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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, were rerunning two episodes today, which means that

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Speaker 1: you'll hear two hosts me and Tracy V. Wilson. Enjoy

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Speaker 1: the show. Welcome to this Day in History Class from

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Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk of

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Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show where

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Speaker 1: we explore the past one day at a time with

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Speaker 1: a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, and

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Speaker 1: it's November. A whale sank the whaling ship Essex on

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Speaker 1: the day in eighteen twenty. The story starts on the

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Speaker 1: island of Nantucket off of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, which was

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Speaker 1: the heart of the whaling industry in the early nineteenth century.

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Speaker 1: This industry had started out with people butchering dead whales

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Speaker 1: that had washed up on shore, and then that progressed

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Speaker 1: of people hunting whales relatively close to the shore from boats,

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Speaker 1: and then to hunting whales farther and farther out to

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Speaker 1: see and much larger and more sophisticated ships as pe well,

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Speaker 1: we're whaling farther and farther out from the shore. These

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Speaker 1: ships started to have equipment on board to process what

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Speaker 1: was harvested from the whales, because that was a lot

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Speaker 1: easier than trying to haul an entire whale back to

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Speaker 1: the shore, sometimes from thousands of miles away. A lot

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Speaker 1: of what they were really after was the sperma cite

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Speaker 1: also people call that spermaceti from the heads of sperm whales.

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Speaker 1: They were also harvesting blubber. It wasn't as much about

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Speaker 1: the meat, it was about the blubber and the oil,

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Speaker 1: and also ambergriss, which you had to be really lucky

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Speaker 1: to get. That was a lot more rare. So whaling

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Speaker 1: ships had this series of pots and fires on board

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Speaker 1: called a try works that was used to render the

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Speaker 1: blubber while they were still at sea, and the whale

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Speaker 1: ship also carried a few smaller whaling boats because the

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Speaker 1: main ship itself was not all that maneuverable. You needed

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Speaker 1: something much smaller and faster to be able to actually

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Speaker 1: hunt a whale. Voyages were also meant to last a

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Speaker 1: really long time. It was not uncommon for a ship

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Speaker 1: to set out with three or four years of supplies,

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Speaker 1: and two and a half year voyages were really typical.

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Speaker 1: This is also incredibly dangerous work. A lot of people died.

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Speaker 1: In August of eighteen nineteen, the Essex set sail from

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Speaker 1: Nantucket and nearly sank in a squall just two days later.

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Speaker 1: They eventually made their way to the Galapagos Islands, though,

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Speaker 1: and they resupplied with turtle meat while they were there.

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Speaker 1: But while they were there, they also set a fire

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Speaker 1: on Charles Island that was massively destructive and probably led

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Speaker 1: to the extinction of at least two animal species. More

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Speaker 1: than a year after they had left Nantucket, they spotted

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Speaker 1: a pod of whales and they deployed two boats to

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Speaker 1: go hunt them. But then the people that were still

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Speaker 1: on the main whaling ship noticed another whale that was

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Speaker 1: behaving oddly. It seemed to be watching them. They estimated

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Speaker 1: that this whale was about eighty five ft or twenty

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Speaker 1: six meters long, which was extremely large for a sperm whale,

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Speaker 1: and then it headed straight for them. It struck the ship,

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Speaker 1: turned around, came back and struck them again. So with

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Speaker 1: the ship seriously damaged, it started to sink. Fortunately for

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Speaker 1: the crew, those boats that were used to hunt the

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Speaker 1: whales were still in order and the men, all of

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Speaker 1: them survived the sinking, divided up and got into them.

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Speaker 1: They were also able to salvage about sixty days worth

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Speaker 1: of supplies, including a hundred and nine gallons of water.

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Speaker 1: At first, they talked about heading for the Marquesas or

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Speaker 1: the Society Islands. Both of those were more than a

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Speaker 1: thousand miles away, and the prevailing current would help get

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Speaker 1: them there, but they were afraid of cannibals on these islands,

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Speaker 1: which is going to turn out to be ironic. Instead

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Speaker 1: of going that way, they headed for Peru or Chili,

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Speaker 1: both of which required them to go against the current

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Speaker 1: and against the wind, but they were so afraid of

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Speaker 1: the cannibal threat that that seemed like the best option.

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Speaker 1: When they got to the Pitcairn Islands, three of the

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Speaker 1: men decided to stay behind, but the rest of them

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Speaker 1: decided to continue on because there wasn't really a lot

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Speaker 1: there for them to sustain themselves. But these men and

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Speaker 1: the whaling boats did not have enough provisions to get

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Speaker 1: to land, and after a while survivors turned to cannibalism

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Speaker 1: when their crewmates died. It got to a point though,

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Speaker 1: where no one had died, so they had to draw

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Speaker 1: lots to decide who would be murdered and then eaten.

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Speaker 1: They were finally spotted off the coast of Chile on

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Speaker 1: February one, after more than three months. In the end,

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Speaker 1: there were eight survivors out of the twenty or twenty

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Speaker 1: one who set sail initially. That included those three men

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Speaker 1: that had stayed behind when the rest back in the boats.

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Speaker 1: Captain George Pollard Jr. Survived. His next ship, though, was

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Speaker 1: the Two Brothers, and it also sank after it struck

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Speaker 1: coral reef. At that point no one would hire him

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Speaker 1: to captain a ship anymore, and then this whole story

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Speaker 1: became the inspiration for the classic novel Moby Dick. The

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Speaker 1: first mate, who was named Owen Chase, also wrote a

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Speaker 1: book about this whole experience, which was called Narrative of

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Speaker 1: the most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the whale ship

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Speaker 1: Essex of Nantucket, which was attacked and finally destroyed by

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Speaker 1: a large Sperma city whale in the Pacific Ocean, with

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Speaker 1: an account of the unparalleled sufferings of the captain and

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Speaker 1: crew during a space of ninety three days at sea

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Speaker 1: in open boats in the years eighteen nineteen and eighteen twenty.

