1 00:00:01,560 --> 00:00:03,920 Speaker 1: When you're ready to ride Metro, we want you to 2 00:00:03,960 --> 00:00:06,560 Speaker 1: know we're ready for you. Here are just a few 3 00:00:06,559 --> 00:00:08,399 Speaker 1: of the people at Metro to tell you how we're 4 00:00:08,440 --> 00:00:12,119 Speaker 1: doing our part to keep riders safe. We're cleaning before 5 00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:15,319 Speaker 1: half to the Great Queen. You have found half out 6 00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: of suns of space. No mask, no Metro need one. 7 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:23,239 Speaker 1: We have a few extras at Metro. We're doing our 8 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:25,920 Speaker 1: part to keep the DC area moving. Find out more 9 00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:31,880 Speaker 1: at well mata dot com slash doing our part, No no, 10 00:00:32,920 --> 00:00:34,480 Speaker 1: do you picked a good hour of the arms drawing 11 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:35,960 Speaker 1: and get a shot to tune in because we have 12 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:38,320 Speaker 1: Tim the lawyer. Tim Standiford has been joining our show 13 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:43,200 Speaker 1: now for years. You were a child then. I can't 14 00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 1: believe it's been that long. I was just I was 15 00:00:46,159 --> 00:00:49,000 Speaker 1: just looking at some things that feel like yesterday, and 16 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:50,839 Speaker 1: we're actually a long time ago. My wife and I 17 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:53,279 Speaker 1: have decided to start watching Star Trek the Next Generation 18 00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:55,920 Speaker 1: on Netflix because she missed about half the show and 19 00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:59,480 Speaker 1: it was originally on the first episode of that show 20 00:00:59,560 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 1: was thirty two years ago now, which means that uh 21 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:05,920 Speaker 1: that the show was a lot closer to the original 22 00:01:05,959 --> 00:01:08,080 Speaker 1: series than we are to that show. Now. That's an 23 00:01:08,080 --> 00:01:10,400 Speaker 1: interesting The original Star Trek is only twenty years old 24 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:14,280 Speaker 1: than that show. Tim, aside from being a Star Trek historian, 25 00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,839 Speaker 1: is the vice president for Litigation at the Goldwater Institute. 26 00:01:17,880 --> 00:01:21,080 Speaker 1: Tim Sander for so, Tim, we know you're working on 27 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:23,360 Speaker 1: some really exciting and fun stuff right now, and we 28 00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:25,080 Speaker 1: want to talk about that, But we have a couple 29 00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:28,240 Speaker 1: of general constitution e questions that we wanted to che. 30 00:01:28,240 --> 00:01:30,000 Speaker 1: I wonder what you're just because you're a guy who's 31 00:01:30,040 --> 00:01:33,200 Speaker 1: read a lot about the Founding and the Constitution, that's 32 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:35,720 Speaker 1: what you do. Um um, what are your thoughts on 33 00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:38,560 Speaker 1: impeachment in general, not the particulars of this one, but 34 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: just the removal of a president from office. I think 35 00:01:41,240 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 1: that the Founding fathers expected us to use impeachment a 36 00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:46,800 Speaker 1: lot more a lot more than we do. And of 37 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:51,040 Speaker 1: course not just presidents, but judges also, and uh, they 38 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:53,400 Speaker 1: would be shocked that in the history of the United 39 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:57,160 Speaker 1: States there have been so very few impeachments of people 40 00:01:57,200 --> 00:02:00,560 Speaker 1: who have abused or arguably abused their offices. Because impeachment 41 00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:05,080 Speaker 1: is a political process. Of impeachment is a constitutional political process. 42 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:07,440 Speaker 1: It really drives me crazy that partisans in the media 43 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:10,520 Speaker 1: referred to impeachment as a coup or as trying to 44 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:15,360 Speaker 1: undo the election. No, impeachment is a political process that 45 00:02:15,520 --> 00:02:18,520 Speaker 1: if the if they're the constituents want it, then they 46 00:02:18,520 --> 00:02:20,720 Speaker 1: should get it. And that's that's what the system is 47 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:24,560 Speaker 1: designed for. And and we have come close but not 48 00:02:24,680 --> 00:02:28,119 Speaker 1: actually convicted presidents in in the impeachment process because there 49 00:02:28,200 --> 00:02:30,799 Speaker 1: wasn't actually that kind of political pressure for it. So 50 00:02:30,880 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: now judges, I don't know, I don't know what how 51 00:02:33,480 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: many judges are judges for life are a lot of 52 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 1: judges judges for all Article three. Federal court judges are 53 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: jus for the the article for the good behavior, I 54 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:46,040 Speaker 1: should say the article the argument for impeaching them makes 55 