1 00:00:00,760 --> 00:00:03,920 Speaker 1: Hello, friends. Have you ever been to Mars? I haven't. 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:08,800 Speaker 1: Do you know why? Because nothing ever happens on Mars. 3 00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:13,280 Speaker 1: Did you catch that reference? If you did, then I'm glad, 4 00:00:13,320 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 1: but I'm not going to spoon feed you and tell 5 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:17,599 Speaker 1: you what it was. This is how Mars works and 6 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:21,319 Speaker 1: it was from April and it is my pick for 7 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 1: the Saturday Select. Please to enjoy Welcome to Stuff You 8 00:00:31,480 --> 00:00:40,239 Speaker 1: Should Know, a production of I Heart Radio. Hey, and 9 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:43,159 Speaker 1: welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, Nur's Charles w 10 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:46,320 Speaker 1: Chuck Bryant, Jerry's over there. We all have um I 11 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:51,080 Speaker 1: boogers because this is an early morning, unusual, early morning 12 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: edition of Stuff you Should Know. Welcome to the morning edition. 13 00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:58,040 Speaker 1: We should just talk like this. We got on NPR, 14 00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: we got taken to task and it's nine an email 15 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:04,640 Speaker 1: from a morning talk show TV show host. Did you 16 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:08,320 Speaker 1: see it? Uh? About the Inquisition? Yeah? He's like, way 17 00:01:08,360 --> 00:01:11,199 Speaker 1: to release the Inquisition on ash Wednesdays, kind of slapping 18 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:13,360 Speaker 1: the face. So I respond I said, actually it came 19 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:16,120 Speaker 1: out on Fat Tuesday and by sheer coincidence. He's like, 20 00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: thanks for the reply. I responded to him too. I 21 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:20,520 Speaker 1: was like, man, I wish I was that clever and 22 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: said I had no idea. It was like our our 23 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:31,119 Speaker 1: medical marijuana episode being our four utter complete coincidence guaranteed everybody. 24 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:33,480 Speaker 1: I think, over the course of six hundred plus shows, 25 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:36,800 Speaker 1: you're gonna have some weird coincidences like that, you know. Yes, 26 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 1: I certainly didn't know it was ash Wednesday. I didn't 27 00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: either until I went to the mall yesterday evening and 28 00:01:42,959 --> 00:01:45,000 Speaker 1: a third of the people are were walking around with 29 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:47,480 Speaker 1: charcoal crosses on their forehead. Nice. It's like I had 30 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:52,440 Speaker 1: no idea Atlanta had this many Catholics good going there everywhere? 31 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 1: They sure are well, I mean they didn't used to 32 00:01:55,920 --> 00:01:57,640 Speaker 1: be got You know, I grew up Baptist here and 33 00:01:57,720 --> 00:02:00,600 Speaker 1: I didn't know many Catholics growing up, But Atlanta became 34 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 1: a transplant towns instead, exactly. And I'll tell you about 35 00:02:03,800 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 1: another transplant chuck, possibly life here on Earth from Mars? 36 00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, is this your intro? Have you got breaking this? No? 37 00:02:13,639 --> 00:02:16,120 Speaker 1: That was it. But do you remember we did an 38 00:02:16,120 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: episode on UM the origin of life on Earth? Remember? 39 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:23,680 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah? And one of the possibilities that it 40 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:28,400 Speaker 1: was from Mars and one of the um pieces of 41 00:02:28,440 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: evidence of this possibility was the Alan Hills Rock from Antarctica, 42 00:02:35,320 --> 00:02:40,600 Speaker 1: a Martian meteorite that was discovered in that was studied 43 00:02:40,639 --> 00:02:44,320 Speaker 1: and studied, and they thought in basically, Bill Clinton said, 44 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:47,560 Speaker 1: we found evidence of life on Mars. And then they 45 00:02:47,560 --> 00:02:50,239 Speaker 1: studied it again and they were like, maybe not another 46 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 1: studying it again, they're saying, yeah, it's possible. It's very 47 00:02:54,720 --> 00:02:57,839 Speaker 1: possible that this four point one billion year old rock 48 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:02,400 Speaker 1: is showing evidence of fosse realized nano bacteria. And this 49 00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:05,960 Speaker 1: is all still Bill Clinton saying this. Yeah, it is 50 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:08,920 Speaker 1: underwear at home. He's the authority. He's talking to the 51 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: TV again. Nice. Uh, but yeah, we're gonna do how 52 00:03:13,080 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: Mars works. Tom Hanks, this one's for you, big space guy. 53 00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:21,639 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, sure, Okay. I didn't know if I was 54 00:03:21,680 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 1: missing something there, like he did some movie that didn't 55 00:03:23,680 --> 00:03:27,000 Speaker 1: know about. No, if I said, Gary Sinise, this one's 56 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 1: for you, that would be a mission to Mars reference. 57 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:34,040 Speaker 1: I did not see that. Mind bogglingly odd and pretty bad. Yeah, 58 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: I heard, That's why I didn't see it. That and 59 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,480 Speaker 1: Red Planet didn't see either. One of those. Red Planet 60 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 1: I don't know about. Yeah, but that kind of brings 61 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:44,560 Speaker 1: us to a point that we've long been fascinated with 62 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: the red planet, going back to you know, War the 63 00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:51,600 Speaker 1: World's and early science fiction and Martians and Mars has 64 00:03:51,640 --> 00:03:55,160 Speaker 1: just always captivated us because you know, sometimes you can 65 00:03:55,880 --> 00:03:59,680 Speaker 1: see it with a telescope and it's not like what's 66 00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:01,840 Speaker 1: on the other side of a Venus Venus. Yeah, we 67 00:04:01,840 --> 00:04:04,040 Speaker 1: don't know much about Venus, shrouded in mystery. There are 68 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:07,080 Speaker 1: no Venusians that we're afraid will come down here in 69 00:04:07,120 --> 00:04:10,800 Speaker 1: attack Us. I think it's Venusians Venetians, which is different 70 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:16,040 Speaker 1: from Venetians, which are people from Venice, which, strangely enough, 71 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:20,719 Speaker 1: Um kind of coincides with the guy named Giovanni Siaparelli. 72 00:04:21,520 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 1: He might not have been from Venice, but that man 73 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 1: was definitely from Italy. Do you think, yeah, he was. 74 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 1: Can you say his name for everybody, Chuck, who Giovanni Sarelli. 75 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: That was good that guy. Man, Have you been practicing 76 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:35,920 Speaker 1: at home? No, I just I've been even a lot 77 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 1: of pasta. That's good stuff, man, So um Schiaparelli in 78 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:44,120 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy seven decided to draw a map of Mars 79 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:49,120 Speaker 1: and his conception of Mars what became the popular conception 80 00:04:49,160 --> 00:04:54,120 Speaker 1: if it wasn't already. UM was that Mars was a UM, 81 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:59,239 Speaker 1: a lush planet with civilizations, and he named the regions 82 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:04,839 Speaker 1: of Mars a corps lee like Elysium, which which UM 83 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:08,719 Speaker 1: culture believed that that was Heaven. I don't know, I 84 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,279 Speaker 1: can't remember, man, I haven't heard that. We you know, 85 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:15,560 Speaker 1: we've discussed it before, Elysium. I haven't retained that. UM. 86 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:19,839 Speaker 1: Another part was called Utopia Arcadia. Basically, all these different 87 00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:24,599 Speaker 1: names for paradise reflected the idea that Mars was a 88 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:28,760 Speaker 1: very similar to Earth, most likely inhabited by intelligent beings 89 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: and UM. As proof, uh, Schiaparelli drew canals that he 90 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:40,520 Speaker 1: noticed on the on Mars, which suggested that this advanced 91 00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:45,599 Speaker 1: civilization had dug canals to UM route water from the 92 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,600 Speaker 1: polar ice caps which are visible here on Earth to 93 00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:52,960 Speaker 1: the central locations where their civilizations were get water to 94 00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:55,880 Speaker 1: the Martians. Yeah, and this established like what earth links 95 00:05:55,920 --> 00:06:01,400 Speaker 1: thought of Mars for a hundred years. Almost about forty 96 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:04,560 Speaker 1: years after that, a US astronomer named Percival lowell Um 97 00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:07,360 Speaker 1: wrote a book also about Mars, where he actually talked 98 00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:12,200 Speaker 1: about civilizations, and Uh, the problem was he he wasn't 99 00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:14,479 Speaker 1: really based on anything, it might as well have been 100 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:17,159 Speaker 1: science fiction, right, And yet they named the Lowell Observatory 101 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:21,160 Speaker 1: after him. He was an astronomer, so it's not like 102 00:06:21,200 --> 00:06:23,080 Speaker 1: he was. He wasn't just making stuff up, but he 103 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:24,920 Speaker 1: didn't have like hard evidence. He made a lot of 104 00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:29,920 Speaker 1: stuff up. Okay, he well, he interpreted it without any evidence. Yeah, 105 00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:32,799 Speaker 1: and then wrote a book and that became the impetus 106 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:37,159 Speaker 1: for Mars based science fiction. Yeah, it really captured folks. 