WEBVTT - Aloha 0:00:02.560 --> 0:00:05.760 You're listening to American Shadows, a production of I Heart 0:00:05.880 --> 0:00:18.960 Radio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey. The day 0:00:19.079 --> 0:00:22.840 started like many others, of warm seventy three degrees with 0:00:22.960 --> 0:00:27.440 partly cloudy skies. Civilians were going about their early Sunday 0:00:27.480 --> 0:00:31.159 morning routines when the dive bomber appeared, the first of 0:00:31.360 --> 0:00:35.280 two hundred. At eight ten that morning, an eight hundred 0:00:35.280 --> 0:00:39.080 pound bomb landed on the USS Arizona. The explosions sank 0:00:39.159 --> 0:00:43.440 the ship, trapping its thousand men on board. More Japanese 0:00:43.479 --> 0:00:48.200 planes flew overhead, darkening the skies. The USS Oklahoma took 0:00:48.280 --> 0:00:52.080 several hits from torpedoes. The battleship rolled to one side, 0:00:52.320 --> 0:00:55.640 then slid beneath the water along with four hundred men. 0:00:56.400 --> 0:00:59.600 Beth Slingerland, a teacher with a husband in the military, 0:01:00.000 --> 0:01:03.720 watched the planes descend. Black smoke billowed into the air 0:01:03.960 --> 0:01:07.840 as the aircraft kept dropping bombs. Fireballs appeared over the 0:01:07.880 --> 0:01:11.920 hangars at the airfield. She could do nothing except worry 0:01:12.000 --> 0:01:16.080 and wait. Army Air corpsan Everest capra knew they were 0:01:16.160 --> 0:01:18.800 under attack as soon as he saw the planes. He 0:01:18.920 --> 0:01:21.679 ran outside to warn the others, then hurried back to 0:01:21.680 --> 0:01:25.000 the barracks. Just as the bombs and bullets started. He 0:01:25.120 --> 0:01:27.559 and a couple of other men dodged enemy fire while 0:01:27.640 --> 0:01:31.039 gathering injured and taking them to the hospital. An explosion 0:01:31.120 --> 0:01:33.920 knocked Capra out, but when he awoke, he refused to 0:01:33.920 --> 0:01:36.720 head to the hospital himself, knowing the Japanese would strike 0:01:36.800 --> 0:01:40.400 there too. Despite his injuries, he continued to help others. 0:01:41.040 --> 0:01:44.440 Honorary Chaplain Joe Morgan at first took shelter under an 0:01:44.480 --> 0:01:48.480 I beam inside a hangar and hoped for the best. Outside, 0:01:48.600 --> 0:01:51.760 crew members with nothing other than handguns, took to shooting 0:01:51.760 --> 0:01:55.000 at the planes. Morgan went to the armory and grabbed 0:01:55.040 --> 0:01:59.200 the machine gun. Then he fought back. The US had 0:01:59.240 --> 0:02:02.080 tried to stay out of the war, responding to Japan's 0:02:02.120 --> 0:02:06.640 invasions and atrocities with sanctions. Japan hoped this attack would 0:02:06.680 --> 0:02:09.639 prevent the US from intervening in their aggressive expansion in 0:02:09.680 --> 0:02:14.120 the South Pacific. For two hours, the assault continued. Every 0:02:14.160 --> 0:02:17.960 battleship in Pearl Harbor was damaged. Over three hundred planes 0:02:17.960 --> 0:02:21.960 and hangars and on the airfield were destroyed. Wives waited 0:02:21.960 --> 0:02:25.720 on word about their husbands, children waited for their fathers. 0:02:26.440 --> 0:02:29.440 At five that evening, Beth heard her husband's boots on 0:02:29.480 --> 0:02:35.000 the driveway. They were fortunate. Hundred people died and another 0:02:35.040 --> 0:02:38.960 thousand were injured. Aboard the Arizona there were thirty eight 0:02:39.000 --> 0:02:42.799 sets of brothers. Sixty three of the seventy nine men died. 0:02:43.440 --> 0:02:46.120 Those four hundred men remained buried in the harbor. With 0:02:46.200 --> 0:02:50.160 the Oklahoma nine hundred are interred in the Arizona. Pearl 0:02:50.200 --> 0:02:54.000 Harbor became a memorial. Though the U. S. Navy didn't 0:02:54.040 --> 0:02:57.800 know when or where Japan would attack, tensions had risen 0:02:57.880 --> 0:03:02.160 significantly before Pearl Harbor, and intel suggested an aggression was eminent. 0:03:02.560 --> 0:03:06.600 After the attack, life for everyone on the Hawaiian Islands changed. 0:03:07.160 --> 0:03:11.280 The people had been through changes before, though before Japan's assault, 0:03:11.639 --> 0:03:14.880 the islands and their peoples found themselves under another threat. 0:03:15.520 --> 0:03:19.200 Long before that first plane flew into Pearl Harbor. For 0:03:19.280 --> 0:03:24.440 many Hawaiians, paradise had already been lost. I'm Lauren Vogelbam. 