1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot Com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:01,640
Speaker 2: Everyone loves getting good at advice and staying in the know.

20
00:01:02,320 --> 00:01:04,880
Speaker 2: There's nothing like getting a heads up on something before

21
00:01:04,920 --> 00:01:07,280
Speaker 2: you've even had time to think about whether you need

22
00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:11,880
Speaker 2: or want it. Well. Thankfully, AT and T provides personalized

23
00:01:11,959 --> 00:01:15,119
Speaker 2: recommendations and solutions so you get what's right for you.

24
00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,319
Speaker 2: Whether right for you means a plan that's better suited

25
00:01:18,319 --> 00:01:21,039
Speaker 2: for you and your family, or a product that makes

26
00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:24,960
Speaker 2: sense for you and your lifestyle, So relax and let

27
00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:29,440
Speaker 2: AT and T provide proactive recommendations to help empower your

28
00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:32,040
Speaker 2: best connected life.

29
00:01:33,160 --> 00:01:35,680
Speaker 3: As a United Explorer card member, you can earn fifty

30
00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:39,640
Speaker 3: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

31
00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:42,240
Speaker 3: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

32
00:01:42,360 --> 00:01:45,000
Speaker 3: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

33
00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,400
Speaker 3: at hotels. Become an Explorer and seek out unforgettable places

34
00:01:48,400 --> 00:01:51,840
Speaker 3: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

35
00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:55,920
Speaker 3: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval Offer,

36
00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:57,800
Speaker 3: subject to change Terms apply.

37
00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:09,240
Speaker 4: Hey Daniel, you're kind of a neat freak, aren't you.

38
00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:12,480
Speaker 1: I do like to keep my laptop nicely well dusted.

39
00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:15,480
Speaker 4: Wait, dusted like you put dust in it or you

40
00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:18,280
Speaker 4: take out dust or you wipe dust out of it.

41
00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:21,400
Speaker 1: Good question. I mean I like my cookies well dusted

42
00:02:21,480 --> 00:02:25,760
Speaker 1: with sugar, but my laptop keyboard well dusted with zero dust.

43
00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:30,399
Speaker 4: Yeah, household dust is less delicious, and powdered sugar isn't

44
00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:32,760
Speaker 4: regular dust like fifty percent skin cells.

45
00:02:32,960 --> 00:02:34,640
Speaker 1: That sounds like a pretty gross thing to put on

46
00:02:34,639 --> 00:02:37,079
Speaker 1: your cookies. On the other hand, it would be pretty

47
00:02:37,080 --> 00:02:39,880
Speaker 1: weird if powdered sugar just like accumulated.

48
00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:41,400
Speaker 4: In your house, it'd be pretty sweet.

49
00:02:42,480 --> 00:02:44,520
Speaker 1: We might call for some sweeping changes.

50
00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:48,080
Speaker 4: Uh, I'm glad you got to dust off that old punt.

51
00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:03,480
Speaker 5: Hi.

52
00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:06,080
Speaker 4: I'm poor haamdy cartoonas and the author of Oliver's Great

53
00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:06,919
Speaker 4: Big Universe.

54
00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:09,680
Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

55
00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:12,519
Speaker 1: at UC Irvine. And I don't like dust as much

56
00:03:12,520 --> 00:03:13,600
Speaker 1: as astronomers do.

57
00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:15,000
Speaker 4: But do you still like it a little bit?

58
00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:17,720
Speaker 1: I like dust the way I like the sun. It's fascinating,

59
00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:21,520
Speaker 1: it's interesting, it's useful. It tells us about the cosmos.

60
00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:24,120
Speaker 1: But I don't really want it on my laptop or

61
00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:24,799
Speaker 1: on my table.

62
00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:26,960
Speaker 4: But everywhere else it's okay.

63
00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:30,079
Speaker 1: Yeah, study it from a distance, you know, the way

64
00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:32,799
Speaker 1: like I'm fascinated by cheetahs, but I don't really want

65
00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:33,919
Speaker 1: to have a cheat on my lap.

66
00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:37,200
Speaker 4: Do you carry a duster with you at all times?

67
00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,000
Speaker 1: Then I actually do have this very fancy little machine

68
00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:41,920
Speaker 1: for removing dust from your keyboard.

69
00:03:42,120 --> 00:03:44,800
Speaker 4: Is it called blowing on it? Or did you Did

70
00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:46,440
Speaker 4: you actually pay for a machine to do that?

71
00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:49,280
Speaker 1: I actually have a nice little machine. It's really quite good.

72
00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:50,640
Speaker 1: Yeah I should call it mini made.

73
00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:52,080
Speaker 4: Wait, what is it like a vacuum.

74
00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:53,040
Speaker 1: No, it's like a little blower.

75
00:03:53,080 --> 00:03:53,160
Speaker 5: You know.

76
00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:55,440
Speaker 1: It replaces those disposable cans that I thought were not

77
00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:59,680
Speaker 1: very environmentally friendly, though I do love them.

78
00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:02,120
Speaker 4: Oh, I see you mean like the dust between the keys,

79
00:04:02,200 --> 00:04:04,400
Speaker 4: like you want to get rid of it, like in

80
00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:05,400
Speaker 4: the nooks and crannies.

81
00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:08,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. I like a nice clean keyboard.

82
00:04:08,240 --> 00:04:10,120
Speaker 4: Oh I thought you meant like on your screen, because

83
00:04:10,160 --> 00:04:11,440
Speaker 4: I think you can just wipe that off.

84
00:04:11,720 --> 00:04:14,840
Speaker 1: I think you can, but probably that dust contains all

85
00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:18,080
Speaker 1: sorts of fascinating stories where each of those bits has been.

86
00:04:18,839 --> 00:04:20,479
Speaker 4: But you know, if you just blow the dust, it's

87
00:04:20,480 --> 00:04:22,000
Speaker 4: just getting in the air and then it's going to

88
00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:23,280
Speaker 4: come back down on your keyboard.

89
00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:23,560
Speaker 6: I know.

90
00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:25,279
Speaker 1: It's a cycle. Unless I'm willing to live in a

91
00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:27,480
Speaker 1: clean room, I can never escape it.

92
00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:29,520
Speaker 4: So you don't like living in clean rooms.

93
00:04:29,760 --> 00:04:31,840
Speaker 1: I don't have to wear a hairnet and booties all

94
00:04:31,880 --> 00:04:32,240
Speaker 1: the time.

95
00:04:32,360 --> 00:04:37,840
Speaker 4: No, just some of the time. But anyways, Welcome to

96
00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:40,880
Speaker 4: a podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production

97
00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:42,159
Speaker 4: of Our Heart Radio.

98
00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:45,359
Speaker 1: In which we dive deep into the cycles of the universe,

99
00:04:45,440 --> 00:04:49,360
Speaker 1: the ones that produce massive stars and tiny grains of dust.

100
00:04:49,720 --> 00:04:52,039
Speaker 1: Everything out there in the universe has a history and

101
00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:55,560
Speaker 1: tells a story, and if we can unpack it, unravel it,

102
00:04:55,600 --> 00:04:58,160
Speaker 1: and study it, you can reveal those stories and the

103
00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:01,719
Speaker 1: history of our own cosmic to learn about the formation

104
00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:05,720
Speaker 1: of the planets and stars and the universe itself, from

105
00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:08,000
Speaker 1: the biggest clues to the tiniest speck of dust.

106
00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:11,200
Speaker 4: That's right, we blow the dust off of the universe,

107
00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:14,920
Speaker 4: trying to uncover what's underneath, what shiny surface or interesting

108
00:05:14,960 --> 00:05:17,800
Speaker 4: facts are there for us to understand and to learn about.

109
00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:19,880
Speaker 1: I love in archaeology how every time they're going to

110
00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:22,560
Speaker 1: discover something amazing, they always have to blow dust off

111
00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:25,080
Speaker 1: of it, pull cobwebs off of it. That's like your

112
00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:27,640
Speaker 1: visual cue that you're about to learn something ancient.

113
00:05:27,839 --> 00:05:28,760
Speaker 4: Wait, wait, what do you mean?

114
00:05:28,880 --> 00:05:31,039
Speaker 1: I mean? I just watched a New Indian Jones. I guess.

115
00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:34,000
Speaker 1: So you know, anytime they unde earth something from the

116
00:05:34,040 --> 00:05:36,480
Speaker 1: olden days, it's always covered in dust. Of course.

117
00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:37,080
Speaker 5: MM.

118
00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:39,880
Speaker 4: To see they carry a duster with them at all times.

119
00:05:39,960 --> 00:05:42,320
Speaker 4: Maybe you can buy one of those devices and you

120
00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:43,960
Speaker 4: didn't have to waste electricity.

121
00:05:45,080 --> 00:05:47,320
Speaker 1: I'd be that neat freak archaeologist. I don't think i'd

122
00:05:47,360 --> 00:05:48,400
Speaker 1: get very far in the field.

123
00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:51,400
Speaker 4: Yeah, it is a dusty universe full of amazing things,

124
00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:53,760
Speaker 4: where even the dust is interesting in the universe.

125
00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:56,040
Speaker 1: Down here on Earth we see dust as sort of

126
00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:58,599
Speaker 1: a nuisance, something to brush out of our way. But

127
00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:01,239
Speaker 1: out in space dust places it's a very important role

128
00:06:01,400 --> 00:06:04,800
Speaker 1: in the formation of stars and planets, and it can

129
00:06:04,839 --> 00:06:08,600
Speaker 1: reveal that history. Dust is not just a nuisance. It's

130
00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:10,719
Speaker 1: a fascinating pile of tiny clues.

131
00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:18,400
Speaker 4: So today end podcast, we'll be asking the question how

132
00:06:18,440 --> 00:06:22,640
Speaker 4: important is cosmic dust? Now, hopefully this episode won't be

133
00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:23,240
Speaker 4: a bust.

134
00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:28,520
Speaker 1: Should we just be sweeping cosmic dust under the cosmic

135
00:06:28,600 --> 00:06:31,480
Speaker 1: rug or should we take it seriously and study it

136
00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:32,159
Speaker 1: in detail.

137
00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:34,440
Speaker 4: M that's a bit of a dusty pun there, you

138
00:06:34,520 --> 00:06:38,000
Speaker 4: used it already, but yeah, it's an interesting question here.

139
00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:40,599
Speaker 4: Cosmic dust I guess it's different than regular dust.

140
00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:43,400
Speaker 1: Well, I think there's fewer dead skin cells and leftover

141
00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:46,080
Speaker 1: bits of insects out there floating between the stars than

142
00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:48,640
Speaker 1: there is here on Earth. But cosmic dust also falls

143
00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:49,159
Speaker 1: to Earth.

144
00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:52,040
Speaker 4: You mean it gets sprinkled from space like powdered sugar.

145
00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:54,520
Speaker 1: Well, you know that space isn't empty, and there's dust

146
00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,200
Speaker 1: out there between the stars but also between the planets,

147
00:06:57,279 --> 00:07:00,640
Speaker 1: and as the Earth moves through these cosmic dust clouds,

148
00:07:00,760 --> 00:07:03,360
Speaker 1: it accumulates some of them. Some tons of dust fall

149
00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:06,479
Speaker 1: to Earth every year from interplanetary space out there in

150
00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:07,280
Speaker 1: the Solar System.

151
00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:10,720
Speaker 4: WHOA is it like dandruff space dandruff? Or is that

152
00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:11,400
Speaker 4: too embarrassing?

153
00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:15,800
Speaker 1: We had a whole fun episode about where this stuff

154
00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:17,760
Speaker 1: comes from. It's a bit of a mystery. There's a

155
00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:20,680
Speaker 1: recent experiment though, that tries to pin the blame on Mars.

156
00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:23,840
Speaker 1: It might be that dust storms on Mars are blowing

157
00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:26,080
Speaker 1: that stuff out into space, and the Earth is flying

158
00:07:26,120 --> 00:07:29,120
Speaker 1: through Mars dust clouds. So yeah, I guess it's all

159
00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:30,240
Speaker 1: Martian dandruff.

160
00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:33,520
Speaker 4: Yeah, Mars needs some head and shoulders.