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:47,799 Speaker 1: a little more sense than that. You know, the only 56 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:49,120 Speaker 1: way you can get them out of there if you 57 00:02:49,120 --> 00:02:52,640 Speaker 1: think they're corrupt, whereas with a president h An elected 58 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,360 Speaker 1: officially you can wait till the next election. And it 59 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:59,799 Speaker 1: does happen that that federal judges are impeached, but you 60 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:01,560 Speaker 1: know when you can. When you just look at the numbers, 61 00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:04,400 Speaker 1: it's just not plausible that we've been using impeachment as 62 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:06,880 Speaker 1: often as we ought to. So you think it would 63 00:03:06,880 --> 00:03:09,560 Speaker 1: have been more I wonder if maybe we don't go 64 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:12,840 Speaker 1: through a period here where we just constantly or impeaching. Yeah, no, 65 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 1: I and I and I don't see anything inherently wrong 66 00:03:16,040 --> 00:03:19,160 Speaker 1: with that, because the system is supposed to balance parties 67 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:22,400 Speaker 1: against each other in order to protect the the individual. 68 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:25,079 Speaker 1: You know, the whole system of checks and balances is 69 00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: designed to keep the political branches at each other's throats, 70 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:32,600 Speaker 1: and that's a blessing, that's a benefit to us. You know, 71 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: people talk about gridlock, they used the term gridlock, when 72 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: gridlock is a feature, not a bug. The system is 73 00:03:38,840 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: designed to to counteract each branch so that the people 74 00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: can go out there about their business in peace and safety. 75 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 1: You want an efficient government where these the fools who 76 00:03:48,240 --> 00:03:51,560 Speaker 1: are in office can get what they want done immediately. 77 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 1: That would be a horrifying alternative. No, that that we're 78 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:57,800 Speaker 1: better off with the political parties duking it out and 79 00:03:58,000 --> 00:03:59,960 Speaker 1: accomplishing nothing by the end of the day, because then 80 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:03,520 Speaker 1: we can go about our our lives, pursuing happiness and 81 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:06,400 Speaker 1: and and being with our families, and running our businesses 82 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:08,600 Speaker 1: and and minding our own business. I mean, that's what 83 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:11,520 Speaker 1: the Constitution was designed to do. So there's a lot 84 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:14,640 Speaker 1: of discussion about what's an impeachable offense? We started our 85 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:18,839 Speaker 1: talk show roughly coincident with the whole Clinton impeachment mess, 86 00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:22,120 Speaker 1: and there's there's bribery and treason and high crimes and misdemeanors, 87 00:04:22,120 --> 00:04:25,960 Speaker 1: and everybody argues about what that means. Um, I understand 88 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:29,400 Speaker 1: they were vague, so it would cover things they couldn't anticipate. 89 00:04:29,480 --> 00:04:33,200 Speaker 1: But what about incompetence. What if you just think in 90 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:36,280 Speaker 1: a lot of people think the president sucks. That's that's 91 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:37,920 Speaker 1: kind of what they did with Andrew Johnson was just 92 00:04:37,960 --> 00:04:39,960 Speaker 1: the idea, he sucks, let's throw whole bunch of stuff 93 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 1: at him. And he really did. I mean, he really 94 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:44,680 Speaker 1: should have been thrown out of office. No, absolutely, incompetence 95 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,920 Speaker 1: is an impeachbable offense. Of course it is. It has 96 00:04:46,960 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: to be. You couldn't possibly have a constitutional system where 97 00:04:51,440 --> 00:04:54,159 Speaker 1: a president, let's say, in the first year of office, 98 00:04:54,200 --> 00:04:57,240 Speaker 1: goes crazy or something and just decides to randomly do 99 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,440 Speaker 1: all sorts of terrible things and there's nothing you can 100 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: do about. Of course, impeachment exists in order to remove 101 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:06,400 Speaker 1: people who are unfit for office. Like switchness to the 102 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:12,040 Speaker 1: metric system, my card gets fifteen rods to the hogshead, 103 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:18,080 Speaker 1: and that's the way I like it. The impeach I mean, uh, 104 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:21,840 Speaker 1: gross incompetence is an impeachable offense because it's a political crime. 105 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:25,359 Speaker 1: It's a danger, a serious threat to the safety and 106 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:28,000 Speaker 1: security of the people of the United States if the 107 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:31,560 Speaker 1: president is dangerously incompetent, and so of course that is 108 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:34,080 Speaker 1: an impeachable offense. But they specifically did not go with 109 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:37,560 Speaker 1: the term maladministration or whatever they were talking about at 110 00:05:37,560 --> 00:05:40,440 Speaker 1: the time. That's true. But also, you know what, what 111 00:05:40,640 --> 00:05:44,520 Speaker 1: the founders chose not to include is of limited value 112 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,039 Speaker 1: when interpreting the Constitution because there's lots of stuff they 113 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:49,159 Speaker 1: chose not to include, and there's a lot of reasons 114 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:51,640 Speaker 1: why they might have chosen not to include something. So 115 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:54,920 Speaker 1: perhaps they didn't include terms like maladministration because they thought 116 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:57,320 Speaker 1: that was covered sufficiently by the language that they did use. 117 00:05:57,600 --> 00:05:59,440 Speaker 1: So it's always of limited value to say, well, the 118 00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:01,800 Speaker 1: Founders show is not to include something. Maybe that's a 119 00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:04,360 Speaker 1: helpful argument, maybe not. But what we do know is 120 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,640 Speaker 1: that historically speaking, and just as a matter of common sense, 121 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:11,359 Speaker 1: removing a person from office because that person is dangerously 122 00:06:11,400 --> 00:06:15,120 Speaker 1: incompetent is obviously within what the Founding Fathers intended when 123 00:06:15,160 --> 00:06:17,440 Speaker 1: they wrote the Constitution. I'm not saying that that's the 124 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:21,119 Speaker 1: situation today. I'm talking about what the Founding Fathers thought 125 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:23,360 Speaker 1: at the time. They were right in the Constitution. Tim 126 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: Standard's VP for Litigation of the Goldwater Institute. The Second 127 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,400 Speaker 1: Amendment is also another aspect of the Constitution, part of 128 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:33,159 Speaker 1: the Constitution that seems to vex people for because it's 129 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:36,599 Speaker 1: it's vague. Would the Constitution have been better if they've 130 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:39,839 Speaker 1: made it two or three times as long or shorter. 131 00:06:40,400 --> 00:06:42,320 Speaker 1: So at the found at the writing of the Constitution, 132 00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:43,640 Speaker 1: there were a lot of people who were opposed to 133 00:06:43,680 --> 00:06:45,920 Speaker 1: including a bill of rights, including James Madison and James 134 00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:47,960 Speaker 1: Wilson are too, probably the two smartest guys at the 135 00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:51,599 Speaker 1: Constitutional Convention, and Alexander Hamilton's They were opposed to including 136 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:53,719 Speaker 1: a bill of rights at all because they said, look, 137 00:06:53,760 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: the Constitution only allows the government to do the things 138 00:06:56,920 --> 00:07:02,039 Speaker 1: that we've listed on this piece of paper exactly. That's it. 139 00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:04,680 Speaker 1: They all they can do is what's listed here, and 140 00:07:04,720 --> 00:07:06,920 Speaker 1: if we put in there, if we write a bill 141 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:08,560 Speaker 1: of rights that say, by the way, you have the 142 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: right to freedom of speech and the right freedom probably 143 00:07:10,800 --> 00:07:12,880 Speaker 1: blah blah blah. Then what's going to happen is people 144 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: are going to forget that the federal government only has 145 00:07:15,640 --> 00:07:17,200 Speaker 1: the power to do the things that are listed on 146 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 1: this piece. That's a pretty argument. It turns out that's 147 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:22,200 Speaker 1: right if if you and if you accidentally leave something out, 148 00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:24,400 Speaker 1: people will think that you purposely left it out there. 149 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: So they said, if we were at a Bill of 150 00:07:26,120 --> 00:07:27,880 Speaker 1: rights that leaves out that you have a right to 151 00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 1: run barefoot through sprinklers on a hot summer day, you 152 00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: might have people out there who say, well, you don't 153 00:07:32,280 --> 00:07:34,360 Speaker 1: have a right to run barefoot through sprinklers on as 154 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 1: slumber day because it's not in the Constitution. And sure 155 00:07:36,520 --> 00:07:39,200 Speaker 1: enough that is today how a large number of people 156 00:07:39,200 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 1: read the Constitution. So it's arguable that we would have 157 00:07:42,240 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: been better off without a Bill of Rights because that 158 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:46,000 Speaker 1: would have forced people to face the fact that the 159 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:49,400 Speaker 1: federal government has limited powers. That is really interesting. I 160 00:07:49,400 --> 00:07:52,080 Speaker 1: don't by itself by that argument, but it's an interesting argument. 161 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,680 Speaker 1: Is there anything in the Constitution about becoming the world's 162 00:07:54,800 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 1: largest insurance company read distributor of wealth? And there is 163 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:02,640 Speaker 1: nothing in the Constitution that authorizes the federal government to 164 00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:06,760 Speaker 1: do those things, I thought, not all right, then, so 165 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:11,000 Speaker 1: let's talk about what you're doing these days about we 166 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:12,840 Speaker 1: have a big case we're gonna be asking the Supreme 167 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:16,320 Speaker 1: Court to take this month that involves whether lawyers can 168 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: be forced to join bar associations. And this is a 169 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: this is a very important issue. So for a long 170 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:24,560 Speaker 1: time now, lawyers have been forced not just to pass 171 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:26,280 Speaker 1: the bar exam and not talking about the bar exam. 172 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: You have to pass the exam and you get licensed, 173 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 1: you get sworn in, then you're a lawyer. That's a 174 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:33,840 Speaker 1: different thing. A lot of states, about twenty states, I'm 175 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:37,760 Speaker 1: sorry about thirty states today now force lawyers to join 176 00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:41,800 Speaker 1: bar associations, which are private clubs, are basically labor unions 177 00:08:41,840 --> 00:08:45,280 Speaker 1: for lawyers. And I am a member of the Arizona 178 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:48,080 Speaker 1: State Bar Association they called the Arizona State Bar but 179 00:08:48,080 --> 00:08:52,000 Speaker 1: it's a it's a private trade organization that I'm required 180 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:55,640 Speaker 1: every year to pay five dollars or so too, and 181 00:08:55,679 --> 00:08:59,880 Speaker 1: they spend this money on political activities. They lobby the legislature, 182 00:08:59,880 --> 00:09:03,480 Speaker 1: they take political positions on things. State bar associations do 183 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: this all over the country. Even though I disagree that 184 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:09,560 Speaker 1: they're forcing me to subsidize political speech that I disagree 185 00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:12,640 Speaker 1: with and you disagree with some of their positions. Oh yes, 186 00:09:12,679 --> 00:09:15,679 Speaker 1: and this is now you might think or not. I'm 187 00:09:15,679 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: not sure you should absolutely, and and listeners might think, well, 188 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,080 Speaker 1: who cares about the first meant rights of lawyers themselves. 189 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: And this is very important because bar associations have a 190 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:29,199 Speaker 1: lot of political influence with state legislatures, because state bars 191 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:31,760 Speaker 1: lobby and they get a lot of influence, and they 192 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 1: got listened to a lot at state at the state level, 193 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:36,320 Speaker 1: and then they may never notice that in corrupt the fornias. 194 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:39,280 Speaker 1: And then the media view of the media regularly throws 195 00:09:39,320 --> 00:09:42,360 Speaker 1: around whichever bar association believes this as if well, but 196 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:44,640 Speaker 1: not subtles it as if that's they speak for the 197 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:47,480 Speaker 1: entire legal profession, and they don't. So we have sued 198 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: over this issue in several states in Louisiana, in Oklahoma, 199 00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:55,240 Speaker 1: and Oregon. There are cases going on in Wisconsin and Texas, 200 00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:58,120 Speaker 1: and we're doing a case in North Dakota that we're 201 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:00,480 Speaker 1: asking the U. S. Supreme Court to take and to 202 00:10:00,559 --> 00:10:03,760 Speaker 1: hold that lawyers cannot be forced to join bar associations 203 00:10:03,760 --> 00:10:06,920 Speaker 1: and subsidize their political activities just like the Supreme Court 204 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:09,000 Speaker 1: has already said you cannot be forced to join the 205 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: labor union and subsidize its political activities against your will. 206 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: How hard does that test? The bar? Uh, the bar 207 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:18,000 Speaker 1: exam itself, that it is, it's certainly the hardest test. 208 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:20,920 Speaker 1: I Ever, how long does it take you? Well, these kids, 209 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:22,679 Speaker 1: these kids that they have no idea how good they 210 00:10:22,720 --> 00:10:24,800 Speaker 1: have it? When I took the bars and the California 211 00:10:24,800 --> 00:10:27,960 Speaker 1: Bargsam is a three day exam, three days, and the 212 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: Arizona Bar Exam was and still is a two day exam. 213 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:32,800 Speaker 1: I believe California is now only two days. But it 214 00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: is a very demanding test. And um, could you pass 215 00:10:36,040 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: it today or is it the sort of thing you 216 00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:39,120 Speaker 1: need to study up for? At that time, I would 217 00:10:39,160 --> 00:10:40,319 Speaker 1: have to study up for it. And I was in 218 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:42,400 Speaker 1: a bad situation because I took it in California fifteen 219 00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:43,800 Speaker 1: years ago, and then I had to retake it in 220 00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: Arizona two years ago when I lived there. So it 221 00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:49,360 Speaker 1: is a uh, yeah, it was tough to have to 222 00:10:49,400 --> 00:10:51,240 Speaker 1: go back over that stuff and relearn it. Is it 223 00:10:51,559 --> 00:10:54,280 Speaker 1: like word searches two pictures? What's the difference between these 224 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:58,040 Speaker 1: two pictures sort of things? Well, the answer is no. 225 00:10:58,320 --> 00:11:01,199 Speaker 1: But actually to get into law school you have to 226 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,880 Speaker 1: take another test, the l s AT, and the L 227 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:06,520 Speaker 1: set actually does have something kind of like that. The 228 00:11:06,679 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: l SAT exam is a lot of logic puzzles. It's 229 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:11,840 Speaker 1: stuff like, you know, you have a chicken and a 230 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: wolf and a bag of seed, and you have to 231 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:16,520 Speaker 1: cross the river in a canoe, and you can really 232 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:18,280 Speaker 1: have two in the same canoe at the same time. 233 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:21,680 Speaker 1: That kind of question is on the L side. Do 234 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:24,679 Speaker 1: you have to go to law school to take the bar? Uh? 235 00:11:24,760 --> 00:11:28,440 Speaker 1: Not in every state, but some state could study up. 236 00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:35,480 Speaker 1: There are some Sti Randalls like Lincoln call Jack. California 237 00:11:35,679 --> 00:11:37,680 Speaker 1: is the is I think the only state where you 238 00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:40,120 Speaker 1: can take the bar exam without having gone to law school. 239 00:11:40,520 --> 00:11:42,520 Speaker 1: And every few year a few people passed the bar 240 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: exam having studied on their own. Very few. And of 241 00:11:45,160 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 1: course it's very hard to get a job if you 242 00:11:46,679 --> 00:11:51,240 Speaker 1: do that, but it is possible. If you graduate from 243 00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:53,160 Speaker 1: law school you are automatically a member of the bar 244 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:56,760 Speaker 1: in a few states. Among the fine books that Tim 245 00:11:56,840 --> 00:12:01,240 Speaker 1: Senterver has written uh the recent The Ascent of Jacob Bronowski, 246 00:12:01,960 --> 00:12:03,840 Speaker 1: which we talked to him about on a podcast right, 247 00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:06,640 Speaker 1: that's right at some point. Uh yeah, very very good. Uh. 248 00:12:06,640 --> 00:12:10,080 Speaker 1: Frederick Douglas self Made Man, which is absolutely terrific. The 249 00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:14,360 Speaker 1: Permission Society, which we helped inspire, finally inspired something positive 250 00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 1: in the world. Um, and the right to earn a 251 00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:20,600 Speaker 1: living one of my faiths about economic freedom, which is 252 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:24,240 Speaker 1: another forgotten notion these days. Very much so. Yeah. Anyway, 253 00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 1: we'll have a linked all that stuff for you. We'll 254 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:28,280 Speaker 1: be back with him to talk more liberty and constitution 255 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:33,200 Speaker 1: stuff like that in moments on the Armstrong and Getty Show. 256 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,000 Speaker 1: When you're ready to ride Metro, we want you to 257 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:41,640 Speaker 1: know we're ready for you. Here are just a few 258 00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:43,480 Speaker 1: of the people at Metro to tell you how we're 259 00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:46,400 Speaker 1: doing our part to keep writers safe. We're cleaning like 260 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:50,680 Speaker 1: novel before the Great Queen. You've found hands out of suns, 261 00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:55,760 Speaker 1: of spaces, no masks, no Metro need one. We have 262 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,640 Speaker 1: a few extras at Metro. We're doing our part to 263 00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 1: keep the DC area moved. Find out more at will 264 00:13:01,280 --> 00:13:03,280 Speaker 1: Mota dot com slash doing our part