0:03:25.000 --> 0:03:34.840 Welcome to American Shadows. Thirty million years ago, the Pacific 0:03:34.880 --> 0:03:38.440 tectonic plate shifted, performing a chain of islands right near 0:03:38.480 --> 0:03:41.400 the center, about as far from anywhere else as you 0:03:41.440 --> 0:03:44.960 can get. The volcanic eruptions created a hundred and thirty 0:03:45.040 --> 0:03:48.160 seven islands in the area, including what are considered the 0:03:48.200 --> 0:03:55.320 eight major ones today a Maui, ca Lave, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Hawaii, 0:03:55.800 --> 0:03:59.920 ni how and Hawaii often referred to as the Big Island. 0:04:00.720 --> 0:04:03.680 While there are many volcanoes on the islands, only six 0:04:03.760 --> 0:04:06.839 remain active today, a two on Maui and the other 0:04:06.880 --> 0:04:10.720 four on Hawaii. The largest mana Loa, located on the 0:04:10.720 --> 0:04:15.200 Big Island, stands nine thousand feet tall. The first Polynesian 0:04:15.240 --> 0:04:19.560 settlers arrived in Hawaii around four hundred CE, having traveled 0:04:19.640 --> 0:04:22.680 thousands of miles in big canoes with the stars and 0:04:22.720 --> 0:04:26.560 elements as their guide. They settled down building new homes. 0:04:27.240 --> 0:04:30.279 Life near the ocean was comfortable. What the ocean didn't 0:04:30.279 --> 0:04:34.120 provide small farms did. They and other groups of Polynesian 0:04:34.160 --> 0:04:37.440 settlers who came of the next few centuries brought crops 0:04:37.480 --> 0:04:42.440 like tarot, red fruit, bamboo and sugarcane, and domesticated animals 0:04:42.440 --> 0:04:46.320 like chicken and pigs. The settlements spread across the major islands, 0:04:46.400 --> 0:04:49.919 from their blush windward sides to their lean leeward sides 0:04:50.000 --> 0:04:54.960 as technology and trade systems advanced, starting around the thirteen hundreds, 0:04:55.040 --> 0:04:59.839 the population boomed and sort of congealed. Large temples appeared. 0:05:00.360 --> 0:05:04.279 A complex and efficient society evolved. A high chief controlled 0:05:04.279 --> 0:05:06.760 the land of holding it in trust for the population 0:05:06.920 --> 0:05:10.919 and supervising its divisions. A whole island, known as a 0:05:11.040 --> 0:05:15.000 mokupuni was split into smaller parts called moku, which were 0:05:15.000 --> 0:05:19.800 themselves divided into ahoopwa, each one a wedge stretching from 0:05:19.880 --> 0:05:24.000 central mountains to the sea. The size of each ahoopua 0:05:24.040 --> 0:05:27.800 depended on the available resources. Of Poorer areas were the 0:05:27.960 --> 0:05:32.799 largest ahoopua, which helped offset having fewer resources. The chiefs 0:05:32.920 --> 0:05:36.440 ruled each self sustaining section. Taxes were paid to the 0:05:36.520 --> 0:05:40.200 high chief and his court through konohiki or supervisors, who 0:05:40.240 --> 0:05:43.200 oversaw the communal labor and fair use of the land 0:05:43.240 --> 0:05:46.760 and ocean. The people traded goods with other villagers. The 0:05:46.880 --> 0:05:49.960 inlanders provided the fishermen with wood for their canoes in 0:05:50.040 --> 0:05:54.000 exchange for fresh fish. Everyone tended to the farms and livestock, 0:05:54.480 --> 0:05:58.680 and though people lived in different ahoopwaa, they shared knowledge 0:05:58.720 --> 0:06:02.080 and labor. The Hawaiians lived in peace with the land, 0:06:02.760 --> 0:06:06.920 believing in the deep connection between nature and humanity. Along 0:06:06.960 --> 0:06:10.680 with the konohiki cohuna, who could be considered priests or 0:06:10.800 --> 0:06:14.240 cultural experts, ensured that the people took great care of 0:06:14.279 --> 0:06:17.679 the land, its resources, and all the life that resided 0:06:17.720 --> 0:06:20.880 within it. And some species of fish were taken only 0:06:20.960 --> 0:06:23.600 during certain times of the year. Of plants were only 0:06:23.640 --> 0:06:27.279 harvested during certain seasons. All in all, they had created 0:06:27.320 --> 0:06:32.120 a harmonious and sustainable life. The Hawaiians made everything they needed, 0:06:32.279 --> 0:06:36.719 from beautiful cloth and handcrafted canoes to exquisite arts and crafts. 0:06:37.320 --> 0:06:40.279 They used roots and vegetables to die clothing, and wore 0:06:40.360 --> 0:06:44.920 flowers for scent. For sports, they held athletic competitions. They 0:06:45.040 --> 0:06:49.040 feasted and danced and sang, told stories, and played music. 