1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:17,239 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Oh, Tracy, 4 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,040 Speaker 1: We're finally getting to the topic that's been on my 5 00:00:20,079 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 1: list forever, ye forever enough that there have been several 6 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:25,959 Speaker 1: times in the last couple of months where You're like, 7 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:28,280 Speaker 1: is this the week you're doing that thing? And I'm like, Nope, no, 8 00:00:28,320 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: not this week. Something else this week, um, And I've 9 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:34,680 Speaker 1: been working on it kind of in the background, a 10 00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:38,040 Speaker 1: little at a time, honestly since last fall, and for 11 00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:40,640 Speaker 1: some reason, I just wanted to be a little more 12 00:00:40,720 --> 00:00:42,839 Speaker 1: languid with it, so I would work on other topics 13 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:44,800 Speaker 1: and I'd come back to this one periodically, and then 14 00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:47,600 Speaker 1: I finally just like buckled down and got all of 15 00:00:47,640 --> 00:00:52,599 Speaker 1: my my research together. Emily de Chatelat's early life would 16 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: make an absolutely marvelous TV series. Her later life is 17 00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: It could be something of an inspired tragedy and the 18 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: love it offers up a glimpse at someone who figured 19 00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:06,360 Speaker 1: out how to take advantage of their privilege to be 20 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:08,560 Speaker 1: the person that they wanted to be, even though they 21 00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:13,640 Speaker 1: were really bucking tradition and societal expectation, and she challenged 22 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:17,039 Speaker 1: the philosophic and scientific world of her time. And while 23 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:19,760 Speaker 1: she was eclipsed after her death by her far more 24 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:23,479 Speaker 1: famous lover, in the last century, and specifically the last 25 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: several decades, historians have taken a closer look at this 26 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:32,200 Speaker 1: blazingly smart eighteenth century frenchwoman who prioritized her love of 27 00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:39,320 Speaker 1: learning above all else. Gabrielle Emily Tonilier de Brettoy was 28 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 1: born in Paris on December of seventeen o six. She 29 00:01:44,120 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: was the daughter of wealth. Her father was Baron Louis 30 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:52,440 Speaker 1: Nicola la brett and he was part of Louis the 31 00:01:52,520 --> 00:01:57,279 Speaker 1: fourteenth royal household, so a part of the noblest Robe. 32 00:01:58,080 --> 00:02:00,760 Speaker 1: Her mother, Gabrielle and de Ferule, was the daughter of 33 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:04,640 Speaker 1: Charles de Frouley, who had a distinguished military career and 34 00:02:04,800 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 1: was Captain of the French Guard before becoming Grand Marshal 35 00:02:08,400 --> 00:02:11,880 Speaker 1: of the House of the King. Gabrielle And had been 36 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:14,560 Speaker 1: educated to the extent that most young women in the 37 00:02:14,639 --> 00:02:18,880 Speaker 1: late seventeenth century France would have been. She spent some 38 00:02:18,919 --> 00:02:21,520 Speaker 1: of her youth in a convent, and she didn't receive 39 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 1: formal schooling outside of that setting, but her daughter, Emily 40 00:02:25,639 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: had a very different upbringing. Emily's father, seeing that his 41 00:02:29,639 --> 00:02:33,440 Speaker 1: daughter was very curious with quote uncommon capacity and vigor 42 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:37,560 Speaker 1: of mind, consented for her to learn about mathematics and 43 00:02:37,639 --> 00:02:41,320 Speaker 1: poetry and languages and other topics that sparked her interest, 44 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:45,600 Speaker 1: although this is alleged to have caused some strain with Gabrielle, 45 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:48,200 Speaker 1: who did not want her daughter raised outside of the 46 00:02:48,240 --> 00:02:51,519 Speaker 1: same tradition she had grown up in. Her father even 47 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 1: had her take fencing lessons and ride horses, very outside 48 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:57,320 Speaker 1: the norm for a girl at the time, and the 49 00:02:57,400 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 1: multiple languages that she picked up in her formative year, 50 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:03,359 Speaker 1: particularly Latin, would be very useful later in her life. 51 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,920 Speaker 1: When Emily was ten, Louis Nicola had the scientist and 52 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: writer Bernard le Bouvier de Fontanelle visit their home for 53 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 1: an evening and have this casual chat about astronomy. And 54 00:03:15,919 --> 00:03:18,400 Speaker 1: this was really a way for him to offer his 55 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:23,000 Speaker 1: daughter some private instruction, and she just really soaked up 56 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:27,080 Speaker 1: everything that Fontanelle had told her about solar systems that 57 00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:31,320 Speaker 1: orbited stars similar to our son, and about the Milky Way. 58 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 1: Emily really loved it and visitors like Santanelle were fairly regular, 59 00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:41,040 Speaker 1: and that opened Emily's worldview, and it made her mother 60 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: more and more worried. There are actually some differing accounts 61 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:47,960 Speaker 1: as to whether Gabrielle Anne was dismayed about her daughter's 62 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:52,720 Speaker 1: proclivities towards study versus what she thought were more appropriate activities, 63 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 1: but it seems whether she was angry about it or not, 64 00:03:56,480 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: her real concern was her daughter's future. She wanted to 65 00:04:00,560 --> 00:04:04,680 Speaker 1: send Emily to a strict convent school, but Louis Nicola 66 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:09,200 Speaker 1: refused to let that happen, and instead their daughter, sometimes awkward, 67 00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:13,000 Speaker 1: infinitely inquisitive, stayed home almost all the time as a 68 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:15,600 Speaker 1: sort of compromise. They did have a beautiful place that 69 00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:18,599 Speaker 1: overlooked the Tuilerie, so it's not the worst place to 70 00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:20,800 Speaker 1: have to hang out at home all the time. But 71 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:24,160 Speaker 1: she was growing up, and that meant that eventually she 72 00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:26,600 Speaker 1: was either going to have to go to a convent 73 00:04:27,120 --> 00:04:29,279 Speaker 1: or she had to get married, because there were not 74 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,279 Speaker 1: a lot of other choices for women in early eighteenth 75 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 1: century France. Yeah, that sort of circles back around to 76 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:38,040 Speaker 1: just what we talked about with Alempti Gouge about she 77 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:40,360 Speaker 1: wrote a lot about how there were not other options 78 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:42,760 Speaker 1: for women besides getting married or going into the convent. 79 00:04:43,920 --> 00:04:47,239 Speaker 1: So as she grew into her teenage years, Emily became 80 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:50,159 Speaker 1: quite a beauty by some accounts, and that eased the 81 00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:52,960 Speaker 1: family's mind a little bit. It made it more likely 82 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: that she would be able to make a good marriage match. 