:03:24,320 --> 00:03:28,440 Speaker 1: effect in nineteen ninety four. That year, South Africa elected 57 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:32,760 Speaker 1: its first black president, Nelson Mandela. Although we should note 58 00:03:32,800 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 1: that the social and economic effects of decades of apartheid 59 00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:40,360 Speaker 1: still persist in South Africa and they will for a 60 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:47,360 Speaker 1: long time. You cannot reverse decades and centuries of oppression instantaneously. 61 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:52,000 Speaker 1: Tutu has continued to do humanitarian work in the years 62 00:03:52,040 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: since apartheid began to be dismantled, and he's earned a 63 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: number of other awards in addition to the Nobel Peace Prize. 64 00:03:58,400 --> 00:04:01,760 Speaker 1: These include the Albert schwitz Or Prize for Humanitarianism in 65 00:04:01,840 --> 00:04:05,760 Speaker 1: nine six, the Gandhi Prize in two thousand seven, and 66 00:04:05,800 --> 00:04:09,200 Speaker 1: the Presidential Medal of Freedom in two thousand nine. At 67 00:04:09,200 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 1: the same time, he has also come under some scrutiny 68 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:14,160 Speaker 1: in recent years for a number of statements, including some 69 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:17,200 Speaker 1: that are described as anti semitic. The nineteen sixty four 70 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 1: Nobel Peace Prize was also connected to apartheid in South Africa. 71 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,400 Speaker 1: As a side note, it was awarded to Albert Lutuli, 72 00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:28,280 Speaker 1: who was President of the African National Congress and led 73 00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:32,080 Speaker 1: a non violent campaign of civil disobedience against South Africa's 74 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:35,120 Speaker 1: white minority government. Desmond Tuto is still living as of 75 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:38,000 Speaker 1: the recording of this podcast, although he has largely retired 76 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:41,440 Speaker 1: from public life. Thanks to Christopher Aciotis for his research 77 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:44,080 Speaker 1: work on today's episode, Antatari Harrison for all of her 78 00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:47,200 Speaker 1: audio work on this podcast, You can subscribe to the 79 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:50,440 Speaker 1: Stay in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and 80 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:52,559 Speaker 1: wherever else you get your podcasts, and you can tune 81 00:04:52,560 --> 00:05:05,160 Speaker 1: in tomorrow for a moment of heroism immortalized in film. 82 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:07,920 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, I'm Eves, and welcome to this Day in 83 00:05:08,040 --> 00:05:11,480 Speaker 1: History class, where we uncover a new layer of history 84 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:21,680 Speaker 1: every day. The day was October seventh, nineteen sixteen. The 85 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:24,400 Speaker 1: most lopsided game in the history of college football in 86 00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:28,240 Speaker 1: the US took place at Grant Field in Atlanta. At 87 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:31,279 Speaker 1: the time, Georgia Tech had a strong football team coached 88 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:36,240 Speaker 1: by John Heisman. Cumberland College was a small school in Lebanon, Tennessee. 89 00:05:37,040 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: Because of budget cuts, the football program at Cumberland had 90 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 1: to be shut down. Cumberland didn't tell Georgia Tech that 91 00:05:43,839 --> 00:05:47,160 Speaker 1: its program had been discontinued until weeks before they were 92 00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:51,000 Speaker 1: set to play each other. But Heisman was determined to 93 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:54,120 Speaker 1: make the game happen. He said he would uphold the 94 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:57,200 Speaker 1: three thousand dollar four fit be a heavy lift for 95 00:05:57,240 --> 00:06:01,440 Speaker 1: a college going through financial troubles. That's about seventy thou 96 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:06,200 Speaker 1: dollars today. Heisman even offered to pay Cumberland five hundred 97 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:10,800 Speaker 1: dollars to play the game, so Cumberland's student manager, George 98 00:06:10,839 --> 00:06:14,479 Speaker 1: Allen began assembling a team. Most of the people he 99 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:18,240 Speaker 1: chose for the team were his fraternity brothers. Even though 100 00:06:18,279 --> 00:06:20,960 Speaker 1: Georgia Tech was the expected winner in the matchup by 101 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:25,040 Speaker 1: fans and by Cumberland's players, Heisman still planned on going 102 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:29,080 Speaker 1: beyond just meeting Cumberland. When it was time for the 103 00:06:29,080 --> 00:06:33,320 Speaker 1: Georgia Tech Engineers to play the Cumberland College Bulldogs, Cumberland 104 00:06:33,360 --> 00:06:37,599 Speaker 1: had cobbled together a team of inexperienced players. Georgia Tech 105 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:40,919 Speaker 1: scored on its first play. By the end of the 106 00:06:40,960 --> 00:06:45,359 Speaker 1: first quarter, Georgia Tech was up sixty to zero. In 107 00:06:45,360 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: the second quarter, Tech scored another sixty three points, bringing 108 00:06:49,200 --> 00:06:51,960 Speaker 1: its score to a hundred and twenty six points by halftime. 109 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,360 Speaker 1: Heisman agreed to shorten the time of the second half 110 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,760 Speaker 1: to fifteen minutes, but Georgia Tech continued running up the 111 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:01,479 Speaker 1: score or contain you going to score points After it 112 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: was clear that scoring was no longer necessary, Tech scored 113 00:07:05,640 --> 00:07:08,680 Speaker 1: ninety six points in the second half. The final score 114 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 1: was two and twenty two for Georgia Tech to zero 115 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:17,040 Speaker 1: for Cumberland. Tech scored thirty two touchdowns, while Cumberland reportedly 116 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 1: had fifteen turnovers, nine fumbles, and six interceptions. Cumberland had 117 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: no first downs throughout the entire game. There are plenty 118 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: of myths surrounding things Cumberland players did during the game 119 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:34,679 Speaker 1: and embarrassment, including hiding on the Georgia Tech bench. Running 120 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:38,480 Speaker 1: up the score was considered unsportsmanlike, but Heisman was probably 121 00:07:38,520 --> 00:07:41,520 Speaker 1: trying to prove a point about sports writers practice of 122 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,360 Speaker 1: ranking a team by adding up the points is scored. 123 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:48,600 Speaker 1: He also may have pulled this stunt as revenge because 124 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:52,560 Speaker 1: Cumberland's baseball team beat Georgia Tech to zero in the 125 00:07:52,600 --> 00:07:58,520 Speaker 1: spring of nineteen. Heisman believed allegations that Cumberland had brought 126 00:07:58,520 --> 00:08:02,560 Speaker 1: in semi professionals as fingers for that game. In the end, 127 00:08:02,720 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: Heisman proved his point and got the revenge he may 128 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:09,840 Speaker 1: have sought, and Cumberland got a little financial boost. I'm 129 00:08:09,840 --> 00:08:12,000 Speaker 1: Eve Jeff Cote, and hopefully you know a little more 130 00:08:12,040 --> 00:08:15,280 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. I want to 131 00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:18,520 Speaker 1: impress your Internet crush, show them your history smarts by 132 00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: sharing something you learned on the show. Don't forget to 133 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 1: tag us at T D I h C podcast Our 134 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:32,280 Speaker 1: email address is this day at i heart media dot com. 135 00:08:32,280 --> 00:08:35,480 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, Mary History, to all, and to all 136 00:08:35,559 --> 00:08:45,440 Speaker 1: a good night. For more podcasts from i Heeart Radio, 137 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:48,160 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 138 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:49,360 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.