0:06:49.720 --> 0:06:52.360 Powers within the groups changed from time to time as 0:06:52.440 --> 0:06:56.159 chieftains vied for more control. Mostly, though, they lived in 0:06:56.240 --> 0:07:00.120 peace with each other through the seventeen hundreds, Captain James 0:07:00.160 --> 0:07:03.960 Cook became the first European to make contact. He stumbled 0:07:03.960 --> 0:07:07.559 across the Hawaiian islands in January of seventeen seventy eight. 0:07:08.200 --> 0:07:11.280 At first, the locals welcomed Cook and his crew. He 0:07:11.360 --> 0:07:14.840 brought iron tools, which they traded for fresh water and food. 0:07:14.960 --> 0:07:18.440 During his brief visit a year later. His return to 0:07:18.480 --> 0:07:21.440 the island of Hawaii happened to coincide with a harvest 0:07:21.480 --> 0:07:25.800 festival there and the celebration of a god's return. It's 0:07:25.920 --> 0:07:29.200 hard to tease out legend from history, but it seems 0:07:29.200 --> 0:07:32.960 that some Hawaiians associated Cook with this god. A Cook 0:07:33.000 --> 0:07:35.360 and the crew joined in the feasts and dancing that 0:07:35.560 --> 0:07:39.200 lasted a few days. They left the island shortly afterward, 0:07:39.440 --> 0:07:43.280 though a storm forced them to return. Their reappearance sparked 0:07:43.320 --> 0:07:48.720 suspicion this wasn't part of the myth. Tensions escalated. Cook 0:07:48.880 --> 0:07:51.680 determined that the Hawaiians had stolen items from him, and 0:07:51.800 --> 0:07:55.520 chose to deliver swift and harsh punishment. He might have 0:07:55.560 --> 0:07:59.560 thought these people, whom he considered inferior, would cower, they 0:07:59.560 --> 0:08:04.600 did not. Angry over Cook's accusations and violence, warriors overwhelmed 0:08:04.600 --> 0:08:08.600 the British sailors. Most managed to escape, though Captain Cook 0:08:08.760 --> 0:08:12.360 was captured and killed. In retaliation, the sailors fired their 0:08:12.400 --> 0:08:15.920 cannons on the shoreline, killing thirty Hawaiians before heading back 0:08:15.920 --> 0:08:19.400 out to sea. It was just the beginning of Hawaii's 0:08:19.440 --> 0:08:22.240 contact with the Europeans. By the turn of the century, 0:08:22.360 --> 0:08:25.360 the islands were an established port of call for ships 0:08:25.400 --> 0:08:28.640 trading in goods like furs and sandalwood as part of 0:08:28.680 --> 0:08:34.960 the increasingly global economy, and unfortunately, Cook's bloody skirmish set 0:08:34.960 --> 0:08:42.320 the tone of what was to come. Between seventeen and 0:08:42.440 --> 0:08:46.320 eighteen ten, chief by the name of Kamehameha united the 0:08:46.360 --> 0:08:50.040 islands and became the first king of this unified Kingdom 0:08:50.120 --> 0:08:54.160 of Hawaii. Though he died in eighteen nineteen, his title 0:08:54.240 --> 0:08:57.800 and leadership fell to his family. For generations. It was 0:08:57.840 --> 0:09:02.200 a time of cultural upheaval from inside and out. The 0:09:02.240 --> 0:09:06.080 new generation of Hawaiians was becoming acquainted with more outsiders, 0:09:06.559 --> 0:09:10.080 this time from the newly formed United States. At first, 0:09:10.240 --> 0:09:14.720 their contact with Americans came in the form of merchants whalers, followed, 0:09:14.960 --> 0:09:19.920 then missionaries. Determined to save souls with their faith and Bibles, 0:09:20.000 --> 0:09:24.079 they brought something else to the islands, diseases that decimated 0:09:24.160 --> 0:09:28.480 the local population. Americans pushed westward, and spurred by the 0:09:28.480 --> 0:09:32.800 government's assurance that taking land inhabited by indigenous peoples was acceptable, 0:09:33.240 --> 0:09:36.360 especially those who didn't submit to becoming what they called 0:09:36.520 --> 0:09:42.600 civilized missionaries and colonizing farmers, created many changes within Hawaiian culture. 0:09:43.120 --> 0:09:46.760 On September two of eight thirty eight, a group had 0:09:46.800 --> 0:09:50.600 gathered outside one of the grass huts along Pouaina, a 0:09:50.679 --> 0:09:53.920 volcanic creater on Oahu that the westerners called the punch bowl. 0:09:54.720 --> 0:09:57.880 Inside the hut, a woman labored, just as the baby 0:09:57.880 --> 0:10:01.760 girl entered the world, rain and to fall to the people. 0:10:02.160 --> 0:10:05.439 The rainfall seems like nature had joined in the celebration. 