83 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:59,240 Speaker 1: There's also a description, though, that describes her as more 84 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:02,840 Speaker 1: awkward and plane, so beauty was probably in the eye 85 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:06,560 Speaker 1: of the beholder here. She was introduced Versailles at the 86 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:10,600 Speaker 1: age of sixteen so that she could meet a potential husband. Emily, 87 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: seeing that the men of the court were self indulgent 88 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:16,400 Speaker 1: and to her mind, ridiculous, is said to have come 89 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: up with a plan that she would tell everyone in 90 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:24,200 Speaker 1: the court exactly who she was. Her thinking here was 91 00:05:24,240 --> 00:05:27,599 Speaker 1: that she would either attract a man who understood that 92 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:31,359 Speaker 1: she was unique and needed some space, or she would 93 00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:35,680 Speaker 1: scare away all of these shallow men who had simply 94 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 1: seen her as another pretty young woman to woo up 95 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:40,960 Speaker 1: until that point. Yeah, she didn't want to deal with 96 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:44,760 Speaker 1: their for volity, so her plan was to challenge one 97 00:05:44,800 --> 00:05:48,239 Speaker 1: of the royal guards at Versailles to a sword fight. 98 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:51,800 Speaker 1: To be clear, this is not like a challenge to 99 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:54,400 Speaker 1: a duel that's intended to end in someone's death. It 100 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:57,159 Speaker 1: was a physical challenge to see who would win the day, 101 00:05:57,440 --> 00:06:01,440 Speaker 1: and of course, something this unusual brought everyone at court 102 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:04,760 Speaker 1: out to watch. So she did meet her plan of 103 00:06:04,839 --> 00:06:07,159 Speaker 1: telling everyone exactly who she was all in one go, 104 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 1: and Emily did really, really well. Actually, the match ended 105 00:06:11,320 --> 00:06:14,240 Speaker 1: in a draw, which was quite an accomplishment considering her 106 00:06:14,240 --> 00:06:16,840 Speaker 1: opponent was trained in combat. You'll recall she had some 107 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:19,880 Speaker 1: fencing lessons when she was younger. Her mother was of 108 00:06:19,920 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 1: course horrified when she found out about this entire thing, 109 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: writing quote, we may be forced to send her to 110 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:28,560 Speaker 1: a convent after all, but no abbess would accept her. 111 00:06:28,839 --> 00:06:33,800 Speaker 1: It definitely seems like the setup for a period TV show. Oh, 112 00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:38,640 Speaker 1: I would watch it in a New York minute. After 113 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:41,640 Speaker 1: that whole sword fight experience, all the men who had 114 00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:45,039 Speaker 1: been bothering Emily started to leave her alone, and she 115 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:48,680 Speaker 1: started a period of self guided education. She bought what 116 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: books she could with her allowance, but her father's income 117 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:56,120 Speaker 1: had dwindled and he couldn't keep sending her more money 118 00:06:56,160 --> 00:06:59,880 Speaker 1: for more books, so she leaned on her skills in math, 119 00:07:00,600 --> 00:07:04,080 Speaker 1: and she taught herself to count cards, and she started 120 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:07,640 Speaker 1: gambling so she could earn more book money. And while 121 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 1: her father seemed to be pretty proud of her level 122 00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: of ingenuity here, he also recognized that this kind of 123 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:17,000 Speaker 1: behavior could not go on forever. She was going to 124 00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:19,680 Speaker 1: have to get married at some point. Yeah, he wrote 125 00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:22,040 Speaker 1: letters shore. He talked about how she had just cleaned 126 00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:26,600 Speaker 1: out a whole bunch of people playing cards. She was 127 00:07:26,680 --> 00:07:28,880 Speaker 1: apparently very good at it, and she liked gambling pretty 128 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: much for the rest of her life. And Emily realized 129 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:34,320 Speaker 1: this couldn't go on forever as well, and as she 130 00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:38,160 Speaker 1: kind of made peace with this reality, she very carefully 131 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:42,080 Speaker 1: considered which gentleman of the court she would be comfortable 132 00:07:42,200 --> 00:07:46,320 Speaker 1: offering her attentions to, and ultimately her marriage match was 133 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:49,320 Speaker 1: a marquis, a military man who was in his thirties 134 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:54,280 Speaker 1: and seemed polite. In seventy five, Emily married Marquis flan 135 00:07:54,360 --> 00:07:59,240 Speaker 1: Claude Duchestel Lomon, thus becoming a marquise. And this was 136 00:07:59,280 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: to be clear in her ranged marriage. It wasn't like 137 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 1: she wooed him. She was just kind of like, maybe 138 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 1: this one and the families worked out the business arrangements 139 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:09,960 Speaker 1: um and it was very beneficial for both families. Right 140 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,640 Speaker 1: Emily's new husband could take care of her financially, and 141 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: while the Boitoi family was not as wealthy as it 142 00:08:16,280 --> 00:08:20,680 Speaker 1: had once been, the powerful connections that Duche gained through 143 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:24,080 Speaker 1: his new in laws were pretty substantial. If you're noting 144 00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:27,000 Speaker 1: that difference in the name between Duchatel, which is how 145 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 1: Emily is known today and Duchestela, that is not an 146 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:31,960 Speaker 1: accident or an error, and we're going to come back 147 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:35,680 Speaker 1: to it. This marriage really wasn't romantic, but in many 148 00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:38,959 Speaker 1: ways floren Claude was about as good of a match 149 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:42,000 Speaker 1: as Emily could have made in the French court. He 150 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:44,840 Speaker 1: didn't inflict a whole lot of rules on his new bride. 151 00:08:45,280 --> 00:08:48,600 Speaker 1: She was still able to visit her brothers and ride horses, 152 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:51,200 Speaker 1: although she could not do either of those things alone. 153 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:55,240 Speaker 1: After spending the summer in Paris, the couple moved to 154 00:08:55,240 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 1: the town of Simour in Burgundy, where floren Claude had 155 00:08:58,760 --> 00:09:02,520 Speaker 1: been given the governorship by his father as a wedding gift. 156 00:09:03,200 --> 00:09:06,600 Speaker 1: The couple lived pretty separate lives, and that was common 157 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:09,760 Speaker 1: at the time, and in this marriage, Emily had three 158 00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: children who had a daughter and two sons. Their daughter, 159 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:16,560 Speaker 1: Gabrielle Pauline, was born one year into the marriage on 160 00:09:16,679 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 1: June seventy six. Seventeen months later, on November twentie seventy seven, 161 00:09:22,559 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 1: their son Floren Louis was born. Their youngest child, Francoistur, 162 00:09:27,840 --> 00:09:30,880 Speaker 1: was born on April eleventh, seventeen thirty three, but he 163 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:35,079 Speaker 1: unfortunately died in infancy. Florence Claude was also an officer 164 00:09:35,120 --> 00:09:37,720 Speaker 1: in the Royal Army, and that meant he was away 165 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,440 Speaker 1: for long periods of time once the children were born. 166 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:44,720 Speaker 1: It seems as though Emily was perceived as having delivered 167 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:47,680 Speaker 1: on her responsibilities to the marriage contract, and she was 168 00:09:47,720 --> 00:09:50,559 Speaker 1: able to live more or less as she pleased without 169 00:09:50,559 --> 00:09:54,440 Speaker 1: any kind of interference from her husband. After sticking by 170 00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:57,400 Speaker 1: his side and traveling with him on deployments for the 171 00:09:57,440 --> 00:10:00,520 Speaker 1: first five years they were married, she went back to 172 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:03,880 Speaker 1: Paris and they really didn't live together again after that point, 173 00:10:03,880 --> 00:10:07,680 Speaker 1: although they did see each other from time to time. Essentially, 174 00:10:07,679 --> 00:10:10,000 Speaker 1: he was her benefactor for the rest of her life. 175 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:13,079 Speaker 1: This enabled her to pursue her studies and her projects 176 