1 00:00:02,560 --> 00:00:05,760 Speaker 1: You're listening to American Shadows, a production of I Heart 2 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:18,960 Speaker 1: Radio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey. The day 3 00:00:19,079 --> 00:00:22,840 Speaker 1: started like many others, of warm seventy three degrees with 4 00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: partly cloudy skies. Civilians were going about their early Sunday 5 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:31,159 Speaker 1: morning routines when the dive bomber appeared, the first of 6 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:35,280 Speaker 1: two hundred. At eight ten that morning, an eight hundred 7 00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:39,080 Speaker 1: pound bomb landed on the USS Arizona. The explosions sank 8 00:00:39,159 --> 00:00:43,440 Speaker 1: the ship, trapping its thousand men on board. More Japanese 9 00:00:43,479 --> 00:00:48,200 Speaker 1: planes flew overhead, darkening the skies. The USS Oklahoma took 10 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:52,080 Speaker 1: several hits from torpedoes. The battleship rolled to one side, 11 00:00:52,320 --> 00:00:55,640 Speaker 1: then slid beneath the water along with four hundred men. 12 00:00:56,400 --> 00:00:59,600 Speaker 1: Beth Slingerland, a teacher with a husband in the military, 13 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: watched the planes descend. Black smoke billowed into the air 14 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:07,840 Speaker 1: as the aircraft kept dropping bombs. Fireballs appeared over the 15 00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:11,920 Speaker 1: hangars at the airfield. She could do nothing except worry 16 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: and wait. Army Air corpsan Everest capra knew they were 17 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:18,800 Speaker 1: under attack as soon as he saw the planes. He 18 00:01:18,920 --> 00:01:21,679 Speaker 1: ran outside to warn the others, then hurried back to 19 00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:25,000 Speaker 1: the barracks. Just as the bombs and bullets started. He 20 00:01:25,120 --> 00:01:27,559 Speaker 1: and a couple of other men dodged enemy fire while 21 00:01:27,640 --> 00:01:31,039 Speaker 1: gathering injured and taking them to the hospital. An explosion 22 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:33,920 Speaker 1: knocked Capra out, but when he awoke, he refused to 23 00:01:33,920 --> 00:01:36,720 Speaker 1: head to the hospital himself, knowing the Japanese would strike 24 00:01:36,800 --> 00:01:40,400 Speaker 1: there too. Despite his injuries, he continued to help others. 25 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,440 Speaker 1: Honorary Chaplain Joe Morgan at first took shelter under an 26 00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,480 Speaker 1: I beam inside a hangar and hoped for the best. Outside, 27 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:51,760 Speaker 1: crew members with nothing other than handguns, took to shooting 28 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:55,000 Speaker 1: at the planes. Morgan went to the armory and grabbed 29 00:01:55,040 --> 00:01:59,200 Speaker 1: the machine gun. Then he fought back. The US had 30 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: tried to stay out of the war, responding to Japan's 31 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:06,640 Speaker 1: invasions and atrocities with sanctions. Japan hoped this attack would 32 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:09,639 Speaker 1: prevent the US from intervening in their aggressive expansion in 33 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:14,120 Speaker 1: the South Pacific. For two hours, the assault continued. Every 34 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:17,960 Speaker 1: battleship in Pearl Harbor was damaged. Over three hundred planes 35 00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:21,960 Speaker 1: and hangars and on the airfield were destroyed. Wives waited 36 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:25,720 Speaker 1: on word about their husbands, children waited for their fathers. 37 00:02:26,440 --> 00:02:29,440 Speaker 1: At five that evening, Beth heard her husband's boots on 38 00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:35,000 Speaker 1: the driveway. They were fortunate. Hundred people died and another 39 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: thousand were injured. Aboard the Arizona there were thirty eight 40 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,799 Speaker 1: sets of brothers. Sixty three of the seventy nine men died. 41 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:46,120 Speaker 1: Those four hundred men remained buried in the harbor. With 42 00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:50,160 Speaker 1: the Oklahoma nine hundred are interred in the Arizona. Pearl 43 00:02:50,200 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 1: Harbor became a memorial. Though the U. S. Navy didn't 44 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,800 Speaker 1: know when or where Japan would attack, tensions had risen 45 00:02:57,880 --> 00:03:02,160 Speaker 1: significantly before Pearl Harbor, and intel suggested an aggression was eminent. 