161
00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:36,640
Speaker 1: Well first they need to heads and shoulders. That'd be

162
00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:37,200
Speaker 1: pretty awesome.

163
00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:39,760
Speaker 4: Discovery yeah, or maybe just a hat that might help.

164
00:07:40,440 --> 00:07:44,280
Speaker 4: But it is an interesting question. How important is cosmic dust?

165
00:07:44,320 --> 00:07:47,360
Speaker 4: Which I guess means Daniel, that cosmic dust is important.

166
00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:49,920
Speaker 1: Cosmic dust is more important than you might think. I mean,

167
00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:52,520
Speaker 1: the word dust makes you think it's insignificant. It's just

168
00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:54,680
Speaker 1: something to be blown off of. Something else. Man, it

169
00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:57,480
Speaker 1: gets in your way something, It messes things up, something

170
00:07:57,480 --> 00:08:00,240
Speaker 1: to be gotten rid of. But dust has clues in it.

171
00:08:00,360 --> 00:08:01,800
Speaker 1: This is like the dust here on Earth tells you

172
00:08:01,840 --> 00:08:04,200
Speaker 1: who's been living there and the insects that have been around.

173
00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:06,040
Speaker 1: Dust out in space tells you what's been happening in

174
00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,200
Speaker 1: the universe because there's dust makers and dust consumers, and

175
00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:13,120
Speaker 1: dust also plays a big role in making stars and planets.

176
00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:16,720
Speaker 4: Well, you just said dust consumers out in space, like

177
00:08:16,800 --> 00:08:18,000
Speaker 4: aliens who buy dust.

178
00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:22,600
Speaker 1: That's what it sounds like, not dust customers. You know,

179
00:08:22,960 --> 00:08:25,680
Speaker 1: ways in which just is created and then dust is destroyed.

180
00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:27,160
Speaker 1: I should say dust destroyers.

181
00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:29,200
Speaker 4: Oh there you go. See that's a device. I would

182
00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:30,640
Speaker 4: buy a dust destroyer.

183
00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:33,760
Speaker 1: Wait till you learn how dust is destroyed. You don't

184
00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:34,640
Speaker 1: want one of these things?

185
00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:38,719
Speaker 4: Maybe I do. Let's find out. Well, as usual, we

186
00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:41,240
Speaker 4: were wondering how many people had thought about the importance

187
00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:43,959
Speaker 4: of cosmic does and what role it has in our

188
00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:46,960
Speaker 4: search for the meaning of the universe and how it

189
00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:47,480
Speaker 4: all works.

190
00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:50,079
Speaker 1: Thanks to everybody who pitches in for this segment of

191
00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:52,920
Speaker 1: the podcast. I hear from listeners that they really enjoy

192
00:08:53,280 --> 00:08:56,360
Speaker 1: hearing your voices in your thoughts on the episode topic.

193
00:08:56,679 --> 00:08:58,679
Speaker 1: If you would like to share your voice and thoughts,

194
00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:02,520
Speaker 1: please don't be shy, write me too. Questions at Danielandjorge

195
00:09:02,679 --> 00:09:03,360
Speaker 1: dot com.

196
00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:05,520
Speaker 4: So think about for a second, how important do you

197
00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:09,040
Speaker 4: think cosmic dust is? Here's what people have to.

198
00:09:09,040 --> 00:09:12,280
Speaker 7: Say, stop waving from the universe. I would say that

199
00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:18,199
Speaker 7: twenty percent is planet stars, black holes, sixty percent gus,

200
00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:19,680
Speaker 7: and the rest twenty percent is dust.

201
00:09:20,040 --> 00:09:22,679
Speaker 5: I think that this is the one of those questions

202
00:09:22,720 --> 00:09:25,640
Speaker 5: that but you have to think about some things that

203
00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:30,000
Speaker 5: you usually take for granted. So I would say that

204
00:09:30,679 --> 00:09:34,400
Speaker 5: the MUQA is mostly composed by dust.

205
00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:38,839
Speaker 4: All right, interesting answers here. Some people seem to interpret

206
00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:43,200
Speaker 4: the question as like how significant is cosmic doest?

207
00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:43,640
Speaker 1: Yeah?

208
00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:46,079
Speaker 4: Like, or like how much how much of the universe

209
00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:46,839
Speaker 4: is cosmic does?

210
00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:48,880
Speaker 1: And they also seem to be taking it as a

211
00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:52,800
Speaker 1: leading question, like because I'm asking it. They're figuring probably

212
00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:55,160
Speaker 1: it's a big component of the universe and playing an

213
00:09:55,160 --> 00:09:55,880
Speaker 1: important role.

214
00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,320
Speaker 4: I see, it wouldn't be very interesting. Answer was just

215
00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:03,280
Speaker 4: like not at all or nope, nobody cares.

216
00:10:03,360 --> 00:10:07,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, Like how important are Daniel dirty socks? Yeah? Not interesting,

217
00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:10,880
Speaker 1: not important? Move on, that wouldn't be a very fun episode.

218
00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:14,760
Speaker 4: Let's not talk about your socks because I know you

219
00:10:14,800 --> 00:10:15,760
Speaker 4: don't wear socks, so.

220
00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:18,080
Speaker 1: Well, then it's a philosophy question, right can my socks

221
00:10:18,160 --> 00:10:20,160
Speaker 1: be unimportant if they don't even exist?

222
00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:22,720
Speaker 4: There you go, philosophy of footwear.

223
00:10:23,920 --> 00:10:26,520
Speaker 1: Somebody out there is doing a whole PhD Thesis on

224
00:10:26,559 --> 00:10:27,880
Speaker 1: that topic, probably.

225
00:10:27,679 --> 00:10:28,360
Speaker 4: On your socks.

226
00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:29,400
Speaker 1: On socks and jacky.

227
00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:32,160
Speaker 4: I know you're famous now, Daniel, but geez.

228
00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:35,760
Speaker 1: No on socks? Why they disappear? Where they go? Why

229
00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:39,760
Speaker 1: dryers consume them? See dryers are sock destroyers, nye. It

230
00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:42,440
Speaker 1: turns them into dust. Maybe it transports them to the

231
00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:43,840
Speaker 1: hozone layer of the atmosphere.

232
00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:48,080
Speaker 4: So let's dig into this topic, Daniel. What is cosmic dust?

233
00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:51,240
Speaker 1: Cosmic dust is an important part of the solar system,

234
00:10:51,520 --> 00:10:54,400
Speaker 1: though it's not a big fraction of the solar system.

235
00:10:54,559 --> 00:10:56,840
Speaker 1: The answer from these listeners made me dig into the

236
00:10:56,920 --> 00:10:59,880
Speaker 1: question of like, actually, what is the mass budget of

237
00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:03,080
Speaker 1: the Solar system? How much of it is cosmic dust,

238
00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,600
Speaker 1: and how much of it is made of other stuff?

239
00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:07,760
Speaker 4: So what's the breakdown?

240
00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:10,120
Speaker 1: So the Milky Way weighs about one to one and

241
00:11:10,120 --> 00:11:13,920
Speaker 1: a half trillion times the mass of the Sun. That's

242
00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,240
Speaker 1: like our mass unit a solar mass, and the total

243
00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:19,600
Speaker 1: Milky Way is about a trillion trillion and a half

244
00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:23,000
Speaker 1: solar masses. Now, most of that, like ninety percent of

245
00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:25,920
Speaker 1: that is dark matter. We know that the stuff that's

246
00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,280
Speaker 1: visible in the universe, the stuff that glows, and even

247
00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:30,840
Speaker 1: the stuff that doesn't glow that much, like rocks and

248
00:11:30,960 --> 00:11:34,120
Speaker 1: dust and asteroids, that's only like ten percent of the

249
00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,960
Speaker 1: mass of the Milky Way. Out there in the larger universe,

250
00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:39,040
Speaker 1: dark matter is a little bit less common than it

251
00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:40,840
Speaker 1: is here in the Milky Way. The Milky Way has

252
00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:42,800
Speaker 1: more dark matter than an average galaxy.

253
00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:44,440
Speaker 4: And I guess how do we know these things? Like

254
00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:46,680
Speaker 4: how do we know how much the Milky Way weighs?

255
00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:48,520
Speaker 4: Do we put it on a scale or something?

256
00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:51,200
Speaker 1: We can measure the component of the Milky Way independently

257
00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:54,640
Speaker 1: and then add them up. The stars and the interstellar

258
00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:57,000
Speaker 1: medium and the black hole. All that stuff we can

259
00:11:57,040 --> 00:12:00,480
Speaker 1: measure independently, and then we can measure the total by

260
00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:03,199
Speaker 1: looking at how fast the Milky Way is rotating. Because

261
00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:06,120
Speaker 1: stars are like tracers, they move around the Milky Way,

262
00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:09,600
Speaker 1: and their speed is determined by the gravitational traction of

263
00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:13,360
Speaker 1: everything closer to the center than they are. Things further

264
00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:15,960
Speaker 1: away from the center on the outer shell don't affect

265
00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:18,199
Speaker 1: them at all, things on the inside do. So by

266
00:12:18,240 --> 00:12:21,040
Speaker 1: reading the speed of these stars, we can tell how

267
00:12:21,120 --> 00:12:24,680
Speaker 1: much mass their radius encloses, and so that measures the

268
00:12:24,720 --> 00:12:27,000
Speaker 1: total mass of the Solar System. And that's how we

269
00:12:27,040 --> 00:12:29,440
Speaker 1: infer dark matter, sort of the left over bit that

270
00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:32,120
Speaker 1: we can't account for with stars and planets and gas

271
00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:32,559
Speaker 1: and dust.

272
00:12:33,040 --> 00:12:35,800
Speaker 4: But we can't see all of the Milky Way, right

273
00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:37,880
Speaker 4: Like we're in the Milky Way, Can we really see

274
00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,360
Speaker 4: the full extent of it and have a good guess

275
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:41,320
Speaker 4: about its composition.

276
00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:43,280
Speaker 1: There's a lot of uncertainty, which is why I said

277
00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:46,280
Speaker 1: one to one and a half trillion solar masses. So

278
00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:49,800
Speaker 1: that's like an uncertainty of five hundred billion solar masses.

279
00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:51,880
Speaker 1: And yeah, part of that comes from the fact that

280
00:12:51,920 --> 00:12:53,920
Speaker 1: we can't see the whole Milky Way because we're looking

281
00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:56,400
Speaker 1: through it, we're inside of it, and the Milky Way

282
00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:58,120
Speaker 1: has a good amount of dust in it, and that

283
00:12:58,240 --> 00:13:01,960
Speaker 1: dust obscures our view. So there's a whole region of

284
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,960
Speaker 1: the Milky Way that we can't see very well in

285
00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:06,200
Speaker 1: many frequencies of light, and that leads to a lot

286
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:07,080
Speaker 1: of this uncertainty.

287
00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:09,600
Speaker 4: I see. So, then how much of our Milky Way

288
00:13:09,679 --> 00:13:10,079
Speaker 4: is dust?

289
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:12,520
Speaker 1: So it's like ninety percent dark matter, Then it's like

290
00:13:12,679 --> 00:13:15,440
Speaker 1: three percent stars, it's like one hundred to two hundred

291
00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:18,920
Speaker 1: billion stars, and then leftover is this stuff called the

292
00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,240
Speaker 1: interstellar medium, which is maybe like half a percent or

293
00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:24,679
Speaker 1: one percent of the mass of the Milky Way, and

294
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:28,120
Speaker 1: one percent of that is dust. The interstellar medium is

295
00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:31,520
Speaker 1: mostly gas. It's like hydrogen and a little bit of helium.

296
00:13:31,679 --> 00:13:33,960
Speaker 1: So one percent of the interstellar medium, which is one

297
00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:36,920
Speaker 1: percent of the galaxy, is dust. So the dust is

298
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:40,000
Speaker 1: like pointzho one percent or maybe half of that. It's

299
00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:42,080
Speaker 1: a tiny fraction of the mass of the Milky Way.

300
00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:46,200
Speaker 4: So I guess you don't count that gas is dust, right.