107 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:39,599 Speaker 1: And that's when like I talked about war the World's 108 00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:43,040 Speaker 1: and uh, Edgar Rice Burrows the Princess of Mars, and 109 00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:47,720 Speaker 1: it's just always been just out there staring down at us. Yeah, 110 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:50,200 Speaker 1: it's speaking of war the World's. It even says it 111 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:52,760 Speaker 1: in this article. It did not cause the national panic 112 00:06:52,760 --> 00:06:57,560 Speaker 1: in night. That's a myth. Did you know that? Um? 113 00:06:57,680 --> 00:06:59,840 Speaker 1: I don't know. I'm not sure I knew the full stories. 114 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:05,000 Speaker 1: Supposedly when h when um uh who directed Citizen Kane? 115 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:09,560 Speaker 1: When Orson Welles carried out this radio. Yeah, yeah, it's 116 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:12,040 Speaker 1: scared everyone, right, it caused a panic. People were wild 117 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,800 Speaker 1: in the streets, committing suicide, like doing all sorts of stuff. No, 118 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 1: it isn't true. Um. Apparently the newspapers got wind of 119 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:24,960 Speaker 1: this rumor and played it up, and um, the reason 120 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 1: they played it up was to prove that radio couldn't 121 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:29,080 Speaker 1: be trusted as a source of news because it was 122 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:31,880 Speaker 1: a big competitor to newspapers at the time. Have you 123 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:35,280 Speaker 1: done a Don't Be Dumb on that? No? Maybe I will? 124 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:39,280 Speaker 1: Can I plug that? Go ahead, Josh? As a web 125 00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:42,600 Speaker 1: series called Don't Be Dumb? That is very funny and 126 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:47,720 Speaker 1: uh strange, and you learned stuff. It's like the perfect 127 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:50,960 Speaker 1: one to three punch. Weird funny and you walk away 128 00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:54,120 Speaker 1: with some knowledge. Thanks man, And everyone likes it that 129 00:07:54,160 --> 00:07:56,080 Speaker 1: watches it, so we just need more people to watch it. 130 00:07:56,120 --> 00:08:00,960 Speaker 1: Give me the weird sausage fingers. Steve McQueen, clap, that's 131 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:05,480 Speaker 1: that is weird? Oh the director? Oh yeah, he was 132 00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:09,360 Speaker 1: clapping weird, wouldn't he at the Oscars? Apparently he and um, 133 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:12,560 Speaker 1: the screenwriter who won an oscar for that movie, Yeah 134 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:14,720 Speaker 1: for twelve Years of Slave do not like each other 135 00:08:15,680 --> 00:08:18,680 Speaker 1: over the writing credit. Oh yeah. The writer walked right 136 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: past him, and Steve McQueen didn't even turn to look 137 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 1: at him as he was walking up to get his oscar. 138 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:25,000 Speaker 1: I did kind of notice that Yeah, well, if you 139 00:08:25,080 --> 00:08:27,720 Speaker 1: read delisted, he rooted it out and found out that 140 00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:29,960 Speaker 1: it was over a writing credit. Is that why he 141 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:37,880 Speaker 1: was clapping weirdly? He was showing his disdain with sausage. Weird. Alright, So, UM, 142 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:40,480 Speaker 1: this weird early fascination with Mars, Like I said, we 143 00:08:40,520 --> 00:08:42,680 Speaker 1: didn't have a lot of information other than just sort 144 00:08:42,679 --> 00:08:45,600 Speaker 1: of looking at it from Earth. UM. And it wasn't 145 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:49,360 Speaker 1: until the sixties and seventies that we started in many 146 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 1: countries started exploring Mars, but we started sending UM orbiters 147 00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:57,720 Speaker 1: to take a closer peak and then eventually orbiters led 148 00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 1: to landers and rovers and it's been like kind of 149 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:05,520 Speaker 1: a prime directive of NASA for a while. Yeah, one 150 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:08,120 Speaker 1: of them. And and it was UM. When they scrapped 151 00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:12,520 Speaker 1: the Space Shuttle UM program. I remember NASA was saying like, 152 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 1: don't worry everybody, We're gonna go to Mars. We're gonna 153 00:09:15,160 --> 00:09:19,559 Speaker 1: focus on Mars. That's why we're not doing the shuttle anymore. UM. 154 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:22,320 Speaker 1: And apparently they are. There was just as recently as 155 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:27,679 Speaker 1: yesterday NASA testified about its budget and UM and they 156 00:09:27,679 --> 00:09:29,760 Speaker 1: were saying, well, we've got a really great thing plan. 157 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,440 Speaker 1: We're gonna get this asteroid. We're gonna maneuver it with 158 00:09:33,480 --> 00:09:36,160 Speaker 1: a robot into lunar orbit so we can go visit 159 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: it later. And the senators at this hearing basically said boring, 160 00:09:41,480 --> 00:09:44,439 Speaker 1: like yeah, They're like, what's this backup Mars mission listed? 161 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:46,640 Speaker 1: And they're like, oh, well, we're talking about doing a 162 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: man fly by a venus and Mars. Sentators are like, Mars, Mars, Mars. 163 00:09:52,400 --> 00:09:54,440 Speaker 1: So it looks like NASA is gonna be forced to 164 00:09:54,480 --> 00:09:56,360 Speaker 1: go to Mars, whether they like it or not. So 165 00:09:56,440 --> 00:10:00,760 Speaker 1: it's still captivating. If it's captivating. The dumb dums and Congress, well, 166 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:04,199 Speaker 1: they even said, like the asteroid mission, that's not gonna 167 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:08,600 Speaker 1: spur the public the public imagination, like going past sending 168 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:12,000 Speaker 1: a person past Mars, that's what you want to do NASA. 169 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 1: And NASA is like, all right, but there's gonna we 170 00:10:16,160 --> 00:10:19,360 Speaker 1: could probably mind the asteroid and the senators I went 171 00:10:19,480 --> 00:10:23,560 Speaker 1: Mars Mars Mars and they all went to a bar afterward. Yeah, okay, Jim, 172 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:25,080 Speaker 1: you want to go to Mars And he was like 173 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:29,400 Speaker 1: all right, yeah, I guess so. Um alright, so where 174 00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:33,199 Speaker 1: should we start here? Um, well, let's start with the 175 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: origin of Mars. It seems pretty appropriate. Yeah, it's pretty fascinating. 176 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:42,559 Speaker 1: I love how scientists piece together ancient history of the cosmos, 177 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:45,319 Speaker 1: you know, yeah, without having ever sent a geologist there. 178 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:49,040 Speaker 1: It's all I mean, even before the rovers, it was 179 00:10:49,080 --> 00:10:53,400 Speaker 1: basically all just based on photographs and and surmising from those. 180 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:57,240 Speaker 1: Now we've got the Curiosity rover, the third rover up there. 181 00:10:57,320 --> 00:10:59,360 Speaker 1: It's still up there, right yeah, yeah, or it doesn't 182 00:10:59,400 --> 00:11:03,880 Speaker 1: come home, does it. No, it will, but it's still operational. Yeah. Um. 183 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:05,800 Speaker 1: And they were thinking, I think it was a two 184 00:11:05,880 --> 00:11:07,800 Speaker 1: year mission, but it could go longer than that. I 185 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:09,920 Speaker 1: think it's already gone a little longer than that, because 186 00:11:09,960 --> 00:11:11,720 Speaker 1: I think it went wasn't really already. I think it 187 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:14,760 Speaker 1: went up in late two thousand eleven. So I think 188 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: it's been there a little over two years. Well, good going, Curiosity. 189 00:11:18,559 --> 00:11:21,520 Speaker 1: I might be wrong. Um. All right, So there's basically 190 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:26,160 Speaker 1: five things that they surmise happened to four Mars, which 191 00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:30,040 Speaker 1: will will list and then get into in more detail. Um. 192 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:35,600 Speaker 1: It initially formed from clumping together of little, tiny objects 193 00:11:35,679 --> 00:11:38,120 Speaker 1: until it made a big round planet. It was an 194 00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:41,959 Speaker 1: accretion disc. Yeah, like just like Earth, Just like Earth. Uh. 195 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:44,920 Speaker 1: Then there was a lot of meteor bombardment all over 196 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:48,319 Speaker 1: the Solar System, and Mars was of course affected just 197 00:11:48,360 --> 00:11:51,640 Speaker 1: like Earth. Just like Earth. In the Moon, the mantle 198 00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:54,440 Speaker 1: was very hot and pushed through the crust, lifting up 199 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:57,840 Speaker 1: portions of it. And then there were a couple of 200 00:11:58,440 --> 00:12:00,200 Speaker 1: uh they don't know how many, but at least a 201 00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:04,480 Speaker 1: couple of periods of lots of volcanoes going on, say 202 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:09,200 Speaker 1: it just like lava flows. And then finally the planet 203 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,679 Speaker 1: cooled down and the atmosphere thinned out to leave this 204 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:16,120 Speaker 1: with Mars unlike Earth, right, uh, And it Mars formation 205 00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:20,079 Speaker 1: was virtually identical of the process that formed Earth. It's 206 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:23,199 Speaker 1: about half the size, but there in