0:10:06.000 --> 0:10:09.480 Her parents were well respected and shared lineage with Kamehameha 0:10:09.559 --> 0:10:13.880 the First. They named their daughter Liliu. The people thought 0:10:13.920 --> 0:10:17.000 great things were in store for the child. They weren't wrong. 0:10:17.679 --> 0:10:20.800 Her position and rank climbed shortly after her birth when 0:10:20.840 --> 0:10:23.480 her parents sent her to live with other higher ranking 0:10:23.559 --> 0:10:27.680 family members. The custom, known as hanai is meant to 0:10:27.720 --> 0:10:31.920 strengthen family bonds. While the new family took over raising Liliu, 0:10:32.320 --> 0:10:34.240 her briok parents still had to say and what was 0:10:34.320 --> 0:10:37.920 best for her. The missionaries thought the practice was barbaric, 0:10:38.320 --> 0:10:41.320 and they aimed to save the indigenous people's souls by 0:10:41.360 --> 0:10:45.080 doing away with such traditional Hawaiian practices. By the time 0:10:45.120 --> 0:10:49.360 Liliu turned to the monarchy, that Kamehameha the First, once built, 0:10:49.520 --> 0:10:53.440 had begun to crumble. Americans and Europeans kept arriving and 0:10:53.480 --> 0:10:57.560 carving out territories. The churches, homes, and sugar cane fields 0:10:57.559 --> 0:11:01.320 cropped up, and the missionaries baptized as Liliu and called 0:11:01.320 --> 0:11:04.760 her Lydia. After her fourth birthday, Liliu was sent to 0:11:04.800 --> 0:11:09.559 a missionary school to civilize the indigenous children. The founders 0:11:09.600 --> 0:11:13.760 allowed only short and infrequent visits with their families. Native 0:11:13.800 --> 0:11:18.360 customs weren't allowed. Their attire was deemed overtly sexual, so 0:11:18.600 --> 0:11:22.720 students clothing reflected a more European style of dress. While 0:11:22.760 --> 0:11:25.240 the children were allowed to learn to speak, read, and 0:11:25.320 --> 0:11:29.000 write in Hawaiian, they were also given traditional European courses 0:11:29.160 --> 0:11:34.000 and Christian religious teachings. King Kameha the Third sent emissaries 0:11:34.040 --> 0:11:37.280 to France, England, and the United States to establish his 0:11:37.320 --> 0:11:42.160 position and Hawaiian sovereignty. He succeeded in eighteen forty two, 0:11:42.559 --> 0:11:46.000 though it would not last. Foreign powers began to eye 0:11:46.040 --> 0:11:50.320 the islands for themselves. Disease, potential threats from the West, 0:11:50.600 --> 0:11:53.920 and an attempted attack from the British became the backdrop 0:11:53.960 --> 0:11:58.720 for Liliu's childhood. Approximately three hundred thousand indigenous people had 0:11:58.760 --> 0:12:01.640 lived on the islands when Cook first arrived. By eighteen 0:12:01.679 --> 0:12:06.679 fifty three, only seventy thousand remained. Mahemeha the third died 0:12:06.679 --> 0:12:11.319 from smallpox in eighteen fifty four. Liliu's older brothers, Princess 0:12:11.360 --> 0:12:16.640 Alexander Leeholiho and Luck Mehemeha became king. Kamehameha the fourth 0:12:16.679 --> 0:12:22.520 and fifth, respectively, both were against American annexation. Liliyu, now 0:12:22.559 --> 0:12:25.920 an adult, watched the proceedings within the king's court. With 0:12:25.960 --> 0:12:29.319 her lineage, she had been groomed to rule. After Kamehameha 0:12:29.400 --> 0:12:32.679 the Third died, she met with the surviving king's adviser, 0:12:32.880 --> 0:12:37.160 John Owen Dominus in eighteen sixty. Two years later the 0:12:37.160 --> 0:12:41.560 pair married. The marriage turned sour when John fathered a 0:12:41.640 --> 0:12:45.680 child with one of Liliu's servants. She busied herself with 0:12:45.760 --> 0:12:50.240 charity projects and political matters. Though a woman, her lineage 0:12:50.280 --> 0:12:54.480 made her opinion equally valued. In eighteen seventy three, King 0:12:54.559 --> 0:12:59.480 Kamehameha the fifth died, leaving no heirs. The Hawaiian constitution 0:12:59.600 --> 0:13:03.439 called for an election. Kamehameha the Fourth's widow, Queen Emma, 0:13:03.800 --> 0:13:08.480 and Lili's brother David Cala Cola, were their choices, David 0:13:08.640 --> 0:13:13.760 won the election. King Calaca remained childless, and Liliu became 0:13:13.800 --> 0:13:17.199 the heir presumptive. From then on, people referred to her 0:13:17.280 --> 0:13:22.880 as Princess Liliu Kalani. Meanwhile, sugarcane and pineapple production companies 0:13:22.960 --> 0:13:26.720 owned by colonists pushed for more power over the royal family. 