301
00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:48,800
Speaker 1: That's right. And this is another example of humans putting

302
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:52,520
Speaker 1: categories on things where really there's a smooth spectrum. If

303
00:13:52,520 --> 00:13:54,400
Speaker 1: we call it gas, it means it's like a molecule,

304
00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:57,319
Speaker 1: there's like h two floating out there, we call that gas.

305
00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,360
Speaker 1: If it's a larger clump of stuff, bunch of molecules together,

306
00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:04,760
Speaker 1: little grains dound like one hundred nanometers or larger, we

307
00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:07,600
Speaker 1: call that dust. Get much bigger, we start to call

308
00:14:07,679 --> 00:14:11,280
Speaker 1: you like a meteor or an asteroid or even a planet.

309
00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:13,240
Speaker 1: But in the end there's a whole spectrum all the

310
00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:16,199
Speaker 1: way down from individual molecules which we call gas, to

311
00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:19,440
Speaker 1: larger clumps of stuff which we call dust, all the

312
00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:22,120
Speaker 1: way up to much bigger objects stars and planets.

313
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,360
Speaker 4: I guess at some point you get to like pebbles,

314
00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:27,840
Speaker 4: right and little rocks. Is there such a thing as

315
00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:28,680
Speaker 4: space sand?

316
00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:33,720
Speaker 1: Well, you know this dust is made of carbon and silicates, right,

317
00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:36,200
Speaker 1: and sand is mostly silicates. So in the end, like

318
00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:38,880
Speaker 1: a lot of this space dust is kind of like

319
00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:40,920
Speaker 1: super fine grains of sand.

320
00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:43,320
Speaker 4: But then I also imagine there is sort of sand

321
00:14:43,440 --> 00:14:45,240
Speaker 4: sized grains out there in space.

322
00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:48,080
Speaker 1: There are larger pieces for sure, and so this intermedia

323
00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,000
Speaker 1: category we call dust is not a very big fraction

324
00:14:51,320 --> 00:14:53,680
Speaker 1: of the mass of the Milky Way. But to compare

325
00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:56,520
Speaker 1: it's about the same mass as the central black hole.

326
00:14:56,680 --> 00:14:59,240
Speaker 1: Point oh one percent of the Milky Way. Sounds like

327
00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:02,880
Speaker 1: a tiny number. It's a tiny percentage of a huge number, right,

328
00:15:02,960 --> 00:15:05,600
Speaker 1: one and a half trillion solar masses. So it comes

329
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:07,920
Speaker 1: out to be about the mass of the central black hole.

330
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:11,680
Speaker 4: And so where did all this dust come from? Like

331
00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:15,040
Speaker 4: are there giant space aliens shedding of their skin?

332
00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:16,680
Speaker 1: To understand where the dust comes from, we need to

333
00:15:16,720 --> 00:15:18,520
Speaker 1: dig into a little bit more about like what is

334
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,400
Speaker 1: this dust? And it's made of like a bunch of

335
00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:24,400
Speaker 1: different stuff. Some tiny little portion of it, this is

336
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:28,840
Speaker 1: really fascinating, comes from the atmospheres of stars. We know

337
00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:32,160
Speaker 1: that stars their job is to take hydrogen and helium

338
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:36,120
Speaker 1: and lighter elements and fuse them into heavier elements although

339
00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:37,800
Speaker 1: I have to iron and even heavier in the case

340
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:40,840
Speaker 1: of supernova. And in the atmospheres of these stars, especially

341
00:15:40,840 --> 00:15:43,240
Speaker 1: when they get really really big and near the end

342
00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:46,840
Speaker 1: of their life, their atmospheres produce these little grains. They're

343
00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:49,600
Speaker 1: like coalesce as they cool, and the outflow in the

344
00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:53,000
Speaker 1: atmosphere of these stars. That's sort of like one source

345
00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,600
Speaker 1: of this stuff. But if you look out into the universe,

346
00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:58,280
Speaker 1: and study this stuff. Most of it is not these

347
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:02,560
Speaker 1: presolar grains, the little blobs made in the atmospheres of stars.

348
00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:06,280
Speaker 1: Most of it's been like reprocessed, like shattered and ground

349
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:07,920
Speaker 1: up and reformed into new bits.

350
00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,080
Speaker 4: Interesting just from like the churning of space, of stuff

351
00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:11,560
Speaker 4: in space.

352
00:16:11,880 --> 00:16:13,760
Speaker 1: Just from the churning of space, it turns out that

353
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:16,160
Speaker 1: you can't just hang out as a grain in the

354
00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:19,040
Speaker 1: middle of space. There are processes happening out there. There

355
00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:22,760
Speaker 1: are processes that destroy dust and processes that reform it.

356
00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:24,920
Speaker 1: The dust destroyers that are out there. It sounds like,

357
00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:27,200
Speaker 1: you know, some big alien ship coming along to clean

358
00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:31,040
Speaker 1: up the universe, but actually it's shock waves from supernova.

359
00:16:31,160 --> 00:16:35,240
Speaker 1: When supernova collapse and then explode, they produce these huge

360
00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:39,440
Speaker 1: shock waves, massive amounts of energy, gamma, rays, neutrinos, all

361
00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:42,200
Speaker 1: sorts of stuff, and that comes along and it shatters

362
00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:45,000
Speaker 1: these grains, destroying the dust and breaking it like back

363
00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:46,000
Speaker 1: down into gas.

364
00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:48,680
Speaker 4: Well, you know, they say space is just a big vacuum,

365
00:16:48,760 --> 00:16:54,520
Speaker 4: so those are just suckle. Anyways, So you were saying

366
00:16:54,520 --> 00:16:57,520
Speaker 4: that dust is important in the universe. Is it important

367
00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:00,160
Speaker 4: to the universe or just to our understanding or or

368
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:02,200
Speaker 4: to our search for answers about the universe.

369
00:17:02,320 --> 00:17:04,960
Speaker 1: Well, both, like the history of dust tells us what's

370
00:17:04,960 --> 00:17:07,400
Speaker 1: happened out there in the universe. You can take each

371
00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:12,000
Speaker 1: individual solar grain if it survived this like interstellar shattering process,

372
00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:14,399
Speaker 1: and some of them have, and you can trace it

373
00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:17,480
Speaker 1: back to an individual star. Like every star has a

374
00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:20,680
Speaker 1: different mixture of elements and a different mixture of isotopes,

375
00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:24,720
Speaker 1: so they leave special fingerprints in their solar grains, and

376
00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:27,159
Speaker 1: so like ular grain can tell you, like what that

377
00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:30,160
Speaker 1: star was. It's like a little sample from that star.

378
00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:34,000
Speaker 1: And some of them are made during supernova and capture

379
00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:37,240
Speaker 1: elements and isotopes that only exist, we think, in the

380
00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:40,879
Speaker 1: atmospheres of supernova during those brief moments that are super

381
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,960
Speaker 1: energetic and can tell us about the formation of heavy

382
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:46,760
Speaker 1: elements and what's going on in supernova. So there are

383
00:17:46,760 --> 00:17:49,399
Speaker 1: these amazing capsules that tell us about the history of

384
00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:50,000
Speaker 1: the universe.

385
00:17:50,080 --> 00:17:52,440
Speaker 4: But I think maybe you don't mean like each individual grain,

386
00:17:52,480 --> 00:17:55,439
Speaker 4: do you look, You maybe need like a population or

387
00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:57,159
Speaker 4: like a cloud of this dust to sort of know

388
00:17:57,760 --> 00:17:59,040
Speaker 4: what the star was like.

389
00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:02,400
Speaker 1: Well, each indivi vidual grain tells you something about that star.

390
00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:05,280
Speaker 1: Not every grain produced by the star is identical, right,

391
00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:08,080
Speaker 1: and the star has a variety of stuff in it,

392
00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:10,959
Speaker 1: but each one traces back to an individual.

393
00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,000
Speaker 4: Star because each grain would be made out of different things.

394
00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:15,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, each star would make different kinds of grains. There's

395
00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:18,880
Speaker 1: going to be some overlap. It's not completely unique, right,

396
00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:21,280
Speaker 1: But each star is made out of different kinds of stuff,

397
00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:24,280
Speaker 1: different elements, different mixtures. Each star is a slightly different

398
00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:27,320
Speaker 1: mass and temperature, and so it produces different mixtures of

399
00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:30,440
Speaker 1: stuff and different isotopes. So the grains produced by each

400
00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:31,520
Speaker 1: star are different.

401
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:34,719
Speaker 4: Like an individual grain would have different things in it

402
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:36,080
Speaker 4: and different signatures in it.

403
00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. The isotopes found in an individual grain tell

404
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:41,840
Speaker 1: you about the star that it came from.

405
00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:45,480
Speaker 4: Mmmm. Interesting. So how is it important to the universe itself?

406
00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:47,520
Speaker 4: Because it doesn't seem like it weighs a lot in

407
00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:49,880
Speaker 4: the Milca way. So maybe I wonder if it has

408
00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:52,119
Speaker 4: a big role in, you know, the dynamics of space.

409
00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:53,920
Speaker 1: It does play a big role in the dynamics of

410
00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:57,080
Speaker 1: space sort of, for two reasons. One is that stuff

411
00:18:57,119 --> 00:19:00,240
Speaker 1: heavier than gas is the reason that we have like

412
00:19:00,320 --> 00:19:03,439
Speaker 1: planets and stars and stuff like that. Like the Earth

413
00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:06,240
Speaker 1: is mostly made out of stuff that's not just hydrogen

414
00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:09,919
Speaker 1: and helium, right, and that's cosmic dust gathered together to

415
00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:13,320
Speaker 1: form planets. So most of the rocky stuff of the

416
00:19:13,359 --> 00:19:17,760
Speaker 1: Solar system came originally from what we would call cosmic dust, right,

417
00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,200
Speaker 1: those heavier elements that are created by stars and spewed

418
00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:24,200
Speaker 1: out into space. And also we think that this cosmic

419
00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:26,720
Speaker 1: dust plays a role in the formation of solar systems.

420
00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:29,440
Speaker 1: You have a huge gas cloud that eventually collapses into

421
00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:32,919
Speaker 1: a bunch of stars. Why does it collapse. It collapses

422
00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:35,640
Speaker 1: because it's a little spot here that's denser, that's heavier,

423
00:19:36,040 --> 00:19:39,280
Speaker 1: that's cosmic dust. Man, Those are like the iron grains

424
00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:42,359
Speaker 1: and the little bits of heavy elements floating around that

425
00:19:42,560 --> 00:19:44,320
Speaker 1: seed that gravitational collapse.

426
00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:46,200
Speaker 4: Wait, are you saying the Bible was right? We all

427
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:48,600
Speaker 4: come from dust, from dust to dust.

428
00:19:48,520 --> 00:19:51,560
Speaker 1: And even ashes, right, star ashes cool?

429
00:19:51,560 --> 00:19:54,480
Speaker 4: And so then how does it help us study the universe?

430
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:56,800
Speaker 4: Or how does it not help us study the universe?

431
00:19:56,920 --> 00:19:57,120
Speaker 3: Yeah?

432
00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:59,480
Speaker 1: It both hurts our ability to study the universe and

433
00:19:59,560 --> 00:20:02,399
Speaker 1: helps us. Like it prevents us from seeing things in

434
00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:05,640
Speaker 1: the universe because it absorbs light and it blocks our view.

435
00:20:05,840 --> 00:20:08,119
Speaker 1: The center of the Milky Way, which is choked with

436
00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:12,160
Speaker 1: dust is famously called by astronomers the zone of avoidance

437
00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:14,200
Speaker 1: because they have to look away from that region. You

438
00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:17,000
Speaker 1: can't see through the center of the Milky Way in

439
00:20:17,040 --> 00:20:19,320
Speaker 1: optical lights, so you can't see what's on the other

440
00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:22,040
Speaker 1: side of the galaxy very easily. So it's sort of

441
00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:25,199
Speaker 1: a pain for astronomers, but it also captures this history

442
00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:27,840
Speaker 1: right and in order to understand the cycles of star

443
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,879
Speaker 1: formation in the universe, we do have to understand the

444
00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:33,440
Speaker 1: cosmic dust because the cosmic dust plays a role in

445
00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:35,919
Speaker 1: the formation of those stars and is also then destroyed

446
00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:38,800
Speaker 1: by the supernovas and then reforms. It's all part of

447
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:41,159
Speaker 1: the cycle of the Milky Way. You might imagine the

448
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:43,080
Speaker 1: Milky Way is just like a bunch of stars floating

449
00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:46,640
Speaker 1: in space basically doing nothing, but it's churning and burning.