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:15,960 Speaker 1: as she wished without having to worry about making a 177 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: living sounds pretty ideal compared to what she was looking for. 178 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:23,599 Speaker 1: Sounds dreamy. Uh. In a moment, we are going to 179 00:10:23,679 --> 00:10:26,960 Speaker 1: talk about dou Chatelet's transition into a new phase of 180 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:29,319 Speaker 1: her life, but before we do that, we will take 181 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: a quick sponsor break. After the birth of her third child, Emily, 182 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,600 Speaker 1: as we said, returned to society, and almost immediately, at 183 00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: the age of twenty four, she began an affair with 184 00:10:47,120 --> 00:10:51,840 Speaker 1: famed womanizer Louis Francois Almond d'a vigne rot duplaci, Duc 185 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:54,839 Speaker 1: de Richelieu, and the two of them were an item 186 00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 1: for a year and a half, and the Duke is 187 00:10:56,840 --> 00:11:00,280 Speaker 1: said to have encouraged Emily to bring an even aren't 188 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:03,760 Speaker 1: structured approach to her learning and higher tutors to guide 189 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:07,120 Speaker 1: her through various subjects rather than continuing to work just 190 00:11:07,320 --> 00:11:11,800 Speaker 1: on her own. This affair ended amicably. The Duke and 191 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,120 Speaker 1: Emily remained friends for the remainder of her life, and 192 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:18,840 Speaker 1: they wrote each other long letters, like ten to twenty 193 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:23,439 Speaker 1: pages at a time. These letters discussed philosophy and literature 194 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:27,960 Speaker 1: and metaphysics, and while they both may have moved on romantically, 195 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:30,600 Speaker 1: and it said that Emily is the one who ended 196 00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:35,240 Speaker 1: that romantic relationship. Richelieu had always spoken to friends about 197 00:11:35,280 --> 00:11:39,000 Speaker 1: how incredibly smart she was, and that intellect was something 198 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 1: that he really valued in her as a friend. Yeah, 199 00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,480 Speaker 1: as a as a character in history, Richilieu is said 200 00:11:45,559 --> 00:11:50,839 Speaker 1: to have been the inspiration for Valmont in lil He 201 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:54,200 Speaker 1: was really truly an infamous womanizer. And I I read 202 00:11:54,320 --> 00:11:57,800 Speaker 1: one comment, but I didn't fact check it that Emily 203 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:01,520 Speaker 1: was the only woman who ever left him, uh, which 204 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: is just an interesting trivia on her part. In seventeen 205 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:09,200 Speaker 1: thirties three, when Emily dou Chatela was in her late twenties, 206 00:12:09,720 --> 00:12:11,880 Speaker 1: she met the man who would in many ways define 207 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:14,800 Speaker 1: her life story, at least as it has often been portrayed, 208 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:18,079 Speaker 1: and that is Voltaire. At the time, he was thirty eight, 209 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:21,720 Speaker 1: and he was almost instantly smitten with the smart, quick 210 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:25,440 Speaker 1: witted young woman, writing shortly after they met, quote, why 211 00:12:25,640 --> 00:12:28,160 Speaker 1: did you only reach me so late? What happened to 212 00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:31,640 Speaker 1: my life before? I'd hunted for love but found only 213 00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:35,800 Speaker 1: mirages in actuality. The two of them had probably met 214 00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: years before this, when Emily was still a little girl. 215 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:42,240 Speaker 1: Voltaire had been one of her father's friends and had 216 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:45,839 Speaker 1: visited their home but meeting as adults, there was this 217 00:12:46,080 --> 00:12:50,480 Speaker 1: instant attraction between the two of them. In Voltaire, it 218 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:53,880 Speaker 1: really seems like Emily de Chatelais had finally found a 219 00:12:53,960 --> 00:12:57,679 Speaker 1: partner with whom she could be entirely herself. She did 220 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:00,959 Speaker 1: not have to hold back her interest in sign answer mathematics, 221 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:04,760 Speaker 1: and while his expertise was in different areas, he was 222 00:13:04,880 --> 00:13:08,440 Speaker 1: really an intellectual match for her, and he truly became 223 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,920 Speaker 1: the love of her life. Voltaire, of course, was already famous, 224 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:15,680 Speaker 1: or rather infamous by this time. Uh this is a quick, 225 00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:19,120 Speaker 1: quick and dirty version of his life story. So he 226 00:13:19,280 --> 00:13:22,440 Speaker 1: was born Francois Maria Away, and he had initially been 227 00:13:22,559 --> 00:13:24,720 Speaker 1: charting a course for a career as a lawyer before 228 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 1: he became a writer. In seventeen seventeen, he was famously 229 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:31,559 Speaker 1: arrested and spent eleven months in the Bastille when he 230 00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: took credit for verses which had been circulating in Paris 231 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:37,640 Speaker 1: that accused Philip the second Duke Dorrillon, who was the 232 00:13:37,720 --> 00:13:41,000 Speaker 1: regent at the time of an incestuous relationship with his daughter. 233 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:44,680 Speaker 1: It's actually unlikely that Voltaire had actually been the author 234 00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:46,839 Speaker 1: of that accusation, but he took credit for it. Just 235 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,559 Speaker 1: the same he had also won critical acclaim for his 236 00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:54,480 Speaker 1: epic poem La Henriad that was about the life of 237 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:58,240 Speaker 1: Anri the fourth and was published in seventeen twenty three. 238 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:04,079 Speaker 1: His ongoing skewering of the French government and specific aristocrats 239 00:14:04,160 --> 00:14:07,880 Speaker 1: had led to his temporary exile to England. After he 240 00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:10,440 Speaker 1: had been permitted to return to Paris, he kept writing 241 00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:14,280 Speaker 1: plays and critiques, and he became incredibly rich. And it 242 00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:17,040 Speaker 1: was during this pretty heavy time in his life that 243 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:20,240 Speaker 1: he met dou Chatela and that shift in the name 244 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:24,080 Speaker 1: from Douchastel, which sometimes you'll see it with one else 245 00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:28,280 Speaker 1: sometimes with two, to Chatela, that is attributed to Voltaire. 246 00:14:28,840 --> 00:14:32,160 Speaker 1: He added that excellent circonflex over the a to indicate 247 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: in emitted s as a form of shorthand. Because everything 248 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 1: was not standardized at this time, there were still stylistic 249 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:42,120 Speaker 1: choices that were completely optional for various people, and over 250 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:45,760 Speaker 1: time that version is what became the standardized version of 251 00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:49,200 Speaker 1: the name. Emily took on a private tutor. She might 252 00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:52,520 Speaker 1: have been following up on reach lose advice here. That 253 00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:56,120 Speaker 1: tutor was Pierre Louis Moreau de Malportweet. He was a 254 00:14:56,200 --> 00:15:00,600 Speaker 1: student of Johann Bernoulli, and through mal Pertweet, Emily was 255 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:03,960 Speaker 1: introduced to another man who would in some ways define 256 00:15:04,040 --> 00:15:07,680 Speaker 1: her life, and that was Sir Isaac Newton. Now where 257 00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:12,200 Speaker 1: their timelines overlap a little bit, Newton was actually already 258 00:15:12,320 --> 00:15:14,960 Speaker 1: dead by this point, so she wasn't introduced to the 259 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:19,240 Speaker 1: man himself, but to his work. Newton's Prince Shipia for Reference, 260 00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:22,320 Speaker 1: was written in sixteen eighty seven, and Newton died in 261 00:15:22,480 --> 00:15:26,720 Speaker 1: seventeen twenty seven. This whole period of freedom and a 262 00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:30,560 Speaker 1: renewed commitment to her studies made Emily de Chatelauer feel 263 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:33,960 Speaker 1: as though she was changing as a person, really significantly. 