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Speaker 3: Hey Daniel, what keeps you up at night?

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Speaker 1: Oh? I worry about a lot of things. Financial crises,

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Speaker 1: my kids growing up to be just like me, all

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Speaker 1: sorts of stuff.

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Speaker 3: I worry about that too, for them.

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Speaker 1: You worry about my kids growing up to be just

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Speaker 1: like me. We can't have more of him in the world.

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Speaker 3: Okay, But like on a galactic scale, on a universe scale,

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Speaker 3: what's something we should be concerned about?

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Speaker 1: Well, we do have a lot of things to look

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Speaker 1: forward to in terms of our galaxy. If we survive

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Speaker 1: the sun exploding in the waters are boiling off, then

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Speaker 1: we have something pretty dramatic to look forward to, which

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Speaker 1: is that our galaxy, the Milky Way, is going to

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Speaker 1: collide with their nearest neighbor and.

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Speaker 3: Drameda meaning right now there's an entire galaxy and drama

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Speaker 3: heading towards us at this very moment.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It's like somebody shot it at us with

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Speaker 1: a slingshot and it's zooming right towards us, and it's

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Speaker 1: going to hit us smack on.

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Speaker 2: Hi.

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Speaker 3: I'm Jorhek and I'm Daniel, and this is our podcast

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Speaker 3: Daniel and Jorge explain the universe. On the episode today,

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Speaker 3: we're going to talk about.

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Speaker 1: What will happen when galaxies collide. Is this something we

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Speaker 1: should all be worrying about and packing our bags, about

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Speaker 1: building our underground shelters or we all screw or is

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Speaker 1: it just going to be like a big nothing?

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Speaker 4: Yeah?

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Speaker 3: How much should I pack?

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Speaker 1: You should definitely be stalking lentils no matter what. Lentils

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Speaker 1: are a good investment for any of these ends of

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Speaker 1: the world stories. Not just beans, no, no, Lentils. I

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Speaker 1: mean lentils are a kind of lego.

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Speaker 3: For a galactic emergency. That's the one to go with.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Absolutely, I would invest in lentils heavily. And it's

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Speaker 1: not just because I happen to purchase lentil stocks just

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Speaker 1: before we recorded this podcast and I'm trying to drum

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Speaker 1: up the lentil futures you know, I'm sincerely worried about

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Speaker 1: our listeners, and I encourage you all to go out

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Speaker 1: there and stock pile lentils.

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Speaker 3: Well, that's a whole hill of beans worth of advice

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Speaker 3: right there.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And so this is the question in today's podcast,

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Speaker 1: what will happen when our galaxy, the Milky Way, collides

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Speaker 1: with the neighboring galaxy? And this question I love not

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Speaker 1: just because it's huge and dramatic and galactic and all

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Speaker 1: this sort of stuff, but because it was suggested by

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Speaker 1: one of our listeners.

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Speaker 3: That's right. It's Blake from Australia who listens to this

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Speaker 3: podcast on her commute to work every day.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And she didn't tell us what she uses

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Speaker 1: to commute. Maybe she rides an beautiful pickup truck. Maybe

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Speaker 1: she's in the back of a limo.

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Speaker 3: Maybe she writes the Kangaroo.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, who knows, that's right with a really nice sound system.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, but she has some interesting feedback for us about

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Speaker 3: our podcast. Right. What did she say?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? She said that she likes listening to me explain things,

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Speaker 1: but she also likes when you interrupt me. She said

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Speaker 1: that often you interrupt me just the same moment when

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Speaker 1: she has a question and you pose the same question

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Speaker 1: that was bouncing around in her head that she was

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Speaker 1: shouting at her Limo sound system or kangaroo speakers or

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Speaker 1: whatever it is she using to listen to. And so

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Speaker 1: I was glad for that because you know, I like

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Speaker 1: when you interrupt me. Also, it breaks the flow and

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Speaker 1: it keeps me from just droning on and on and on.

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Speaker 1: So thank you Blake for suggesting this topic, and thank

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Speaker 1: you Jorge for occasionally interrupting.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I know, I'm happy to be rude.

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Speaker 1: It seems to come naturally. Yeah, yeah, And so that's

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Speaker 1: the topic of today's podcast. And we thought first before

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Speaker 1: we do, we would walk around like we usually do

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Speaker 1: and ask people, are you worried about a galactic collision?

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Speaker 1: What do you think will happen when our galaxy collides

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Speaker 1: with a neighboring galaxy?

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Speaker 3: So put that image in your mind, two giant galaxies,

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Speaker 3: full stars running into each other. What do you think

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Speaker 3: is going to happen? Here's what people had to say,

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Speaker 3: big explosion. We'd probably all die.

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Speaker 2: It is going to be mostly nothing because of all

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Speaker 2: the empty space around the world, although there would be

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Speaker 2: some crashes and so on in the way.

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Speaker 5: Okay, probably somewhere between a glacial, slow event that we

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Speaker 5: won't even notice and nothing at all.

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Speaker 3: Maybe leaning toward nothing at all. I think it would

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Speaker 3: probably be a big explosion with something pretty crazy happening.

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Speaker 3: All right. That was a little anti climatic. People seem

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Speaker 3: to have very low expectations of this event.

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Speaker 1: What do you mean. It seems like half the people

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Speaker 1: were like, it's going to be nothing, and the other

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Speaker 1: half are like, big explosions, We're all going to die.

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Speaker 3: Well, why do you do you think? Blake asked this question?

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Speaker 3: Do you think this is something she's concerned about or

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Speaker 3: is something she's curious about?

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Speaker 1: You know, I think Blake is probably deciding whether or

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Speaker 1: not to stock up on lentils.

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Speaker 3: You know, she's probably right now as sorry, she asked.

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Speaker 1: I think it's part of just trying to be a

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Speaker 1: sort of a citizen of the larger universe, you know,

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Speaker 1: wondering where we stand and trying to think bigger than

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Speaker 1: just our planet. You know, because there's so much going

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Speaker 1: on out there, it's so easy to just walk around

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Speaker 1: on the surfaces planet never really look up and remember

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Speaker 1: that there's a enormous amount of stuff happening out there,

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Speaker 1: and then you wonder like, well, how is that relevant

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Speaker 1: to me? And is he going to ruin my life?

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Speaker 1: Or can I go on ignoring it?

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Speaker 2: Right?

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Speaker 1: So, I think maybe she was just sort of thinking

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Speaker 1: into the deep future and wondering, like, how long can

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Speaker 1: this whole ridiculous, beautiful thing we call life on Earth

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Speaker 1: go on?

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Speaker 3: Right? Is it going to change from how it is now?

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Speaker 1: Right? Yeah? Exactly? Do I need to change the way

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Speaker 1: I live? Does it affect any decision making? On the

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Speaker 1: other hand, it could be that Blake, like many people,

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Speaker 1: is just to think her and likes to think about

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Speaker 1: these scenarios, and she probably heard that the Milky Way

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Speaker 1: will collide with Andromeda and wonder like, what's that going

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Speaker 1: to be? Like? You know, this is this other side

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Speaker 1: of me that likes to smash stuff together. I mean,

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Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist. But then we have the whole

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Speaker 1: universe to play with, right, And so you might wonder like,

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Speaker 1: what happens when planets collide? What happens when solar systems colide?

