1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,280 Speaker 1: Hey y'all. We're rerunning two episodes today, which means you 2 00:00:03,400 --> 00:00:07,480 Speaker 1: might hear two hosts. Enjoy the show. Welcome to This 3 00:00:07,560 --> 00:00:10,200 Speaker 1: Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com 4 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:12,760 Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff you Missed in History Class. 5 00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:15,080 Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past one day 6 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:17,160 Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened 7 00:00:17,200 --> 00:00:24,520 Speaker 1: today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 8 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:28,640 Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson, and it's December twenty one. A bomb 9 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:32,400 Speaker 1: exploded aboard Panamp flight one oh three on this day 10 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:36,760 Speaker 1: in over the town of Lockerby, Scotland. This was a 11 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:39,479 Speaker 1: Boeing seven forty seven that had taken off from London 12 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:42,240 Speaker 1: thirty eight minutes before, and it was bound for New York. 13 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:46,760 Speaker 1: All two nine people aboard the aircraft were killed, as 14 00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:49,640 Speaker 1: we're eleven people on the ground as the wreckage from 15 00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:53,559 Speaker 1: the plane crashed into houses and streets in Lockerbee. The 16 00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: victims aboard the aircraft included thirty five students who were 17 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:01,640 Speaker 1: studying abroad through Syracuse University, as well as people from 18 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:06,680 Speaker 1: numerous other nations. The following day, authorities announced that it 19 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:10,440 Speaker 1: appeared that the explosion may have been an act of sabotage, 20 00:01:10,600 --> 00:01:14,160 Speaker 1: not some kind of an accident. Authorities also released a 21 00:01:14,200 --> 00:01:17,319 Speaker 1: warning that day known as the Helsinki Warning. This was 22 00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: an anonymous phone call to the US embassy in Helsinki, Finland, 23 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:23,839 Speaker 1: and the phone call had said that a terrorist organization 24 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: maybe using an unsuspecting passenger to smuggle a bomb onto 25 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:32,959 Speaker 1: a pan Am flight. Although there were uncanny similarities between 26 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:35,480 Speaker 1: this warning and the bombing of flight one oh three, 27 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:39,000 Speaker 1: it was determined that they were unrelated. Although people were 28 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: outraged when they learned that this warning had existed and 29 00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:46,360 Speaker 1: they had known nothing about it, soon it was announced 30 00:01:46,400 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: that there had been a bomb in the airplane's forward 31 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:52,080 Speaker 1: luggage compartment. The bomb was hidden in a tape recorder 32 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,400 Speaker 1: and placed in an uncompanied bag in Malta that had 33 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:58,720 Speaker 1: been transferred to a PanAm flight to London after landing 34 00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: in Germany, and then from there onto a flight bound 35 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:07,520 Speaker 1: for New York. Two suspects emerged, Abdelbaset, Ali Mohammed al 36 00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: mcgrahi and al Amine Khalifa Fema, both of them of Libya. 37 00:02:12,120 --> 00:02:16,640 Speaker 1: They were indicted on November thirteenth of n They worked 38 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:19,640 Speaker 1: for Libyan Arab Airlines and they were also accused of 39 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:24,480 Speaker 1: being Libyan intelligence agents. At first, though, Libya refused to 40 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:27,560 Speaker 1: extradite them to Scotland to stand trial, and this led 41 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:31,760 Speaker 1: the United Nations to impose sanctions on Libya. Libyan leader 42 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 1: MoMA Ga Daffi also wanted the trial to take place 43 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: in a neutral country, so part of an air base 44 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:41,360 Speaker 1: outside of Amsterdam was declared Scottish territory so that the 45 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:44,880 Speaker 1: trial could be held under Scottish law. It was only 46 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:48,320 Speaker 1: after this was agreed to that Libya finally agreed on 47 00:02:48,400 --> 00:02:52,480 Speaker 1: December sixteenth to turn the suspects over. This was more 48 00:02:52,520 --> 00:02:55,920 Speaker 1: than seven years after the indictment, and then it was 49 00:02:56,000 --> 00:02:58,680 Speaker 1: April of the following year by the time the suspects 50 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:02,160 Speaker 1: were actually handed over to UN authorities to stand trial. 