450
00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:49,640
Speaker 1: This stuff going on just sort of much longer time

451
00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:51,120
Speaker 1: scales than we're used to thinking about.

452
00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:54,359
Speaker 4: Hmmm, interesting, All right, Well, let's get into how we

453
00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:57,679
Speaker 4: know where the dust in the universe is and the

454
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,680
Speaker 4: very important question where does it all comes from? Who's

455
00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:03,760
Speaker 4: making this mess in the universe. So let's stick into that.

456
00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:05,880
Speaker 4: But first let's take a quick break.

457
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:12,679
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. What you see is never what

458
00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:15,480
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill,

459
00:21:15,520 --> 00:21:18,600
Speaker 1: the price, your thoughts you were paying magically skyrockets. With

460
00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:22,119
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

461
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:24,439
Speaker 1: When mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

462
00:21:24,440 --> 00:21:27,280
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint

463
00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:29,760
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

464
00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:32,280
Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you. So say

465
00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:35,560
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

466
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:38,679
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

467
00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:41,240
Speaker 1: with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

468
00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:44,640
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So ditch your overpriced wireless

469
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:47,040
Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

470
00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,520
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this

471
00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:52,000
Speaker 1: new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless

472
00:21:52,040 --> 00:21:54,040
Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile

473
00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:57,560
Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe.

474
00:21:57,560 --> 00:21:59,520
Speaker 1: Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At

475
00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:03,520
Speaker 1: mint Mobile Universe, forty five dollars upfront payment required, equivalent

476
00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:05,960
Speaker 1: to fifteen dollars per month. New customers on first three

477
00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:09,000
Speaker 1: month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes on unlimited plan.

478
00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:12,320
Speaker 1: Additional taxi speeds and restrictions apply. Seemnt Mobile for details.

479
00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:15,560
Speaker 6: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

480
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,000
Speaker 6: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

481
00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:23,280
Speaker 6: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

482
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,200
Speaker 6: needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how

483
00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:29,400
Speaker 6: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

484
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,719
Speaker 6: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

485
00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:37,240
Speaker 6: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

486
00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:42,080
Speaker 6: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

487
00:22:42,280 --> 00:22:45,399
Speaker 6: has forty eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, offers

488
00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:48,760
Speaker 6: one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and of

489
00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:51,879
Speaker 6: course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now you

490
00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:54,280
Speaker 6: can train your AI models at twice the speed and

491
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:56,679
Speaker 6: less than half the cost of other clouds. If you

492
00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:59,120
Speaker 6: want to do more and spend less, like Uber eight

493
00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:01,800
Speaker 6: by eight and data Rix Mosaic, take a free test

494
00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:06,040
Speaker 6: drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. That's

495
00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:11,080
Speaker 6: Oracle dot com slash Strategic. Oracle dot com slash strategic.

496
00:23:11,359 --> 00:23:14,240
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone you'll love Apple Card. It's the

497
00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:18,200
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

498
00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:21,280
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

499
00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high yield savings

500
00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:27,840
Speaker 1: account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app.

501
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:31,479
Speaker 1: Subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners

502
00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:34,720
Speaker 1: subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs

503
00:23:34,800 --> 00:23:38,199
Speaker 1: Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC terms and

504
00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:40,840
Speaker 1: more at applecard dot com. When you pop a piece

505
00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:43,359
Speaker 1: of cheese into your mouth or enjoy a rich spoonful

506
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:46,880
Speaker 1: of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental

507
00:23:46,920 --> 00:23:49,760
Speaker 1: impact of each and every bite, But the people in

508
00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:52,800
Speaker 1: the dairy industry are US. Dairy has set themselves some

509
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:57,840
Speaker 1: ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas neutral by twenty fifty.

510
00:23:57,920 --> 00:23:59,960
Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new

511
00:24:00,119 --> 00:24:03,320
Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down

512
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:07,000
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example, most dairy farms

513
00:24:07,040 --> 00:24:10,159
Speaker 1: reuse water up to four times. The same water cools

514
00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:13,840
Speaker 1: the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn, and irrigates the crops.

515
00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:17,120
Speaker 1: How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use

516
00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:20,560
Speaker 1: anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from maneuver into renewable

517
00:24:20,640 --> 00:24:23,720
Speaker 1: energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. So

518
00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:25,520
Speaker 1: the next time you grab a slice of pizza or

519
00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:27,760
Speaker 1: lick an ice cream cone, know that dairy farmers and

520
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:30,800
Speaker 1: processors around the country are using the latest practices and

521
00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:34,240
Speaker 1: innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy products we love

522
00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:36,920
Speaker 1: with less of an impact. Visit us dairy dot com

523
00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:38,760
Speaker 1: slash sustainability to learn more.

524
00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:50,919
Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about cosmic dust, which is not

525
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:54,280
Speaker 4: a drug, I imagine, so it sounds like it might

526
00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:56,040
Speaker 4: be something you could sell on the streets.

527
00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:57,439
Speaker 1: I don't know. If you walk down the street in

528
00:24:57,440 --> 00:24:59,640
Speaker 1: Berkeley and you ask people for cosmic dust, I'm pretty

529
00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:01,119
Speaker 1: sure they'll tell you something do.

530
00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:04,680
Speaker 4: Sell you something. But we're talking about the dust. It's

531
00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:08,080
Speaker 4: out there in space between the stars, and it's important

532
00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:11,200
Speaker 4: because we're all made out of dust. Stars and planets,

533
00:25:11,240 --> 00:25:14,879
Speaker 4: they're all essentially made come from dust that gravity pulls together,

534
00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:17,640
Speaker 4: and so it's important for that reason. But it also

535
00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:20,879
Speaker 4: sort of helps us understand the origins of stars.

536
00:25:20,920 --> 00:25:23,359
Speaker 1: In the universe, right, even though it's tiny, it's a

537
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:26,320
Speaker 1: little bitty part of the mass budget of the Solar system.

538
00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:28,960
Speaker 1: It tells us about how things work, and it plays

539
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:30,720
Speaker 1: a role in getting those things started.

540
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:33,040
Speaker 4: But I imagine maybe at some point in the universe's

541
00:25:33,080 --> 00:25:36,560
Speaker 4: history dust It was all dust basically, right, that's where

542
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:38,840
Speaker 4: all those stars came from. No, I guess you went

543
00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:42,199
Speaker 4: from gas to stars and then those made dust exactly.

544
00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:45,480
Speaker 1: We think that the universe began and dust lists, right.

545
00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:49,080
Speaker 1: So it's actually an interesting open question in astronomy right now,

546
00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:52,440
Speaker 1: is like when was the first dust made? People really

547
00:25:52,480 --> 00:25:55,560
Speaker 1: want to understand the process by which dust is created

548
00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:59,680
Speaker 1: and destroyed and helps form new stars, and there's a

549
00:25:59,720 --> 00:26:01,760
Speaker 1: lot of open questions out there. We don't really fully

550
00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:04,600
Speaker 1: understand the process of it. But we're pretty sure that

551
00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:07,679
Speaker 1: the universe began with just hydrogen and helium and the

552
00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:12,119
Speaker 1: tiny trace elements of things heavier and no larger molecules

553
00:26:12,119 --> 00:26:14,800
Speaker 1: of course, and it's only when stars began to burn

554
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:16,440
Speaker 1: that dust was created.

555
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,679
Speaker 4: But I wonder if in the Big Bang, you know,

556
00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:21,479
Speaker 4: things were so intense, there was so much pressure, there

557
00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:24,600
Speaker 4: was so much violent processes going on, so many of

558
00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:28,639
Speaker 4: those that I wondered if some hydrogen started emerging together

559
00:26:28,680 --> 00:26:31,240
Speaker 4: and make dust without any stars? Is that possible?

560
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:34,080
Speaker 1: What the earliest dust we've seen is like several hundred

561
00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:36,520
Speaker 1: million years after the Big Bang, and it's possible that

562
00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:40,919
Speaker 1: hydrogen formed and crystallized somehow earlier on. I don't think

563
00:26:40,960 --> 00:26:42,840
Speaker 1: we would call that cosmic dust though, if it's just

564
00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:46,400
Speaker 1: pure hydrogen, probably just call that hydrogen crystals. I think

565
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:48,399
Speaker 1: to be called dust probably needs to have some like

566
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:50,879
Speaker 1: carbon and some silicon and some heavier elements in it.

567
00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:52,959
Speaker 4: But I mean, could a little bit of a carbon

568
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,880
Speaker 4: and silicon have formed in during the Big Bang?

569
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:59,159
Speaker 1: Big Bang Nuclear synthesis is a pretty precise science, and

570
00:26:59,240 --> 00:27:01,480
Speaker 1: it tells us based on the temperature and like the

571
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:05,200
Speaker 1: cork density, exactly how much of what was made. And

572
00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:08,720
Speaker 1: we think that it's almost overwhelmingly hydrogen, with just tiny

573
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,080
Speaker 1: trace elements of helium and then little tiny, anty bitty

574
00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:16,240
Speaker 1: bits of heavier stuff carbon. Probably not because carbon requires

575
00:27:16,280 --> 00:27:20,439
Speaker 1: the merging of three helium simultaneously, because lithium is so unstable,

576
00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:23,439
Speaker 1: so very unlikely that any carbon was formed, but you

577
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:26,439
Speaker 1: can't say no, it's possible there were tiny, tiny grains

578
00:27:26,480 --> 00:27:28,400
Speaker 1: of carbon form during the Big Bang.

579
00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:32,320
Speaker 4: So there could be primordial dust out there, like og dust.

580
00:27:32,560 --> 00:27:36,159
Speaker 1: That's right. The most ancient dust is possible, though. The

581
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:39,040
Speaker 1: oldest dust we've ever seen is a few hundred million

582
00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:40,440
Speaker 1: years after the Big Bang.

583
00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:42,440
Speaker 4: All right, Well, that brings us to our next question,

584
00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,240
Speaker 4: which is how do we know where the dust in

585
00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:46,560
Speaker 4: the universe is. It doesn't glow in space, right.

586
00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:48,720
Speaker 1: It actually kind of does glow in space, not the

587
00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:51,320
Speaker 1: way that stars do. Right. Stars create their own light

588
00:27:51,359 --> 00:27:54,240
Speaker 1: through fusion. They light up the whole universe. But everything

589
00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:56,119
Speaker 1: out there has a temperature, and everything that has a

590
00:27:56,160 --> 00:27:59,720
Speaker 1: temperature glows. Even the Earth glows, right. It gives off

591
00:27:59,760 --> 00:28:03,160
Speaker 1: in red radiation, and so dust glows in the very

592
00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:06,760
Speaker 1: very infrared because dust is pretty cold. So you can

593
00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:09,560
Speaker 1: see the dust if you use telescopes that can see

594
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,760
Speaker 1: infrared light and so like the Spitzer Space telescope and

595
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:15,680
Speaker 1: a James Web Space telescope. These things out there can

596
00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:19,120
Speaker 1: see dust in our galaxy and in other galaxies by

597
00:28:19,119 --> 00:28:20,359
Speaker 1: its thermal emissions.

598
00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:23,000
Speaker 4: Like I guess you could tell where there was a

599
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,120
Speaker 4: lot of dust and where there isn't a lot of dust.

600
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:27,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You can't see an individual grain, but you

601
00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:30,960
Speaker 1: can see like huge clouds of dust here and there.

602
00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:33,520
Speaker 1: You can see it glowing in the very far infrared.

603
00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:35,880
Speaker 1: You can also see dust by how it blocks light,

604
00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:38,560
Speaker 1: Like we think we understand how stars glow and the

605
00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:41,000
Speaker 1: light that they give off, and dust blocks that light.