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Speaker 1: Oh my gosh, what if we could build a galaxy

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Speaker 1: collider and shoot them against each other and smash them

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Speaker 1: into each other? Right, So it just comes out of

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Speaker 1: like a curiosity to see stuff break by smashing it together.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, well, let's think a step back and just kind

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Speaker 3: of think about why even galaxies would collide, Like, is

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Speaker 3: this a relevant question that is this something that happens

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Speaker 3: a lot galaxies colliding or is it something that's incredibly rare.

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Speaker 1: It turns out galaxies colliding happens all the time. It's

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Speaker 1: like a totally natural thing.

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Speaker 3: Really.

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Speaker 1: And our galaxy, Yeah, not only will our galaxy collide

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Speaker 1: with Andromeda in a few billion years, it's currently colliding

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Speaker 1: with other smaller galaxies and.

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Speaker 3: What Yeah, we're in a collision right now.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. And remember that the galactic time scale

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Speaker 1: are very different. You know, the galaxy takes about two

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Speaker 1: hundred million years just to rotate once.

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Speaker 3: To go around once.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so one galactic year is two hundred million earth years.

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Speaker 3: But it looks so swirly, It looks you know, you

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Speaker 3: know what I mean, Like it looks like it's in motion,

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Speaker 3: but it's actually it is.

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Speaker 1: In motion, it's just very slow, right, And so all

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Speaker 1: these things are dancing around each other and sometimes they

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Speaker 1: bump into each other. And the thing I think is

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Speaker 1: amazing is that, you know, until like a hundred years ago,

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Speaker 1: we didn't even know there were other galaxies. Like we

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Speaker 1: looked up at the night sky and we saw stars,

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Speaker 1: and we thought, oh, there's just stars that go on forever. Right,

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Speaker 1: the universe is just filled with stars.

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Speaker 3: The universe is just like a giant mess of pinpoints, right,

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Speaker 3: just stars.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, like somebody hit scattered stars across the cosmos, right,

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Speaker 1: And it was Hubble, the guy for whom the telescope

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Speaker 1: and the constant are named. He's the guy who figured out, oh,

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Speaker 1: some of those things that are really far out there

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Speaker 1: are not stars. There are other galaxies. Right, So there's

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Speaker 1: the universe is filled with other galaxies. And of course

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Speaker 1: there are more galaxies than stars. And then each galaxy,

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Speaker 1: of course contains hundreds of billions of stars, and so

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Speaker 1: the numbers pretty quickly blow your head up before you

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Speaker 1: can understand them. But the point I wanted to make

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Speaker 1: was that we didn't realize there were galaxies until recently,

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Speaker 1: and now we're realizing that galaxies are in motion relative

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Speaker 1: to each other, and they're moving. Now, these galaxies that

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Speaker 1: we see out there in the sky, they're not just

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Speaker 1: like hanging there in space never to change. Right, They

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Speaker 1: are moving their dynamic things, and they're constantly in motion,

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Speaker 1: and they have huge gravitational attraction.

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Speaker 3: Well, let's break it down. What exactly is a galaxy?

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Speaker 3: I mean, I know it's kind of like a collection

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Speaker 3: of stars, But you know, why do stars clump together

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Speaker 3: like that? First of all? And what makes a galaxy special?

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Speaker 1: Like?

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Speaker 3: Why is it more than just a clump of stars?

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Speaker 1: Well, what makes our galaxy special is that you're in it. Horse,

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Speaker 1: there's no other galaxy that feature is such a good looking, funny.

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Speaker 3: Cartoonist me and lentils. We make it. We make it habitable.

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Speaker 1: Right, Okay, so what's the recipe for a galaxy? Right? Well,

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Speaker 1: the thing that the galaxies have the most of, remember,

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Speaker 1: is dark matter. In general, there's about five times as

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Speaker 1: much dark matter as there is any other kind of matter,

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Speaker 1: you know, the stuff that makes up gas and dust

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Speaker 1: and stars and people and cartoonists and ice cream. So

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Speaker 1: it's mostly dark matter.

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Speaker 3: So that's the stuff we can see or touch. I mean,

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Speaker 3: we did a whole podcast episode on dark matter, but

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Speaker 3: it just in case somebody didn't listen to it. It's

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Speaker 3: like this weird invisible dark gravity thing. That's hanging out

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Speaker 3: that every galaxy has.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, we call it dark and matter because

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Speaker 1: we can't see it, so it's dark and we know

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Speaker 1: it gives gravity, so therefore it's matter. And the crazy

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Speaker 1: thing is that until you know, a few decades ago,

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Speaker 1: we didn't even know it existed, and now we know

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Speaker 1: that galaxies are mostly made up of this stuff. Right. Wow,

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Speaker 1: So number one ingredient when you want to make a

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Speaker 1: galaxy is you have to have dark matter.

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Speaker 3: It's like five times more than the star, right, yeah, exactly,

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Speaker 3: Like a galaxy is basically a clump of dark matter

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Speaker 3: with a few sprinkles of stars in it.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah. If a galaxy was a cupcake, right,

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Speaker 1: the dark matter would be the chocolate cake, and you

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Speaker 1: know there everything else would be the frosting and the sprinkles.

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Speaker 1: The gas in the dust would be the frosting, the

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Speaker 1: stars would be the sprinkles on top.

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Speaker 3: Oh I see, okay, that's kind of the right proportions.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, something like that.

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Speaker 4: Wow.

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Speaker 1: So you start with a big blob of dark matter, okay,

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Speaker 1: and that's most of it, and then after that you

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Speaker 1: have huge amounts of gas and dust, right, and that's

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Speaker 1: the stuff that's left over from the Big Bang or

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Speaker 1: left over from stars exploding, and those are the ingredients

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Speaker 1: you need to make planets and stars and all sorts

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Speaker 1: of stuff that you're familiar with, right, And so you

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Speaker 1: have dark matter, you have gas, you have dust, you

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Speaker 1: have planets and stars.

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Speaker 3: And black holes. Right, Like there's just little black holes

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Speaker 3: sprinkled throughout probably, but there's a huge giant black hole

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Speaker 3: at the center of every galaxy.

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Speaker 1: That's right. I can't believe I forgot the black hole.

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Speaker 1: The black hole at the center of almost every galaxy

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Speaker 1: is huge. It's like, you know, millions of solar masses

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Speaker 1: and it's sitting there at the center of the black hole,

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Speaker 1: and it's it's got a lot of stuff to it also, right,

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Speaker 1: it carries a lot of mass and so it contributes.

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Speaker 1: So that's what a galaxy is. And you know, a

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Speaker 1: galaxy couldn't really form without all those elements, Like you

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Speaker 1: couldn't really have a galaxy without dark matter because dark

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Speaker 1: matter provides the gravitational traction to suck all this stuff together.

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Speaker 1: You know, they do these simulations of the universe and

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Speaker 1: they say, what would the universe look like if you

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Speaker 1: never had dark matter? In it, and it would take

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Speaker 1: a lot longer for galaxies to form because dark matter

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Speaker 1: has pulled all this stuff together. It's like it's made

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Speaker 1: a you know, like a well in the rubber sheet

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Speaker 1: of the universe, so everything rolls together more closely.