0:13:27.160 --> 0:13:30.880 Along with the princess's new status came more responsibility, and 0:13:30.960 --> 0:13:33.280 she had more say when it came to political matters 0:13:33.440 --> 0:13:37.600 and acted as regent whenever King Kalacoa traveled. At times 0:13:37.679 --> 0:13:41.800 had become uneasy, though Queen Emma's supporters looked for ways 0:13:41.880 --> 0:13:45.920 to move her back into power, and American plantation owners 0:13:46.120 --> 0:13:56.679 sought to remove all authority from the Hawaiian government. Princess 0:13:56.720 --> 0:14:01.199 Liliu Kalani stayed busy with speeches, handling the smallpox epidemic 0:14:01.520 --> 0:14:05.240 and the logistics of a leprosy hospital in Cacacko. She 0:14:05.400 --> 0:14:07.960 funded a bank for women and the school to educate 0:14:08.040 --> 0:14:11.160 young women. In a time when women had few rights 0:14:11.200 --> 0:14:15.280 and fewer options, the princess and her sister were exceptions. 0:14:16.080 --> 0:14:19.080 Married women weren't allowed to own land, and their husbands 0:14:19.120 --> 0:14:22.440 managed all of their business affairs, but the sisters maintained 0:14:22.480 --> 0:14:27.280 control of their finances and business decisions. Lilio Kalani visited 0:14:27.360 --> 0:14:32.400 England in seven her Queen Victoria's jubilee. Buckingham Palace treated 0:14:32.400 --> 0:14:35.720 her as a monarch equal to their own. During the trip, 0:14:36.040 --> 0:14:39.640 she received word of a coup. Back in Hawaii, Armed 0:14:39.680 --> 0:14:44.200 plantation owners had forced their way onto King Colacoa's property. 0:14:44.680 --> 0:14:47.400 They made him sign over power from the monarchy through 0:14:47.440 --> 0:14:51.280 the threat of death, granting voting rights to non native 0:14:51.480 --> 0:14:55.640 landowning colonists. The document that had drafted also granted the 0:14:55.720 --> 0:14:59.680 United States control over Pearl Harbor. This document granted more 0:14:59.680 --> 0:15:02.760 commer sial rights to plantation owners, reduced the right to 0:15:02.840 --> 0:15:07.160 vote for lower income Native Hawaiians, and excluded Asian immigrants 0:15:07.200 --> 0:15:11.000 who had come to work the plantations. With his signature, 0:15:11.280 --> 0:15:14.440 three out of four Native Hawaiians lost their right to vote. 0:15:14.840 --> 0:15:18.160 It's been nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution because it was signed 0:15:18.200 --> 0:15:22.160 at gunpoint. Liliu Klanni returned to find her brother in 0:15:22.280 --> 0:15:25.920 ailing health. Still, he traveled to the US to discuss 0:15:25.920 --> 0:15:29.720 a tariff that had severely hindered the sugar industry. He 0:15:29.920 --> 0:15:35.240 died in San Francisco on January. News of his death 0:15:35.280 --> 0:15:38.600 didn't reach the islands until the ship returned a week later. 0:15:39.480 --> 0:15:42.880 The Hawaiians held a traditional funeral ritual and the crowned 0:15:42.920 --> 0:15:47.280 Liliu Klanni on January twenty nine. She became Hawaii's first 0:15:47.400 --> 0:15:50.680 ruling queen. For the next few weeks, she remained in 0:15:50.760 --> 0:15:54.480 mourning for her brother. Afterward, she sought to return the 0:15:54.520 --> 0:15:58.000 power that had been stolen from the monarchy. The battle 0:15:58.080 --> 0:16:02.000 took two years. She planned to reinstate her people into 0:16:02.000 --> 0:16:06.479 control over both politics and the Hawaiian economy. The plantation 0:16:06.520 --> 0:16:09.560 owners took to the press in a smear campaign. None 0:16:09.600 --> 0:16:12.840 of it phazed her, and she pushed forward. A tragedy 0:16:12.880 --> 0:16:15.800 struck again when her husband, who was also o wah 0:16:15.800 --> 0:16:21.200 Whu's governor, died on August. While the two didn't have 0:16:21.280 --> 0:16:24.880 a good marriage, he had supported his wife's endeavors. The 0:16:24.920 --> 0:16:29.600 plantation owners, including one Sandford B. Dole, worried a return 0:16:29.640 --> 0:16:33.200 to the monarchy would affect their profits. Aside from being 0:16:33.200 --> 0:16:36.120 a landowner, Dole was a lawyer who had been appointed 0:16:36.160 --> 0:16:41.640 as an associate justice on the Hawaiian Supreme Court. Sandford's cousin, James, 0:16:41.880 --> 0:16:44.960 owned the Dole Food Company, and both men had a 0:16:45.000 --> 0:16:50.120 