606
00:28:41,320 --> 00:28:43,760
Speaker 1: You know, it absorbs some frequencies of it, it reflects

607
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:46,360
Speaker 1: other frequencies of it. And so by looking at what

608
00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:50,600
Speaker 1: astronomers call the extinction curve, like where's light being blocked,

609
00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:53,160
Speaker 1: they can measure how much dust there is between us

610
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:53,840
Speaker 1: and something.

611
00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:57,080
Speaker 4: So we measure it by how it much it blocks light,

612
00:28:57,320 --> 00:28:58,800
Speaker 4: not how much it reflects light.

613
00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:00,840
Speaker 1: We measure it by how much it blocks light and

614
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:03,600
Speaker 1: also emits a little bit of light in the infrared,

615
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,560
Speaker 1: So it depends a lot on the frequency it will reflect.

616
00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:10,240
Speaker 1: Blue light mostly infrared light can mostly pass through dust

617
00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:12,960
Speaker 1: shorter frequencies where the light has like roughly the wavelength

618
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,200
Speaker 1: of the dust that will get reflected or absorbed. So

619
00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:18,880
Speaker 1: when light passes through a dust cloud, it basically gets

620
00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:22,280
Speaker 1: reddened because the blue light gets reflected and the red

621
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:23,200
Speaker 1: light makes it through.

622
00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:26,120
Speaker 4: It's a little bit of the opposite of what happens

623
00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:28,480
Speaker 4: here during the sunset. No, it's the same it's the same.

624
00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:31,320
Speaker 1: The light gets reddened, right, the atmosphere tends to reflect

625
00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:34,760
Speaker 1: blue light, so the sky looks blue because in direct

626
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:37,280
Speaker 1: sunlight gets scattered down to your eye. Then at sunset,

627
00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:38,960
Speaker 1: the light is coming straight at you and the blue

628
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,720
Speaker 1: light is being reflected away and you're seeing the red light.

629
00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:44,680
Speaker 4: It filters like it filters out blue.

630
00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:47,880
Speaker 1: Light, exactly, it filters out blue light. And so when

631
00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:50,360
Speaker 1: astronomers look out into the sky, they can see that

632
00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:53,040
Speaker 1: some stars appear to be dimmed, and they appear to

633
00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:56,280
Speaker 1: be dimmed differently across the spectrum. Right, it's not just

634
00:29:56,320 --> 00:29:58,440
Speaker 1: like the whole star is dimmer, which might mean it

635
00:29:58,560 --> 00:30:01,400
Speaker 1: just further away, but it's more in the red than

636
00:30:01,440 --> 00:30:04,400
Speaker 1: in the blue. So these extinction curves are really important

637
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:06,920
Speaker 1: for astronomers to study because every time they're looking at

638
00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:08,400
Speaker 1: something in the universe, they want to know, like how

639
00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:11,080
Speaker 1: much dust are we looking through? How much is dust

640
00:30:11,240 --> 00:30:12,840
Speaker 1: distorting what we're seeing?

641
00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:16,960
Speaker 4: So technically does that mean that dust this space dust

642
00:30:17,040 --> 00:30:19,560
Speaker 4: is blue like if you were when you sort of

643
00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:20,760
Speaker 4: look at it, it's blueish.

644
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,240
Speaker 1: I guess it reflects blue light. It glows in the

645
00:30:23,280 --> 00:30:26,440
Speaker 1: far infrared, but it reflects blue light, so I guess

646
00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:27,560
Speaker 1: that would make it kind of blue.

647
00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:30,960
Speaker 4: Yeah, And have we ever got in a sample of dust, Like,

648
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:33,920
Speaker 4: have we ever gone out there and grabbed a vacuumed

649
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:36,120
Speaker 4: up some dust to study it.

650
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:39,600
Speaker 1: We do actually have samples of space dust. It's super fascinating.

651
00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:41,880
Speaker 1: All the dust that we have sampled is only stuff

652
00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:45,600
Speaker 1: in our solar system, so we've never sampled stuff outside

653
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,160
Speaker 1: of our solar system. The furthest probes we ever sent

654
00:30:48,240 --> 00:30:50,840
Speaker 1: had like just barely left the Solar system. But there's

655
00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:53,400
Speaker 1: plenty of space dust here in our solar system, and

656
00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:57,000
Speaker 1: many many satellites that we send have little dust collectors.

657
00:30:57,280 --> 00:30:59,360
Speaker 1: It's kind of a challenge because these satellites are moving

658
00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:02,120
Speaker 1: in very high speeds relative to the dust, so it

659
00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:04,440
Speaker 1: can be tricky to like catch the dust. But there

660
00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:07,400
Speaker 1: are some missions like the star Dust Mission, specifically to

661
00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:09,760
Speaker 1: capture dust and bring it back. But then lots of

662
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,719
Speaker 1: other satellites have like a little space dust collector on it.

663
00:31:12,760 --> 00:31:14,760
Speaker 1: We talked once about the Juno mission that went to

664
00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:18,120
Speaker 1: Jupiter in twenty eleven had sort of an accidental star

665
00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:21,080
Speaker 1: dust collector on it. The dust was slamming into the

666
00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:23,800
Speaker 1: back of the solar panels on the satellite and then

667
00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:26,400
Speaker 1: spilating off little bits which you got picked up by

668
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:28,800
Speaker 1: a camera, and it turned out to be like a

669
00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:32,160
Speaker 1: huge effective dust collector. And this is how we learned

670
00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,480
Speaker 1: that Mars is giving off all of this dust, which

671
00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:38,560
Speaker 1: is probably responsible for causing the zodiacal light. We have

672
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:40,840
Speaker 1: also captured some dust and brought down to Earth and

673
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:44,080
Speaker 1: studied it under a microscope and seen like some fractions

674
00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:47,720
Speaker 1: of this stuff really are presolar grains, bits of dust

675
00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:49,640
Speaker 1: that are older than our solar system.

676
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:51,640
Speaker 4: Whoa super old dust.

677
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,000
Speaker 1: Super old dust. Our solar system is like four and

678
00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:56,760
Speaker 1: a half billion years old, But of course stars have

679
00:31:56,840 --> 00:31:59,080
Speaker 1: been around for much longer than that, and some of

680
00:31:59,080 --> 00:32:02,800
Speaker 1: them died and created these grains, which amazingly survived out

681
00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:06,040
Speaker 1: there in space and then formed into asteroids or formed

682
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:08,720
Speaker 1: as part of the Earth, or still just floating out there.

683
00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:11,440
Speaker 1: It's incredible that some of these little grains have lasted

684
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:11,880
Speaker 1: so long.

685
00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:14,480
Speaker 4: And we also know how much dust is out there

686
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,200
Speaker 4: because it's polarized, right, it's got some sort of electrical

687
00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:19,440
Speaker 4: charge list to it.

688
00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:21,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, the dust grains are not spherical, right, They have

689
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,680
Speaker 1: little shapes. They are irregular, which means that they tend

690
00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:28,240
Speaker 1: to be longer in one direction than another, and because

691
00:32:28,280 --> 00:32:31,560
Speaker 1: they're made of electromagnetic stuff, sometimes they have an overall charge.

692
00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:34,240
Speaker 1: You know, the dust like bumps against itself. It gets

693
00:32:34,240 --> 00:32:37,600
Speaker 1: like static electricity essentially, and then interstellar space it will

694
00:32:37,640 --> 00:32:40,200
Speaker 1: align with magnetic fields. You know, the Earth has a

695
00:32:40,240 --> 00:32:42,480
Speaker 1: magnetic field, the Sun has a magnetic field, the whole

696
00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:45,160
Speaker 1: galaxy has magnetic fields. We think there might even be

697
00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:49,360
Speaker 1: magnetic fields out there in between superclusters. We talked ones

698
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:52,920
Speaker 1: about primordial magnetic fields. Anyway, the dust grains are a

699
00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:56,240
Speaker 1: great way to measure those magnetic fields because they align

700
00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:59,680
Speaker 1: with the magnetic fields. And then when light passes through them,

701
00:33:00,040 --> 00:33:02,920
Speaker 1: it tends to polarize the light because the dust itself

702
00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:05,960
Speaker 1: is pointing in a specific direction. So light passing through

703
00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:08,240
Speaker 1: this region can tell you about the dust and about

704
00:33:08,240 --> 00:33:10,920
Speaker 1: the magnetic fields in that region. It's sort of an

705
00:33:10,920 --> 00:33:13,800
Speaker 1: amazing way to learn about these huge regions of space

706
00:33:13,840 --> 00:33:15,120
Speaker 1: which otherwise look empty.

707
00:33:15,280 --> 00:33:18,600
Speaker 4: Well, it's like having special glasses to see the universe.

708
00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:21,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So we have lots of ways to study

709
00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:24,040
Speaker 1: cosmic dust and to look at the spectrum, and you know,

710
00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,520
Speaker 1: looking at the spectrum also tells you what's in there

711
00:33:26,640 --> 00:33:29,000
Speaker 1: because if it has like a certain crystal, then that

712
00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:32,800
Speaker 1: crystal has rotational and vibrational frequencies and they will absorb

713
00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:35,719
Speaker 1: with those frequencies or emit it those frequencies. And so

714
00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:38,240
Speaker 1: they can tell what's in cosmic dust even if we

715
00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:41,120
Speaker 1: can't sample it, Like cosmic dust is far far away

716
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:43,520
Speaker 1: in the Milky Way. They can tell what it's made

717
00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:45,680
Speaker 1: out of based on how it glows and how it

718
00:33:45,720 --> 00:33:46,440
Speaker 1: absorbs light.

719
00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:50,920
Speaker 4: Mmm, because that can change, I guess, depending on what

720
00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:52,840
Speaker 4: was happening there that made the.

721
00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:56,400
Speaker 1: Dust exactly, because cosmic dust is not static, right. One

722
00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:58,720
Speaker 1: of the big mysteries is like where's all this cosmic

723
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,480
Speaker 1: dust come from? And you know, we think that a

724
00:34:01,480 --> 00:34:03,240
Speaker 1: lot of it is made in stars. It's made in

725
00:34:03,240 --> 00:34:07,640
Speaker 1: supernova It's made in these stars called asymptotic giant branch stars.

726
00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:11,040
Speaker 1: It's made in super red giant stars. They have like

727
00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:14,799
Speaker 1: just the right conditions in their atmosphere to coalesce this stuff,

728
00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:18,520
Speaker 1: like outflowing and cooling gases will create these greens and

729
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:21,200
Speaker 1: shoot them out into the universe. And that's cool, but

730
00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:24,160
Speaker 1: it can't explain all the dust that we see out there.

731
00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,960
Speaker 1: There's like not enough stars and not enough formation of

732
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,480
Speaker 1: this dust to explain all the dust that's out there

733
00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:32,640
Speaker 1: in the universe, because, as we said earlier, the dust

734
00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:36,480
Speaker 1: doesn't survive forever. Right, the dust is like shattered by supernova.

735
00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:39,360
Speaker 1: So we have like stars pumping dust out in the universe,

736
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:41,759
Speaker 1: supernova shattering right back in the gas. And that leaves

737
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,359
Speaker 1: sort of a mystery because there's not enough being made

738
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:46,480
Speaker 1: by the stars to explain all the stuff that we

739
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:48,440
Speaker 1: see out there, all the dust in the milky.

740
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,799
Speaker 4: Way I see. So like dust is sort of like

741
00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:54,480
Speaker 4: they're bigger molecules basically, right, they're like little tiny pebbles,

742
00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:57,959
Speaker 4: and inside of the stars they just burn up I guess, right,

743
00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:00,160
Speaker 4: because it's so hot and under so much pressure.

744
00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:02,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's why they're made. Like in the outer atmosphere,

745
00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:06,279
Speaker 1: the outflowing and cooling gases coalesced into these grains. If

746
00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:08,520
Speaker 1: that ever happened inside the star, that would just burn

747
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:09,160
Speaker 1: up as fuel.