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Speaker 3: Hmm, Okay, so that's that's a galaxy. It's a black

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Speaker 3: hole surrounded by dark matter and.

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Speaker 1: Sprinkles of stars and gas and dust and lentils and

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Speaker 1: lentals exactly yes.

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Speaker 3: And so they're not just hanging out in space. They're

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Speaker 3: moving around.

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Speaker 1: That's right there. Each one is spinning, right, which is

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Speaker 1: why you see a lot of them having these spiral features.

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Speaker 1: Each one is spinning, and then they're also moving around

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Speaker 1: each other. They have gravity and they're moving around each other,

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Speaker 1: and they have these Each galaxy is a member of

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Speaker 1: a cluster of galaxies, and so these guys are orbiting

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Speaker 1: the center of the cluster. And then the clusters are

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Speaker 1: members of superclusters. So these things have a lot of

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Speaker 1: gravitational interactions everywhere.

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Speaker 3: It's like a system of galaxies. They all interact with

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Speaker 3: each other, and they're all spin around their common center

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Speaker 3: of mass.

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Speaker 1: Exactly right, And they're all spinning around that center so

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Speaker 1: it's sort of like a big slow motion tornado, right

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Speaker 1: you looked at it, If you looked at it really

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Speaker 1: really slow, you're like, oh, nothing's really moving. I mean,

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Speaker 1: I guess a little bit. But you watch it at

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Speaker 1: natural speed a tornado, and obviously it's going really fast.

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Speaker 1: And so a galaxy is that's sort of that same way.

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Speaker 1: The gather system of galaxies is sort of that same way. Right,

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Speaker 1: They're all moving around each other and then occasionally, you know,

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Speaker 1: they bump into each other.

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Speaker 3: Wow, that's so weird to think that gravity works that way.

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Speaker 3: Like we are, you know, moving around the center of

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Speaker 3: the Earth. The Earth is moving around our solar system,

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Speaker 3: around the center of gravity, which is mostly the Sun.

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Speaker 3: But the Sun is awesome, moving around the center of

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Speaker 3: gravity of the galaxy, and the galaxy is also moving

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Speaker 3: around the center of gravity of its cluster of galaxies.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, and on and on and on like

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Speaker 1: a bunch of nested Russian dolls, you know, Yeah, until

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Speaker 1: you get to the biggest structures in the universe, you know,

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Speaker 1: which are the superclusters, and then the filaments of superclusters,

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Speaker 1: and beyond that, we don't know anything about whether there

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Speaker 1: are bigger and bigger structures. That's as far as we've seen.

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Speaker 3: So we're moving around, and sometimes these two galaxies can

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Speaker 3: just run into each other. In the giant fastness with space,

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Speaker 3: all these moving galaxies can sometimes cross paths, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And there's another thing I want to say about

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Speaker 1: that before we talk about what actually happens, which is

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Speaker 1: that it's incredible to me that gravity is the force

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Speaker 1: that's dominant on these scales, right, Like, that's the thing

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Speaker 1: that's controlling how galaxies form and how they dance around

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Speaker 1: each other, and that's pulling them all the way through

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Speaker 1: the universe and forming these crazy structures. It's all gravity, right.

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Speaker 1: But gravity is the weakest force nature. It's weaker than electromagnetism,

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Speaker 1: it's weaker than any of the nuclear forces. It's pathetically weak,

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Speaker 1: but it's the only one that operates on these huge scales,

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Speaker 1: and it can't be balanced out. And so because it's

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Speaker 1: only an attractive force, it's no repulsive version of it.

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Speaker 1: And so that's why, like on these huge scales, gravity

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Speaker 1: is a thing that dominates. Gravity determines the structure the

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Speaker 1: Solar system, the structure the galaxy, the structure of the clusters,

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Speaker 1: gravity sort of wins in the end. It's like, you know,

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Speaker 1: Revenge of the Nerd Forces, right, It's like the weakest

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Speaker 1: force in the end controls the universe.

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Speaker 3: It's like slow and steady wins the race.

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Speaker 1: It's the turtle forces. Yeah, anyway, we need to do

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Speaker 1: a whole other podcast on why gravity is so weird

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Speaker 1: and weak and whatever, and we're get to that.

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Speaker 3: Okay, So we have a clusters and galaxies are moving

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Speaker 3: around space and some things they collide. So yeah, let's

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Speaker 3: talk about what actually happens when two of these things collide.

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Speaker 3: But first, let's take a quick break.

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Speaker 3: All right, so we're sitting in a galaxy and we

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Speaker 3: are moving inside of this galaxy, and this galaxy is

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Speaker 3: moving in space. But there's another galaxy nearby called the

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Speaker 3: Andromeda galaxy, and it's kind of an intercept course with us, right,

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Speaker 3: like we're going to run into it in about four

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Speaker 3: and a half billion years.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that kind of they've measured it. They can measure

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Speaker 1: the velocity of Andromeda relative to us, and they can

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Speaker 1: see that it's getting closer and closer every year, and

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Speaker 1: they can also measure the lateral velocity, like is it

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Speaker 1: gonna shoot by us or just or come right at us?

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00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:09,159
Speaker 1: And after for a while they weren't sure. They were like, oh,

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Speaker 1: it's head and our way, but it could miss, you know,

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Speaker 1: like every time they say there's an asteroid coming within,

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Speaker 1: you know, a certain thousands of miles of the Earth,

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Speaker 1: and the usually it misses. For a while, they weren't sure,

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Speaker 1: But now they're pretty certain. They've taken enough measurements, they've

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Speaker 1: seen it move, and they can project confidently that these

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Speaker 1: two things are gonna collide. Also, Andromeda and Milky we

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Speaker 1: have a lot of gravity and so you don't have

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Speaker 1: to aim perfectly to get a collision right. They're gonna

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Speaker 1: pull each other closer and closer.

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Speaker 3: They want to collide, you know, do you know what

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Speaker 3: I mean? Like, it's not like a random asteroid, It's

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Speaker 3: like we're pulling towards each other.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, I don't know if you can really say

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Speaker 1: they want like you understand the psychology of a galaxy.

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Speaker 1: Do you know what galaxy wants in life?

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Speaker 3: You know, hey, galaxy feelings?

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Speaker 2: Right?

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Speaker 1: I think I read that science fiction novel right where

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00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:58,479
Speaker 1: every galaxy is actually a living thing and we were

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Speaker 1: just like the tiny mote on on an island of

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Speaker 1: red blood cells inside a galaxy. Anyway. Yeah, so you

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Speaker 1: don't have to shoot perfectly, and they're going to collide.

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Speaker 1: So to think about what happens in the collision, you

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Speaker 1: probably think about each individual piece separately.