51 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:06,040 Speaker 1: The trial began on May three, two thousand and There 52 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:09,400 Speaker 1: were three judges, with a fourth as a reserve. After 53 00:03:09,520 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: hearing eight months of testimony from two d thirty two witnesses, 54 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:16,799 Speaker 1: they issued their verdict on January thirty first of two 55 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:21,920 Speaker 1: thousand one. Al McGraw he was found guilty and Fema 56 00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,160 Speaker 1: was found not guilty. Al McGraw he appealed, but that 57 00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:29,520 Speaker 1: appeal failed, and eight years later he received a compassionate 58 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:33,080 Speaker 1: release when he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. He 59 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,960 Speaker 1: died in twenty twelve, a little less than three years 60 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:41,320 Speaker 1: after that release. In two thousand three, Libya took formal 61 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:45,600 Speaker 1: responsibility for this bombing after years of insisting that Libya 62 00:03:45,680 --> 00:03:49,880 Speaker 1: as a nation was not involved. Although Gadaffi himself did 63 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:54,000 Speaker 1: not take personal responsibility for it, Getafi did agree to 64 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:56,880 Speaker 1: a two point seven billion dollar settlement to be paid 65 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:00,160 Speaker 1: to the families of those who were killed. O Are 66 00:04:00,280 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: suspects were announced to exist in and There continue to 67 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:07,880 Speaker 1: be a lot of hypotheses about this bombing, about who 68 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 1: was involved, whether it was some kind of multinational conspiracy, 69 00:04:12,040 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: but no one else has ever been convicted. It is 70 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:19,320 Speaker 1: certain that there were other people involved. In response to 71 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:23,119 Speaker 1: the bombing, there was increased airport security all over the world. 72 00:04:23,279 --> 00:04:26,040 Speaker 1: The f a A also find pan Am due to 73 00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:28,280 Speaker 1: security breaches that had happened on the day of the bombing. 74 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:31,880 Speaker 1: Thanks to Eve's Jeff Cope for her research work on 75 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:34,680 Speaker 1: today's show, Into casey Pegram and Chandler Maize for their 76 00:04:34,680 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: audio work on this show. You can subscribe to This 77 00:04:37,279 --> 00:04:40,479 Speaker 1: Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google podcasts, the 78 00:04:40,520 --> 00:04:43,480 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio app and wherever else you get your podcasts. 79 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:47,880 Speaker 1: You can tune in tomorrow for an infamous and wrongful conviction. 80 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, I'm Eves and welcome back to This Day 81 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:02,200 Speaker 1: in History Class US, a podcast where we unwrap a 82 00:05:02,240 --> 00:05:15,800 Speaker 1: piece of history candy every day. The day was December one, 83 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:21,360 Speaker 1: eighteen twenty six. After declaring independence from Mexico, brothers Hayden 84 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:25,000 Speaker 1: and Benjamin Edwards and their rebel followers proclaimed the Republic 85 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:29,720 Speaker 1: of Fredonia and signed a declaration of independence. The revolt 86 00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:32,839 Speaker 1: was short lived. A month after it began, the rebels 87 00:05:32,880 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: fled to the United States as Mexican military forces advanced. 88 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:41,440 Speaker 1: Mexico gained independence from Spain in eighteen one, creating the 89 00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:46,400 Speaker 1: first Mexican Empire. Two years later, the emperor abdicated the throne, 90 00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:50,720 Speaker 1: and in eighteen twenty four, Mexico adopted a republican constitution. 