748
00:35:09,280 --> 00:35:12,080
Speaker 4: Yeah, like the carbon and all the silicon. It's sort

749
00:35:12,120 --> 00:35:14,680
Speaker 4: of gassy within the sun, but once it gets out

750
00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:17,680
Speaker 4: of the sun, it tends to form into molecules and

751
00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:20,360
Speaker 4: maybe little clumps mm hmm. But then you're saying, like,

752
00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:23,040
Speaker 4: once it's out there, in space. Then if there's a supernova,

753
00:35:23,160 --> 00:35:26,680
Speaker 4: the supernova breaks it up back into carbon and silicon exactly.

754
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,160
Speaker 1: So like the typical lifetime for a grain of dust,

755
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,480
Speaker 1: it's like one hundred million years. It can float out there,

756
00:35:32,520 --> 00:35:35,160
Speaker 1: and then on average it's going to get shattered after

757
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:37,880
Speaker 1: about one hundred million years, some longer, some shorter, but

758
00:35:37,960 --> 00:35:39,839
Speaker 1: on average one hundred million years.

759
00:35:39,560 --> 00:35:42,959
Speaker 4: There are that many supernovas happening to shatter. It does

760
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:43,920
Speaker 4: so frequently.

761
00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:46,520
Speaker 1: There are not that many supernovas, but they're frequent enough

762
00:35:46,760 --> 00:35:49,600
Speaker 1: and powerful enough to shatter this cosmic dust.

763
00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:52,319
Speaker 4: So like on average, for any point in space, you

764
00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:55,840
Speaker 4: experience this shattering supernova every hundred million years.

765
00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:58,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, the supernova are more common than every hundred million years.

766
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,800
Speaker 1: There's a supernova in our galaxy roughly every fifty years,

767
00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:05,440
Speaker 1: So in one hundred million years, you're going to get

768
00:36:05,480 --> 00:36:09,560
Speaker 1: two million supernova across the galaxy and they're very, very powerful.

769
00:36:09,840 --> 00:36:12,959
Speaker 1: So the modeling at least tells astronomers that these things

770
00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:16,000
Speaker 1: should be shattered on average within one hundred million years.

771
00:36:16,080 --> 00:36:17,920
Speaker 4: But the Earth has been around longer than that, and

772
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:20,799
Speaker 4: have we experienced such as shattering supernova.

773
00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:22,640
Speaker 1: The Earth has been around much longer than that, but

774
00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:24,920
Speaker 1: it would take a very close by supernova to shatter

775
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:27,640
Speaker 1: the Earth. These grains are more delicate than the Earth,

776
00:36:27,640 --> 00:36:28,880
Speaker 1: which has been like compressed.

777
00:36:29,320 --> 00:36:32,360
Speaker 4: Right, So like if there's a bit of dust circling

778
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:34,480
Speaker 4: the Earth, it would get shattered by the supernova, but

779
00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:36,160
Speaker 4: not our atmosphere or us.

780
00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:38,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, dust is more fragile, you know, it's floating out

781
00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:41,080
Speaker 1: there into space, is very low pressure. These things are

782
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,359
Speaker 1: sort of fragile compared to life a rock on Earth, all.

783
00:36:44,320 --> 00:36:46,960
Speaker 4: Right, So then the mystery you're saying is like how

784
00:36:46,960 --> 00:36:47,479
Speaker 4: it's made?

785
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:49,479
Speaker 1: Then, Yeah, the mystery is like why is there still

786
00:36:49,560 --> 00:36:52,040
Speaker 1: so much of it? There's a lot more cosmic dust

787
00:36:52,040 --> 00:36:54,759
Speaker 1: out there than can be explained by this combination of

788
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,799
Speaker 1: stars producing it and then supernova's destroying it. There's a

789
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:00,400
Speaker 1: lot more cosmic dust that can be explained by just

790
00:37:00,440 --> 00:37:01,080
Speaker 1: that process.

791
00:37:01,280 --> 00:37:03,440
Speaker 4: Maybe the unergy hasn't bought that neat device you have

792
00:37:03,520 --> 00:37:04,319
Speaker 4: to get rid of dust.

793
00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:10,680
Speaker 1: Well, one theory about what's going on is that cosmic

794
00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:14,799
Speaker 1: dust itself can reform out there between the stars. So

795
00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:17,480
Speaker 1: you take these little pebbles, these little grains, you send

796
00:37:17,520 --> 00:37:20,759
Speaker 1: them out there. They get shattered back into gas. But

797
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:22,960
Speaker 1: there's like a tiny little seed left, you know, a

798
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:26,440
Speaker 1: few molecules still cleaning together, and then those can accrete

799
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,680
Speaker 1: because they're flowing through these molecular clouds which are super

800
00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:33,440
Speaker 1: duper cold, and basically because you have a few tiny

801
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:36,000
Speaker 1: little grains left, they can like pick up more like

802
00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:38,680
Speaker 1: ice can form on these things, and you get these

803
00:37:38,760 --> 00:37:43,120
Speaker 1: layers that surround the original tiny core that rebuilds this

804
00:37:43,200 --> 00:37:45,240
Speaker 1: thing back up into what you would call dust.

805
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,439
Speaker 4: I see, yeah, just reforms could because and also because

806
00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:50,960
Speaker 4: of gravity. I imagine, right, like even if you split

807
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:54,200
Speaker 4: a little grain of dust out there, eventually gravity is

808
00:37:54,239 --> 00:37:55,680
Speaker 4: going to put it back together, isn't it.

809
00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:58,480
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly? And you know that's the process that eventually

810
00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:03,360
Speaker 1: forms stars and plants, right, These little gravitational seeds gathered

811
00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,440
Speaker 1: together over very long periods, but it begins with gathering

812
00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:10,960
Speaker 1: little bits of ice here and there and reforming. And

813
00:38:11,040 --> 00:38:13,319
Speaker 1: so some of the cognic dust that's out there are

814
00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:16,360
Speaker 1: like og grains that came from their stars and haven't

815
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:19,120
Speaker 1: been shattered, but most of it probably comes from this

816
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:22,480
Speaker 1: process where they have been shattered and then they coalesce,

817
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:25,320
Speaker 1: collecting ice and reforming into grains.

818
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:28,000
Speaker 4: All right, Well, you mentioned that there are some things

819
00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:31,960
Speaker 4: called dust destroyers out there in space, and also mysterious

820
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:34,960
Speaker 4: ways that dust is made, and so let's dig deeper

821
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,919
Speaker 4: into those things. But first, let's take a quick break.

822
00:38:42,280 --> 00:38:44,040
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

823
00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:47,320
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

824
00:38:47,360 --> 00:38:51,400
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

825
00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:54,040
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

826
00:38:54,080 --> 00:38:58,400
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

827
00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:01,280
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty fifty. That's why they're working hard

828
00:39:01,320 --> 00:39:03,800
Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve

829
00:39:03,880 --> 00:39:07,640
Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

830
00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:10,759
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

831
00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:14,279
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

832
00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,120
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

833
00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:20,919
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

834
00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:24,880
Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

835
00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:26,960
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

836
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,040
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

837
00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:31,759
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

838
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:35,319
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

839
00:39:35,440 --> 00:39:38,120
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

840
00:39:38,239 --> 00:39:41,040
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

841
00:39:41,239 --> 00:39:44,840
Speaker 3: With the United Explorer Card, earn fifty thousand bonus miles,

842
00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:48,440
Speaker 3: then head for places unseen and destinations unknown. Wherever your

843
00:39:48,480 --> 00:39:52,080
Speaker 3: journey takes you, you'll enjoy remarkable rewards, including a free

844
00:39:52,160 --> 00:39:55,040
Speaker 3: checked bag and two times the miles on every United purchase.

845
00:39:55,120 --> 00:39:57,480
Speaker 3: You'll also receive two times the miles on dining and

846
00:39:57,520 --> 00:40:01,320
Speaker 3: at hotels, so every experience is even more rewarding. Plus,

847
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:03,920
Speaker 3: when you fly United, you can look forward to United

848
00:40:03,920 --> 00:40:07,200
Speaker 3: Club access with two United Club one time passes per year.

849
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:10,480
Speaker 3: Become a United Explorer Card member today and take off

850
00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:12,239
Speaker 3: on more trips so you can take in once in

851
00:40:12,239 --> 00:40:15,919
Speaker 3: a lifetime experiences everywhere you travel. Visit the Explorer Card

852
00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:19,280
Speaker 3: dot com to apply today. Cards issued by JP Morgan

853
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,000
Speaker 3: Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval offer

854
00:40:23,080 --> 00:40:24,040
Speaker 3: subject to change.

855
00:40:24,160 --> 00:40:24,880
Speaker 1: Terms apply.

856
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:29,640
Speaker 8: There are children, friends and families walking, riding on paths

857
00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:32,120
Speaker 8: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

858
00:40:32,120 --> 00:40:34,319
Speaker 8: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

859
00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:37,880
Speaker 8: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go Safely California

860
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:40,640
Speaker 8: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltran's.

861
00:40:40,280 --> 00:40:43,080
Speaker 9: Time is a luxury for us, especially if you're a mom.

862
00:40:43,320 --> 00:40:46,240
Speaker 9: That's why we need a skincare routine that's easy, fast,

863
00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:49,480
Speaker 9: and gives us results. Plus, what if your products had

864
00:40:49,560 --> 00:40:53,360
Speaker 9: thousands of five star reviews, we're natural and affordable, Well

865
00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:57,239
Speaker 9: say hello to din Beauty. Din Beauty is clean, high

866
00:40:57,320 --> 00:41:00,480
Speaker 9: end skincare that is affordable and it really works. Not

867
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:03,400
Speaker 9: sure where to start? I highly recommend the work system.

868
00:41:03,640 --> 00:41:06,960
Speaker 9: It's everything you need in one powerful package. Take out

869
00:41:06,960 --> 00:41:09,720
Speaker 9: the guestwork with a proven routine that includes a gentle

870
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:13,840
Speaker 9: yet effective cleanser, a super skin toner, two incredible serums,

871
00:41:13,960 --> 00:41:17,920
Speaker 9: and two luxurious moisturizers. See what everyone is raving about.

872
00:41:18,040 --> 00:41:21,200
Speaker 9: From serum sets to the always sold out retinol alternative

873
00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:24,920
Speaker 9: TBT cream, you'll find your perfect skincare match. Dime has

874
00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,120
Speaker 9: over two million happy customers and their product reviews are

875
00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:32,480
Speaker 9: literally five stars. Love your skin again. Go to dimebautyco

876
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:35,520
Speaker 9: dot com for twenty percent off with code get dime.

877
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:39,560
Speaker 9: That's dime beautyco dot com. Code get dime for twenty

878
00:41:39,560 --> 00:41:40,200
Speaker 9: percent off.

879
00:41:48,520 --> 00:41:51,120
Speaker 4: Okay, we're talking about dust and Daniel, you're saying, the

880
00:41:51,120 --> 00:41:53,640
Speaker 4: big question is where does it come from? Because most

881
00:41:53,640 --> 00:41:55,319
Speaker 4: of the dust, if you just put dust out there

882
00:41:55,320 --> 00:41:59,319
Speaker 4: in space, within one hundred million years, some distant supernova's

883
00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:04,200
Speaker 4: shockwave is gonna shatter that back into its constituent atoms

884
00:42:04,239 --> 00:42:06,600
Speaker 4: like carbon and silogan. It doesn't seem that fragile here

885
00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:09,239
Speaker 4: on Earth, right, Like if I blow on dust, it

886
00:42:09,239 --> 00:42:11,040
Speaker 4: doesn't break up into carbon gas.

887
00:42:11,320 --> 00:42:13,000
Speaker 1: I mean, you're pretty tough, dude, But are you saying

888
00:42:13,040 --> 00:42:15,000
Speaker 1: that your breath is as powerful as a supernova?

889
00:42:15,239 --> 00:42:20,320
Speaker 4: Well, some mornings, yeah, But I mean, like it's weird

890
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,120
Speaker 4: to think that it's so powerful because here on Earth

891
00:42:23,120 --> 00:42:25,239
Speaker 4: we don't feel these supernovas. But you're saying it's strong

892
00:42:25,320 --> 00:42:27,360
Speaker 4: enough to like split apart molecules in space.