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Speaker 3: Like we're a cluster of things, Like a galaxy is

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Speaker 3: not a solid object, it's like a word almost like

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Speaker 3: a cloud of things, right, is that kind of what

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Speaker 3: you mean?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Yeah, exactly. And you know, imagine two crowds right

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Speaker 1: passing into each other, and like one gets off the

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Speaker 1: train and one's coming down the stairs and they pass

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Speaker 1: each other on the platform. What's going to happen, Well,

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00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,280
Speaker 1: it depends on how they interact, right, and how dense

437
00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:32,880
Speaker 1: they are. Oh, so we can start with something on

438
00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:35,560
Speaker 1: the obvious parts, like the stars. Okay, so you might think,

439
00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:38,600
Speaker 1: oh my gosh, there's one hundred billion stars come and

440
00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:40,800
Speaker 1: right at us. That's going to be a big deal.

441
00:20:40,960 --> 00:20:42,960
Speaker 3: Is that the right size? Like it isn't dramata about

442
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:44,720
Speaker 3: the same size as the Milky Way.

443
00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:46,720
Speaker 1: Actually I think it's bigger than the Milky Way. But

444
00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:50,199
Speaker 1: you know, factors of ten yere are not important. So

445
00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:52,439
Speaker 1: it's hundreds of billions of stars. And each star, of

446
00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:54,160
Speaker 1: course is really big. And you might think, well, they're

447
00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:55,600
Speaker 1: head and right at us. You know this is going

448
00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,000
Speaker 1: to be a big deal, But remember that the stars

449
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,280
Speaker 1: are really far apart. Also, like galaxies are huge, not

450
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,040
Speaker 1: just in terms of the number of stars, but in

451
00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:05,639
Speaker 1: terms of the amount of space they take up. Oh

452
00:21:05,680 --> 00:21:08,200
Speaker 1: I see, and you know you look around you in

453
00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:11,040
Speaker 1: our galaxy, there aren't that many stars nearby, right, and

454
00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:13,000
Speaker 1: the closest stars are light years away.

455
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,200
Speaker 3: I like this crowd analogy that's pretty interesting. Like we're

456
00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:19,639
Speaker 3: a crowd of people getting off the subway. There's a

457
00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:22,480
Speaker 3: crowd of people coming down the stairs to get on

458
00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,800
Speaker 3: the subway. It's going to be a disaster potentially.

459
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:28,280
Speaker 1: Potentially, But if it's not rush hour and the crowds

460
00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:30,440
Speaker 1: are pretty light, you know, there's like enough space the

461
00:21:30,480 --> 00:21:32,280
Speaker 1: two crowds can just pass right through each other.

462
00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:35,320
Speaker 3: Like if the stairways and the hallways are huge and

463
00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:37,280
Speaker 3: people are pretty spread out, it may not be like

464
00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:39,040
Speaker 3: a riot, you know, it may just be like a

465
00:21:39,080 --> 00:21:39,920
Speaker 3: busy intersection.

466
00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:42,840
Speaker 1: Right, It's like two people leaving Yankee Stadium at the

467
00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:45,560
Speaker 1: same time as somebody else is trying to come in.

468
00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:48,280
Speaker 1: Like there's plenty of exits. Nobody's going to bump into

469
00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:50,439
Speaker 1: each other. Right. Oh okay, and that's sort of the

470
00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:53,480
Speaker 1: case with stars. I read this one comparison where if

471
00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:55,879
Speaker 1: you imagine a star is the size of a pingpong ball,

472
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,920
Speaker 1: on average, the nearest star is three kilometers away, right,

473
00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:02,640
Speaker 1: So like if you were going to throw a ping

474
00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:05,640
Speaker 1: pong ball into a cloud of ping pong balls where

475
00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:07,800
Speaker 1: the spaces between them were three kilometers away, you'd be

476
00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:10,119
Speaker 1: lucky if you hit anything, right, even if you were trying.

477
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:15,800
Speaker 3: Oh I see, okay, So our galaxy is actually pretty sparse,

478
00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:18,600
Speaker 3: meaning the stars are pretty far apart from each other.

479
00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:22,560
Speaker 3: We're not sort of clumped together. Yeah, exactly and astronomically speaking.

480
00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:24,960
Speaker 1: Astronomically speaking, and so there's going to be very few

481
00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:27,960
Speaker 1: or probably zero direct collisions, you know, where one star

482
00:22:28,119 --> 00:22:32,040
Speaker 1: like actually slams into another one, you get stellar explosions.

483
00:22:32,040 --> 00:22:34,080
Speaker 1: I mean, that would be pretty awesome. I would pay

484
00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:36,840
Speaker 1: for front road seats for sure, But I think it's

485
00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:38,280
Speaker 1: pretty unlikely that's going to happen.

486
00:22:38,480 --> 00:22:41,160
Speaker 3: Oh but you know, there's one hundred billion stars running

487
00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:43,720
Speaker 3: into one hundred billion other stars. Surely some of them

488
00:22:43,720 --> 00:22:45,920
Speaker 3: are going to hit head on, isn't it. Aren't they?

489
00:22:46,119 --> 00:22:48,240
Speaker 1: I mean, there's always a non zero probability, and you

490
00:22:48,280 --> 00:22:51,840
Speaker 1: could get lucky or unlucky, depending on which outcome you're

491
00:22:51,880 --> 00:22:55,080
Speaker 1: rooting for. But if they're diffuse enough, right, they're far

492
00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:57,560
Speaker 1: enough apart, then then all of them could pass through

493
00:22:57,560 --> 00:22:59,600
Speaker 1: without hitting. I mean, I think probably the most likely

494
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,160
Speaker 1: scenario is that maybe you get one. The stars also

495
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:04,600
Speaker 1: don't have to hit directly to affect each other, right,

496
00:23:04,680 --> 00:23:07,080
Speaker 1: each one is a big blob of mass, which means

497
00:23:07,080 --> 00:23:09,560
Speaker 1: it has gravity, and so they can jostle each other.

498
00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:12,399
Speaker 1: I mean, if another star came by near our solar

499
00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:15,439
Speaker 1: system and pass nearby, it could affect the orbits of

500
00:23:15,480 --> 00:23:18,600
Speaker 1: all the planets nudge a planet out of orbit. It

501
00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:20,960
Speaker 1: didn't have to hit the star directly head on in

502
00:23:21,119 --> 00:23:22,119
Speaker 1: order to affect our lives.

503
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,320
Speaker 3: It could maybe pull us out of orbit or suck

504
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:26,440
Speaker 3: us into that other star.

505
00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:32,080
Speaker 1: That's right. It could steal planets, right exactly. Or one

506
00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:34,000
Speaker 1: of our planets could get ejected out of the Solar

507
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,440
Speaker 1: System right, or it could even kick our star out

508
00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:40,080
Speaker 1: of the galaxy. Our star is in orbit around the

509
00:23:40,080 --> 00:23:42,960
Speaker 1: center of the galaxy, right, and if it comes, if

510
00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:45,840
Speaker 1: another star comes near enough, it could get pulled and

511
00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:49,120
Speaker 1: so that it gets out of that orbit. An orbit

512
00:23:49,200 --> 00:23:50,399
Speaker 1: is sort of a delicate thing. It had to be

513
00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:52,640
Speaker 1: the right radius and the right velocity for it all

514
00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:56,119
Speaker 1: to work. Start going too fast and you reach escape velocity,

515
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,800
Speaker 1: and our star could even get kicked out of the galaxy.