46 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:06,600 Speaker 1: After the attack, life for everyone on the Hawaiian Islands changed. 47 00:03:07,160 --> 00:03:11,280 Speaker 1: The people had been through changes before, though before Japan's assault, 48 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:14,880 Speaker 1: the islands and their peoples found themselves under another threat. 49 00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:19,200 Speaker 1: Long before that first plane flew into Pearl Harbor. For 50 00:03:19,280 --> 00:03:24,440 Speaker 1: many Hawaiians, paradise had already been lost. I'm Lauren Vogelbam. 51 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:34,840 Speaker 1: Welcome to American Shadows. Thirty million years ago, the Pacific 52 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:38,440 Speaker 1: tectonic plate shifted, performing a chain of islands right near 53 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 1: the center, about as far from anywhere else as you 54 00:03:41,440 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: can get. The volcanic eruptions created a hundred and thirty 55 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:48,160 Speaker 1: seven islands in the area, including what are considered the 56 00:03:48,200 --> 00:03:55,320 Speaker 1: eight major ones today a Maui, ca Lave, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Hawaii, 57 00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: ni how and Hawaii often referred to as the Big Island. 58 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:03,680 Speaker 1: While there are many volcanoes on the islands, only six 59 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:06,839 Speaker 1: remain active today, a two on Maui and the other 60 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:10,720 Speaker 1: four on Hawaii. The largest mana Loa, located on the 61 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 1: Big Island, stands nine thousand feet tall. The first Polynesian 62 00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:19,560 Speaker 1: settlers arrived in Hawaii around four hundred CE, having traveled 63 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:22,680 Speaker 1: thousands of miles in big canoes with the stars and 64 00:04:22,720 --> 00:04:26,560 Speaker 1: elements as their guide. They settled down building new homes. 65 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:30,279 Speaker 1: Life near the ocean was comfortable. What the ocean didn't 66 00:04:30,279 --> 00:04:34,120 Speaker 1: provide small farms did. They and other groups of Polynesian 67 00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:37,440 Speaker 1: settlers who came of the next few centuries brought crops 68 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:42,440 Speaker 1: like tarot, red fruit, bamboo and sugarcane, and domesticated animals 69 00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:46,320 Speaker 1: like chicken and pigs. The settlements spread across the major islands, 70 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:49,919 Speaker 1: from their blush windward sides to their lean leeward sides 71 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:54,960 Speaker 1: as technology and trade systems advanced, starting around the thirteen hundreds, 72 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:59,839 Speaker 1: the population boomed and sort of congealed. Large temples appeared. 73 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:04,279 Speaker 1: A complex and efficient society evolved. A high chief controlled 74 00:05:04,279 --> 00:05:06,760 Speaker 1: the land of holding it in trust for the population 75 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:10,919 Speaker 1: and supervising its divisions. A whole island, known as a 76 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:15,000 Speaker 1: mokupuni was split into smaller parts called moku, which were 77 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:19,800 Speaker 1: themselves divided into ahoopwa, each one a wedge stretching from 78 00:05:19,880 --> 00:05:24,000 Speaker 1: central mountains to the sea. The size of each ahoopua 79 00:05:24,040 --> 00:05:27,800 Speaker 1: depended on the available resources. Of Poorer areas were the 80 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:32,799 Speaker 1: largest ahoopua, which helped offset having fewer resources. The chiefs 81 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:36,440 Speaker 1: ruled each self sustaining section. Taxes were paid to the 82 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: high chief and his court through konohiki or supervisors, who 83 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:43,200 Speaker 1: oversaw the communal labor and fair use of the land 84 00:05:43,240 --> 00:05:46,760 Speaker 1: and ocean. The people traded goods with other villagers. The 85 00:05:46,880 --> 00:05:49,960 Speaker 1: inlanders provided the fishermen with wood for their canoes in 86 00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:54,000 Speaker 1: exchange for fresh fish. Everyone tended to the farms and livestock, 87 00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:58,680 Speaker 1: and though people lived in different ahoopwaa, they shared knowledge 88 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 1: and labor. The