893
00:42:27,480 --> 00:42:30,360
Speaker 1: The dust is more fragile than the Earth is. Yeah,

894
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:33,279
Speaker 1: and it hasn't been a supernova in our Milky Way

895
00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:35,360
Speaker 1: in quite a few hundred years, so it's not like

896
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:38,040
Speaker 1: we're feeling these things every ten years or so. Even

897
00:42:38,080 --> 00:42:40,960
Speaker 1: these supernovas are not that common. But yeah, the lifetime

898
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,440
Speaker 1: of dust is shorter than the lifetime of the Earth,

899
00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:47,120
Speaker 1: so the Earth and planets and stars definitely survive these

900
00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:50,480
Speaker 1: super nova shock waves in ways that the stellar dust doesn't.

901
00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:53,040
Speaker 4: So then the mystery is, like, if it is being

902
00:42:53,080 --> 00:42:55,680
Speaker 4: destroyed out there in space, why is there still dust?

903
00:42:56,000 --> 00:43:00,440
Speaker 4: Why isn't it augies gas and individual atoms.

904
00:43:00,120 --> 00:43:02,600
Speaker 1: Exactly, And it's important that the dust is there because

905
00:43:02,640 --> 00:43:06,719
Speaker 1: the dust seeds planetary formation and star formation, you know,

906
00:43:06,760 --> 00:43:09,319
Speaker 1: in ways that we didn't always understand. Like back in

907
00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:12,560
Speaker 1: the seventies, before we really understood cosmic dust at all,

908
00:43:12,640 --> 00:43:15,720
Speaker 1: people thought that our solar system started just from gas,

909
00:43:16,120 --> 00:43:17,759
Speaker 1: that you could start from just like a blob of

910
00:43:17,840 --> 00:43:21,279
Speaker 1: hydrogen and helium and form all of this stuff, which

911
00:43:21,280 --> 00:43:23,120
Speaker 1: doesn't really make sense to me because then like where

912
00:43:23,160 --> 00:43:25,440
Speaker 1: you're getting all the iron and all the stuff to

913
00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:28,520
Speaker 1: make planets. But now it's very well understood that most

914
00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:30,600
Speaker 1: of the iron and most of the heavy metals are

915
00:43:30,640 --> 00:43:33,080
Speaker 1: bound up in these cosmic dust grains and you need

916
00:43:33,120 --> 00:43:37,000
Speaker 1: them to form solar systems with interesting bits on them,

917
00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:38,520
Speaker 1: like rocks and people.

918
00:43:39,360 --> 00:43:42,400
Speaker 4: So then are you saying that like just gravity, you know,

919
00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:44,560
Speaker 4: pulling all of this stuff out there floating in space

920
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:46,919
Speaker 4: into dust is not enough to account for the dust

921
00:43:46,960 --> 00:43:48,520
Speaker 4: we're seeing. Well why not?

922
00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:51,880
Speaker 1: So just stellar production of dust isn't enough to account

923
00:43:51,920 --> 00:43:53,919
Speaker 1: for the dust that we're seeing. You need some way

924
00:43:53,920 --> 00:43:57,399
Speaker 1: to reform dust in the interstellar medium, Otherwise, as you say,

925
00:43:57,400 --> 00:43:59,399
Speaker 1: it would be just gas. But we think that these

926
00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:02,680
Speaker 1: little grains probably do gather back together from gravity and

927
00:44:02,719 --> 00:44:05,640
Speaker 1: from just secretion of ice crystals. As you pass through

928
00:44:05,640 --> 00:44:08,560
Speaker 1: a molecular cloud, there's gonna be chemical bonds that form

929
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,600
Speaker 1: because these things are a little sticky, right, And so

930
00:44:11,880 --> 00:44:15,120
Speaker 1: that is a process that they think might explain where

931
00:44:15,120 --> 00:44:17,480
Speaker 1: the gas comes from. I talked to one scientist at

932
00:44:17,520 --> 00:44:20,839
Speaker 1: the University of Wasda in Japan who's super interested in

933
00:44:20,880 --> 00:44:23,840
Speaker 1: cosmic dust, and she said that this is like the

934
00:44:23,960 --> 00:44:27,360
Speaker 1: leading theory for how cosmic dust is being regenerated. But

935
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,000
Speaker 1: nobody's like demonstrated this in the lab. They haven't done

936
00:44:30,280 --> 00:44:32,759
Speaker 1: tests where they take like a little grain and pass

937
00:44:32,840 --> 00:44:35,680
Speaker 1: it through a dust cloud and see this stuff reform.

938
00:44:35,719 --> 00:44:38,400
Speaker 1: It's alsort of like theoretical chemistry at this point.

939
00:44:38,520 --> 00:44:41,359
Speaker 4: Well, you need to replicate zero gravity, wouldn't.

940
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:43,400
Speaker 1: You, Yeah, exactly. It's the kind of experiment you'd want

941
00:44:43,440 --> 00:44:45,960
Speaker 1: to do out in space or on the iss or something.

942
00:44:46,160 --> 00:44:48,400
Speaker 4: So then that's the best answer to this mystery.

943
00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:50,080
Speaker 1: That's the best answer to this mystery.

944
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:51,960
Speaker 4: So it sounds like you're saying, like there's a giant

945
00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:54,520
Speaker 4: vacuum in space's gathering all this stuff dust.

946
00:44:56,280 --> 00:44:58,239
Speaker 1: Well you know again it's the supernova, right, those are

947
00:44:58,239 --> 00:45:01,279
Speaker 1: the dust stories shattering it back in to gas. And

948
00:45:01,320 --> 00:45:04,000
Speaker 1: then they think that it's probably reforming. But another really

949
00:45:04,040 --> 00:45:06,560
Speaker 1: fascinating way that they're trying to understand this process is

950
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:08,960
Speaker 1: by trying to answer a related question, which is like

951
00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:13,040
Speaker 1: how early did dust form in the universe. So now

952
00:45:13,080 --> 00:45:16,200
Speaker 1: that we have like a super powerful infrared telescope, we

953
00:45:16,280 --> 00:45:19,400
Speaker 1: can look deeper into the history of the universe and

954
00:45:19,440 --> 00:45:22,560
Speaker 1: look for evidence of dust very very early on, like

955
00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:25,160
Speaker 1: what is the oldest dust that we can see in

956
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:27,480
Speaker 1: the universe, And they'll give us a sense for these

957
00:45:27,520 --> 00:45:30,560
Speaker 1: processes because remember, like stars didn't turn on for a

958
00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:33,319
Speaker 1: few hundred million years, so the origin of the dust

959
00:45:33,360 --> 00:45:35,920
Speaker 1: can really tell us about like who is making this dust?

960
00:45:36,120 --> 00:45:38,080
Speaker 4: Right I think I mean like if you look out

961
00:45:38,120 --> 00:45:41,240
Speaker 4: into deep space with your telescopes, you're looking back in time,

962
00:45:41,680 --> 00:45:44,840
Speaker 4: so like the light you're getting from those deep places

963
00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:47,520
Speaker 4: in the universe is really old light, which might be

964
00:45:47,760 --> 00:45:49,000
Speaker 4: old dust exactly.

965
00:45:49,520 --> 00:45:51,880
Speaker 1: And we think that most of the dust out there

966
00:45:51,880 --> 00:45:54,040
Speaker 1: in the universe right now is probably produced by these

967
00:45:54,080 --> 00:45:58,040
Speaker 1: super red giant stars and this asymptotic giant branch stars.

968
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:00,200
Speaker 1: These special stars are super big and it just right

969
00:46:00,280 --> 00:46:03,479
Speaker 1: conditions for this, like outflowing gas to cool and form

970
00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:06,279
Speaker 1: these little blobs which then flow down into space. But

971
00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:09,640
Speaker 1: the James Web Space Telescope recently saw a direct evidence

972
00:46:09,760 --> 00:46:13,760
Speaker 1: for really really old grains of stars, like several hundred

973
00:46:13,840 --> 00:46:16,440
Speaker 1: million years or up to a billion years after the

974
00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:19,759
Speaker 1: Big Bang, too long ago for these stars, Like, we

975
00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:23,000
Speaker 1: don't think that there were these super red giant stars

976
00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:26,879
Speaker 1: early on in the universe. So probably the first dust

977
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:29,560
Speaker 1: made in the universe were made by supernova from the

978
00:46:29,560 --> 00:46:31,200
Speaker 1: first generation of stars.

979
00:46:31,560 --> 00:46:35,320
Speaker 4: Whoa wait, so how do we know we're looking at

980
00:46:35,440 --> 00:46:36,360
Speaker 4: does that old?

981
00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:38,799
Speaker 1: Because we're looking at images of galaxies that are super

982
00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:41,319
Speaker 1: duper far away, And so you can look at a

983
00:46:41,320 --> 00:46:44,080
Speaker 1: galaxy and you can understand from its red shift how

984
00:46:44,120 --> 00:46:46,359
Speaker 1: fast it's moving away from us, and therefore how far

985
00:46:46,400 --> 00:46:49,360
Speaker 1: away it is, and therefore the age of the thing we're.

986
00:46:49,160 --> 00:46:51,279
Speaker 4: Looking at isn't most of that light coming from the

987
00:46:51,320 --> 00:46:52,480
Speaker 4: stars in the galaxy.

988
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:54,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, most of that light does come from the stars,

989
00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:57,160
Speaker 1: but we're looking at the infrared telescope and stars are

990
00:46:57,239 --> 00:47:00,520
Speaker 1: much quieter in the infrared, so we're seeing information from

991
00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:01,440
Speaker 1: the dust also.

992
00:47:01,880 --> 00:47:04,520
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, like we see the galaxy with regular

993
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:07,440
Speaker 4: light and then we switch the filter over to infrared,

994
00:47:07,520 --> 00:47:10,759
Speaker 4: and then you're basically getting the light from the dust.

995
00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:13,600
Speaker 1: Exactly, and specifically, what they're seeing here is extinction, right,

996
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:17,200
Speaker 1: They're seeing an absorption feature at a very specific wavelength

997
00:47:17,280 --> 00:47:20,239
Speaker 1: twenty one seventy five inkstrums that they think is like

998
00:47:20,280 --> 00:47:23,839
Speaker 1: a dust wavelength. That that's what dust absorbs. So they

999
00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:26,000
Speaker 1: see like a dip in the light in this galaxy

1000
00:47:26,120 --> 00:47:28,439
Speaker 1: at just the right wavelength that tells them that there's

1001
00:47:28,600 --> 00:47:31,759
Speaker 1: dust in this very very old galaxy.

1002
00:47:31,760 --> 00:47:36,239
Speaker 4: Oh, because I guess the size of your thing affects

1003
00:47:36,320 --> 00:47:38,600
Speaker 4: what kind of light you're absorbing, right, because you kind

1004
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:41,160
Speaker 4: of have to be at about the same size as

1005
00:47:41,160 --> 00:47:42,760
Speaker 4: the wavelength to absorb it exactly.

1006
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:46,520
Speaker 1: Earlier we were talking about how dust absorbs. That's various frequencies.

1007
00:47:46,600 --> 00:47:48,719
Speaker 1: In general, the picture is that it interacts more with

1008
00:47:48,800 --> 00:47:51,200
Speaker 1: blue light. It reflects that blue light and it doesn't

1009
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,200
Speaker 1: interact as much with reddor light because, as you say,

1010
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,200
Speaker 1: it's too small, like the wavelength of light is bigger

1011
00:47:57,239 --> 00:47:59,919
Speaker 1: than these dust grains, so it doesn't interact with them.