516
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,720
Speaker 1: So we could be you know, sort of evicted from

517
00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:05,320
Speaker 1: the Milky Way, floating in intergalactic space, just our star

518
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:06,520
Speaker 1: with the planets and everything.

519
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:10,480
Speaker 3: Oh I see. So when two galaxies collide, we don't

520
00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:13,280
Speaker 3: have to worry about things running into each other. But

521
00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:15,840
Speaker 3: it is going to be pretty chaotic, right, Like, suddenly

522
00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:17,800
Speaker 3: there's going to be you know, twice a number of

523
00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,240
Speaker 3: stars and that's just going to change everything.

524
00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:22,120
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly, So things are definitely going to get

525
00:24:22,119 --> 00:24:25,320
Speaker 1: mixed up. The stars won't necessarily smash into each other,

526
00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,800
Speaker 1: but they definitely mix each other up and disturb each other. Yeah.

527
00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:31,760
Speaker 3: So are they are these two messages just going to

528
00:24:31,880 --> 00:24:34,199
Speaker 3: kind of go towards each other, mix a little bit

529
00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:37,120
Speaker 3: and then keep going. Or are they you know, slamming

530
00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:40,320
Speaker 3: to each other and then become this giant mega galaxy.

531
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:42,879
Speaker 1: It depends a little bit on their relative velocity. If

532
00:24:42,880 --> 00:24:45,560
Speaker 1: they're going fast enough relative to each other, then they'll

533
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,919
Speaker 1: pass through each other, right, But if if they're not,

534
00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:49,960
Speaker 1: it doesn't seem like they are that The most like

535
00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,560
Speaker 1: scenario is that they merge, that they come together and

536
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:55,719
Speaker 1: there's a little bit of sloshing and whatever, but eventually

537
00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:57,440
Speaker 1: becomes one big galaxy.

538
00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:00,240
Speaker 3: Wait, what does that mean? It's like the the other

539
00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:02,200
Speaker 3: stars and from the other galaxy they're gonna come, but

540
00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:04,240
Speaker 3: then they're gonna kind of go pass us a little bit,

541
00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:06,080
Speaker 3: and then they're gonna get pulled back in kind of

542
00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:08,840
Speaker 3: thing like it's gonna like a giant jelly out in space,

543
00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:10,840
Speaker 3: Like it's gonna go move, you know what I mean.

544
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:12,840
Speaker 1: But in slow motion, Yeah, or sort of like things

545
00:25:12,880 --> 00:25:15,200
Speaker 1: getting flushed down the toilet. You know, they come closer

546
00:25:15,240 --> 00:25:17,680
Speaker 1: and closer and closer and circle each other faster and faster.

547
00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:19,719
Speaker 1: Oh sorely.

548
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:23,560
Speaker 3: You know, we might circle each other, the two galaxies.

549
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:24,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, and sort of a while being on top of

550
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:27,960
Speaker 1: each other, you know, so come together, pass a little.

551
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,199
Speaker 1: The centers of mass might pass a little bit and

552
00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:32,639
Speaker 1: then turn and come the other direction and spin it

553
00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:35,000
Speaker 1: faster and faster until the center is a mass aligne.

554
00:25:35,160 --> 00:25:37,480
Speaker 3: So being flushed down the toilet. That doesn't that doesn't

555
00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:39,440
Speaker 3: sound pleasant. Like, that doesn't sound like it's going to

556
00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:41,119
Speaker 3: be easy, do you know what I mean? Like, it

557
00:25:41,119 --> 00:25:44,760
Speaker 3: doesn't sound like it's gonna uh leave us unscathed.

558
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,439
Speaker 1: It might, though, you know, our sun could be totally fine,

559
00:25:47,520 --> 00:25:49,639
Speaker 1: and it could be that the planets are not distorted,

560
00:25:49,720 --> 00:25:51,800
Speaker 1: their orbits are not distorted, and we could just have

561
00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:54,560
Speaker 1: a front row seat to a pretty amazing event. And

562
00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:56,560
Speaker 1: the other thing is that we see this happening all

563
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:58,200
Speaker 1: the time. Like you look out into space with the

564
00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:01,120
Speaker 1: hubble and you zoom in on other galaxies. There's lots

565
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:03,000
Speaker 1: of galaxies out there, and lots of them are in

566
00:26:03,520 --> 00:26:06,560
Speaker 1: various stages of merging, and you can see galaxies that

567
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:09,240
Speaker 1: are just starting to merge. You can see galaxies that

568
00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:11,480
Speaker 1: have been merging for a billion years. You can see

569
00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:14,600
Speaker 1: galaxies that obviously merged a long time ago. And there's

570
00:26:14,640 --> 00:26:17,720
Speaker 1: sort of like an uncomfortable blob of two galaxies, like

571
00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:20,159
Speaker 1: one spiral arm sort of knocked off over here and

572
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:22,480
Speaker 1: there's another one over there. And so we have a

573
00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:25,280
Speaker 1: lot of catalogs of examples of galaxies that have merged.

574
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:26,520
Speaker 1: That's how we know so much about it.

575
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:28,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, if you look at there's a bunch of crashes

576
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:29,320
Speaker 3: that you can study.

577
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:32,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So you want to know what galaxy collisions

578
00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:34,320
Speaker 1: look like, you don't have to build a galaxy collider.

579
00:26:34,359 --> 00:26:36,320
Speaker 1: This is one thing I love about astronomy.

580
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:37,119
Speaker 3: You just have to google.

581
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:42,160
Speaker 1: You can just that's right, cosmic googling, otherwise known as telescopes.

582
00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:45,120
Speaker 1: You just look out into space and eventually you will

583
00:26:45,119 --> 00:26:47,520
Speaker 1: see that thing happening, like you want to imagine some

584
00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:49,919
Speaker 1: crazy scenario, or this kind of galaxy hits that kind

585
00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:52,240
Speaker 1: of galaxy, and then from behind comes a third one

586
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:54,760
Speaker 1: that's happening somewhere out there, and you just need to

587
00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:57,159
Speaker 1: find it and watch it. And so That's the amazing

588
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:00,359
Speaker 1: thing about astronomy is that all these cosmic experiments are happening.

589
00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:01,640
Speaker 1: We just need to look for them.

590
00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:05,440
Speaker 3: Wow, okay, well we process. That's say, let's take a

591
00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:06,040
Speaker 3: quick break.

592
00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:12,320
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

593
00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:15,600
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

594
00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:19,679
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595
00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:22,320
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596
00:27:22,359 --> 00:27:26,639
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597
00:27:26,680 --> 00:27:29,280
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598
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599
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600
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601
00:27:39,119 --> 00:27:42,560
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602
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603
00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:49,200
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604
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605
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606
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607
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608
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609
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610
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611
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612
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613
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Speaker 3: All Right, so that's what might happen to the stars

635
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,480
Speaker 3: in the galaxy. What's going to happen to all these

636
00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:42,720
Speaker 3: other parts of the galaxy when these two galaxies collide?