91 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:55,039 Speaker 1: One issue Mexico faced was figuring out how to increase 92 00:05:55,080 --> 00:05:58,479 Speaker 1: population in the northern Department of Texas and secure the 93 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: area from Native America and other Americans seeking land. In 94 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:06,520 Speaker 1: August of eighteen twenty four, the Mexican government passed a 95 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:10,799 Speaker 1: national Colonization law that set some guidelines for people immigrating 96 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: into Mexico. Each Mexican state was directed to create its 97 00:06:14,520 --> 00:06:18,520 Speaker 1: own statutes around the general Colonization Law. One of the 98 00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: states of the new Federal Republic was Kuawela Etajas, which 99 00:06:22,600 --> 00:06:26,160 Speaker 1: set up a system where, among other regulations regarding immigration, 100 00:06:26,480 --> 00:06:29,560 Speaker 1: impresarios could petition the government to bring one hundred or 101 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:33,280 Speaker 1: more families to the state at their expense. An impressario 102 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:35,760 Speaker 1: was a person who entered into a contract with the 103 00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: Mexican government to bring a certain number of families to 104 00:06:38,920 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 1: Texas in exchange for land grants. In land speculator Hayden 105 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:47,799 Speaker 1: Edwards got a grant from the Mexican government to bring 106 00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:50,159 Speaker 1: up to eight hundred new families to the area around 107 00:06:50,279 --> 00:06:54,359 Speaker 1: Nakodoches in eastern Texas. His contract required him to uphold 108 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:56,920 Speaker 1: all land grants in the area that had been certified 109 00:06:56,960 --> 00:07:01,400 Speaker 1: by the Spanish and Mexican governments. It also required that 110 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:04,040 Speaker 1: he set up a militia to protect the colonists, and 111 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:07,080 Speaker 1: that he allowed a land commissioner appointed by the government 112 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:11,280 Speaker 1: to certify awarded deeds. But when he got to Nakodoches, 113 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:14,720 Speaker 1: he demanded that previous landowners would have to present evidence 114 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:18,600 Speaker 1: of their land claims or forfeit the land. Of course, 115 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:21,600 Speaker 1: this was a controversial move. Many of the people in 116 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:24,720 Speaker 1: the area had families who lived there for decades, so 117 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:28,480 Speaker 1: they're legal titles were lost. Some people who lived there 118 00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: were former residents of the Neutral Ground, an area to 119 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:35,600 Speaker 1: the east inhabited by many fugitives. Some were Native Americans 120 00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:39,440 Speaker 1: who had history there before Spanish colonization, or those who 121 00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: had been forced out of the US. There were squatters there, 122 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:46,080 Speaker 1: and there were many Anglo Americans in the area, some 123 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:50,000 Speaker 1: who had come as filibusters. All that to say, residents 124 00:07:50,080 --> 00:07:54,360 Speaker 1: were not happy with edwards demands. He began recruiting families 125 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:57,760 Speaker 1: in the US for immigration into Nakodoches. The All Holiday 126 00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:02,160 Speaker 1: or chief Administrative and Judicial Officer of Nakodoches, as well 127 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,520 Speaker 1: as the town clerk, worked to validate old land titles 128 00:08:05,560 --> 00:08:09,680 Speaker 1: once they found out Edwards got his grant. Edwards accused 129 00:08:09,680 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 1: them of forging land titles to his detriment, and soon 130 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:15,920 Speaker 1: Edwards was calling for elections for a new all Call day, 131 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:20,040 Speaker 1: even though he wasn't officially allowed to do so either way. 132 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:23,960 Speaker 1: Edwards son in law, Chichester Chaplin, took the office after 133 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:28,520 Speaker 1: a disputed election, but supporters of Chaplain's opponent, Samuel Norris, 134 00:08:28,560 --> 00:08:32,520 Speaker 1: contested the decision, and in March of eighteen six, Jote 135 