substantial interest in keeping Hawaiian land in American control, and 0:16:50.320 --> 0:16:54.000 both men had plenty of power. Sandford was part of 0:16:54.040 --> 0:16:57.320 a clan of business men called the Committee of Safety, 0:16:57.720 --> 0:17:03.720 who in January of plotted a coup. Their leader, politician 0:17:03.760 --> 0:17:08.040 and lawyer Lauren A. Thurston, set to work. They gained 0:17:08.080 --> 0:17:11.080 support from other US politicians and the captain of a 0:17:11.160 --> 0:17:16.199 US worship anchored in Honolulu Harbor. By January fourteenth of 0:17:16.240 --> 0:17:20.719 that year, Lilio Kalani had received over sixty hundred signatures 0:17:20.760 --> 0:17:23.600 to repeal the document her brother had been forced to sign, 0:17:24.200 --> 0:17:27.879 and she proposed a new constitution. But all was not 0:17:28.000 --> 0:17:30.840 as it seemed. One of her ministers made a copy 0:17:30.960 --> 0:17:34.520 of the new constitution and sent it to Thurston. By 0:17:34.600 --> 0:17:37.920 January six the Committee of Safety held a public meeting 0:17:37.960 --> 0:17:41.320 to denounce the queen. Some of her council fled the palace, 0:17:41.400 --> 0:17:46.600 fearing for their safety. Outside, indigenous Hawaiians gathered. They were 0:17:46.640 --> 0:17:49.880 tired of foreign powers buying off their officials and thwarting 0:17:49.920 --> 0:17:54.000 the Queen's efforts. A hundred and sixty two US sailors 0:17:54.040 --> 0:17:58.720 and marines arrived that day support the coup. Hawaiian attempts 0:17:58.720 --> 0:18:02.960 to resolve the conflict with an negotiation failed. The next day, 0:18:03.119 --> 0:18:06.480 Thurston and his men gathered outside the court house demanding 0:18:06.480 --> 0:18:09.600 that the queen stepped down. He declared martial law and 0:18:09.640 --> 0:18:12.920 for the queen to be removed. The remaining council advised 0:18:12.920 --> 0:18:16.040 her to surrender control to the U. S. Government instead 0:18:16.040 --> 0:18:18.320 of the committee. It should be noted that the plantation 0:18:18.359 --> 0:18:21.400 owners were American, but that the U. S. Government didn't 0:18:21.400 --> 0:18:26.280 officially sanction the coup. By midnight, Lilio Klannie had signed 0:18:26.280 --> 0:18:29.400 over her control to what she thought was the United States, 0:18:30.000 --> 0:18:34.560 though she had been betrayed once more. Sandford Dole became 0:18:34.640 --> 0:18:37.520 the head of the new government. He immediately pushed to 0:18:37.520 --> 0:18:43.840 have Hawaii annexed. In February, President Benjamin Harrison agreed. When 0:18:43.840 --> 0:18:48.080 Grover Cleveland took office a month later, he ordered an investigation. 0:18:48.600 --> 0:18:51.280 The commissioner reported what had happened and that the people 0:18:51.359 --> 0:18:56.080 supported the queen, not Sandford's government. Cleveland ordered that Lilio 0:18:56.160 --> 0:19:00.119 Klanni be reinstated, but only if she granted amnesty to 0:19:00.119 --> 0:19:03.640 those involved with the coup. Dole refused to hand over 0:19:03.680 --> 0:19:07.680 his power, and even when Liliuklawi agreed and President Cleveland 0:19:07.840 --> 0:19:12.600 didn't intervene, and Sandford Dole proclaimed himself president of the 0:19:12.640 --> 0:19:22.679 newly formed Republic of Hawaii. Paradise had been forcefully taken, 0:19:23.320 --> 0:19:27.560 and without help from President Cleveland, Hawaii no longer belonged 0:19:27.560 --> 0:19:30.800 to the indigenous people, and without voting rights, they had 0:19:30.840 --> 0:19:35.520 no means to get it back. In December of Congress 0:19:35.600 --> 0:19:39.000 realized they had a problem that allowed American citizens to 0:19:39.080 --> 0:19:42.320 overthrow a foreign government and had taken control by threat 0:19:42.320 --> 0:19:46.320 of war. Dole clung to his ill begotten power while 0:19:46.359 --> 0:19:51.639 Congress talked about justice. The indigenous people felt by they 0:19:51.640 --> 0:19:54.600 had waited long enough for the president to act. Hawaiian 0:19:54.720 --> 0:19:59.840 royalists plotted to take back control. Their rebellion failed. Dole's 0:19:59.840 --> 0:20:02.840 got namant had the rebels and the queen arrested for treason. 0:20:03.440 --> 0:20:07.520 The Republic offered her a deal abdicate and saved the 0:20:07.560 --> 0:20:10.600 lives of six of her people, who faced a death sentence. 