the beginning as 207 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:26,559 Speaker 1: far as makeup and the processes that they were undergoing, yeah, 208 00:12:26,760 --> 00:12:29,960 Speaker 1: they were virtually identical. Yeah. And being half the size 209 00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:33,440 Speaker 1: is pretty key to uh, why it's not like Earth 210 00:12:33,880 --> 00:12:37,800 Speaker 1: more um one of the reasons. So I guess we 211 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:39,599 Speaker 1: should get into some more detail about this, Huh. I 212 00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: think we should. The accretion that you talked about, the 213 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:45,360 Speaker 1: small objects about it took about a hundred thousand years, 214 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:48,800 Speaker 1: and as the gravitational field got stronger, it kept pulling 215 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,080 Speaker 1: in more of this stuff and it would crash into 216 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:55,000 Speaker 1: the planet and uh and get hot basically and just 217 00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: sort of meld together. Yeah. I was like, oh, Mars, 218 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:02,520 Speaker 1: and that was interesting. I looked at why planets are around, 219 00:13:03,320 --> 00:13:05,880 Speaker 1: and the reason why is because the gravitational field and 220 00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:10,320 Speaker 1: the spin. Uh it's sucking everything into the dense core. Yeah. 221 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:14,600 Speaker 1: Well it's the core. The gravitational field behaves like it's 222 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:17,320 Speaker 1: coming from the center, and everything else thinks it's coming 223 00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:21,280 Speaker 1: from the center. So the only way to get everything 224 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:23,240 Speaker 1: is close to the center as possible is to make 225 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:27,160 Speaker 1: a sphere like Obviously, if you had a square, that 226 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:30,120 Speaker 1: would be a corner that's not as close as other parts. 227 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:33,280 Speaker 1: That would be a creepy planet like a cube. Yeah, 228 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:35,000 Speaker 1: but I wondered, you know, or why doesn't it look 229 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,120 Speaker 1: like an asteroid, Let's say, but asteroids don't have the 230 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 1: kind of gravitational force to draw everything in like that 231 00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:45,640 Speaker 1: to form that sphere. It's called isotactic adjustment. Yeah. I 232 00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,880 Speaker 1: just thought, wait a minute, all these things are perfectly round. 233 00:13:49,559 --> 00:13:52,640 Speaker 1: We're not perfectly around. Want more pyramid shaped planet would 234 00:13:52,640 --> 00:14:18,200 Speaker 1: be kind of cool? Um. All right, So that was 235 00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:22,560 Speaker 1: the acretion, and now you have gas being released from 236 00:14:22,640 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 1: cooling after the core and mantle and crust have formed 237 00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:30,920 Speaker 1: in this hot ball. Right, and as the as the 238 00:14:30,960 --> 00:14:34,720 Speaker 1: gases are being released in the hot ball, um, they 239 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:40,360 Speaker 1: are forming this atmosphere. They're supporting an atmosphere. They're floating 240 00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:44,680 Speaker 1: out and um kind of hanging around. Yeah, you know. 241 00:14:45,680 --> 00:14:48,640 Speaker 1: And um, so you've got an atmosphere in place. You 242 00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:53,040 Speaker 1: have a molten core, you have a softer mantle, and 243 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 1: then a crust that formed. Yeah. And um, as that 244 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:01,240 Speaker 1: that softer mantle and the woont and core press up, 245 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:06,000 Speaker 1: you have volcanic activity, yeah, which releases even more heat 246 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:10,040 Speaker 1: and gas, which makes the atmosphere even thicker. And at 247 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:12,360 Speaker 1: this point they think that there is a period of 248 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:17,280 Speaker 1: um water presence on Mars where it was raining. So 249 00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:21,480 Speaker 1: then after you've got a primitive atmosphere. And then, as 250 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:25,160 Speaker 1: it says in the article by Craig he's a great 251 00:15:25,160 --> 00:15:29,240 Speaker 1: writer for us. Yeah, PhD, that's right. Uh he said 252 00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:32,320 Speaker 1: March Mars couldn't catch a break, which was pretty accurate, 253 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:35,920 Speaker 1: And it was pounded by meteors in the Solar system, 254 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:41,400 Speaker 1: forming craters and basins and all sorts of interesting landforms. 255 00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:43,640 Speaker 1: And you know, the same thing happened here. But we 256 00:15:43,680 --> 00:15:48,520 Speaker 1: had like water and things like that too, cause erosion 257 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:51,480 Speaker 1: and fill it, fill it in. On the Moon, there 258 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:53,520 Speaker 1: isn't anything like that, so you still see those craters. 259 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,680 Speaker 1: And but the same thing happened on Mars. Yeah, and 260 00:15:56,720 --> 00:16:00,120 Speaker 1: actually there was water on Mars um that bombard it, 261 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:03,200 Speaker 1: and the that caused the magma to come up out 262 00:16:03,240 --> 00:16:09,080 Speaker 1: of the core of of Mars, creating volcanic activity and 263 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,400 Speaker 1: shifts in the mantle and the crust. Um all released 264 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:16,280 Speaker 1: hot gas into the Martian atmosphere, which thickened it and 265 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:22,760 Speaker 1: increased its temperature, which led to rain, yes, rain, flooding, erosion. 266 00:16:23,160 --> 00:16:26,880 Speaker 1: So there was like a period at least for a 267 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:30,680 Speaker 1: little while of um the presence of water on Mars. 268 00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: There still list, dude, the presence of unfrozen flowing water. 269 00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:41,120 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, there's not flowing water right as of September 270 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:43,640 Speaker 1: last year, they found water in the dirt. Yeah, it's 271 00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:46,720 Speaker 1: pretty exciting. Two points per cubic foot. Yeah, but but 272 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:49,960 Speaker 1: it's a spoiler. Sorry, actually it can't be a spoiler. 273 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 1: But that happened in the bat right, Yeah, but if 274 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,440 Speaker 1: if you haven't heard of it any yeah, alright, sorry, 275 00:16:56,560 --> 00:16:59,000 Speaker 1: Uh so, then Craig likens to Mars at this point 276 00:16:59,080 --> 00:17:03,720 Speaker 1: is a soft boiled and as the eggshell is cooling, uh, 277 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:08,920 Speaker 1: the the yoke is gonna start busting through the mantle. 278 00:17:09,040 --> 00:17:11,280 Speaker 1: And that's like on Earth is what is going to 279 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:14,879 Speaker 1: form things like volcanoes. And again those volcanoes and that 280 00:17:14,920 --> 00:17:18,640 Speaker 1: activity led to that atmosphere in the periods of rain 281 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:22,960 Speaker 1: and flooding and erosion Olympus Mons. Yeah, that's a good 282 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,720 Speaker 1: pixie song. Was that a pixie song for a dream 283 00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:28,720 Speaker 1: of the Olympus Mons? Nice? Yeah, I don't think I 284 00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:34,840 Speaker 1: did that one. What's that on? Uh? Yeah, okay, Uh. 285 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,040 Speaker 1: Olympus Mons is the largest volcano there and it's like 286 00:17:38,320 --> 00:17:40,760 Speaker 1: it makes Mountain Everest look like a mole hill. As 287 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:43,840 Speaker 1: a matter of fact, it's the largest point in the 288 00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:49,040 Speaker 1: known Solar system, the highest point. Yeah, yeah, the tallest um. 289 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,920 Speaker 1: Remember our myth busting episode where we showed that Mount 290 00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:57,160 Speaker 1: Everest wasn't the tallest mountain. It's mounta Loa Yeah. Yeah. Um, 291 00:17:57,320 --> 00:18:02,200 Speaker 1: on Earth, mounta Looa is um something like it. It's 292 00:18:02,280 --> 00:18:07,359 Speaker 1: six miles from the ocean floor. Uh, yes, the rises 293 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:10,520 Speaker 1: six nice chuck and um it's a hundred and forty 294 00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:14,000 Speaker 1: miles wide at its base. That's a big mountain. On 295 00:18:14,119 --> 00:18:17,359 Speaker 1: Earth on Mars, which is again half the size of 296 00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:23,800 Speaker 1: Earth in diameter. Olympus mons is sixteen miles tall. And 297 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:26,520 Speaker 1: and that's not from an ocean floor either, Yeah, you know, 298 00:18:26,760 --> 00:18:29,280 Speaker 1: because there is no ocean on Mars exactly. But if 299 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:33,800 Speaker 1: you want to see something cool, type in Mars, what 300 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:36,680 Speaker 1: would Mars look like with ocean and people have done 301 00:18:36,720 --> 00:18:39,560 Speaker 1: like um simulations of it. It looks really neat, like 302 00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:43,720 Speaker 1: vacation worthy, like you would want to go there to vacam. 303 00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 1: I mean, it's like a sunny beach with it looks 304 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,120 Speaker 1: like Earth, but with weird continents um. And then it's 305 00:18:50,119 --> 00:18:54,440 Speaker 1: three seventy miles across Olympus mons Is. That's large. It's big. 306 00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:57,200 Speaker 1: And they have like pictures if you google it, uh, 307 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:01,880 Speaker 1: compare it to Everest and it just dwarfs it, that's right. 