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:37,040 Speaker 1: Antonio Salcedo, the political chief of Texas and Vexar, reversed 136 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:39,800 Speaker 1: the results of the election on the claim that illegal 137 00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:44,400 Speaker 1: votes had been cast for Chaplin. Norris became all call day. 138 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: This did not sit well with Edwards and his supporters, 139 00:08:48,720 --> 00:08:54,000 Speaker 1: and related and unrelated conflicts continued in Nakodochus throughout eighteen six. 140 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:57,920 Speaker 1: Hayden's brother Benjamin was left in charge of the town 141 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:01,319 Speaker 1: while Haydn went to the US to recruit more families, 142 00:09:01,760 --> 00:09:06,199 Speaker 1: and during this time tensions between old and new residents escalated. 143 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:11,200 Speaker 1: By the end of September, Hayden's grant was revoked. This 144 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:14,960 Speaker 1: annulment was on the basis of him declaring himself military commander, 145 00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:18,080 Speaker 1: forcing people to show their land titles or be evicted, 146 00:09:18,400 --> 00:09:23,440 Speaker 1: and other wrongdoings. Hayden and Benjamin were ordered to leave Mexico, 147 00:09:24,200 --> 00:09:28,000 Speaker 1: but they resisted the order. In November, a group of 148 00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:31,319 Speaker 1: around forty man from the i sh Bayou entered Nacodoches 149 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:36,840 Speaker 1: and arrested Samuel Norris Hayden, Edwards, and others. Hayden was released, 150 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:40,079 Speaker 1: possibly because he was arrested to hide his own involvement 151 00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:43,480 Speaker 1: in the affair, but the others were tried and convicted. 152 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:48,319 Speaker 1: Mexican authorities soon sent dragoons and infantrymen to the area. 153 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:52,760 Speaker 1: The Edwards prepared to fight. They determined that they would 154 00:09:52,800 --> 00:09:55,559 Speaker 1: have to break from Mexico to protect their land investment. 155 00:09:56,520 --> 00:09:59,920 Speaker 1: On December sixteen, Benjamin rode into Nakodoches with a group 156 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:04,000 Speaker 1: armed men and seized the Old Stone Fort. The rebels 157 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,199 Speaker 1: raised a red and white flag that said independence, Liberty, 158 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: and justice. The red represented the Cherokee and the white 159 00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: the White rebels. Hayden declared himself commander in chief of 160 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:19,000 Speaker 1: the Republic of Fredonia, and Martin Palmer became commander of 161 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:23,840 Speaker 1: the military. Many others joined the rebellion. Parmer negotiated a 162 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:26,720 Speaker 1: treaty with the Cherokee for mutual support, and the rebels 163 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,840 Speaker 1: signed a declaration of independence on December one, but the 164 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:34,480 Speaker 1: rebellion didn't go anywhere. The rebels didn't get much help 165 00:10:34,559 --> 00:10:37,679 Speaker 1: from the Cherokee, and the Texian militia and Mexican troops 166 00:10:37,960 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: forced the rebels to flee towards the Sabine River and 167 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:45,120 Speaker 1: into Louisiana. The rebellion was over by the end of January, 168 00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:48,439 Speaker 1: but it increased the Mexican government's weariness of immigration from 169 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 1: the US, and it caused more tension between white colonists 170 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:56,000 Speaker 1: and indigenous tribes. I'm Eve Jeff Coote and hopefully you 171 00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,320 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 172 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:03,120 Speaker 1: Phil Free to share your thoughts or your innermost feelings 173 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:07,000 Speaker 1: with us and with other listeners on social media at 174 00:11:07,280 --> 00:11:12,000 Speaker 1: t d I h C podcast and you can send 175 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:15,439 Speaker 1: your thoughts are comments to us at this Day at 176 00:11:15,480 --> 00:11:19,760 Speaker 1: i heart media dot com. Thanks for listening to today's episode. 177 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:27,560 Speaker 1: We'll see you again tomorrow. For more podcasts from I 178 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:30,400 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or 179 00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.