Hawaiians lived in peace with the land, 89 00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:06,920 Speaker 1: believing in the deep connection between nature and humanity. Along 90 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:10,680 Speaker 1: with the konohiki cohuna, who could be considered priests or 91 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:14,240 Speaker 1: cultural experts, ensured that the people took great care of 92 00:06:14,279 --> 00:06:17,679 Speaker 1: the land, its resources, and all the life that resided 93 00:06:17,720 --> 00:06:20,880 Speaker 1: within it. And some species of fish were taken only 94 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:23,600 Speaker 1: during certain times of the year. Of plants were only 95 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:27,279 Speaker 1: harvested during certain seasons. All in all, they had created 96 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:32,120 Speaker 1: a harmonious and sustainable life. The Hawaiians made everything they needed, 97 00:06:32,279 --> 00:06:36,719 Speaker 1: from beautiful cloth and handcrafted canoes to exquisite arts and crafts. 98 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:40,279 Speaker 1: They used roots and vegetables to die clothing, and wore 99 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:44,920 Speaker 1: flowers for scent. For sports, they held athletic competitions. They 100 00:06:45,040 --> 00:06:49,040 Speaker 1: feasted and danced and sang, told stories, and played music. 101 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:52,360 Speaker 1: Powers within the groups changed from time to time as 102 00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:56,159 Speaker 1: chieftains vied for more control. Mostly, though, they lived in 103 00:06:56,240 --> 00:07:00,120 Speaker 1: peace with each other through the seventeen hundreds, Captain James 104 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:03,960 Speaker 1: Cook became the first European to make contact. He stumbled 105 00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:07,559 Speaker 1: across the Hawaiian islands in January of seventeen seventy eight. 106 00:07:08,200 --> 00:07:11,280 Speaker 1: At first, the locals welcomed Cook and his crew. He 107 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:14,840 Speaker 1: brought iron tools, which they traded for fresh water and food. 108 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:18,440 Speaker 1: During his brief visit a year later. His return to 109 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,440 Speaker 1: the island of Hawaii happened to coincide with a harvest 110 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:25,800 Speaker 1: festival there and the celebration of a god's return. It's 111 00:07:25,920 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: hard to tease out legend from history, but it seems 112 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 1: that some Hawaiians associated Cook with this god. A Cook 113 00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:35,360 Speaker 1: and the crew joined in the feasts and dancing that 114 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:39,200 Speaker 1: lasted a few days. They left the island shortly afterward, 115 00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:43,280 Speaker 1: though a storm forced them to return. Their reappearance sparked 116 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:48,720 Speaker 1: suspicion this wasn't part of the myth. Tensions escalated. Cook 117 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: determined that the Hawaiians had stolen items from him, and 118 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,520 Speaker 1: chose to deliver swift and harsh punishment. He might have 119 00:07:55,560 --> 00:07:59,560 Speaker 1: thought these people, whom he considered inferior, would cower, they 120 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:04,600 Speaker 1: did not. Angry over Cook's accusations and violence, warriors overwhelmed 121 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 1: the British sailors. Most managed to escape, though Captain Cook 122 00:08:08,760 --> 00:08:12,360 Speaker 1: was captured and killed. In retaliation, the sailors fired their 123 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,920 Speaker 1: cannons on the shoreline, killing thirty Hawaiians before heading back 124 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:19,400 Speaker 1: out to sea. It was just the beginning of Hawaii's 125 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:22,240 Speaker 1: contact with the Europeans. By the turn of the century, 126 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:25,360 Speaker 1: the islands were an established port of call for ships 127 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 1: trading in goods like furs and sandalwood as part of 128 00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:34,960 Speaker 1: the increasingly global economy, and unfortunately, Cook's bloody skirmish set 129 00:08:34,960 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 1: the tone of what was to come. Between seventeen and 130 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:46,320 Speaker 1: eighteen ten, chief by the name of Kamehameha united the 131 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:50,040 Speaker 