264 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:37,440 Speaker 1: She wrote of this period in the early seventeen thirties 265 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,960 Speaker 1: as one in which she was leaving one life behind 266 00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:45,040 Speaker 1: and engaging in another. And one of the fun stories 267 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:49,440 Speaker 1: about her absolute unwillingness to accept the limitations that society 268 00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:53,840 Speaker 1: attempted to place on her during this time involves walking 269 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:56,400 Speaker 1: into a Paris cafe to chat with one of her 270 00:15:56,440 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: math tutors, which I think was Marple Tweet. This establishment, 271 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:03,440 Speaker 1: cafe Gladeau, catered to the intelligent CIA and it had 272 00:16:03,480 --> 00:16:07,800 Speaker 1: a no women policy because they would presumably merely distract 273 00:16:07,880 --> 00:16:11,760 Speaker 1: from the very important conversations being had. After having been 274 00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,840 Speaker 1: escorted out of the cafe, dou Chatelet came up with 275 00:16:14,920 --> 00:16:17,800 Speaker 1: another of her plans. She had a suit of men's 276 00:16:17,880 --> 00:16:20,560 Speaker 1: clothes made and she wore those anytime she wanted to 277 00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:23,440 Speaker 1: meet someone at the cafe, and allegedly these people that 278 00:16:23,520 --> 00:16:25,560 Speaker 1: she was meeting would always invite her to their table 279 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:27,960 Speaker 1: as though she were a gentleman, and the staff, of 280 00:16:28,040 --> 00:16:30,360 Speaker 1: course still knew she was a woman. But as long 281 00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:33,360 Speaker 1: as she maintained the pretense of being a man and 282 00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:36,120 Speaker 1: the people she met played along, they would serve her 283 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,920 Speaker 1: and allowed her to meet with her fellow mathematicians and philosophers. 284 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:43,760 Speaker 1: Emily moved to a family chateau on the border of 285 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:47,600 Speaker 1: Champagne and Lauren. This was away from the social rules 286 00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: of Paris, and she did this to focus on her studies. 287 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,120 Speaker 1: The year after meeting Voltaire, she invited him to join 288 00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:57,240 Speaker 1: her there, and at the time he was in danger 289 00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:00,440 Speaker 1: of being arrested for his vocal critiques of the French 290 00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:04,760 Speaker 1: government that was in his lecture Philosophy. He had once 291 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:08,920 Speaker 1: again invited the ire of the monarchy. So the de 292 00:17:09,080 --> 00:17:13,159 Speaker 1: Chatelet chateau was a very welcome escape for him and 293 00:17:13,280 --> 00:17:17,000 Speaker 1: dou Chatelat and Voltaire made the sere chateau. They're perfect 294 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:20,800 Speaker 1: intellectual and romantic getaway, and they set up a laboratory 295 00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:23,960 Speaker 1: for experiments that they wanted to do with electricity and light. 296 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:29,200 Speaker 1: The property underwent pretty significant renovation, largely under Voltaire's direction, 297 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:32,280 Speaker 1: and it expanded a great deal while the two lived there. 298 00:17:32,960 --> 00:17:36,359 Speaker 1: Voltaire eventually had a stone gate archway constructed which had 299 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:39,680 Speaker 1: images representing the various arts and sciences that the pair 300 00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:43,560 Speaker 1: were interested in carved into it. So things like a compass, 301 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:46,880 Speaker 1: a ruler, a pen, a world map, a painter's palette, 302 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:50,000 Speaker 1: and other icons. And then there were also the words 303 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,200 Speaker 1: refuge of the arts, seclusion in which my heart falls 304 00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:57,480 Speaker 1: abides in deep peace, You give the happiness that the 305 00:17:57,520 --> 00:18:02,280 Speaker 1: world promises in vain. As the two became more deeply entwined, 306 00:18:02,440 --> 00:18:06,399 Speaker 1: they also established a sort of hive of intellectual pursuits. 307 00:18:07,040 --> 00:18:10,679 Speaker 1: Historian David Bonanis included a line in his book about 308 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,760 Speaker 1: Douchatel and Voltaire that Holly really loved. He said that 309 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:19,240 Speaker 1: their quote affair was at the Enlightenment's very heart. This 310 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:21,960 Speaker 1: is because the two of them were connected to and 311 00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:25,879 Speaker 1: connected with all the prominent thinkers of the day, and 312 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 1: in a lot of cases they were reading letters or 313 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:31,959 Speaker 1: published works by those people together at breakfast, and then 314 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: they would retire to their separate rooms to both work 315 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:38,120 Speaker 1: on the ideas that had been introduced and to see 316 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:41,040 Speaker 1: if they could frame them in a new way or 317 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:43,880 Speaker 1: expand on what was a lot of cutting edge math 318 00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:46,880 Speaker 1: and science and philosophy. Yeah, they would kind of both 319 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:48,600 Speaker 1: run away and do their own thing and then come 320 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: back together and be like, here's how I'm thinking about this, 321 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:53,280 Speaker 1: here's how I'm thinking about this, which is sort of 322 00:18:53,359 --> 00:18:56,080 Speaker 1: brilliant and beautiful. I think this sounds great. It does, 323 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,040 Speaker 1: especially because they were so different in terms of like, 324 00:18:59,160 --> 00:19:01,200 Speaker 1: he didn't have this ands in math background and she 325 00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:04,080 Speaker 1: didn't have the the literature background that he had, and 326 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: so they just looked at problems with completely different perspectives. 327 00:19:08,720 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 1: And additionally, during all of this they were known to 328 00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:14,000 Speaker 1: have visits from those great minds of the day. For example, 329 00:19:14,040 --> 00:19:17,920 Speaker 1: Italian mathematician Francesco Algarotti spent a month and a half 330 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 1: with them in seventeen thirty five, and at one point 331 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:24,760 Speaker 1: Emily's husband even visited and he would stay at the chateau, 332 00:19:24,880 --> 00:19:27,440 Speaker 1: and he was completely unbothered by the presence of Voltaire. 333 00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:30,040 Speaker 1: At that point, Emily and Voltaire were kind of living 334 00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:33,560 Speaker 1: his husband and wife, Florent Claud did not mind. Uh. 335 00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:36,560 Speaker 1: Sometimes when guests stayed with them, Voltaire and du Chatelet 336 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:41,439 Speaker 1: would stage theatrical productions to amuse their friends. Throughout all 337 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:45,520 Speaker 1: this time, Emily continued to refine and expand her knowledge 338 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:49,400 Speaker 1: by hiring experts to teach her. In seventeen thirty five, 339 00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:52,200 Speaker 1: she took a new math tutor, which was Alexis Claro. 