637
00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:44,560
Speaker 1: Right? And I like that we started with the stars

638
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:46,360
Speaker 1: because that's like the most important thing to us, because

639
00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:49,640
Speaker 1: we're sort of starrocentric, right, because we think stars are

640
00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:52,120
Speaker 1: the most important element of the galaxy. But the biggest

641
00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:54,719
Speaker 1: element of the galaxy, remember, is dark matter. And so

642
00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:56,400
Speaker 1: you might ask, well, what's going to happen to all

643
00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,160
Speaker 1: our dark matter? And just like with the stars, what

644
00:29:59,560 --> 00:30:02,920
Speaker 1: happens there depends on how much it interacts. Currently, we

645
00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:05,360
Speaker 1: don't really know anything about how much dark matter interacts.

646
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,320
Speaker 1: We know that it doesn't interact with normal matter, we

647
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:10,280
Speaker 1: think it doesn't interact with itself, or if it does,

648
00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:13,040
Speaker 1: it doesn't interact very strongly and so, but it does

649
00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:16,600
Speaker 1: have gravitational attraction. So if the galaxies are going to

650
00:30:16,680 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 1: hit each other and they're not moving too fast that

651
00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:21,840
Speaker 1: they just basically pass right through each other, then the

652
00:30:21,880 --> 00:30:24,840
Speaker 1: gravity from dark matter is going to affect the gravity

653
00:30:24,840 --> 00:30:27,240
Speaker 1: from the other galaxies dark matter just the same way

654
00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:29,880
Speaker 1: the stars are, and the two will sort of merge

655
00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:33,160
Speaker 1: eventually become one big dark matter halo. And it's the

656
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:35,120
Speaker 1: kind of thing I would love to watch, but you

657
00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:36,520
Speaker 1: can't really see the dark matter.

658
00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,280
Speaker 3: It could be just another version of the cluster of stars.

659
00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:42,080
Speaker 3: You know. It's like one blob goes into the other

660
00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:44,680
Speaker 3: blog and then they kind of slush around and then

661
00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:45,880
Speaker 3: just becomes a bigger blob.

662
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:48,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can think of the stars. It's sort of

663
00:30:48,360 --> 00:30:51,400
Speaker 1: like a collisionless liquid, right, It's like a you have

664
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:53,800
Speaker 1: a liquid of stars that don't interact with each other

665
00:30:53,920 --> 00:30:56,320
Speaker 1: the same way the dark matter does. So dark matter

666
00:30:56,360 --> 00:30:59,280
Speaker 1: and stars are basically operating this under the same principles.

667
00:30:59,280 --> 00:31:01,280
Speaker 1: The only relation of ant interaction that we know about

668
00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:03,960
Speaker 1: is gravity. So everything we said about stars is also

669
00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:06,120
Speaker 1: going to affect the big blobs of dark matter. Now,

670
00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:09,240
Speaker 1: dark matter is much more continuous. We think it's smooth.

671
00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:11,360
Speaker 1: It's not like there's just dots of it here and there.

672
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:13,840
Speaker 1: But because it how hardly interacts with each other, it

673
00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:17,240
Speaker 1: doesn't matter if it rams smack into itself. Right, It

674
00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:18,840
Speaker 1: mainly effect is gravitational.

675
00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:21,800
Speaker 3: It may not interact with itself, meaning it could just

676
00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:25,080
Speaker 3: pass by itself and not really kind of explode or

677
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:28,880
Speaker 3: collide or do anything besides pull itself gravitationally.

678
00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:31,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And we don't even know what dark matter

679
00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:32,840
Speaker 1: is made at us. We can't say things like dark

680
00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:35,360
Speaker 1: manner particles can do this. Dark matter as far as

681
00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:39,680
Speaker 1: we know, it's just smooth, collisionless blob of something. And

682
00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:42,320
Speaker 1: we know it has gravitational interactions and that's really about

683
00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:44,720
Speaker 1: all we know about it. So we think that that

684
00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:46,360
Speaker 1: that's what's going to happen. And you know, we've seen

685
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:50,120
Speaker 1: dark matter in these gravitational collisions and we see that

686
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:52,680
Speaker 1: it basically sticks with the galaxies, right, it sticks with

687
00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:53,240
Speaker 1: the stars.

688
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:56,960
Speaker 3: Okay, so then the last part is the black hole

689
00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:58,360
Speaker 3: at the center of each galaxy.

690
00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:00,959
Speaker 1: What no, no, don't forget the dust, right, this gas

691
00:32:01,040 --> 00:32:03,120
Speaker 1: or dust, which a lot of people overlook. And this

692
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:05,400
Speaker 1: is actually the most exciting part because.

693
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,160
Speaker 3: The dust is the most is the coolest part.

694
00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:11,920
Speaker 1: That's how you know you're listening to a nerdy podcast

695
00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:15,600
Speaker 1: and they get excited about dust. Oh my god, the dust.

696
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:15,720
Speaker 2: You know.

697
00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:19,240
Speaker 1: If for those people who are like expecting dramatic events

698
00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:22,160
Speaker 1: and explosions, this is where you get them. Okay, because

699
00:32:22,280 --> 00:32:26,239
Speaker 1: dust is not diffuse, right, It's spread everywhere, Like you

700
00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:28,520
Speaker 1: have a big blob of dust. It's not like little

701
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:31,479
Speaker 1: clusters of mass the way stars are. It's a huge

702
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:35,240
Speaker 1: extended blob of dust. And when it smashes into another

703
00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:39,080
Speaker 1: blob of dust, you're gonna get fireworks. Like those clouds

704
00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:41,800
Speaker 1: of dust interact with each other the way dark matter doesn't,

705
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:45,840
Speaker 1: and they're spread everywhere the way stars aren't, and so

706
00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:49,080
Speaker 1: you get huge collisions. And what happens when you compress

707
00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:51,760
Speaker 1: gas and dust. What happens when you collide huge blobs

708
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:54,360
Speaker 1: of gas and dust is you get more dense and

709
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:56,920
Speaker 1: then you get stars. And so you could see like

710
00:32:57,120 --> 00:33:01,160
Speaker 1: new stars being born where these two huge clouds of

711
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:02,480
Speaker 1: gas and dust bang into.

712
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:04,760
Speaker 3: Each other literally like fireworks.

713
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:09,840
Speaker 1: Like that's right, Cosmic fireworks. I mean, what's more dramatic,

714
00:33:09,880 --> 00:33:12,600
Speaker 1: and then what's a better cosmic fireworks than seeing stars

715
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:13,120
Speaker 1: be born?

716
00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:15,120
Speaker 3: Yeah, so this one is going to be like too,

717
00:33:15,640 --> 00:33:18,240
Speaker 3: you know, you know, two liquids kind of running into

718
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:20,800
Speaker 3: each other. It's going to be kind of dramatic. You know,

719
00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:24,840
Speaker 3: it's going to be like with the sound effects and

720
00:33:24,880 --> 00:33:26,760
Speaker 3: everything in space.