308 00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:03,679 Speaker 1: And you can see pictures of it too, you know, 309 00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:07,359 Speaker 1: they snapped photos of it. It's pretty impressive. It's been 310 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:14,320 Speaker 1: large volcano which eventually went dormant. All the volcanoes on 311 00:19:14,359 --> 00:19:18,639 Speaker 1: Mars went dormant, that's right, somewhere possibly about three billion 312 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:24,399 Speaker 1: years ago, and um as the volcanoes went dormant, the 313 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:28,720 Speaker 1: the the heat was released. Basically Mars had no more 314 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: heat to give from its core um, which meant the 315 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:35,400 Speaker 1: atmosphere wasn't being fed any longer, so it thin, which 316 00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:38,119 Speaker 1: led to a drop in temperatures. Yeah, and how we 317 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:40,199 Speaker 1: mentioned earlier, how the the fact that it was smaller 318 00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:43,000 Speaker 1: than Earth is one reason why it's not more like Earth. 319 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:45,679 Speaker 1: That's the reason it cooled so fast, like Earth wouldn't 320 00:19:45,680 --> 00:19:48,480 Speaker 1: have cold nearly as fast, no, huh. And um it 321 00:19:48,640 --> 00:19:53,040 Speaker 1: also kept a magnetic field going thanks to its molten core. 322 00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:56,639 Speaker 1: Mars did not any longer, so you got a thin atmosphere, 323 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:01,160 Speaker 1: cold temperatures. Um. The atmosphere that was there started freezing 324 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:05,480 Speaker 1: and falling two Mars and was stored as ice. Any 325 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:08,200 Speaker 1: water that was already on the planet's surface turned into 326 00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:12,680 Speaker 1: perma frost, and um Mars became it underwent what's called 327 00:20:12,680 --> 00:20:16,919 Speaker 1: the Great desiccation event, where it became a barren, deserted 328 00:20:17,560 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: desert planet. Yeah, and before that, these were this kind 329 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:22,720 Speaker 1: of happened in cycles for a while, like the volcanic 330 00:20:22,760 --> 00:20:25,959 Speaker 1: action and then the gas is being released and like 331 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:30,880 Speaker 1: major flooding from water, until like you said, eventually it's 332 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:34,320 Speaker 1: the cold, not hot, but cold, dusty place that we 333 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:38,120 Speaker 1: love today. Yeah, And what's um interesting is that Earth 334 00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:41,040 Speaker 1: and Mars were so similar as they formed and about 335 00:20:41,119 --> 00:20:44,600 Speaker 1: at the same time. About three billion years ago, Mars 336 00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:48,080 Speaker 1: underwent the Great Desiccation Event and Earth underwent the Great 337 00:20:48,119 --> 00:20:51,560 Speaker 1: Oxygenation Event, which gave rise to all life here on Earth. 338 00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 1: The the appearance of algae, which created a breathable atmosphere 339 00:20:57,320 --> 00:20:59,959 Speaker 1: almost at about the same time. So they totally diverse, 340 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:02,480 Speaker 1: two different paths that have around the same time. I 341 00:21:02,520 --> 00:21:06,120 Speaker 1: wonder if the main reason was because of its size. Yeah, 342 00:21:06,119 --> 00:21:09,760 Speaker 1: the cooling another Earth. Yes, it's interesting. Had it been 343 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:13,600 Speaker 1: the exact same size, who knows, maybe we'd be like 344 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: going there and back right now, right on vacation like Swarnegger. 345 00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:23,679 Speaker 1: That was a good one, or Colin Farrell. Did you 346 00:21:23,680 --> 00:21:27,280 Speaker 1: see the remake? No? Although I heard the Robo Cup 347 00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:30,879 Speaker 1: remake was like surprisingly good, I haven't seen expecting that. 348 00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:33,919 Speaker 1: I haven't seen it either. Yeah, that's why I'll definitely 349 00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:37,439 Speaker 1: wait for TV for that one. You know, Uh, you 350 00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,400 Speaker 1: really don't care about seeing that one. Not even DVD 351 00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:45,720 Speaker 1: like TV. Well, I don't watch DVDs, Okay, I'm streaming 352 00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: like the rest of the modern world. Not even a 353 00:21:49,160 --> 00:21:55,480 Speaker 1: laser disk Uh, should we talk about what it's like there. Yeah, 354 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:59,280 Speaker 1: on the surface, Yes, the surface of Mars Um scientists 355 00:21:59,320 --> 00:22:04,280 Speaker 1: have divided into three major parts, the Southern Highlands, the 356 00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:06,960 Speaker 1: northern plains, and the polar regions, which we already said 357 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,280 Speaker 1: you can actually see from Earth polar ice caps. Yeah, 358 00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:12,960 Speaker 1: just like Earth, but the ice caps are made of 359 00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:16,560 Speaker 1: carbon dioxide, so it's dry ice ice caps, and then 360 00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:21,439 Speaker 1: underneath there's water ice yea. So the southern highlands are vast. 361 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:24,440 Speaker 1: I love our morning shows. It's always a little more 362 00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:28,480 Speaker 1: like laid back. I feel like, yeah, like I'm sleepy. Yeah, 363 00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:32,879 Speaker 1: you're not riddled with anxieties yet. That comes on about noon. Yeah, 364 00:22:33,040 --> 00:22:35,560 Speaker 1: I haven't had enough coffee yet. So you've got your 365 00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:38,159 Speaker 1: Southern Highlands, and like I said, they are extensive and vast, 366 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:42,000 Speaker 1: and uh, it is elevated. It's the the highest part 367 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: of Mars and heavily cratered and again the highest part 368 00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:48,760 Speaker 1: of the solar system, right, because that's where Olympus Moms is. 369 00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:51,840 Speaker 1: That's right in the southern region, the Southern highlands. Uh. 370 00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:55,520 Speaker 1: And they scientists think it's ancient um these highlands because 371 00:22:55,640 --> 00:22:59,400 Speaker 1: of the craters, because the cratering happened close to four 372 00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:02,639 Speaker 1: billion years ago, and that was just meteors kind of 373 00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 1: just pounding the solar system all over the place. So 374 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:09,280 Speaker 1: the southern Highlands are high and then there's a very 375 00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: um pronounced drop of several kilometers down to the um 376 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:19,399 Speaker 1: northern plains, which are low lying regions. There are a 377 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: lot like the seas on the Moon um but they 378 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:27,400 Speaker 1: do feature raised areas plateaus, a couple of them. Yeah, 379 00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:30,119 Speaker 1: the cinder cones. Yeah, well, the cinder cones are on 380 00:23:30,160 --> 00:23:33,240 Speaker 1: the plateaus. I think basically the mantle bulged up through 381 00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: the crust. It's thinner in the northern region and the 382 00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:41,560 Speaker 1: mantle just pushed up and formed like continent sized plateaus. Um. 383 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,000 Speaker 1: That are called crustal upwarps. That's a great word. Yeah, 384 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:49,120 Speaker 1: I kept thinking I was reading it wrong. Nope, crystal upwarps. Uh. 385 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:52,200 Speaker 1: And the these crystal upwarps, there's two of them. One 386 00:23:52,280 --> 00:23:55,600 Speaker 1: is the smaller it's Elysium membered Paradise that right, and 387 00:23:55,680 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 1: the other one is called Tharsis. Arcis in the Northern 388 00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:05,040 Speaker 1: Hemisphere is divided into eastern and western hemispheres. Tharsis is 389 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:09,160 Speaker 1: in the west and Elysium is in the east. Yes, 390 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:11,879 Speaker 1: celestial names are so cool, it really are You know, 391 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:17,160 Speaker 1: what do we have on earth? New Jersey not thar No, 392 00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:25,040 Speaker 1: we start a campaign to rename New Jersey tharsus Um 393 00:24:25,119 --> 00:24:27,560 Speaker 1: and then like the main city could be Tharsist City, 394 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:32,160 Speaker 1: which sounds super futuristic, and in fact it's Newark. Every 395 00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:38,240 Speaker 1: citizens issued to sparkly silver jumps. Oh. U, so you've 396 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:40,800 Speaker 1: called out Olympus Mons is the highest point. That is 397 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:44,720 Speaker 1: where in the it's in the region which this article 398 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:47,960 Speaker 1: is confusing because it mentions the sarsest Reason region in 399 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:52,680 Speaker 1: the southern um the hemisphere and in the northern hemisphere. Uh. 400 00:24:52,680 --> 00:24:55,280 Speaker 1: And I looked all over the place to find definitively 401 00:24:55,359 --> 00:24:58,399 Speaker 1: where it is. And I think the discrepancy comes from 402 00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:02,040 Speaker 1: the fact that it's equatory. Okay, it's pretty close to 403 00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:07,720 Speaker 1: the equator. Olympus Mons definitely is. So maybe it's both right, 404 00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:11,560 Speaker 1: But it's about at that point, um that the uh, 405 00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:16,359 Speaker 1: the highlands drop off into the northern plains. That's right. 406 00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:20,920 Speaker 1: And Uh, in Tharcis you have some pretty impressive canyons um, 407 00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:26,560 Speaker 1: a system called the Vallis Marineris and it makes the 408 00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:29,480 Speaker 1: Grand Canyon look like a tiny little hole in the ground. 