340 00:19:52,920 --> 00:19:55,680 Speaker 1: She would hire several more over the years, and she 341 00:19:55,880 --> 00:19:58,960 Speaker 1: was truly one of those people who both sought mastery 342 00:19:59,320 --> 00:20:02,160 Speaker 1: and felt that she could never achieve it just wasn't 343 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:06,560 Speaker 1: achievable at all. As new concepts or ideas were introduced, 344 00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:10,480 Speaker 1: she was always seeking out more information. Yeah, she she 345 00:20:10,640 --> 00:20:13,239 Speaker 1: recognized mastery was a moving target in the world they 346 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,560 Speaker 1: were living in because there was so much really exciting 347 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:19,359 Speaker 1: work going on. In seventy seven, de Chatelet wrote her 348 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:25,120 Speaker 1: Desert That's a Dissertation on the nature and spread of fire, 349 00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:28,680 Speaker 1: and in it she asserted that light and heat were 350 00:20:28,720 --> 00:20:31,080 Speaker 1: from the same substance, rather than heat being some sort 351 00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:34,520 Speaker 1: of invisible force that was different, and she submitted without 352 00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:37,840 Speaker 1: her name attached this paper to an essay competition run 353 00:20:37,880 --> 00:20:41,000 Speaker 1: by the Royal Academy of Sciences. She did not win, 354 00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:44,240 Speaker 1: but her paper was published by the essay committee, along 355 00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:46,960 Speaker 1: with several others that were deemed noteworthy. One of those 356 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:50,680 Speaker 1: others was by Voltaire. In the years following that publication, 357 00:20:50,880 --> 00:20:53,480 Speaker 1: do Chatelet worked on a book that landed her in 358 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:57,600 Speaker 1: very public debates with prominent members of the scientific community. 359 00:20:58,119 --> 00:21:00,520 Speaker 1: We will talk about that work after we pause to 360 00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:03,480 Speaker 1: hear from one of the sponsors that keeps our show going. 361 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:15,639 Speaker 1: The seventeen forty publication of Institution de Physique that's Institution 362 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,360 Speaker 1: of Physics. You'll also sometimes see it translated as Foundation 363 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:22,000 Speaker 1: of Physics proved to be a flashpoint of sorts for 364 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:25,680 Speaker 1: du Chatela, and in this book she distilled the metaphysical 365 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:29,520 Speaker 1: concepts that Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz had introduced in his work 366 00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:32,920 Speaker 1: into a format that was relatively easy to understand for 367 00:21:32,960 --> 00:21:36,520 Speaker 1: the layman. And then here is what got a lot 368 00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:39,720 Speaker 1: of people really upset. She combined those ideas with the 369 00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:43,639 Speaker 1: work of Newton. So while most scientists and philosophers of 370 00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:46,800 Speaker 1: the day. We're working with a mechanistic perspective which builds 371 00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:49,680 Speaker 1: on the work of Renee de Carlton and Isaac Newton 372 00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:52,080 Speaker 1: in the areas of gravity, in the relationship of heavenly 373 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:55,280 Speaker 1: bodies UH, and is founded on the idea that there 374 00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: is a predictable mechanism at work in these matters. She 375 00:21:58,359 --> 00:22:02,600 Speaker 1: had a different approach, so de Chatelet discussed these Newtonian 376 00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:09,080 Speaker 1: concepts only after several chapters on God, space, time, and 377 00:22:09,160 --> 00:22:12,639 Speaker 1: the nature of matter. She intended to take elements of 378 00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:16,239 Speaker 1: previously oppositional ideas and find a way to make them 379 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:20,000 Speaker 1: function together in a bigger concept. She felt there was 380 00:22:20,080 --> 00:22:22,639 Speaker 1: a way for the observable laws of nature and a 381 00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:26,480 Speaker 1: deeper understanding of what many people believed to be unknowable, 382 00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:30,440 Speaker 1: that was the reasoning of a higher power to intersect. 383 00:22:31,119 --> 00:22:34,360 Speaker 1: For one, this was all perceived by the established Newtonian 384 00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:38,480 Speaker 1: scholars of the time as overreaching and rather insulting, and 385 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:41,000 Speaker 1: do Chatelet had criticized the work of some of her 386 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:44,720 Speaker 1: contemporaries in the manuscript, which did not help matters. It 387 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:47,359 Speaker 1: led to a public back and forth with Jean Jacques, 388 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,000 Speaker 1: who responded to her criticism with a publication of his own. 389 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:56,040 Speaker 1: It was particularly sharpened tone, and this debate is considered 390 00:22:56,160 --> 00:22:58,520 Speaker 1: part of the vis viva debates that played out starting 391 00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:01,960 Speaker 1: in the eighteenth century, with roots going back decades prior. 392 00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:06,639 Speaker 1: These debates were an ongoing argument about mechanics as a 393 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:10,720 Speaker 1: science of motion and the vis viva, which was Latin 394 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:15,159 Speaker 1: for living force. The very very boiled down version of 395 00:23:15,240 --> 00:23:19,080 Speaker 1: this was an argument about the conservation of momentum versus 396 00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:23,040 Speaker 1: the conservation of kinetic energy, and which one of these 397 00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:26,879 Speaker 1: is the true measure or the true quantity of motion. 398 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,919 Speaker 1: That doesn't really capture the nuance of the debate because 399 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:35,760 Speaker 1: alongside the mechanics were components of the argument that involved 400 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: philosophy and even theology. But the main point of contention 401 00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:43,080 Speaker 1: as it related to du Chatelet's work, was that she 402 00:23:43,320 --> 00:23:48,120 Speaker 1: believed that Newton's manner of calculating vis viva multiplying mass 403 00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:52,719 Speaker 1: by velocity was not correct. She favored the Leibnitz calculation, 404 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: which multiplied mass by the square of velocity. Was the 405 00:23:57,800 --> 00:24:01,240 Speaker 1: secretary of the Royal Academy of Science ANSWS, so the 406 00:24:01,280 --> 00:24:04,480 Speaker 1: fact that he was openly debating a woman on matters 407 00:24:04,560 --> 00:24:07,200 Speaker 1: of science and philosophy. Was a very big deal. This 408 00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:11,560 Speaker 1: is sometimes pointed to as the first public scientific debate 409 00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:13,879 Speaker 1: between a man and a woman. Uh, there's a lot 410 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:15,920 Speaker 1: of ancient history that might have included that that we 411 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:20,040 Speaker 1: know about, so I'm reluctant to use those kinds of superlatives. 412 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:22,080 Speaker 1: But it was a very big deal. It put to 413 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:24,880 Speaker 1: Chedelais in a position where she had to defend her work, 414 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:27,680 Speaker 1: knowing that all of the Royal Academy was following it, 415 00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:29,920 Speaker 1: and that a lot of people frankly thought she was 416 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:33,439 Speaker 1: a heretic. But this also gave her a pretty significant 417 00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:36,720 Speaker 1: level of credibility. When she published the second edition of 418 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,760 Speaker 1: her book in seventeen forty two, the debate with marn 419 00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:42,560 Speaker 1: was included in it, with the biting line from her 420 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:45,960 Speaker 1: retort quote, I have read and reread your thesis and 421 00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:49,800 Speaker 1: cannot find anything different from what I've expounded. Maybe we 422 00:24:49,840 --> 00:24:54,560 Speaker 1: should define clearly what reading means. I love this too. 423 00:24:55,760 --> 00:25:03,480 Speaker 1: It's like hissing with a pens. Then German mathematician Johann 424 00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:08,040 Speaker 1: Samuel Koenig, who had tutored Emily beginning in seventeen thirty nine, 425 00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:11,320 Speaker 1: she was in Brussels on business at that time. He 426 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:15,399 Speaker 1: accused her of plagiarizing his work when she was writing 427 00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:20,480 Speaker 1: Institution de Physique. There is evidence that early drafts of 428 00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:24,320 Speaker 1: her work contained the contested section, and she had written 429 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:27,679 Speaker 1: those before he had come to teach her. But her 430 00:25:27,760 --> 00:25:30,919 Speaker 1: reputation really suffered just the same because of the accusations. 