721
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:30,280
Speaker 1: No, yeah, exactly, It's just like two water balloons hitting

722
00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:33,200
Speaker 1: each other. Right, You're gonna get an initial shockwave. And

723
00:33:33,280 --> 00:33:35,160
Speaker 1: you know you don't get stars born when you fire

724
00:33:35,240 --> 00:33:37,120
Speaker 1: water balloons at each other because the density isn't good

725
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,600
Speaker 1: enough obviously, But yeah, you're gonna get a shock wave,

726
00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:42,120
Speaker 1: you're gonna get friction between the fluids, and you're gonna

727
00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:45,440
Speaker 1: get stars being born. It's gonna be pretty dramatic. So

728
00:33:45,520 --> 00:33:46,360
Speaker 1: you don't want to be there.

729
00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:48,680
Speaker 3: You don't want to want to But we are, aren't

730
00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:50,560
Speaker 3: We surrounded by gas clouds and stuff?

731
00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:52,400
Speaker 1: Oh? I think you need denser stuff. I mean, the

732
00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:55,240
Speaker 1: Milky Way definitely has big clouds of gas and dust.

733
00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:58,200
Speaker 3: Oh I see, But when those clouds run into the

734
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,880
Speaker 3: other clouds, then that's where this stuff happen. But we're

735
00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:03,320
Speaker 3: not necessarily sitting in one of those clouds.

736
00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:10,359
Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, Okay, the last element is the black hole, right,

737
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:12,520
Speaker 1: and so our galaxy is a huge black hole in

738
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:14,719
Speaker 1: the center, and the other almost every other galaxy is

739
00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:17,640
Speaker 1: a huge black hole in the center, and there it's

740
00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:21,000
Speaker 1: going to be mostly dominated by gravity, right, because they're

741
00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:23,520
Speaker 1: going to pull each on each other really hard, and

742
00:34:23,560 --> 00:34:25,560
Speaker 1: they're going to pass by each other a little bit,

743
00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:27,480
Speaker 1: perhaps because they probably not it can hit dead on,

744
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,120
Speaker 1: and then they're gonna swing around. They're going to pull

745
00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:32,399
Speaker 1: on each other, so they'll probably be you know, some

746
00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:35,360
Speaker 1: sort of a near miss, and then they'll turn around

747
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:37,719
Speaker 1: and come back, and then they'll just circle each other

748
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:40,880
Speaker 1: faster and faster and faster. And if you remember the

749
00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:43,480
Speaker 1: episode we did on gravitational waves, or if you've heard

750
00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:46,080
Speaker 1: about the discovery of gravitational waves, you know that what

751
00:34:46,160 --> 00:34:48,560
Speaker 1: happens when black holes get close to each other is

752
00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:51,000
Speaker 1: they start to circle each other faster and faster, until

753
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:54,160
Speaker 1: eventually they spin really really fast and the distance gets

754
00:34:54,200 --> 00:34:56,520
Speaker 1: closer and closer and closer, and then they merge and

755
00:34:56,520 --> 00:34:59,600
Speaker 1: they become one enormous black hole. They like eat each other.

756
00:34:59,719 --> 00:35:02,560
Speaker 3: Right, And it's not a peaceful event. It's like a

757
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,160
Speaker 3: pretty violent thing, right, Like they've been super super fast.

758
00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:09,440
Speaker 3: There's energy spewed out everywhere, and then suddenly you have

759
00:35:09,520 --> 00:35:12,200
Speaker 3: these huge, cataclysmic gravitational waves.

760
00:35:12,360 --> 00:35:15,239
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, when black holes fight, it's a big mess. Absolutely.

761
00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:17,720
Speaker 1: You don't want to be anywhere near that, wow, because

762
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:20,920
Speaker 1: huge amounts of radiation, not just gravitational waves. Right, yeah,

763
00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:22,960
Speaker 1: you make gravitational waves, which are pretty awesome from a

764
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:25,520
Speaker 1: physics point of view, but you know, these things tear

765
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:27,880
Speaker 1: up into each other and emit huge amounts of radiation,

766
00:35:28,320 --> 00:35:30,040
Speaker 1: and so you don't want to be anywhere near that. Yeah.

767
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:32,440
Speaker 1: I mean that's going to like sterilize life on any

768
00:35:32,520 --> 00:35:35,239
Speaker 1: nearby star system for sure. But anyway, there probably isn't

769
00:35:35,280 --> 00:35:37,279
Speaker 1: any life in the center of the Heart galaxy for

770
00:35:37,320 --> 00:35:39,880
Speaker 1: that same reason that the galactic black hole is already

771
00:35:39,880 --> 00:35:42,719
Speaker 1: emitting huge amounts of life killing radiation, so you don't

772
00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:43,800
Speaker 1: want to get too close anyway.

773
00:35:43,880 --> 00:35:46,200
Speaker 3: It's like the eye of a storm. There's nothing living

774
00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:47,200
Speaker 3: in the middle of it.

775
00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:49,600
Speaker 1: That's right, right. I don't know if it's calm inside

776
00:35:49,640 --> 00:35:51,760
Speaker 1: the black hole, though. We did a whole episode actually

777
00:35:51,760 --> 00:35:53,239
Speaker 1: on what it's like to be inside a black hole.

778
00:35:53,320 --> 00:35:55,680
Speaker 1: So you guys should go listen to that. But yeah,

779
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,080
Speaker 1: everything is swirling around that central black hole, and so

780
00:35:58,160 --> 00:36:00,759
Speaker 1: probably what will happen is they'll merge and the new

781
00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:03,359
Speaker 1: milk the new galaxy. I wonder what that galaxy would

782
00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:06,520
Speaker 1: be called. Actually, how would you combine Andromeda and the

783
00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:14,800
Speaker 1: Milky Way like Drama Way, milk milk Drameda, I don't know, andromedaway,

784
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,520
Speaker 1: the Andromeda away. There you go, the Andromeda away. Yeah.

785
00:36:18,560 --> 00:36:22,320
Speaker 1: The the new galaxy would have a huge, super duper

786
00:36:23,120 --> 00:36:26,040
Speaker 1: massive black hole at its center, and so I think

787
00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:28,520
Speaker 1: that basically sums it up. You'd have the black holes

788
00:36:28,520 --> 00:36:33,360
Speaker 1: will probably emerge huge violent eruption of radiation there. The

789
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:35,160
Speaker 1: gas and the dust would have a lot of friction.

790
00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:37,400
Speaker 1: It caused, caused star formation.

791
00:36:37,160 --> 00:36:39,840
Speaker 3: Big explosion, big explosion works, Yeah, exactly.

792
00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:42,320
Speaker 1: Friction, Yeah, just all the kind of stuff you expect

793
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:46,240
Speaker 1: to see in the next Transformers movie. And then stuff.

794
00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:51,440
Speaker 1: He'll be there everything. If there's some money to be made,

795
00:36:51,520 --> 00:36:55,560
Speaker 1: he'll be there. And then the stars and the and

796
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:58,239
Speaker 1: the dark matter will just have a gravitational effect, but they'll,

797
00:36:58,280 --> 00:37:00,680
Speaker 1: you know, eventually settle down and in a few more

798
00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:04,239
Speaker 1: billion years, the new galaxy will have its own shape.

799
00:37:04,239 --> 00:37:06,680
Speaker 1: It will sort of settle into its own new shape.

800
00:37:06,760 --> 00:37:08,799
Speaker 3: But it kind of sounds like every part will do

801
00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:10,319
Speaker 3: something different, do you know what I mean?