0:20:11.320 --> 0:20:14.920 She agreed and was heavily fined and sentenced to five 0:20:15.000 --> 0:20:18.439 years of hard labor. Afterwards, she remained under house arrest. 0:20:19.440 --> 0:20:23.160 A year later, Dole announced that he had generously pardoned 0:20:23.240 --> 0:20:26.359 the Leio Kalani without any children of her own. She 0:20:26.520 --> 0:20:29.479 traveled to Washington with her niece, whom she designated as 0:20:29.520 --> 0:20:32.440 her heir. Her attempts to convince the president to restore 0:20:32.440 --> 0:20:36.879 Hawaii's independence failed. The United States and x Hawaii in 0:20:38.200 --> 0:20:41.680 under the McKinley administration and treated it as a US territory. 0:20:41.920 --> 0:20:45.679 Hawaii became the fiftieth U S state in nineteen fifty nine. 0:20:46.080 --> 0:20:51.240 Congress offered a formal apology to Hawaiians in Today, native 0:20:51.280 --> 0:20:54.880 Hawaiians remain the only indigenous people in the United States 0:20:55.119 --> 0:20:59.520 to not have political sovereignty. A tourism flourished when Hawaii 0:20:59.600 --> 0:21:02.159 became a date. Air travel made it easier for the 0:21:02.160 --> 0:21:05.720 middle class to visit. Tourism outstripped both the pineapple and 0:21:05.800 --> 0:21:10.240 sugar industries in terms of income. Hotels, shops, high rises, 0:21:10.280 --> 0:21:13.480 and golf courses have cropped up, and the beaches are crowded. 0:21:13.920 --> 0:21:17.240 While it's still a paradise, there is a debate over 0:21:17.520 --> 0:21:22.160 who's paradise. A one cultural icon from the past remains 0:21:22.160 --> 0:21:26.520 strong though. The song Looha Oi is still sung today 0:21:26.880 --> 0:21:30.520 and has been recorded by many musicians. It's a song 0:21:30.640 --> 0:21:34.920 of farewell and the hopes for reunion. As the story 0:21:34.960 --> 0:21:37.440 behind the melody goes, it was written in the late 0:21:37.440 --> 0:21:40.760 eighteen seventies. A young woman had taken a trip on 0:21:40.840 --> 0:21:43.400 horseback with a group of others at a ranch belonging 0:21:43.440 --> 0:21:46.280 to Colonel James Boyd. At the end of the ride, 0:21:46.400 --> 0:21:48.960 she watched as he and a close friend shared an 0:21:49.000 --> 0:21:53.520 embrace and a passionate kiss. The lovers parted reluctantly. The 0:21:53.720 --> 0:21:57.200 longing and affection shared between the two inspired the young 0:21:57.240 --> 0:21:59.320 woman to write the words to the melody that we 0:21:59.560 --> 0:22:02.920 all know today. Years later, she would sing the song 0:22:02.960 --> 0:22:06.560 again when control over Hawaii was stripped from her people. 0:22:07.280 --> 0:22:13.280 That woman, it's none other than Queen Juliu Kalani. There's 0:22:13.440 --> 0:22:16.560 more to this story. Stick around after this brief sponsor 0:22:16.640 --> 0:22:31.040 break to hear all about it. Very few came to 0:22:31.080 --> 0:22:35.240 the peninsula, at least willingly. King kameh Mayha the Fifth 0:22:35.359 --> 0:22:40.040 Law went into effect on January three, eight six, and 0:22:40.280 --> 0:22:44.919 families were ripped apart. Surrounded by rough seas and steep 0:22:44.960 --> 0:22:48.720 sea cliffs. The topography of the Peninsula of law Papa 0:22:48.920 --> 0:22:53.400 on the island of Molokai lent itself to seclusion. Yet 0:22:53.520 --> 0:22:56.879 there are long stretches of sandy beaches. While it was 0:22:57.119 --> 0:23:01.680 and still is a natural Paradise, a yse fifth largest island, 0:23:01.960 --> 0:23:05.720 housed a lepre colony in the eighteen hundreds. Humans have 0:23:05.720 --> 0:23:10.320 been afflicted with leprosy for millennia. The disease is often disfiguring, 0:23:10.760 --> 0:23:15.480 causing sores, and internally it causes nerve damage. Although not 0:23:15.640 --> 0:23:19.639 the most contagious, repeated exposure raises the risk. When it 0:23:19.760 --> 0:23:23.080 first appeared in early history, people believed the disease was 0:23:23.119 --> 0:23:27.040 a curse or punishment from the gods. Others thought leprosy 0:23:27.160 --> 0:23:31.200 was hereditary and shunned entire families if one member fell ill. 0:23:32.000 --> 0:23:35.520 Research suggests that leprosy, now known to be caused by 0:23:35.560 --> 0:23:40.240 bacteria called microbacteri in leprey, has been around since humans 0:23:40.280 --> 0:23:43.960 have been human. It's followed roots of migration in trade 0:23:44.040 --> 0:23:48.560 and war for over forty thousand years. Until nineteen forty, 0:23:49.119 --> 0:23:53.320 there was no cure or effective treatment in medieval Europe. 