409 00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:32,879 Speaker 1: It is three hundred and seventy miles wide and twenty 410 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:36,840 Speaker 1: six thousand, four hundred feet deep, not to slam the 411 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:39,640 Speaker 1: Grand Canyon, but if you've ever been there, imagine something 412 00:25:39,720 --> 00:25:42,679 Speaker 1: dwarfing that even, right, And again, Mars is half the 413 00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:45,400 Speaker 1: size of Earth, right, and it doesn't even just dwarf 414 00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:48,640 Speaker 1: the Grand Canyon. It's bigger than the Mariana Trench, which 415 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: is eighty miles long. So it's a good thousand miles 416 00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:56,040 Speaker 1: longer than the Mariana Trench. And the Mariana Trench is 417 00:25:56,080 --> 00:26:01,959 Speaker 1: forty three miles wide. The Vallis Marina Harris is seventy 418 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:04,760 Speaker 1: miles wide. Yeah, that's nuts. Yeah, So it's a big 419 00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:07,280 Speaker 1: old trench. Like you can't even comprehend that kind of 420 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:09,879 Speaker 1: size when you're standing there, No, imagine when you're in it. 421 00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:12,680 Speaker 1: You can't see the edges or anything like that. So 422 00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:14,679 Speaker 1: you're just of course, you can't be in it because 423 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:16,639 Speaker 1: you know, people can't go to Mars. But you know, 424 00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:18,760 Speaker 1: I know what you mean, we will eventually, you think 425 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:22,119 Speaker 1: Elon Musk predicts he will retire and die and be 426 00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,919 Speaker 1: buried on Mars. That's what he's he said. It's not 427 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:29,160 Speaker 1: a certainty, but it's a possibility, but that's his goal. Yeah. Wow, 428 00:26:30,119 --> 00:26:31,879 Speaker 1: Well he's got the dough to make it happen, I guess, 429 00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:34,800 Speaker 1: and the vision, Like you say the same thing, but 430 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:37,199 Speaker 1: you've just got the vision, right, you don't have the 431 00:26:37,240 --> 00:26:40,800 Speaker 1: billions of dollars. And it's not even my vision. I'm 432 00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:43,000 Speaker 1: just reporting what Elon Musk said. You know, oh I 433 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:45,320 Speaker 1: thought you wanted to do that as well. Now go 434 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 1: to Mars. You want to get shot out of a cannon. 435 00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:51,440 Speaker 1: I would I abandoned that a long time ago. Yeah, Um, 436 00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:56,240 Speaker 1: what's the new plan? Just to be cremated? Yeah, distributed 437 00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,800 Speaker 1: with youmi? Okay, that's nice. Yeah, she's really calmed you down. 438 00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:03,239 Speaker 1: She is like, first, first things first, this cannonball thing, right, 439 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:08,080 Speaker 1: it's gotta go. Um, the polar regions you can see 440 00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:10,159 Speaker 1: from Earth, like we said, and it is surrounded by 441 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:13,520 Speaker 1: a bunch of dunes and they are like I think 442 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:16,840 Speaker 1: you said, it was frozen carbon dioxide, right, So it's 443 00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 1: not like the ice we have here on Earth. No, 444 00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:20,520 Speaker 1: it's well, we have it here on Earth, dry ice. 445 00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:22,600 Speaker 1: Well yeah, but just it's not our polar ice cap. 446 00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 1: And like Earth, depending on the season, the ice caps 447 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,639 Speaker 1: are going to change shape in the summertime, the CEO 448 00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:35,200 Speaker 1: two from the northern caps uh melt away and and 449 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:39,760 Speaker 1: there's water ice below that, so not dry ice as 450 00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:43,680 Speaker 1: they call it in Spanish agua ice. And that's why 451 00:27:43,680 --> 00:27:47,199 Speaker 1: apparently we sent the Phoenix there. Uh. They were like, 452 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:49,520 Speaker 1: send that thing up there and dig down into the 453 00:27:49,520 --> 00:27:53,199 Speaker 1: frozen dirt and let's see what what it's made up of. 454 00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:58,960 Speaker 1: And they found water. They found uh two points. Phoenix 455 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:03,880 Speaker 1: didn't find it. Phoenix found like found uh that the 456 00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:07,399 Speaker 1: Martian soil is filled with perchlorate, which is a big 457 00:28:07,480 --> 00:28:11,199 Speaker 1: problem for Mars missions. Yeah, that's like very bad for 458 00:28:11,280 --> 00:28:16,040 Speaker 1: human beings. It's extremely toxic. It's a thyroid toxin has 459 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:19,639 Speaker 1: a very quick effect um as a developmental effect on 460 00:28:19,840 --> 00:28:24,200 Speaker 1: infants and um fetuses, So reproducing on Mars would be 461 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:27,000 Speaker 1: a big problem. And even in adults, it has a 462 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:31,320 Speaker 1: big effect on your thyroid, which affects your hormone production 463 00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:35,600 Speaker 1: function UM. And it's everywhere. It's in the light Martian 464 00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:38,960 Speaker 1: dust and Mars has tons of dust storms that enveloped 465 00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 1: the whole planet, which we'll talk about for like weeks 466 00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:43,959 Speaker 1: at a time. Yeah, and there there's pe chloric in 467 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:46,920 Speaker 1: those dust storms, so it would get everywhere. So they 468 00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:50,560 Speaker 1: just found out like a couple of months ago that 469 00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:53,280 Speaker 1: this is everywhere and it's going to be a huge 470 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:56,360 Speaker 1: challenge to Mars missions in the future. But they're saying, 471 00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:59,560 Speaker 1: now that we know about it, we can design around it. Yeah, 472 00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,840 Speaker 1: it's just seems so uninhabitable, Like, I don't know if 473 00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:06,280 Speaker 1: our lifetime we're going to see it a manned mission. 474 00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 1: Maybe we'll definitely see a fly by. Yeah, yeah, a 475 00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:15,520 Speaker 1: man fly by. Yeah. Okay, you and Elon Musk, we will. 476 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:19,200 Speaker 1: That's not even just for this Elon Musk in the 477 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:26,720 Speaker 1: Senate Okay, yeah, Marr. They're all so excited. So Chucker's 478 00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:53,360 Speaker 1: up next. We're going to talk about the interior of Mars. Okay, 479 00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:56,840 Speaker 1: so we're back and we're talking about Mars's interior. And 480 00:29:56,840 --> 00:30:00,760 Speaker 1: to talk about Mars interior is really boring unless you 481 00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:02,920 Speaker 1: compare to Earth, and then all of a sudden you're like, oh, 482 00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:06,520 Speaker 1: this is cool. So let's compare to Earth. The Earth's 483 00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:10,880 Speaker 1: core is um has a radius of about from the 484 00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:13,280 Speaker 1: center to the surface, and is made up of iron 485 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:17,440 Speaker 1: in two parts, the solid core and the liquid outer core, 486 00:30:18,480 --> 00:30:21,840 Speaker 1: and the interplay between those two creates Earth's magnetic field, 487 00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:32,360 Speaker 1: which allows for the northern lights. Oh yeah, encompasses what else, Ah, 488 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:37,680 Speaker 1: that's about it. Okay. Mars's core radius is only about 489 00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: nine um and between nine miles and it is probably 490 00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:46,520 Speaker 1: made up also of iron, but throwing some sulfur, maybe 491 00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:52,120 Speaker 1: a little oxygen. And they believe, Uh, I don't. I 492 00:30:52,120 --> 00:30:53,719 Speaker 1: didn't get this. He said it may be made up 493 00:30:54,080 --> 00:30:57,160 Speaker 1: maybe maybe molten, but it's unlikely. So they still don't know. 494 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 1: I guess. And they think that The reason they don't 495 00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:03,920 Speaker 1: think that it's molten, though, is because Mars has a 496 00:31:04,040 --> 00:31:09,160 Speaker 1: very weak magnetic field. Um, but maybe not always. Yeah, 497 00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:11,520 Speaker 1: it probably had a strong magnetic field and the and 498 00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:15,720 Speaker 1: before the great desiccation event, um, but now it doesn't have. 499 00:31:15,880 --> 00:31:18,600 Speaker 1: When they think that if it is molten, it's not. 500 00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:21,720 Speaker 1: There's not a lot to it. Okay, Yeah, that makes sense. 501 00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:27,280 Speaker 1: Around the Earth, score is softer mantle like toothpaste, and 502 00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:30,320 Speaker 1: it's way less dense than it is iron and magnesium 503 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:35,320 Speaker 1: silicate about eighteen hundred miles thick. And that's when you 504 00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:38,000 Speaker 1: see a volcano and lava flowing from a volcano. That's 505 00:31:38,040 --> 00:31:40,360 Speaker 1: where that's coming from. Well, it comes from the magma 506 00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:44,600 Speaker 1: through there the liquid all right, isn't it. I think 507 00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:47,800 Speaker 1: so we did a podcast on volcanos. You think you 508 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:52,240 Speaker 1: remember that was a good one, the volcanos one, I thought, so. 509 00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:56,240 Speaker 1: I was worried about it and chuck the mantle pushing 510 00:31:56,320 --> 00:32:00,800 Speaker 1: up through the through the surface. Yeah, counts for those 511 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:07,080 Speaker 1: crustal uplifts, up up warps, up warps, that's right. Um. 512 00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:11,240 Speaker 1: And here on Earth we have things like volcanoes, active 513 00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:15,360 Speaker 1: volcanoes and earthquakes, and they're largely due to, if not 514 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:19,280 Speaker 1: exclusively due to, um, the fact that we have continental 515 00:32:19,280 --> 00:32:23,200 Speaker 1: plates like the crust of Earth, which Mars also has 516 00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,360 Speaker 1: a crust, but Earth's crust is broken up into these 517 00:32:26,360 --> 00:32:29,000 Speaker 1: plates that drift and move around slowly and rub up 518 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,800 Speaker 1: against one another. Um. And that's where the fault lines exist. 