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Speaker 1: You can learn more about this in the September episode

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Speaker 1: of Stephanie miss in History Class. Thanks to k C. P.

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Speaker 1: Graham and Chandler Maye for their audio work on the show.

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Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to you the Stay in History

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Speaker 1: Class on Apple podcasts and Google podcasts and web brailed

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Speaker 1: to your podcast and you can tune in tomorrow for

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Speaker 1: a document to a stay ablished a new government. Hey,

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Speaker 1: I'm Eves and you're listening to This Day in History Class,

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Speaker 1: a podcast where we bring you a slice of history

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Speaker 1: every day. The day was November. Zoombie, an Afro Brazilian

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Speaker 1: leader of the anti slavery resistance in Brazil, was executed

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Speaker 1: by the Portuguese He has since become a symbol of

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Speaker 1: black freedom. Today, the date of his execution is commemorated

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Speaker 1: in Brazil as Black Awareness Day or Black Consciousness Day.

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Speaker 1: Zombie was born in Palmads in the Portuguese colony of Brazil,

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Speaker 1: and he's believed to be the descendant of the Imbangala

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Speaker 1: warriors in Angola. From the time people begin enslaving Africans

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Speaker 1: and sending them to Brazil in the fifteen hundreds, Brazil

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Speaker 1: was the biggest destination for enslaved Africans in the America's

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Speaker 1: Africans and their descendants who had escaped slavery in Brazil

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Speaker 1: built maroon settlements known as Mocambo's. A united collection of

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Speaker 1: Mocambo's has been called a Quilombo. Pal Maries, where Zoombie

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Speaker 1: was born, was a kilombo in the mountains of northeast

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Speaker 1: Brazil that was founded in sixteen o five. Portuguese colonists

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Speaker 1: frequently attacked them, and pal Mades was no exception. A

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Speaker 1: few years after Zoombie was born, the Portuguese kidnapped him,

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Speaker 1: and for years he lived in the coastal monastery. He

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Speaker 1: learned Portuguese, Latin and the tenants of Catholicism, but when

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Speaker 1: Zombie was around fifteen years old, he escaped and returned

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Speaker 1: to pal Maries. At this point, his uncle, Ganga Zoomba

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Speaker 1: was the king of pal Mades. Ganga Zoomba appointed Zombie

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Speaker 1: to a post as a military commander, since Portuguese forces

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Speaker 1: and plantation owners were consistently raiding the Settle moment. In response,

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Speaker 1: the people of pal Modes conducted raids against the Portuguese,

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Speaker 1: including ones led by Zoombie. They intimidated colonists and captured

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Speaker 1: people enslaved on plantations, enslaved people who escaped to pal

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Speaker 1: Madus were considered free, but those who were captured at

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Speaker 1: plantations and taken to the colombo were required to work.

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Speaker 1: They could earn their freedom by capturing someone else. Enslaved

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Speaker 1: people who fled pal Modus were punished if they were

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Speaker 1: later recaptured. Through this system, palmades Is population grew significantly.

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Speaker 1: The people in Palmdus were farmers, hunters, and fishers. Since

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Speaker 1: they bartered with traders for guns and ammunition, soldiers were

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Speaker 1: well armed. Zoombie gained authority and respect as people recognized

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Speaker 1: his strength, wisdom, and courage in battle. In sixteen seventy eight,

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Speaker 1: the governor of the captain Sea of Fernambuku, Pedro Almeida,

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Speaker 1: negotiated a peace treaty with King Ganga Zoomba. The king

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Speaker 1: agreed to the treaty, but Zombie did not like its terms,

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Speaker 1: nor did he trust the Portuguese. Zombie rejected the deal

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Speaker 1: and Ganga Zomba's acceptance of it, and he incited a revolt.

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Speaker 1: Ganga Zomba was poisoned and died, and Zombie became king.

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Speaker 1: He continued pal Modus fight against the Portuguese. Most Colombos

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Speaker 1: did not last long because of Portuguese attacks, but Palo

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Speaker 1: mads lasted for nearly a century. Though Zombie continued the

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Speaker 1: anti Portuguese resistance. The Portuguese aggressively attacked Palo Madus, burning

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Speaker 1: the land and overpowering its fighters with their forces. Zoombie

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Speaker 1: was captured and decapitated on November and Palomadus fell. The

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Speaker 1: Portuguese celebrated the defeat and used it to send a

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Speaker 1: message to other resistance fighters who dared to take up

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Speaker 1: arms against them. Brazil was the last nation in the

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Speaker 1: America's to abolish slavery, when it did so in eight eight.

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Speaker 1: In the centuries after his death, story about Zoombie were

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Speaker 1: passed down in oral traditions, and primary sources related to

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Speaker 1: his history were dug up for Brazilians of African descent.

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Speaker 1: Pal Madas is remembered for its challenge to colonial authority,

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Speaker 1: and Zoombie's legacy is honored as one of heroic resistance.

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Speaker 1: I'm each stuff Coote and hopefully you know a little

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Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you

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Speaker 1: haven't gotten your fill of history yet, you can find

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Speaker 1: us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t d I

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Speaker 1: h C podcast, and if you would like to write

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Speaker 1: a PDF, and send it to us via email at

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