0:23:53.440 --> 0:23:55.639 Those afflicted often walked on a different side of the 0:23:55.680 --> 0:23:58.600 road than others, or rang a bell or war clothing 0:23:58.680 --> 0:24:01.960 to warn others to keep their distance, and mostly though 0:24:02.160 --> 0:24:06.760 people were quarantined for life. This is where the island 0:24:06.760 --> 0:24:10.200 of Molokai comes in. No one knows when leprosy was 0:24:10.240 --> 0:24:14.439 introduced to Hawaii. It may have arrived multiple times, but 0:24:14.720 --> 0:24:19.320 starting in the eighteen twenties, European missionaries began reporting leprosy 0:24:19.400 --> 0:24:23.080 like symptoms on the islands, and by the eighteen sixties, 0:24:23.240 --> 0:24:27.240 with the population growing through immigration and colonization, it was 0:24:27.280 --> 0:24:29.960 considered enough of a problem that may have the Fifth 0:24:30.240 --> 0:24:32.800 and his Board of Health passed the Act to prevent 0:24:32.880 --> 0:24:36.480 the spread of leprosy. It created a policy of permanent 0:24:36.520 --> 0:24:40.200 segregation that would send over eight thousand people with leprosy 0:24:40.400 --> 0:24:42.919 to live out their lives on call pop U Peninsula 0:24:43.080 --> 0:24:47.879 on Molokai. Hawaiians sometimes called it the disease that separates families, 0:24:48.440 --> 0:24:51.560 and children fell victim to it more often than adults. 0:24:52.400 --> 0:24:56.399 One father, Damon, saw his calling on the island in 0:24:56.560 --> 0:24:58.919 eighteen fifty eight. He and his brother were part of 0:24:58.920 --> 0:25:02.439 the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Belgium. His 0:25:02.560 --> 0:25:05.080 brother had been asked to go to Hawaii, but fell ill. 0:25:05.680 --> 0:25:09.200 Damien took his place. He first arrived in eighteen sixty 0:25:09.240 --> 0:25:11.760 three and ministered to the people on the Big Island 0:25:11.840 --> 0:25:15.359 for ten years until the colony on Molokai needed help. 0:25:16.320 --> 0:25:19.600 He and three other priests alternated caring for those sent 0:25:19.680 --> 0:25:22.439 to live on the peninsula. He traveled to the island 0:25:22.480 --> 0:25:26.920 by boat along with cattle and fifty patients. The colony 0:25:26.960 --> 0:25:29.359 petitioned to have a full time priest lived with them, 0:25:29.600 --> 0:25:33.120 and Father Damon never hesitated. He wrote to his superiors 0:25:33.200 --> 0:25:36.200 that he would not be leaving the island. The people 0:25:36.240 --> 0:25:38.679 needed him. They had come to the island expecting the 0:25:38.720 --> 0:25:42.000 worst and feeling they'd been sent there to die. Father 0:25:42.080 --> 0:25:45.040 Damon became determined to give them a place to live. 0:25:45.760 --> 0:25:49.520 He learned their language and helped build homes. Together with 0:25:49.560 --> 0:25:54.040 the patients, he planted gardens and trees. He organized schools 0:25:54.080 --> 0:25:56.760 for the children when he wasn't busy tending to residence 0:25:56.800 --> 0:26:00.480 medical needs. The children enjoyed the usual thing that had 0:26:00.480 --> 0:26:04.560 on the Big Island, like bands and choirs, and when 0:26:04.640 --> 0:26:08.040 people died, he helped bury them. He returned to the 0:26:08.080 --> 0:26:12.399 Big Island to campaign for more funding. He relentlessly championed 0:26:12.400 --> 0:26:17.600 better conditions, more supplies, and clothing. His tireless work attracted 0:26:17.680 --> 0:26:22.800 worldwide attention, shedding light on leprosy and the colony on Molokai. 0:26:23.160 --> 0:26:25.960 For twelve years, he lived with the people on Molokai 0:26:26.119 --> 0:26:30.160 before he contracted leprosy himself. The Health Board certified him 0:26:30.240 --> 0:26:33.200 as an inmate on March thirty of eighteen eighty six. 0:26:34.119 --> 0:26:36.880 Though he could no longer leave the island, he stated 0:26:36.960 --> 0:26:40.199 that he was with his people and happy. The disease 0:26:40.240 --> 0:26:42.680 caught up with him three years later, and he died 0:26:42.720 --> 0:26:45.399 at the age of forty nine on April fifteenth of 0:26:45.400 --> 0:26:49.159 eighteen eighty nine. The colony, the Kingdom of Hawaii, and 0:26:49.280 --> 0:26:52.920 the world mourned his death. In two thousand nine, Father 0:26:53.000 --> 0:26:56.760