519 00:32:33,080 --> 00:32:35,680 Speaker 1: And along those fault lines you have volcanoes and earthquakes. 520 00:32:36,360 --> 00:32:39,160 Speaker 1: Mars that's not the case as a crust, but it's 521 00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:42,520 Speaker 1: not broken into plates. It's solid. Yeah. I thought that 522 00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:46,080 Speaker 1: was pretty interesting. And that's why there's no active volcanoes 523 00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:50,320 Speaker 1: right now for one reason. Yeah. Yeah. Um. And we 524 00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:55,080 Speaker 1: while we're talking about Mars, well we probably should have 525 00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:57,680 Speaker 1: mentioned it on the surface, but it's a neat little 526 00:32:57,680 --> 00:33:00,240 Speaker 1: tidbit if you ask me, do you know I Mars 527 00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:06,600 Speaker 1: is rust colored? Uh no, because it's coated in rust. Yeah. Yeah, 528 00:33:06,680 --> 00:33:10,600 Speaker 1: it's oxidized iron in the soil, which makes it rusted. 529 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:15,560 Speaker 1: It's a rusty old planet, a rusty, dusty, cold, windy, 530 00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:22,280 Speaker 1: uninhabitable perhaps planet. And again the reason why it's probably 531 00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:28,760 Speaker 1: uninhabitable is it lacks an atmosphere, or it practically lacks 532 00:33:28,760 --> 00:33:31,720 Speaker 1: an atmosphere. There is a very thin one still, Yeah, 533 00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:33,840 Speaker 1: I guess we can compare that to Earth to um. 534 00:33:33,960 --> 00:33:39,800 Speaker 1: Mars's atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. On Earth it's less 535 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:43,400 Speaker 1: than one percent, right, Like you could just stop right there. Toxic, 536 00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:48,480 Speaker 1: a lot less nitrogen two point seven percent compared to 537 00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:51,800 Speaker 1: Earth seventy eight. Not much oxygen at all, only point 538 00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:57,320 Speaker 1: one three. That's a big factor. It's toxic again and 539 00:33:57,680 --> 00:34:03,080 Speaker 1: um about one as much water vapor as on Earth. Yeah, 540 00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:08,279 Speaker 1: you need that too, inhospitable, which is why they there 541 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:13,840 Speaker 1: are proposals to seed Mars to terraform it. Yeah, basically 542 00:34:13,880 --> 00:34:18,400 Speaker 1: going and like artificially stimulate an atmosphere to form so 543 00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: that in ten thousand and fifty hundred thousand years it 544 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:26,360 Speaker 1: could conceivably be habitable. Yeah, and we we did a 545 00:34:26,360 --> 00:34:28,279 Speaker 1: show on that too. Is all coming together. It's a 546 00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:31,839 Speaker 1: long term plan, but sure, which means we'll never do it. 547 00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:37,200 Speaker 1: Elon Musk will maybe his grandchildren. Uh So. The atmospheric 548 00:34:37,239 --> 00:34:40,680 Speaker 1: pressure in Mars is interesting too. It's super low and 549 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:45,080 Speaker 1: super cold, and that's why there is no water liquid 550 00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:49,640 Speaker 1: flowing because it's either going to freeze or evaporate. They 551 00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:53,400 Speaker 1: can't just exist as water these days. Nope. But like 552 00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:57,399 Speaker 1: we said, possibly probably did at one point. So you've 553 00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,840 Speaker 1: got a thin atmosphere, which means a lot of um 554 00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 1: solar radiation is not blocked, is not reflected um, which 555 00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:10,280 Speaker 1: means that you have very wild swings in daily average 556 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:14,520 Speaker 1: temperature on Mars. Because Mars does have a day, it 557 00:35:14,560 --> 00:35:17,600 Speaker 1: does rotate, and actually it rotates it about the same 558 00:35:17,719 --> 00:35:21,920 Speaker 1: rate as Earth. The Mars salt which is short for 559 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,719 Speaker 1: solar day, it's just about forty three minutes longer than 560 00:35:26,080 --> 00:35:31,080 Speaker 1: um Earth's day. Yeah, but because it's further out away 561 00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:33,560 Speaker 1: from the Sun, it's orbit around the Sun takes longer. 562 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:36,400 Speaker 1: So it's year is about twice as long as a 563 00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:39,560 Speaker 1: year on Earth. Six hundred and eighty six point nine 564 00:35:39,640 --> 00:35:44,359 Speaker 1: eight Earth days, which means the seasons last longer, which 565 00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:47,200 Speaker 1: makes them more extreme as we'll see. Yeah, and you 566 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,600 Speaker 1: talked about the temperature fluctuation. It's almost a hundred degrees 567 00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:56,440 Speaker 1: fahrenheit on a daily basis. The difference in temperature, that's enormous. Again, 568 00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,680 Speaker 1: not very friendly for us humans. No, well figure it out. 569 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:02,560 Speaker 1: You have to pack a big suitcase. You know, you 570 00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:06,120 Speaker 1: have to pack your your thong as well as your 571 00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:11,040 Speaker 1: Arctic explorer. Well, you could just wear a thong under 572 00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 1: your artic explore coast there, it's the key to Mars. 573 00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:21,600 Speaker 1: Where layers pack big where layers. But like you said, 574 00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:23,799 Speaker 1: there are seasons in the spring and early summer, the 575 00:36:23,880 --> 00:36:28,279 Speaker 1: sun heats up the atmosphere and the dust lifts up 576 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:30,279 Speaker 1: and and makes it even hotter once that dust is 577 00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:35,759 Speaker 1: in the atmosphere, and it basically is what causes those 578 00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:39,440 Speaker 1: big dust storms we're talking about. Yeah, the dust, the 579 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:44,000 Speaker 1: dust particles get suspended and invite more heat, which suspends 580 00:36:44,040 --> 00:36:50,560 Speaker 1: more particles than um. It creates wind there winds. Yeah, well, 581 00:36:50,640 --> 00:36:54,160 Speaker 1: just like here on Earth, it creates convection cells, which 582 00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:58,320 Speaker 1: creates wind. And as those wind speeds whip up because 583 00:36:58,360 --> 00:37:01,120 Speaker 1: the atmosphere is thinner, you have to have higher speeds 584 00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:04,680 Speaker 1: because the wind has less to push against air to 585 00:37:04,760 --> 00:37:08,200 Speaker 1: push against, so it takes higher speed winds. But once 586 00:37:08,239 --> 00:37:10,279 Speaker 1: they do hit something like a hundred and twenty miles 587 00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:14,520 Speaker 1: an hour, the entire planet can become enveloped in a 588 00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:18,480 Speaker 1: dust storm that can last months. That's crazy. And again 589 00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:22,040 Speaker 1: it's not just dust. It's dust with one of the 590 00:37:22,040 --> 00:37:27,319 Speaker 1: more toxic compounds known to humanity in every bit of it. Yeah, 591 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:29,200 Speaker 1: and it's not going to blow off a Mars rover 592 00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:32,640 Speaker 1: these things, you know, way like in the tons. Yeah, 593 00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:36,080 Speaker 1: I think theirsities one ton one ton. And actually what's 594 00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:39,560 Speaker 1: strange is the dust storms, it says, are um beneficial 595 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:43,800 Speaker 1: because they will blow the any um Martian dirt caked 596 00:37:43,840 --> 00:37:46,239 Speaker 1: on the solar panels. Yeah, that makes sense too, or 597 00:37:46,280 --> 00:37:49,120 Speaker 1: maybe it might reveal something, Yeah that wasn't there before, 598 00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:53,960 Speaker 1: like a pyramid. That'd be pretty cool, Chuck, I want 599 00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:56,840 Speaker 1: to talk about water on Mars. That was NASA's directive. 