802
00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:12,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, they will because they follow different rules, right, they'll

803
00:37:12,880 --> 00:37:13,920
Speaker 1: interact differently and so.

804
00:37:14,239 --> 00:37:16,360
Speaker 3: But so then kind of the nice structure we have

805
00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:19,080
Speaker 3: now is going to be pretty much obliterated right when

806
00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:20,200
Speaker 3: it merges with the other one.

807
00:37:20,320 --> 00:37:22,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You shouldn't count on your real estate being

808
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:25,920
Speaker 1: the same value after the galaxy collision. Everything's going to

809
00:37:25,960 --> 00:37:28,480
Speaker 1: be shook up, right, absolutely.

810
00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:30,560
Speaker 3: So it's going to be disrupt The entire both galaxies

811
00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:34,759
Speaker 3: is going to be totally disrupted fireworks collisions. But you're

812
00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:37,560
Speaker 3: saying it's possible we may survive it, right, Like it's

813
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:40,280
Speaker 3: possible nothing will actually happen to our Solar system.

814
00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:42,319
Speaker 1: I think that's the most likely outcome. Yeah, is it

815
00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:44,919
Speaker 1: will just be sort of interesting, slightly, Yeah, most likely

816
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:48,440
Speaker 1: most likely thing. I mean, we're a star, We're basically

817
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:50,359
Speaker 1: part of our star, right you think of the Solar

818
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:52,919
Speaker 1: system as just one big blob, And the most likely

819
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:55,000
Speaker 1: thing is that nothing gets close enough to disrupt our

820
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:57,520
Speaker 1: orbit around the star. And you know what, even if

821
00:37:57,560 --> 00:38:00,640
Speaker 1: our star gets like ejected from the galaxy, so what

822
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,800
Speaker 1: we don't need the galaxy. We could live just fine,

823
00:38:03,880 --> 00:38:05,279
Speaker 1: just a star with a bunch of planets in the

824
00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:08,120
Speaker 1: middle of intergalactic space. We don't need anything else. We

825
00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:11,600
Speaker 1: just never start to provide energy for life, so so

826
00:38:11,640 --> 00:38:13,120
Speaker 1: we don't I mean, just in the same way we're

827
00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:14,759
Speaker 1: talking about the beginning of the episode, like you don't

828
00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:17,040
Speaker 1: really notice what's going out in space because you don't

829
00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:20,520
Speaker 1: usually have to. And if all those if all those

830
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:22,480
Speaker 1: stars disappeared and all we and we were in the

831
00:38:22,480 --> 00:38:25,359
Speaker 1: middle of intergalactic space, it wouldn't change your life at all.

832
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:27,960
Speaker 1: You would still still need to stock up on lentils

833
00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:30,279
Speaker 1: for the coming apocalypse. You know, it wouldn't save you

834
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:31,520
Speaker 1: or change your plans at all.

835
00:38:31,719 --> 00:38:33,719
Speaker 3: You wouldn't mind getting kicked out of town like that.

836
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:35,160
Speaker 3: That's kind of what it would feel.

837
00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:37,719
Speaker 1: Like, Like that's the right excell The whole town, our

838
00:38:37,719 --> 00:38:39,720
Speaker 1: whole town would just get kicked out, you know, and

839
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:41,960
Speaker 1: we just go on living the way we did before.

840
00:38:43,040 --> 00:38:45,440
Speaker 1: But things will definitely change for us even if we

841
00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:49,320
Speaker 1: survived it's galactic collision, the night sky will look very different.

842
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:52,680
Speaker 1: I mean, as Andromeda approaches in the next few billion years,

843
00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:55,720
Speaker 1: it will grow in the sky and eventually look really big.

844
00:38:56,040 --> 00:38:58,560
Speaker 1: And then after the collision, right when things have settled down,

845
00:38:58,560 --> 00:39:00,680
Speaker 1: the night sky will look totally different. All the stars

846
00:39:00,680 --> 00:39:02,919
Speaker 1: will have been rearranged, and we won't see that band

847
00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:04,040
Speaker 1: in the Milky Way anymore.

848
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:07,640
Speaker 3: Well, that makes me feel better. I was sweating. I

849
00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:08,920
Speaker 3: was sweating what was going to happen for and a

850
00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:11,960
Speaker 3: have billion years from now. But now now I feel better,

851
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:14,879
Speaker 3: and I hope Blake you also feel a little bit better.

852
00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:16,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, Blake, chill out, don't worry about it.

853
00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:24,759
Speaker 1: You have nothing to worry about to work. I think

854
00:39:24,760 --> 00:39:27,440
Speaker 1: it's fun to think about things happening deep into the future,

855
00:39:27,480 --> 00:39:30,200
Speaker 1: and also even further into the future. You know, the

856
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,719
Speaker 1: the universe has been around fourteen billion years, right, and

857
00:39:33,760 --> 00:39:36,440
Speaker 1: that's just sort of like the initial bits now before

858
00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:38,600
Speaker 1: we get to the interesting part. But it could be

859
00:39:38,640 --> 00:39:40,279
Speaker 1: that we're not even at the interesting part.

860
00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:40,560
Speaker 2: You know.

861
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:43,759
Speaker 1: Thinking about galaxies in this way reminds you that they're

862
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:47,279
Speaker 1: spinning their dynamic, they're swirling around each other. What's going

863
00:39:47,360 --> 00:39:49,920
Speaker 1: to happen? We don't know, right, they could continue to

864
00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:53,160
Speaker 1: swirl and form crazy new structures that know, the universe

865
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:55,840
Speaker 1: has never seen before because there hasn't been time to

866
00:39:55,920 --> 00:39:58,040
Speaker 1: make them. And so this is the kind of thing

867
00:39:58,120 --> 00:39:59,960
Speaker 1: makes me think about the universe, like on the trillion

868
00:40:00,040 --> 00:40:03,560
Speaker 1: in your two trillion life year cycle, Like if life

869
00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:06,719
Speaker 1: is still around ten trillion years into the history of

870
00:40:06,760 --> 00:40:09,279
Speaker 1: the universe, they'll think about these first few moments of

871
00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:13,319
Speaker 1: galactic formation as you know, almost irrelevant or just like

872
00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:14,160
Speaker 1: just warming up.

873
00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:16,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, the best maybe yet to come.

874
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:20,040
Speaker 1: Now, that's right. I'm an optimistic person, so I'm always

875
00:40:20,040 --> 00:40:21,839
Speaker 1: hoping that the best thing is yet to come.

876
00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:24,960
Speaker 3: Exactly well, great, Thank you so much, Blake for sending

877
00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:27,480
Speaker 3: us this question. We really enjoyed answering it.

878
00:40:27,640 --> 00:40:29,799
Speaker 1: That's right. And check out our book called We Have

879
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Speaker 1: No Idea. It's a guide to the unknown questions of

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Speaker 1: the universe, all the things that physics wants to know

881
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Speaker 1: the answer to but really hasn't got a clue about.

882
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Speaker 1: And thanks for listening.

883
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Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

887
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Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

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Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

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Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielanorge dot com. When you

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Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

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Speaker 5: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

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913
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Speaker 5: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans