1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,440 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show 2 00:00:05,600 --> 00:00:08,479 Speaker 1: Welcome to this Day in History class, where we bring 3 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:20,079 Speaker 1: you a new tip bit from history every day. The 4 00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: day was a ninety two. About five hundred walkers, mostly 5 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:30,640 Speaker 1: from Manchester, England, trespassed and walked from Hayfield to kinder Scout. 6 00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 1: Their goal was to call attention to the fact that 7 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: walkers have been denied access to open country. The trespassed 8 00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:43,520 Speaker 1: marked an uptick in the right to rome movement. Centuries ago, 9 00:00:43,720 --> 00:00:46,880 Speaker 1: people could graze, cattle, cut lumber, and get water from 10 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:51,400 Speaker 1: common lands, but in the fourteen hundreds, landowners began marking 11 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:54,880 Speaker 1: the boundaries around their property. In the seventeen hundreds and 12 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:59,040 Speaker 1: eighteen hundreds, enclosure acts turned millions of acres of common 13 00:00:59,120 --> 00:01:04,360 Speaker 1: land into land and privately owned estates. Some people, eager 14 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: to have access to land that was once common, snuck 15 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:11,440 Speaker 1: onto the now private land. Trespassing began to have serious 16 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:15,760 Speaker 1: legal consequences, even death. For a period of time, people 17 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:18,720 Speaker 1: began demanding the right to rome, or the freedom to 18 00:01:18,800 --> 00:01:23,120 Speaker 1: walk through certain public and private land for recreation. In 19 00:01:23,200 --> 00:01:26,440 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty four, Parliament made its first demand for the 20 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:29,720 Speaker 1: right to rome This attempt, and many ones to follow, 21 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:34,840 Speaker 1: were unsuccessful. In the late eighteen hundreds, areas in northern 22 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:38,560 Speaker 1: England were becoming more industrial. As a way to escape 23 00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: the smoke and other environmental ills that industrialism caused, workers 24 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,120 Speaker 1: from Manchester and other industrial cities would escape to the 25 00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:50,600 Speaker 1: moorlands and mountains and Peak District, an upland area in England. 26 00:01:51,840 --> 00:01:56,240 Speaker 1: In nineteen hundred, the Sheffield Clarion Ramblers became the first 27 00:01:56,480 --> 00:02:01,960 Speaker 1: Northern Workers Rambling Club. Ramblers or walkers would leave busy 28 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:05,800 Speaker 1: cities and hit to more natural landscapes for better environs 29 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:11,360 Speaker 1: and self improvement. By ninety two, industrial and mining areas 30 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:15,200 Speaker 1: in the UK we're dealing with the Great Depression. Still, 31 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:19,960 Speaker 1: workers traveled to walk on greener land. One place that 32 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:25,079 Speaker 1: was particularly popular was kinder Scout, a moorland plateau in Derbyshire. 33 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:29,399 Speaker 1: But too many people the walkers visits were more than 34 00:02:29,440 --> 00:02:34,440 Speaker 1: just innocent strolls through nature. Two landowners the ramblers were 35 00:02:34,480 --> 00:02:38,680 Speaker 1: somewhere they weren't supposed to be. The Duke of Devonshire 36 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:42,359 Speaker 1: owned most of the reservoirs and mountains at kinder Scout, 37 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:45,400 Speaker 1: and he wanted the land to be available for other 38 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,760 Speaker 1: locals to shoot grouse. Walkers were warned not to traverse 39 00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:53,840 Speaker 1: the land. People in organizations began to see the right 40 00:02:53,919 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: to roam as a class issue. The British Workers Sports Federation, 41 00:02:58,520 --> 00:03:01,360 Speaker 1: which was affiliated with the Meanest Party of Great Britain, 42 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:05,960 Speaker 1: began to play a role in advocacy for rambling. Benny 43 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:09,800 Speaker 1: Rothman was an outdoors enthusiast and charismatic leader and the 44 00:03:09,880 --> 00:03:13,880 Speaker 1: Lancashire wing of the British Workers Sports Federation. At an 45 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:18,240 Speaker 1: Easter camp for the organization, members were harassed by gamekeepers 46 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:20,959 Speaker 1: on a walk to bleak Low and forced to head 47 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,320 Speaker 1: back to their camp. This inspired the Ramblers to plan 48 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:29,200 Speaker 1: a mass trespass. Advocating for land access. As a diversion, 49 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:33,640 Speaker 1: the Ramblers distributed false information about a British Workers Sports 50 00:03:33,639 --> 00:03:38,040 Speaker 1: Federation rally in Hayfield. Instead, they met at a nearby 51 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:41,800 Speaker 1: Corey via a route that cars could not use. Hundreds 52 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:44,280 Speaker 1: of adults and children were in the crowd of Ramblers. 53 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: They walked north past the Kinder Reservoir and down an 54 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,360 Speaker 1: established right of way to William Clough and Assent with 55 00:03:52,520 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 1: views of Manchester and Tesher From there, the Ramblers went 56 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: up to the forbidden kinder Moorlands. When they got there, 57 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:03,720 Speaker 1: they had to fight off gamekeepers and they won those scuffles, 58 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:07,400 Speaker 1: during which a gamekeeper had been hurt, but they still 59 00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 1: had to face the police. At Hayfield. Several ramblers were arrested, 60 00:04:12,080 --> 00:04:15,240 Speaker 1: none of which were over twenty three years old when 61 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:17,599 Speaker 1: they went to trial. All of the men were charged 62 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: with offenses related to riotous assembly and assault and given 63 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:25,760 Speaker 1: jail time, but the sentences inspired greater movement in the 64 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:29,360 Speaker 1: right to rome fight. People held rallies and more mass 65 00:04:29,440 --> 00:04:33,400 Speaker 1: trespasses the same year. Once the Second World War began, 66 00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:37,320 Speaker 1: the country's attention shifted and Ramblers joined the war. Are 67 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 1: remained active in the labor movement in other ways, but 68 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,760 Speaker 1: once the Labor Party came to power in ninety land 69 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:48,600 Speaker 1: reform became more of a focus. By nineteen forty nine, 70 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:52,719 Speaker 1: the National Parks and Countryside Act passed, creating the National 71 00:04:52,720 --> 00:04:57,600 Speaker 1: Parks Commission. Soon the Peak District became Britain's first national park. 72 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,120 Speaker 1: In two thousand, the Labor government past the Countryside and 73 00:05:02,279 --> 00:05:05,400 Speaker 1: Rights of Way Act, which implemented the right to rome 74 00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:09,000 Speaker 1: and land mapped as open country or registered common land 75 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:13,760 Speaker 1: in England and Wales. I'm Eaves, Jeff Coo, and hopefully 76 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:16,240 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 77 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:20,919 Speaker 1: did yesterday. If you have any burning questions or comments 78 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:24,200 Speaker 1: to tell us, you can find us on Twitter, Instagram 79 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:30,919 Speaker 1: and Facebook at T D I HC Podcast. Thanks for 80 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 1: joining me on this trip through time. See you here 81 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:48,359 Speaker 1: in the exact same spot tomorrow. Hey y'all, Um Eves 82 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:51,359 Speaker 1: and welcome to this dand History Class, a podcast that 83 00:05:51,480 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: proves you really do learn something new every day. Just 84 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:57,160 Speaker 1: a quick morning before we start the show today. This 85 00:05:57,200 --> 00:06:07,520 Speaker 1: podcast does contain content about genocide. The day was April 86 00:06:08,279 --> 00:06:13,480 Speaker 1: nineteen fifteen. The Armenian genocide began when around two hundred 87 00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:18,320 Speaker 1: and fifty Armenian intellectuals and politicians were arrested. Most of 88 00:06:18,320 --> 00:06:21,200 Speaker 1: the people who were arrested were killed in the following months. 89 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:26,240 Speaker 1: The Turkish government refuses to recognize the deportations and massacres 90 00:06:26,279 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: that followed as genocide, claiming that the killings were necessary 91 00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:34,239 Speaker 1: and there was no official policy for killing Armenians. However, 92 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:38,279 Speaker 1: most historians consider it a genocide since it was a planned, 93 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:41,480 Speaker 1: in systematic effort to kill a specific group of people. 94 00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:46,760 Speaker 1: In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Armenia came under control 95 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 1: of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was home to Christians, Muslims, 96 00:06:51,320 --> 00:06:54,799 Speaker 1: and Jewish people, but it was dominated by ethnic Turks. 97 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:59,480 Speaker 1: Christian Armenians, as well as other Christian communities, were minorities 98 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:03,839 Speaker 1: in the higher Armenians did have a strong sense of 99 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 1: community under Ottoman rule, but in the second half of 100 00:07:06,880 --> 00:07:10,840 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, Turkish nationalism that favored ethnic and religious 101 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:14,480 Speaker 1: majorities was on the rise, and Armenians were on the 102 00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:19,800 Speaker 1: receiving end of Turkish persecution. As the twentieth century approached, 103 00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: political instability, economic issues, and military defeats weakened the Empire. 104 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: At the same time, Turkish nationalist movements were growing stronger. 105 00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:33,120 Speaker 1: Armenians were one of the largest Christian groups in the 106 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:38,040 Speaker 1: Ottoman Empire. There were civically and economically successful, and many 107 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:42,880 Speaker 1: Armenian elites were well educated and highly influential. Their prominence 108 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:48,920 Speaker 1: inspired resentment among Turkish nationalists. Russian Armenians participated in the 109 00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:52,600 Speaker 1: Russo Turkish War of eighteen seventy seven to eighteen seventy eight. 110 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,720 Speaker 1: After the Russian victory in the war, Russia insisted in 111 00:07:56,760 --> 00:07:59,960 Speaker 1: the Treaty of San Stefano that the Ottoman Sultan sold 112 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:05,920 Speaker 1: to An ABDULHAMI the second reform Armenian administration. The Armenian question, 113 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:09,400 Speaker 1: or the issue of the protection and rights of Armenians 114 00:08:09,400 --> 00:08:12,440 Speaker 1: in the Ottoman Empire, was a topic that was growing 115 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:16,920 Speaker 1: in importance in Turkish politics. Young Armenian activists organized to 116 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:21,000 Speaker 1: demand independence from the Ottoman Empire and to call for reforms, 117 00:08:21,640 --> 00:08:27,040 Speaker 1: but despite proposed European fact reforms that Ottoman authorities supposedly supported, 118 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: hundreds of thousands of Armenians were murdered in massacres from 119 00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:35,559 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety four to eighteen ninety six. By the beginning 120 00:08:35,559 --> 00:08:38,720 Speaker 1: of the twentieth century, there were somewhere around two or 121 00:08:38,840 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: two point five million Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire, 122 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:47,480 Speaker 1: but Ottoman authorities continued to institute oppressive measures against Armenians, 123 00:08:47,480 --> 00:08:52,200 Speaker 1: including putting restrictions on property ownership and religious practices, and 124 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:55,680 Speaker 1: more Armenians were killed in riots and pogroms in nineteen 125 00:08:55,679 --> 00:08:59,439 Speaker 1: o nine. When the Young Turk movement seized power in 126 00:08:59,480 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire in nineteen o eight, there was hope 127 00:09:02,040 --> 00:09:05,719 Speaker 1: that Armenians and other minorities would not face as much persecution, 128 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 1: but over time the Young Turks became more authoritarian. They 129 00:09:10,160 --> 00:09:14,040 Speaker 1: intended to Turkify the Empire and to resolve the Armenian 130 00:09:14,120 --> 00:09:18,880 Speaker 1: question violently. When World War One broke out in nineteen fourteen, 131 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:22,160 Speaker 1: the Young Turks joined on the side of the Central Powers. 132 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:25,720 Speaker 1: When they suffered defeats to the Russians, they shifted blame 133 00:09:25,760 --> 00:09:28,960 Speaker 1: to the Armenians, who sided with Russia and deemed them 134 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:32,400 Speaker 1: a threat to the state. So Armenians serving in the 135 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:36,080 Speaker 1: Ottoman Army were removed from active duty and transferred into 136 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:41,280 Speaker 1: labor battalions, and on April nineteen fifteen, the government ordered 137 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 1: the arrest of two hundred and fifty Armenian intellectuals and 138 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: community leaders, mainly in the Ottoman capital, which was then 139 00:09:48,720 --> 00:09:53,560 Speaker 1: called Constantinople. The government then began to deport Armenians from 140 00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: Eastern Anatolia, a move that was soon authorized by the 141 00:09:56,880 --> 00:10:02,199 Speaker 1: Ottoman Parliament. It confiscated arm Nian properties and businesses. It 142 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:05,760 Speaker 1: sent Armenians on death marches across the Syrian desert to 143 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:10,560 Speaker 1: concentration camps, with people dying of exhaustion and starvation along 144 00:10:10,559 --> 00:10:15,360 Speaker 1: the way. It kidnapped children, and it sponsored mass executions 145 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:21,040 Speaker 1: of Armenians. The Ottoman empire failed in nineteen two, and 146 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:24,199 Speaker 1: Turkey was formally declared a republic in nineteen twenty three. 147 00:10:25,200 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 1: By this time, many Armenians in the Ottoman Empire had died, fled, 148 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:33,079 Speaker 1: or been expelled. That said, there's no consensus on the 149 00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:37,199 Speaker 1: number of people who died in the genocide. Some countries 150 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:40,200 Speaker 1: sent aid to the Armenian people, but the perpetrators of 151 00:10:40,200 --> 00:10:45,200 Speaker 1: the genocide went largely unpunished. Law student Raphael Limkin was 152 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:49,479 Speaker 1: influenced by the Armenian massacres to coin the term genocide. 153 00:10:51,160 --> 00:10:54,280 Speaker 1: Turkey denies the Ottoman government's role in the systematic killing 154 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: of Armenians and has instituted laws restricting discussion about the genocide. 155 00:11:00,240 --> 00:11:03,480 Speaker 1: Many other countries have avoided recognizing the massacres as a 156 00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:08,400 Speaker 1: genocide to keep from harming relations with Turkey. I'm Eve 157 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:11,040 Speaker 1: Jeff Code and hopefully you know a little more about 158 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. And if you have 159 00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:18,360 Speaker 1: any suggestions about episode topics or any comments, you can 160 00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:20,760 Speaker 1: send them to us via social media where at t 161 00:11:21,120 --> 00:11:24,520 Speaker 1: d I HC Podcast. You can also send us an 162 00:11:24,559 --> 00:11:29,000 Speaker 1: email at this day at I heeart media dot com. 163 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:30,959 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening to the show and we'll see 164 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:47,040 Speaker 1: you tomorrow. For more podcasts from my heart Radio, visit 165 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:49,560 Speaker 1: the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 166 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:50,720 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.