600 00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:00,520 Speaker 1: Follow the water for many years and still as because 601 00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:03,080 Speaker 1: they think they're in holds. The key to the big 602 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:09,280 Speaker 1: question is there possibilities of having life on Mars? Is there? Life? 603 00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:13,080 Speaker 1: Was their life on Mars and we're not talking about Martians. Unfortunately, 604 00:38:13,160 --> 00:38:17,399 Speaker 1: we're talking about maybe bacteria which could be Martians. I mean, 605 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:20,600 Speaker 1: if it lives on Mars, it's Martian. I guess it's 606 00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:23,200 Speaker 1: a good point. Everybody just basically needs to lower the 607 00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:27,799 Speaker 1: bar for their expectations of what a Martian is. Yeah, right, 608 00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:30,120 Speaker 1: you know what I mean, instead of little green men, right, 609 00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:33,640 Speaker 1: it's bacteria and um. When this article was written, it 610 00:38:33,719 --> 00:38:36,759 Speaker 1: was pre curiosity, but it just a couple of months 611 00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:42,480 Speaker 1: ago Curiosity confirmed, uh that there is water present in 612 00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:46,000 Speaker 1: the soil. Yeah, and they think it's everywhere. Yeah, it's 613 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:50,400 Speaker 1: basically the soil has a very big leaching property, yeah, 614 00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:53,640 Speaker 1: where it absorbs water from the atmosphere and locks it 615 00:38:53,680 --> 00:38:56,960 Speaker 1: in there, so that if if we went up there, 616 00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,800 Speaker 1: we could extract um about, like A said, two pints 617 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,640 Speaker 1: of water from every cubic foot of soil that's mine. 618 00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:06,840 Speaker 1: It's pretty cool. It is pretty cool. Again, though, we 619 00:39:06,920 --> 00:39:10,319 Speaker 1: have that per chlorate problem. It's everywhere. It would get 620 00:39:10,360 --> 00:39:11,880 Speaker 1: in the water, and one of the ways that it 621 00:39:11,920 --> 00:39:15,680 Speaker 1: transfers to humans and becomes toxic is through drinking water, 622 00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:19,200 Speaker 1: so we'd have to deal with that. But ironically, the 623 00:39:19,239 --> 00:39:22,160 Speaker 1: thing about per chlorate being there, it's also used in 624 00:39:22,280 --> 00:39:25,200 Speaker 1: solid rocket fuel here on Earth. So we would need 625 00:39:25,239 --> 00:39:26,879 Speaker 1: it to get to Mars, but once we got to Mars, 626 00:39:26,960 --> 00:39:30,760 Speaker 1: we wouldn't want to have it. Interesting, that is very ironic. Thanks. 627 00:39:31,040 --> 00:39:34,520 Speaker 1: So you're talking, Chuck about how water could consuerably lead 628 00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:38,000 Speaker 1: to life on Mars. We it's vital to life. It's 629 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:41,919 Speaker 1: one of the um vital parts of life. I can't 630 00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:46,640 Speaker 1: remember the term for him. Not a building block, one 631 00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:51,120 Speaker 1: of the essential some things for life component? Yes, yeah, 632 00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:54,000 Speaker 1: I think that is it essential component for life. We 633 00:39:54,120 --> 00:39:59,040 Speaker 1: worked that out together. This has been morning condition and no. No. 634 00:39:59,040 --> 00:40:01,880 Speaker 1: Now they found water on Mars and confirmed that it 635 00:40:01,960 --> 00:40:03,719 Speaker 1: is there, and they knew all along that there was 636 00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:08,480 Speaker 1: water ice on Mars. Um. It makes that Martian rock 637 00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:12,080 Speaker 1: from four billion years ago seem all the more likely 638 00:40:12,120 --> 00:40:16,360 Speaker 1: that it is displaying evidence of fossilized microbes. Yeah. And 639 00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:19,120 Speaker 1: they used to think that there was methane uh in 640 00:40:19,160 --> 00:40:21,600 Speaker 1: the atmosphere or trace amounts, but I think that has 641 00:40:21,640 --> 00:40:25,520 Speaker 1: been debunked now with upon further research. Yeah. Yeah, because 642 00:40:25,920 --> 00:40:28,719 Speaker 1: again when this article was written, it sounds like they 643 00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:32,040 Speaker 1: thought it was still like they still head detective methane 644 00:40:32,080 --> 00:40:35,040 Speaker 1: and they didn't know whether it was from of biological 645 00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:38,200 Speaker 1: or chemical origin. Yeah, more recent studies UM as of 646 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:43,719 Speaker 1: October two thousand twelve, UM, they analyzed the atmosphere uh 647 00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:48,839 Speaker 1: for methane six times and basically found no more than 648 00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:51,879 Speaker 1: one point three parts per billion. Yeah, that's not good 649 00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:55,000 Speaker 1: for evidence of life. Yeah, and that's about one six 650 00:40:55,040 --> 00:40:59,239 Speaker 1: as much as they had previously estimated. And they thought, well, 651 00:40:59,239 --> 00:41:02,239 Speaker 1: maybe it went some where, you know, and and they 652 00:41:02,920 --> 00:41:05,560 Speaker 1: NASA said no, it wouldn't. UM. It would have been 653 00:41:05,560 --> 00:41:10,719 Speaker 1: super exciting, but it's methane doesn't uh distribute and leave 654 00:41:10,880 --> 00:41:13,320 Speaker 1: like that that quickly, like it would still be around. 655 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:17,960 Speaker 1: So unfortunately, no methane. Speaking of methane UM as evidence 656 00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:21,560 Speaker 1: of life. Remember our termite episode, somebody wrote in to say, 657 00:41:21,880 --> 00:41:24,160 Speaker 1: did you know termites or like a huge contributor of 658 00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:28,040 Speaker 1: methane to on Earth. They're the second largest contributor of 659 00:41:28,080 --> 00:41:33,480 Speaker 1: methane after five stock. Yeah. Wow, even beating out humans. Wow, 660 00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:36,040 Speaker 1: that's crazy. Yeah, because we shoot a lot of ducks, 661 00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:42,520 Speaker 1: we humans, some of us termites have flatulent insects uh 662 00:41:42,719 --> 00:41:48,680 Speaker 1: so bacteria UM. Martian soil has been known to be 663 00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:52,560 Speaker 1: like formally chemically active, but maybe not biologically, but it 664 00:41:52,680 --> 00:41:57,560 Speaker 1: is possible maybe because they have a good example in Greenland. Um, 665 00:41:57,640 --> 00:42:00,280 Speaker 1: they found bacteria that was dormant for a hundred twenty 666 00:42:00,280 --> 00:42:04,400 Speaker 1: tho years frozen in the ice, and when they unfroze it, 667 00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:08,600 Speaker 1: it started multiplying again in the beginning of the apocalypse. Yeah, 668 00:42:08,760 --> 00:42:12,360 Speaker 1: it's kind of creepy. Yeah, but like it's not stopping. 669 00:42:12,520 --> 00:42:14,960 Speaker 1: Possibly in the polar ice caps on Mars. Maybe that's 670 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:17,080 Speaker 1: going on to Yeah, we just don't know yet. Yeah, 671 00:42:17,080 --> 00:42:20,040 Speaker 1: they think that, um, it is very possible that you 672 00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:23,040 Speaker 1: could take some of them, the extreme of file bacteria, 673 00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:27,480 Speaker 1: ones that live like in um volcanic vents undersea and 674 00:42:27,520 --> 00:42:30,560 Speaker 1: things like that, and transplant them two Mars and some 675 00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:35,879 Speaker 1: of them would survive, especially mineral thriving um bacteria ones 676 00:42:35,920 --> 00:42:39,400 Speaker 1: that like eat minerals. You could put them on Mars 677 00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:43,640 Speaker 1: and they would they would do Okay. Possibly well spaceships 678 00:42:43,719 --> 00:42:47,279 Speaker 1: like if we could possibly bring our own bacteria there 679 00:42:47,320 --> 00:42:50,920 Speaker 1: by accident as well, you know, just from like I 680 00:42:50,920 --> 00:42:53,880 Speaker 1: think the International Space Station had E. Colid in it. Yeah, 681 00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:58,680 Speaker 1: and possibly lee Jonella retainers disease on the I S 682 00:42:58,680 --> 00:43:01,720 Speaker 1: I Wow, Yeah, or the I S S. That sounds 683 00:43:01,719 --> 00:43:05,239 Speaker 1: like a like a movie waiting to happen. Sure, I 684 00:43:05,360 --> 00:43:08,600 Speaker 1: guess we sort of did that with Outland. Was there? 685 00:43:08,880 --> 00:43:11,400 Speaker 1: Was it a disease? A disease? It was just a 686 00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:15,440 Speaker 1: cop chasing a bad guy. Again. I wonder if it 687 00:43:15,440 --> 00:43:19,200 Speaker 1: holds up. I doubt it. Yeah, if it held up, 688 00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:22,920 Speaker 1: it'd be alien like, it would still be in the rotation. 689 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:25,320 Speaker 1: But Outline doesn't play on cable very often, you know, 690 00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:29,680 Speaker 1: it really doesn't. That is pretty good evidence too. I 691 00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:34,000 Speaker 1: remember the Outland Mad magazine. Um, but I didn't have 692 00:43:34,040 --> 00:43:37,000 Speaker 1: that one. Yeah, that was a good one. Um So Chuck, 693 00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:40,880 Speaker 1: You remember we were talking about way back how the 694 00:43:40,960 --> 00:43:47,319 Speaker 1: um Viking and um mariner and Mars orbiters provided this 695 00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:50,520 Speaker 1: evidence that Mars was just a dead, barren planet and 696 00:43:50,719 --> 00:43:53,640 Speaker 1: really undermine the idea that there was possibly life there 697 00:43:53,640 --> 00:43:57,600 Speaker 1: and that it was lush. Yeah. Well it also provided 698 00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:02,600 Speaker 1: some conspiracy theorists pretty solid evidence that there was or 699 00:44:02,880 --> 00:44:07,480 Speaker 1: is some sort of civilization on Mars, because yeah, Viking 700 00:44:07,520 --> 00:44:11,760 Speaker 1: one in nineteen seventies six produced a photo that looked 701 00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:18,239 Speaker 1: a whole lot like a fernic type face, like the 702 00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:21,719 Speaker 1: face on Mars. Pretty clearly a face if you look 703 00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:25,239 Speaker 1: at it. Uh, it was two miles from head to 704 00:44:25,280 --> 00:44:28,160 Speaker 1: toe from tip to bottom. So it wasn't like Jesus 705 00:44:28,160 --> 00:44:30,560 Speaker 1: on a piece of toast. No, I mean it looked 706 00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:35,279 Speaker 1: like it looked like a artificially constructed monument, a face 707 00:44:35,320 --> 00:44:37,360 Speaker 1: of a monument. Maybe when that had toppled, it was 708 00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:41,640 Speaker 1: now just poking out from the Martian soul soil. Um. 709 00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:45,600 Speaker 1: So they looked uh, closer in, but there's a lot 710 00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:48,759 Speaker 1: of cloud cover, so they got kind of a garbled look. 711 00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,040 Speaker 1: And they looked again more recently, maybe two thousand eight 712 00:44:52,160 --> 00:44:55,120 Speaker 1: or two thousand eleven, and it's very clearly just a 713 00:44:55,160 --> 00:44:59,799 Speaker 1: mesa that's disappointing. It is, especially like when you look 714 00:44:59,840 --> 00:45:03,120 Speaker 1: at that original Yeah, yeah, when you look at the 715 00:45:03,239 --> 00:45:05,560 Speaker 1: Viking one photo, Yeah, it looks like a top old 716 00:45:05,640 --> 00:45:08,799 Speaker 1: statue head. Yeah it does. It actually factored into that 717 00:45:09,480 --> 00:45:14,400 Speaker 1: terrible movie um Mission to Mars, Yeah wow, which I 718 00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:17,480 Speaker 1: saw with hippie rob By the way. Oh really yeah? Nice? 719 00:45:17,880 --> 00:45:19,719 Speaker 1: Was that is the last time you saw him? It 720 00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:21,880 Speaker 1: was among that he just walked into the woods after that, 721 00:45:22,080 --> 00:45:26,359 Speaker 1: never to be seen. Wasn't that that was Brian to Palm, 722 00:45:26,360 --> 00:45:30,400 Speaker 1: I wasn't it. I think it might have been so disappointing. 723 00:45:30,520 --> 00:45:33,920 Speaker 1: I mean, it had an all starcust Gary Sinise, don Cheetle. 724 00:45:35,040 --> 00:45:39,680 Speaker 1: I think Bill Paxton Maybe I don't think it was Pullman, 725 00:45:40,040 --> 00:45:43,760 Speaker 1: but I might be confusing Bill Paxton from Apollo thirteen. Anyway, 726 00:45:44,320 --> 00:45:47,759 Speaker 1: it didn't pan out very well. What do you got 727 00:45:47,760 --> 00:45:50,520 Speaker 1: anything else? Yeah? Um, I don't know why this article 728 00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:53,799 Speaker 1: doesn't mention if Mars has two moons, phobos and demos. Yeah, 729 00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:57,680 Speaker 1: they didn't get into that at all. No, um and uh, 730 00:45:58,360 --> 00:46:02,120 Speaker 1: Mars popped up and pops up in pop culture a lot. 731 00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:08,680 Speaker 1: There's um, the Mars Volta the band. Yeah. Uh. David 732 00:46:08,680 --> 00:46:10,840 Speaker 1: Bowie had a song called Life on Mars, one of 733 00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:14,200 Speaker 1: the great songs. The Misfits had the greatest Mars song, 734 00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:19,120 Speaker 1: Teenagers from Mars. That's a great song. Yeah. Oh what's 735 00:46:19,160 --> 00:46:23,960 Speaker 1: his name? Jared Leto right thirty seconds to Mars. Yeah, 736 00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:27,120 Speaker 1: they're going on tour right after his oscar Win. I 737 00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:30,200 Speaker 1: had never heard any of his music until the other day. 738 00:46:30,320 --> 00:46:32,040 Speaker 1: I was like, what are they like? And Emily tried 739 00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:33,920 Speaker 1: to describe it. Then she just played a song. Yeah, 740 00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:36,359 Speaker 1: it's not my bag, mine anything, but good for him. 741 00:46:36,480 --> 00:46:39,239 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I think they're like huge internationally. Yeah, he's 742 00:46:39,239 --> 00:46:41,440 Speaker 1: got gout. Did you know that? I did not know 743 00:46:41,520 --> 00:46:43,560 Speaker 1: that he needs to lay off the pet Noah, I 744 00:46:43,600 --> 00:46:46,239 Speaker 1: think he um. I think it was had to do 745 00:46:46,280 --> 00:46:50,080 Speaker 1: with his weight gain and loss for the John Lennon 746 00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:54,839 Speaker 1: Um the Mark David Chapman movie. He did, Oh really, Yeah, 747 00:46:54,880 --> 00:46:56,759 Speaker 1: he got all fat to play Mark David Chapman, then 748 00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:58,719 Speaker 1: like got all skinny again, I think, got gout because 749 00:46:58,760 --> 00:47:01,000 Speaker 1: of it, and then got even anywhere to play Rayon 750 00:47:01,080 --> 00:47:04,720 Speaker 1: in Dallas Buyers Club. Dude, have you seen it? Yes? 751 00:47:05,360 --> 00:47:08,399 Speaker 1: How thin can two people get? And they were pretty thin? 752 00:47:08,880 --> 00:47:12,080 Speaker 1: Like the two of them together make me. And there's 753 00:47:12,120 --> 00:47:15,560 Speaker 1: gotta be like that. There's gotta be a safe way 754 00:47:15,800 --> 00:47:20,040 Speaker 1: to lose and regain weight. Yeah, but I'll bet there's 755 00:47:20,080 --> 00:47:23,359 Speaker 1: not very many safe ways to gain weight to make 756 00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:26,399 Speaker 1: yourself look pudgy, no, I mean, and then to lose 757 00:47:26,440 --> 00:47:28,440 Speaker 1: it again, I'll bet when it's been done, like from 758 00:47:28,520 --> 00:47:31,799 Speaker 1: DeNiro to Fat mac On always sunny. I think they 759 00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:35,880 Speaker 1: say they just eat like lots of garbage and just 760 00:47:35,920 --> 00:47:38,879 Speaker 1: pile it on. Yeah, that's not I'll beat at all now. 761 00:47:38,920 --> 00:47:40,480 Speaker 1: But you know that's one of my pet peeves. When 762 00:47:40,520 --> 00:47:42,560 Speaker 1: you take a fit person in like the game thirty 763 00:47:42,560 --> 00:47:45,000 Speaker 1: Pounds for a movie and it it's like you don't 764 00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,120 Speaker 1: look like a fatter person, and you look like a 765 00:47:47,160 --> 00:47:52,160 Speaker 1: fit person who like has a distended belly. You know, 766 00:47:53,080 --> 00:47:56,640 Speaker 1: it takes years to get this look. You know you 767 00:47:56,719 --> 00:48:00,840 Speaker 1: gotta work at it, sculpt this. Yeah, Um, okay, you 768 00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:02,960 Speaker 1: got anything else? I got nothing else. I think this 769 00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:06,640 Speaker 1: is better than the sun. Oh yeah. As far as 770 00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:09,960 Speaker 1: our our celestial episodes go far less physics that we 771 00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:12,640 Speaker 1: had to deal with. We haven't done the moon straight up? 772 00:48:12,680 --> 00:48:16,040 Speaker 1: Have we? I think we have? Have we, Jerry? Have 773 00:48:16,120 --> 00:48:18,520 Speaker 1: we done the moon? I think we did because we 774 00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:21,759 Speaker 1: talked about its origin, whether it was calved, whether it 775 00:48:21,880 --> 00:48:25,239 Speaker 1: was a separate decreation. I'm pretty sure we've done the moon. 776 00:48:25,480 --> 00:48:27,759 Speaker 1: All right, we'll look it up. Is getting bad? We 777 00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:30,440 Speaker 1: need we need to get a list together, so we 778 00:48:30,520 --> 00:48:34,080 Speaker 1: quit boring everyone with this. Yeah, you'd think we'd edited out, 779 00:48:34,120 --> 00:48:37,640 Speaker 1: but we just don't. Well, if you want to learn 780 00:48:37,640 --> 00:48:40,080 Speaker 1: more about Mars, you can type that word into the 781 00:48:40,080 --> 00:48:42,960 Speaker 1: search bar at how stuff works dot com. And Uh, 782 00:48:43,120 --> 00:48:52,160 Speaker 1: since I said search bar, it's time for listener mail. Uh, Josh, 783 00:48:52,239 --> 00:48:54,759 Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this um your theory on eating what 784 00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:58,400 Speaker 1: you crave? Did you see this email? No? Um, just 785 00:48:58,440 --> 00:49:01,520 Speaker 1: listen to the Salt podcast Dude and Josh posture that 786 00:49:01,560 --> 00:49:03,760 Speaker 1: you could get along just fine eating only what you crave. 787 00:49:04,080 --> 00:49:07,080 Speaker 1: I'm not sure how serious he was, though fairly serious, 788 00:49:07,160 --> 00:49:09,879 Speaker 1: fairly okay, I'll agree that if it depends on whether 789 00:49:09,880 --> 00:49:12,600 Speaker 1: the right I'll agree that a hundred and fifty years 790 00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:14,600 Speaker 1: ago this may have been pretty viable. But these days 791 00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:17,400 Speaker 1: it's a different story. There's a lot of evidence that 792 00:49:17,440 --> 00:49:21,160 Speaker 1: points to food manufacturers actually designing junk foods that make 793 00:49:21,239 --> 00:49:24,280 Speaker 1: you crave more of them, mainly sugar and fat heavy foods. 794 00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:27,239 Speaker 1: There's one great book in particular called Good Calories, Bad 795 00:49:27,280 --> 00:49:30,479 Speaker 1: Calories by Gary Tobbs, basically tells the story of how 796 00:49:30,880 --> 00:49:32,520 Speaker 1: a lot of what the f d A in U 797 00:49:32,560 --> 00:49:35,160 Speaker 1: s d A recommends as wrong and how it got 798 00:49:35,239 --> 00:49:38,240 Speaker 1: that way. For instance, the guy who conducted the seven 799 00:49:38,280 --> 00:49:41,359 Speaker 1: country study, which is what caused the government to say 800 00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:45,719 Speaker 1: fat will kill you, simply throughout data that contradicted the 801 00:49:45,719 --> 00:49:48,759 Speaker 1: result he was looking for. Throwing the fact that corn 802 00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:51,400 Speaker 1: is subsidized and super cheap, we have the recipe for 803 00:49:51,440 --> 00:49:55,279 Speaker 1: an obese, misinformed population that's addicted to sugar. Has been 804 00:49:55,320 --> 00:49:58,279 Speaker 1: fed terribly wrong information about health for a long time. Yeah, 805 00:49:58,680 --> 00:50:01,840 Speaker 1: I've learned recently, like you're supposed to have fats, and 806 00:50:01,880 --> 00:50:03,920 Speaker 1: there are good fats and there are bad fats, but 807 00:50:03,960 --> 00:50:07,399 Speaker 1: like low fat is a not a good way to go, 808 00:50:08,239 --> 00:50:12,960 Speaker 1: and it has been kind of foisted on us, foisted Jerry. 809 00:50:13,040 --> 00:50:15,640 Speaker 1: Jerry likes the value that word uh. And that is 810 00:50:15,680 --> 00:50:19,080 Speaker 1: from Steve Baum, the bomber in what he calls good 811 00:50:19,080 --> 00:50:26,279 Speaker 1: Old New Jersey or as we calls Parsis. Is he 812 00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:29,080 Speaker 1: from Tharsus City, That is Steeve Bomb. I don't know 813 00:50:29,120 --> 00:50:31,000 Speaker 1: if he's from Sarcas City or not, but he's from 814 00:50:31,040 --> 00:50:39,080 Speaker 1: somewhere in dars There is a really good article about um, 815 00:50:39,280 --> 00:50:45,279 Speaker 1: how food scientists engineer foods to make us crave them 816 00:50:45,480 --> 00:50:46,919 Speaker 1: is on the New York Times. It was a couple 817 00:50:46,960 --> 00:50:49,279 Speaker 1: of years ago by a guy named Michael Moss. Yeah, 818 00:50:49,320 --> 00:50:51,759 Speaker 1: and in your defense, I don't think you were. I 819 00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:55,080 Speaker 1: think you meant it more along the lines of craving 820 00:50:55,480 --> 00:50:58,320 Speaker 1: real foods and not necessarily I'm craving ben and Jerry's 821 00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:02,319 Speaker 1: or pretzels, you know, i' meant like like craving a 822 00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:05,760 Speaker 1: steak or something like that, not ignoring that and going 823 00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:10,719 Speaker 1: with you know, ahead of lettuce Um. I can't find 824 00:51:10,719 --> 00:51:12,920 Speaker 1: the name of that article, but it's a Michael Moss 825 00:51:13,040 --> 00:51:16,200 Speaker 1: article and it's from the New York Times, and dude, 826 00:51:16,280 --> 00:51:19,120 Speaker 1: it is good. It's one of those really extensive long 827 00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,080 Speaker 1: form ones that like should be long form because there's 828 00:51:22,120 --> 00:51:25,319 Speaker 1: just so much great information in it by opening ye 829 00:51:25,760 --> 00:51:29,319 Speaker 1: So look it up, everybody. It will open your eyes. Uh. 830 00:51:29,360 --> 00:51:31,120 Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch with Chucking Me, 831 00:51:31,239 --> 00:51:33,960 Speaker 1: you can tweet to us at s y s K podcast. 832 00:51:34,360 --> 00:51:36,760 Speaker 1: You can join us on Facebook dot com slash Stuff 833 00:51:36,760 --> 00:51:38,960 Speaker 1: you Should Know, or you can send us an email 834 00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:45,040 Speaker 1: to stuff Podcast at how Stuff Works dot com. Stuff 835 00:51:45,080 --> 00:51:47,640 Speaker 1: you Should Know is a production of iHeart Radio. For 836 00:51:47,680 --> 00:51:50,720 Speaker 1: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, 837 00:51:50,920 --> 00:52:00,520 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.