1012
00:48:00,440 --> 00:48:04,280
Speaker 1: But also these things contain specific chemicals and sometimes little crystals,

1013
00:48:04,280 --> 00:48:07,960
Speaker 1: and those have features that absorb at certain wavelengths, like

1014
00:48:08,040 --> 00:48:12,040
Speaker 1: little oscillations and vibrational energy levels of these little crystals

1015
00:48:12,080 --> 00:48:15,840
Speaker 1: inside these dust grains will absorb at specific wavelengths that

1016
00:48:15,920 --> 00:48:18,759
Speaker 1: are known to be dust wavelengths. So they saw this

1017
00:48:18,880 --> 00:48:21,520
Speaker 1: in this signature from the James Web Space telescope from

1018
00:48:21,520 --> 00:48:24,920
Speaker 1: the super duper Ancient galaxy, a galaxy too old to

1019
00:48:24,960 --> 00:48:28,360
Speaker 1: hold any of these red giant stars or ASB stars.

1020
00:48:28,719 --> 00:48:32,160
Speaker 1: So they think probably this is ancient dust, maybe from

1021
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,440
Speaker 1: the first round of generation of dust in the universe,

1022
00:48:35,800 --> 00:48:38,360
Speaker 1: probably from supernova.

1023
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,640
Speaker 4: Like the first supernovas, right, because that's that's when the

1024
00:48:40,680 --> 00:48:42,080
Speaker 4: heavier elements are made.

1025
00:48:42,160 --> 00:48:44,759
Speaker 1: And it's fascinating because supernova make this stuff and then

1026
00:48:44,840 --> 00:48:47,319
Speaker 1: also destroy it, so they kind of like clean up

1027
00:48:47,360 --> 00:48:48,200
Speaker 1: after themselves.

1028
00:48:48,239 --> 00:48:50,279
Speaker 4: Right, Wait, how can it make them and destroy them

1029
00:48:50,280 --> 00:48:50,879
Speaker 4: at the same time.

1030
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:53,040
Speaker 1: These dust greens are made by supernovas sort of in

1031
00:48:53,080 --> 00:48:55,960
Speaker 1: the last dying minutes of a star's life, where you know,

1032
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:59,480
Speaker 1: these shockwaves create really intense environments and specific isotopes, and

1033
00:48:59,480 --> 00:49:01,800
Speaker 1: then the out flow and the cooling makes these grains.

1034
00:49:01,920 --> 00:49:05,799
Speaker 1: But then shockwaves from supernova's also destroy dust. Right, supernova

1035
00:49:05,920 --> 00:49:09,080
Speaker 1: are the dust destroyers of the universe, So they both

1036
00:49:09,120 --> 00:49:11,799
Speaker 1: create it and they also are responsible for destroying it.

1037
00:49:11,920 --> 00:49:13,759
Speaker 4: Which do they do first? Do they first clean up

1038
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:15,480
Speaker 4: and then put a bunch of dust there or do

1039
00:49:15,520 --> 00:49:17,840
Speaker 4: they put a bunch of dust and then immediately destroyed

1040
00:49:17,840 --> 00:49:19,400
Speaker 4: It can't be the latter, can it, because then we

1041
00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:20,319
Speaker 4: wouldn't have any dust.

1042
00:49:20,360 --> 00:49:22,800
Speaker 1: It must be that the shockwave from the supernova travels

1043
00:49:22,840 --> 00:49:25,279
Speaker 1: out faster than dust grains, which means the first they're

1044
00:49:25,320 --> 00:49:27,440
Speaker 1: cleaning up and then they're making a mess. So I

1045
00:49:27,440 --> 00:49:30,120
Speaker 1: guess you're right. Actually it's in the wrong order. Or

1046
00:49:30,160 --> 00:49:33,520
Speaker 1: they're destroying the dust grains from other supernovas and to

1047
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:34,960
Speaker 1: make space for their own.

1048
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:39,640
Speaker 4: So they're not cleaning up after themselves. They're just cleaning

1049
00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:41,080
Speaker 4: it so that they can make a mess.

1050
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:43,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're sort of like scrubbing the graffiti off the

1051
00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:45,120
Speaker 1: wall and then writing their own name on it.

1052
00:49:45,320 --> 00:49:49,040
Speaker 4: Yeah, I take it back.

1053
00:49:49,280 --> 00:49:51,200
Speaker 1: I take it back. Everything positive, I said about.

1054
00:49:50,960 --> 00:49:54,440
Speaker 4: Supernovas, well, they're the reason we're here. So glad they

1055
00:49:54,440 --> 00:49:58,920
Speaker 4: haven't wiped us off, I guess, and we're glad that

1056
00:49:59,040 --> 00:50:01,200
Speaker 4: they made us all right, Well, what does it all

1057
00:50:01,280 --> 00:50:04,240
Speaker 4: mean about our understanding of the history of the universe.

1058
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:07,239
Speaker 1: It means that all these processes, the ones that form stars,

1059
00:50:07,280 --> 00:50:10,000
Speaker 1: that lead to supernovas, that lead to dust creation and

1060
00:50:10,080 --> 00:50:13,880
Speaker 1: dust destruction, it's all part of this huge cosmic dance.

1061
00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:16,200
Speaker 1: You know. We tend to think of the Milky Way

1062
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:18,920
Speaker 1: as like done, We've made all these stars. They're just

1063
00:50:18,920 --> 00:50:21,239
Speaker 1: sort of like hanging out and burning now. But it's

1064
00:50:21,239 --> 00:50:23,759
Speaker 1: a process, you know, and everything is connected as like

1065
00:50:23,880 --> 00:50:26,879
Speaker 1: dust flowing and swirling. These things are being created, they're

1066
00:50:26,920 --> 00:50:31,040
Speaker 1: being destroyed, they're being reformed. The whole thing is a big, frothing, active,

1067
00:50:31,280 --> 00:50:34,160
Speaker 1: lively mess of processes, all of which are important to

1068
00:50:34,280 --> 00:50:35,920
Speaker 1: creating the universe as we know it.

1069
00:50:36,040 --> 00:50:38,719
Speaker 4: Yeah, and it sounds kind of precarious, right, Like, basically,

1070
00:50:38,840 --> 00:50:41,560
Speaker 4: we need a supernova to make all this dust, and

1071
00:50:41,600 --> 00:50:44,960
Speaker 4: we need the dust to basically clump together into planets

1072
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:48,800
Speaker 4: and stars quickly before the next supernova tries to wipe

1073
00:50:48,840 --> 00:50:53,040
Speaker 4: the board clean, right, Like if another supernova had gone

1074
00:50:53,080 --> 00:50:56,040
Speaker 4: off near us, or not even neuros, but around us.

1075
00:50:56,719 --> 00:51:00,400
Speaker 4: Before the Sun, you know, got put together and the

1076
00:51:00,400 --> 00:51:02,759
Speaker 4: Earth got put together, we might not be here. Is

1077
00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:03,160
Speaker 4: that true?

1078
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:05,400
Speaker 1: It definitely would have affected things, but it's not something

1079
00:51:05,440 --> 00:51:08,000
Speaker 1: we understand very well. And supernovas contribute in lots of

1080
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:11,000
Speaker 1: different ways. Like first of all, they destroy these grains,

1081
00:51:11,320 --> 00:51:15,000
Speaker 1: but then later on a supernova shockwave can actually precipitate

1082
00:51:15,040 --> 00:51:19,520
Speaker 1: the gravitational collapse of surviving grains into a new star.

1083
00:51:20,120 --> 00:51:23,200
Speaker 1: So supernova shockwaves play lots of different complex roles. And

1084
00:51:23,239 --> 00:51:25,919
Speaker 1: to say like that we even understand this story would

1085
00:51:25,960 --> 00:51:27,960
Speaker 1: be to overstate it. For sure, there's a lot of

1086
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:30,239
Speaker 1: parts of this that we still don't understand. What we

1087
00:51:30,320 --> 00:51:33,160
Speaker 1: do know is that it's complicated and everything is connected.

1088
00:51:33,480 --> 00:51:35,920
Speaker 4: Sounds like our knowledge of it is a little dust.

1089
00:51:37,480 --> 00:51:39,680
Speaker 1: There's definitely a lot of ancient wisdom out there we

1090
00:51:39,719 --> 00:51:41,960
Speaker 1: haven't yet collected, and we can look forward to blowing

1091
00:51:41,960 --> 00:51:44,520
Speaker 1: the dust off of all of these secrets.

1092
00:51:44,160 --> 00:51:46,840
Speaker 4: But not too hard, because then you might destroy the dust.

1093
00:51:46,880 --> 00:51:49,240
Speaker 1: Right, only if you have supernova morning breath.

1094
00:51:49,560 --> 00:51:51,520
Speaker 4: All right, I guess the next time you look at

1095
00:51:51,640 --> 00:51:53,480
Speaker 4: into the nice sky, I know that you're looking at

1096
00:51:53,480 --> 00:51:55,840
Speaker 4: a bunch of dust as well, not just the beautiful

1097
00:51:55,880 --> 00:51:56,680
Speaker 4: twinkling stars.

1098
00:51:56,880 --> 00:52:00,440
Speaker 1: These tiny but mighty grains play an important role in

1099
00:52:00,480 --> 00:52:03,400
Speaker 1: the formation of the solar system, in helping us understand

1100
00:52:03,480 --> 00:52:06,400
Speaker 1: what's out there, and also in blocking our view of

1101
00:52:06,560 --> 00:52:08,279
Speaker 1: part of the glorious cosmos.

1102
00:52:08,480 --> 00:52:10,919
Speaker 4: You hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us. See

1103
00:52:10,920 --> 00:52:14,080
Speaker 4: you next time. Hey, it's hore Hey from the podcast,

1104
00:52:14,120 --> 00:52:16,520
Speaker 4: and I'm super excited to announce that my new book,

1105
00:52:16,600 --> 00:52:21,280
Speaker 4: Oliver's Great Big Universe, is available to order now.

1106
00:52:28,080 --> 00:52:30,880
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1107
00:52:30,960 --> 00:52:34,920
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1108
00:52:34,960 --> 00:52:39,600
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1109
00:52:39,680 --> 00:52:53,279
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1110
00:52:53,280 --> 00:52:55,560
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1111
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:58,520
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact, but the people in the dairy

1112
00:52:58,520 --> 00:53:02,160
Speaker 1: industry are. They're working hard every day to find new

1113
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:05,520
Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down

1114
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:10,239
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases, many

1115
00:53:10,280 --> 00:53:13,520
Speaker 1: farms use anaerobic digesters to turn the methane from manure

1116
00:53:13,760 --> 00:53:18,120
Speaker 1: into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars.

1117
00:53:18,520 --> 00:53:21,920
Speaker 1: Visit you as Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

1118
00:53:22,680 --> 00:53:26,960
Speaker 10: This is Malcolm Gladwell from Revisionist History. eBay Motors is

1119
00:53:27,040 --> 00:53:31,000
Speaker 10: here for the ride. With Samelbow grease, fresh installs, and

1120
00:53:31,040 --> 00:53:33,760
Speaker 10: a whole lot of love. You transformed one hundred thousand

1121
00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:36,319
Speaker 10: miles and a body full of rust into a drive

1122
00:53:36,360 --> 00:53:40,560
Speaker 10: that's all your own, break kits, led headlights, whatever you need,

1123
00:53:40,880 --> 00:53:45,319
Speaker 10: eBay Motors has it and with eBay Guaranteed Fit, It's

1124
00:53:45,360 --> 00:53:49,400
Speaker 10: guaranteed to fit your ride the first time, every time,

1125
00:53:50,000 --> 00:53:53,880
Speaker 10: or your money back. Plus. At these prices, you're burning rubber,

1126
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:57,600
Speaker 10: not cash. Keep your ride or die alive at ebaymotors

1127
00:53:57,640 --> 00:54:01,240
Speaker 10: dot Com. Eligible items only exclusions apply.

1128
00:54:01,480 --> 00:54:04,000
Speaker 3: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

1129
00:54:04,080 --> 00:54:07,960
Speaker 3: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

1130
00:54:08,080 --> 00:54:10,560
Speaker 3: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

1131
00:54:10,680 --> 00:54:13,279
Speaker 3: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

1132
00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:16,680
Speaker 3: at hotels. Become an Explorer and seek out unforgettable places

1133
00:54:16,719 --> 00:54:20,120
Speaker 3: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

1134
00:54:20,239 --> 00:54:23,880
Speaker 3: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC, subject to credit approval,

1135
00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:26,120
Speaker 3: Offer subject to change. Terms apply