431 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:35,080 Speaker 1: Any insight that her work might have included became clouded 432 00:25:35,160 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: over with this suspicion of intellectual theft. But despite all 433 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:42,840 Speaker 1: of this, any of the negatives were outweighed by the 434 00:25:42,920 --> 00:25:46,399 Speaker 1: fact that Institution de Physique was very popular, and it 435 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:49,920 Speaker 1: was translated into both German and Italian and published in 436 00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:54,200 Speaker 1: multiple editions. Because it kept selling out. Over time, the 437 00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:57,800 Speaker 1: romance between du Chatelet and Voltaire cooled, although the two 438 00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,119 Speaker 1: of them did remain close. The work of Sir Isaac 439 00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:04,879 Speaker 1: Newton would prove to be a particularly problematic topic for 440 00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:10,280 Speaker 1: the two of them. Emily easily understood the mathematical principles 441 00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 1: involved in Newton's work and Voltaire really could not, And 442 00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,959 Speaker 1: when she explored ways to push Newton's work farther than 443 00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:21,719 Speaker 1: it had gone and then integrated into a larger philosophical system, 444 00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:26,640 Speaker 1: this created a double layer of insults for her beloved. 445 00:26:27,280 --> 00:26:30,480 Speaker 1: For one, Voltaire did not really grasp it and did 446 00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:33,880 Speaker 1: not like to feel foolish. And for another, he sort 447 00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:38,119 Speaker 1: of hero worships Sir Isaac Newton, so do Chafele suggesting 448 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,040 Speaker 1: that there was anything lacking in the man's work really 449 00:26:41,080 --> 00:26:45,400 Speaker 1: irritated him. Although they no longer shared the romantic passion 450 00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:48,320 Speaker 1: that they had before, they remained very close and were 451 00:26:48,359 --> 00:26:52,000 Speaker 1: devoted to one another. Yeah, they still continued to live together. 452 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: So uh, there's an interesting passage. I didn't include it here, 453 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:01,040 Speaker 1: but there was one moment whereas their relationship was breaking up. 454 00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:04,280 Speaker 1: In terms of a romance, she wrote something like, why 455 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:07,280 Speaker 1: would a smart woman care if she's involved with someone 456 00:27:07,359 --> 00:27:09,760 Speaker 1: or not? Anyway, like this is nothing to me, I'm fine, 457 00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:15,000 Speaker 1: move on um. In seventy though, Emily de Chatelai found 458 00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:17,520 Speaker 1: romantic love once again, this time with the poet and 459 00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:21,360 Speaker 1: military officer Jean Flancois de Saint Lambert, who was ten 460 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:24,399 Speaker 1: years younger than she was. In this affair led to 461 00:27:24,480 --> 00:27:28,159 Speaker 1: a significant problem because Emily got pregnant, and that is 462 00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:30,359 Speaker 1: a problem because as a forty two year old woman 463 00:27:30,440 --> 00:27:33,359 Speaker 1: in the seventeen forties, she understood that there was a 464 00:27:33,480 --> 00:27:36,399 Speaker 1: very real likelihood that she would not survive that pregnancy. 465 00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:40,160 Speaker 1: She and Voltaire continued to spend their time together while 466 00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:43,120 Speaker 1: she was pregnant. They shared a house just a few 467 00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:46,920 Speaker 1: blocks from the Tuler. Each of them had their own 468 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:51,320 Speaker 1: suite there. Stal Lambert had apparently written to her saying 469 00:27:51,359 --> 00:27:53,600 Speaker 1: that he wanted her to come to Laura, where he 470 00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:57,320 Speaker 1: was stationed in military service at the time. But Emily 471 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,600 Speaker 1: had a project that she prioritized over love, and that 472 00:28:01,320 --> 00:28:06,080 Speaker 1: was her translation and commentary on Newton's Prince Shipia. She 473 00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:09,600 Speaker 1: wanted to finish this work on Newton before the baby came, 474 00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:14,040 Speaker 1: because if the worst happened, her manuscript would be complete, 475 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:17,680 Speaker 1: and she felt this really deep compulsion, something that she 476 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:22,199 Speaker 1: described as a frightening need to finish it. And Emity 477 00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:26,800 Speaker 1: worked grueling hours according to a regiment that she established, 478 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:28,800 Speaker 1: and she actually wrote this all out in letters to 479 00:28:28,920 --> 00:28:32,080 Speaker 1: her lover. She arose between eight and nine am and 480 00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:34,879 Speaker 1: went straight to writing. She would not stop until three pm. 481 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:37,119 Speaker 1: Then she would take a break, have coffee and like 482 00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:40,040 Speaker 1: a snack, not really a meal, and then go right 483 00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:42,760 Speaker 1: back to working at four pm, which she did until 484 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:45,080 Speaker 1: ten at night, and then she would have dinner and 485 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,240 Speaker 1: spend time with Voltaire. She had a two hour block there. 486 00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:50,480 Speaker 1: She did not go to bed after that. Instead, she 487 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:53,280 Speaker 1: would stay up to complete another block of writing from 488 00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:57,560 Speaker 1: midnight to five am before finally getting some sleep. She 489 00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:00,440 Speaker 1: had always been a little light on sleep throughout her life, 490 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:02,440 Speaker 1: but this is really rough when you consider, like this 491 00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:05,920 Speaker 1: is third trimester behavior. And she herself noted that this 492 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,080 Speaker 1: schedule quote required a mind and body of iron. And 493 00:29:10,120 --> 00:29:12,000 Speaker 1: when she had first determined she had to finish this 494 00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:14,560 Speaker 1: work before she had her baby, her schedule wasn't quite 495 00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:17,920 Speaker 1: as demanding, but as time wore on, she realized it 496 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:20,240 Speaker 1: had to get demanding and it had to be an 497 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,320 Speaker 1: all out effort or she was never going to make it. 498 00:29:23,040 --> 00:29:26,720 Speaker 1: Throughout the pregnancy, desate Lake continued to write to Jean 499 00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:31,480 Speaker 1: Francois de Saint Ambert, asserting how deeply she remained in 500 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:34,680 Speaker 1: love with him. She talked about how her body was 501 00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:38,040 Speaker 1: in various pains from the pregnancy, but her heart retained 502 00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:41,480 Speaker 1: its vigor and caring for him, and she wanted him 503 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:44,160 Speaker 1: with her because without him, she wrote quote, I see 504 00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:48,240 Speaker 1: only black. Emily de Chatelaer finished her translation and commentary 505 00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:51,840 Speaker 1: on Newton's Principia at the end of August seventy nine 506 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,120 Speaker 1: in Luneville, at the home of the Duc de Lorne. 507 00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:58,160 Speaker 1: She had left Paris to give birth because she was 508 00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:02,239 Speaker 1: already a target of ridicule society. Gossips talked about how 509 00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:05,560 Speaker 1: absurdly stupid she was to have gotten pregnant by her 510 00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:08,280 Speaker 1: lover at the age of forty two, and even her 511 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:12,560 Speaker 1: beloved friend and former paramor Voltaire, made jokes about the 512 00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:16,640 Speaker 1: baby being one of du Chatelet's quote miscellaneous works. On 513 00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:20,120 Speaker 1: September four, she had her baby. This was a daughter 514 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:25,800 Speaker 1: named Stanislaus Adelaide, and the delivery, to everybody's surprise, seemed 515 00:30:25,840 --> 00:30:28,720 Speaker 1: like it had gone smoothly. It was considered a fairly 516 00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:33,200 Speaker 1: easy birth, but there was a complication afterward, and six 517 00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:37,040 Speaker 1: days later, after several days with a fever, Emily died 518 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:41,880 Speaker 1: of a pulmonary embolism. Voltaire, San Lambert and her husband 519 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:44,920 Speaker 1: Flauren Claude were all with her in her final moments. 520 00:30:45,640 --> 00:30:48,080 Speaker 1: The daughter she had given birth to died before she 521 00:30:48,160 --> 00:30:51,920 Speaker 1: reached the age of two. After Emily du Chatelet's death, 522 00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:55,280 Speaker 1: she was wildly misrepresented by the gossips of the day, 523 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:59,240 Speaker 1: and though she had been incredibly forward thinking and way 524 00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:02,280 Speaker 1: ahead of her tone time, it became so absurd to 525 00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:04,440 Speaker 1: many people that a woman would have come up with 526 00:31:04,560 --> 00:31:07,560 Speaker 1: the ideas that she had, that they were attributed to men, 527 00:31:07,920 --> 00:31:11,240 Speaker 1: or they were simply discussed without much mention of attribution 528 00:31:11,320 --> 00:31:15,480 Speaker 1: to her work. Emmanuel Kant compared the idea of Emily 529 00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:18,720 Speaker 1: de Chatelat as a great thinker as being as absurd 530 00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:22,680 Speaker 1: as a woman with a beard. Man. Emmanuel Kant is 531 00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:27,800 Speaker 1: a jerk on so many levels of that statement. Because 532 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:31,920 Speaker 1: of Voltaire's prominence, I meanly, Chatelet was largely relegated to 533 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:35,520 Speaker 1: the role of his love interest rather than a collaborator 534 00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:39,000 Speaker 1: and driving force in his work. He was actually the 535 00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:42,480 Speaker 1: person who worked and lobbied assistants from other intellects of 536 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,920 Speaker 1: the day to get her translation and commentaries on Newton's 537 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,840 Speaker 1: Prince Shipia published. Voltaire even wrote an intro for it, 538 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:54,040 Speaker 1: but it took ten years. It wasn't until seventeen fifty 539 00:31:54,160 --> 00:31:57,000 Speaker 1: nine that her translation and the additional writing the that 540 00:31:57,080 --> 00:32:01,240 Speaker 1: accompanied it came into print. That trans lation is still 541 00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:04,960 Speaker 1: used today because it is so good, and it was 542 00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:07,360 Speaker 1: the only French language version of it for a very 543 00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:10,720 Speaker 1: long time, and in it, dou Chatelat created ways to 544 00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:14,120 Speaker 1: describe and explain the many mathematical proofs that Newton had 545 00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:16,720 Speaker 1: used in ways that made them more accessible for readers. 546 00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: As she had done with other concepts earlier in her life, 547 00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,240 Speaker 1: she was also able to draw more direct lines from 548 00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,640 Speaker 1: his work to the mechanisms of energy and gravity than 549 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:28,360 Speaker 1: he had been able to do in his day, and 550 00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:30,440 Speaker 1: as a consequence, she kind of opened up the way 551 00:32:30,520 --> 00:32:33,680 Speaker 1: these ideas could be parsed and quantified for those who 552 00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,880 Speaker 1: follow her. Some of the most lauded work that came 553 00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:41,280 Speaker 1: after her was built on her commentary on Principia. Einstein's 554 00:32:41,320 --> 00:32:44,200 Speaker 1: theory of special relativity, for example, has been cited as 555 00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:47,160 Speaker 1: using a square to represent the speed of light. Because 556 00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:50,240 Speaker 1: of the groundwork that she laid in this publication. There's 557 00:32:50,280 --> 00:32:53,120 Speaker 1: also been a great deal more examination as to whether 558 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:57,120 Speaker 1: Emily dou Chatelet was helping Voltaire right his elements of 559 00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:01,720 Speaker 1: Newton's philosophy, which was actually published two years before her work. 560 00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:04,920 Speaker 1: There was certainly a change in his work during his 561 00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:07,880 Speaker 1: years with du Chatlet, but whether it was because she 562 00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:12,080 Speaker 1: was dictating or simply inspiring him is still something of 563 00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:15,520 Speaker 1: a debate. Yeah, there are certain papers of hers that 564 00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:18,240 Speaker 1: are mixed in with his papers in various places that 565 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:20,520 Speaker 1: people point to as evidence that really she was the 566 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: one that was kind of developing a lot of this stuff. 567 00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:26,960 Speaker 1: There is one rumor that he told someone that she 568 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:30,800 Speaker 1: was basically dictating to him, but that's not substantiated. We 569 00:33:30,920 --> 00:33:32,680 Speaker 1: just don't know. I like the idea that they were 570 00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:35,800 Speaker 1: just driving each other intellectually to new places neither would 571 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:39,800 Speaker 1: have gotten to on their own asked for Voltaire. Soon 572 00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:42,640 Speaker 1: after Emily's death, he moved to Berlin and then eventually 573 00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:44,760 Speaker 1: made his way to Switzerland, and it was there that 574 00:33:44,880 --> 00:33:47,880 Speaker 1: he wrote what is probably his most famous work, Candide, 575 00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:52,280 Speaker 1: in seventeen fifty nine. Incidentally, that work famously take shots 576 00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:55,200 Speaker 1: at the work of Leibniz, who do Chateaule both translated 577 00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:59,680 Speaker 1: and interpreted for her readers. Voltaire outlived du Chatelet by 578 00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:03,040 Speaker 1: twin nine years. He died in Paris in seventeen seventy eight. 579 00:34:04,040 --> 00:34:07,920 Speaker 1: After de Chatelet's death, the Serree Chateau passed through a 580 00:34:08,040 --> 00:34:10,760 Speaker 1: number of different hands in her family before it was sold. 581 00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,360 Speaker 1: Today it's privately owned, but it's also designated as a 582 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:19,839 Speaker 1: historical monument. That's the status that's had since so much 583 00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: of Emily deu Chatelet's life was about living outside the 584 00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:25,200 Speaker 1: boundaries that have been set by society as a woman 585 00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:27,080 Speaker 1: that I thought it would be good to close with 586 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:29,360 Speaker 1: a quote from her, and this appeared in the preface 587 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:32,200 Speaker 1: to the French version of Bernard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees, 588 00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:36,000 Speaker 1: which she translated, and she wrote quote, I confess that 589 00:34:36,080 --> 00:34:38,600 Speaker 1: if I were king, I would get women to participate 590 00:34:38,719 --> 00:34:42,520 Speaker 1: in all the privileges of humanity, especially those of the mind. 591 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:45,719 Speaker 1: It's as though women were born only to flirt, so 592 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:49,160 Speaker 1: they are given nothing but that activity to exercise their minds. 593 00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:53,000 Speaker 1: The new education I propose would do all of humanity 594 00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:55,920 Speaker 1: a great deal of good. Women would be better off 595 00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:58,880 Speaker 1: for it, and men would gain a new source of competition. 596 00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:07,400 Speaker 1: I love her so much, um, I love all of 597 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:10,120 Speaker 1: the uh, the just stories. When she was young and 598 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:12,080 Speaker 1: she was like, I'll figure out a way around this problem. 599 00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:15,399 Speaker 1: I love the I'm gonna have a sword fight. That's 600 00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:20,960 Speaker 1: how we're going to get out of this jam. For 601 00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:24,920 Speaker 1: listener mail, I have an email from our listener Greg 602 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:27,880 Speaker 1: because he wrote in to kind of help me with 603 00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:31,200 Speaker 1: my question that I asked in that episode about color deficiency, 604 00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:35,000 Speaker 1: uh and how certain things work for him. So he writes, Hi, 605 00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:37,560 Speaker 1: Tracy and Honley, I listened with interest to your podcast 606 00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:40,120 Speaker 1: on John Dalton and his descriptions of the world as 607 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:42,879 Speaker 1: he saw it. I too have the common male red 608 00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:45,320 Speaker 1: green deficiency. But it was very clear in hearing his 609 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:48,560 Speaker 1: descriptions that we see the world very differently. I can 610 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:51,800 Speaker 1: see both green and red, but only some shades of 611 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:55,239 Speaker 1: each are distinguishable by their color. Blue is blue, but 612 00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,399 Speaker 1: purple is pretty much blue too. I can only tell 613 00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:00,480 Speaker 1: one from the other if they are adjac in. The 614 00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:03,279 Speaker 1: purple is usually the one that is lighter in shade. Yes, 615 00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:06,239 Speaker 1: odd yellow is yellow, except when I find out that 616 00:36:06,320 --> 00:36:08,880 Speaker 1: it's actually a shade of green. To this day, I 617 00:36:09,040 --> 00:36:13,799 Speaker 1: truly don't know what color beige is. I'm laughing as 618 00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:15,400 Speaker 1: an aside because I'm like, you don't need to know. 619 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:19,360 Speaker 1: It's not worth it. Um orange. Strangely, that one seems okay. 620 00:36:20,280 --> 00:36:22,359 Speaker 1: Where all this hits home is what you noted at 621 00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,560 Speaker 1: the end of your Behind the Scenes podcast, where confusion 622 00:36:25,760 --> 00:36:29,400 Speaker 1: ranging from annoyance to safety comes into play. The green 623 00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:34,040 Speaker 1: and yellow led indicators on electronic equipment are almost indistinguishable 624 00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:36,960 Speaker 1: for me, so their use as indicators of done versus 625 00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:41,960 Speaker 1: not done can be problematic. Worst traffic signal lights are red, yellow, 626 00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:45,200 Speaker 1: and white during the day. That's fine. At night, however, 627 00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:48,240 Speaker 1: the green light becomes hard to distinguish from nearby street lighting. 628 00:36:48,520 --> 00:36:50,880 Speaker 1: If I don't see the actual light change, I might 629 00:36:50,960 --> 00:36:53,440 Speaker 1: miss it. One of the most valuable apps that I 630 00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:55,920 Speaker 1: found for my smartphone is one which uses the camera 631 00:36:56,040 --> 00:36:58,840 Speaker 1: to descriptive lee and numerically describe the color that it 632 00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,439 Speaker 1: is seeing. Well, it does help in my daily life. 633 00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:03,880 Speaker 1: It does have its limits. To my wife's dismay, I 634 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:06,839 Speaker 1: still cannot pick out the ripe bananas from the ones 635 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:09,600 Speaker 1: that are just this side of wood. It is, however, 636 00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:13,160 Speaker 1: essential in sorting out the various flavors of Skittles, Reese's pieces, 637 00:37:13,239 --> 00:37:16,520 Speaker 1: and Eminem's technology has its place. Keep up the good work, 638 00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:20,680 Speaker 1: critic um. He writes, ps. I'm also left handed, while 639 00:37:20,719 --> 00:37:22,920 Speaker 1: not usually thought of a safety critical, try using a 640 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,600 Speaker 1: skill saw at sometime with your other hand. Yeah, that 641 00:37:25,680 --> 00:37:30,680 Speaker 1: little button doesn't work. Ergonomics is a serious topic that 642 00:37:30,680 --> 00:37:33,560 Speaker 1: we shouldn't take so lightly. Um. I agree with that. 643 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:35,600 Speaker 1: My my dad, who I mentioned in that behind the 644 00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:39,120 Speaker 1: scenes also left handed and was kind of forced to 645 00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:41,399 Speaker 1: use his right hand because of that, because his dad 646 00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:42,880 Speaker 1: was like, you will be able to use tools or 647 00:37:43,280 --> 00:37:45,000 Speaker 1: fire or rifle or do any of the things that 648 00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:48,040 Speaker 1: we need on the farm. We don't make you do this. Um, 649 00:37:48,239 --> 00:37:50,759 Speaker 1: thank you so much. Greg. It's it is really fascinating 650 00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:53,919 Speaker 1: to hear his version of it, right. Yeah, And I'm 651 00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:56,120 Speaker 1: also glad that you picked this one to read because 652 00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:59,600 Speaker 1: when I read it this morning, it reminded me of how, um, 653 00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:02,600 Speaker 1: when and the pandemic started and we all started wearing masks. 654 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,200 Speaker 1: I bought an app on my phone called Hearing Helper, 655 00:38:06,520 --> 00:38:11,680 Speaker 1: which does live transcriptions of what you're saying for people 656 00:38:11,719 --> 00:38:13,399 Speaker 1: who might not be able to read your lips because 657 00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:16,160 Speaker 1: you have a mask on. So there are a lot 658 00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:22,279 Speaker 1: of accessibility things that are being approached through apps. Yeah, 659 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:24,480 Speaker 1: apps bridge a lot of gaps that I didn't mean 660 00:38:24,520 --> 00:38:27,120 Speaker 1: to be quite so rhymy there, but it is true. Um, 661 00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:30,319 Speaker 1: it's an interesting thing. I know. I have seen also 662 00:38:30,480 --> 00:38:32,880 Speaker 1: some people making the masks that have the clear window 663 00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:35,000 Speaker 1: in them. Yeah, if you can make those that don't 664 00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:38,000 Speaker 1: fog up when people talk, it's gonna say, like, that's 665 00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:41,320 Speaker 1: the problem. Right, then you're obscured not by fabric, but 666 00:38:41,440 --> 00:38:45,239 Speaker 1: by like a wall of film as people exhale and 667 00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:53,080 Speaker 1: create a condensation blinder. Um, it's it's really really fair. Yeah, 668 00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:56,279 Speaker 1: don't worry about beige. You're not missing anything. Someone who 669 00:38:56,360 --> 00:38:58,360 Speaker 1: loves beige just got offended and I hope not. But 670 00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:00,040 Speaker 1: it's just one of those colors. And I'm like, I 671 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:04,280 Speaker 1: of you would like to write to us and share 672 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:07,439 Speaker 1: your thoughts on color blindness or how apps can help 673 00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:10,320 Speaker 1: us get across some divides. Uh, you are free to 674 00:39:10,360 --> 00:39:12,680 Speaker 1: do so. You can do that at History podcast at 675 00:39:12,719 --> 00:39:15,040 Speaker 1: iHeart radio dot com. You can also find us everywhere 676 00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:18,279 Speaker 1: on social media as Missed in History, and you can 677 00:39:18,320 --> 00:39:20,560 Speaker 1: subscribe to the show if you haven't already. That is 678 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:23,400 Speaker 1: easy to do on the iHeart Radio app, at Apple Podcasts, 679 00:39:23,520 --> 00:39:30,759 Speaker 1: or wherever it is you listen. Stuff you Missed in 680 00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:33,520 Speaker 1: History Class is a production of I heart Radio. For 681 00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:36,919 Speaker 1: more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 682 00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:40,200 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.