1: islands and became the first king of this unified Kingdom 132 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: of Hawaii. Though he died in eighteen nineteen, his title 133 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:57,800 Speaker 1: and leadership fell to his family. For generations. It was 134 00:08:57,840 --> 00:09:02,200 Speaker 1: a time of cultural upheaval from inside and out. The 135 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:06,080 Speaker 1: new generation of Hawaiians was becoming acquainted with more outsiders, 136 00:09:06,559 --> 00:09:10,080 Speaker 1: this time from the newly formed United States. At first, 137 00:09:10,240 --> 00:09:14,720 Speaker 1: their contact with Americans came in the form of merchants whalers, followed, 138 00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:19,920 Speaker 1: then missionaries. Determined to save souls with their faith and Bibles, 139 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:24,079 Speaker 1: they brought something else to the islands, diseases that decimated 140 00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:28,480 Speaker 1: the local population. Americans pushed westward, and spurred by the 141 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 1: government's assurance that taking land inhabited by indigenous peoples was acceptable, 142 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: especially those who didn't submit to becoming what they called 143 00:09:36,520 --> 00:09:42,600 Speaker 1: civilized missionaries and colonizing farmers, created many changes within Hawaiian culture. 144 00:09:43,120 --> 00:09:46,760 Speaker 1: On September two of eight thirty eight, a group had 145 00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:50,600 Speaker 1: gathered outside one of the grass huts along Pouaina, a 146 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:53,920 Speaker 1: volcanic creater on Oahu that the westerners called the punch bowl. 147 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:57,880 Speaker 1: Inside the hut, a woman labored, just as the baby 148 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:01,760 Speaker 1: girl entered the world, rain and to fall to the people. 149 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:05,439 Speaker 1: The rainfall seems like nature had joined in the celebration. 150 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,480 Speaker 1: Her parents were well respected and shared lineage with Kamehameha 151 00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:13,880 Speaker 1: the First. They named their daughter Liliu. The people thought 152 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,000 Speaker 1: great things were in store for the child. They weren't wrong. 153 00:10:17,679 --> 00:10:20,800 Speaker 1: Her position and rank climbed shortly after her birth when 154 00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:23,480 Speaker 1: her parents sent her to live with other higher ranking 155 00:10:23,559 --> 00:10:27,680 Speaker 1: family members. The custom, known as hanai is meant to 156 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: strengthen family bonds. While the new family took over raising Liliu, 157 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:34,240 Speaker 1: her briok parents still had to say and what was 158 00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:37,920 Speaker 1: best for her. The missionaries thought the practice was barbaric, 159 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:41,320 Speaker 1: and they aimed to save the indigenous people's souls by 160 00:10:41,360 --> 00:10:45,080 Speaker 1: doing away with such traditional Hawaiian practices. By the time 161 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:49,360 Speaker 1: Liliu turned to the monarchy, that Kamehameha the First, once built, 162 00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:53,440 Speaker 1: had begun to crumble. Americans and Europeans kept arriving and 163 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:57,560 Speaker 1: carving out territories. The churches, homes, and sugar cane fields 164 00:10:57,559 --> 00:11:01,320 Speaker 1: cropped up, and the missionaries baptized as Liliu and called 165 00:11:01,320 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: her Lydia. After her fourth birthday, Liliu was sent to 166 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:09,559 Speaker 1: a missionary school to civilize the indigenous children. The founders 167 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:13,760 Speaker 1: allowed only short and infrequent visits with their families. Native 168 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:18,360 Speaker 1: customs weren't allowed. Their attire was deemed overtly sexual, so 169 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:22,720 Speaker 1: students clothing reflected a more European style of dress. While 170 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:25,240 Speaker 1: the children were allowed to learn to speak, read, and 171 00:11:25,320 --> 00:11:29,000 Speaker 1: write in Hawaiian, they were also given traditional European courses 172 00:11:29,160 --> 00:11:34,000 Speaker 1: and Christian religious teachings. King Kameha the Third sent emissaries 173 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:37,280 Speaker 1: to France, England, and the United States to establish his 174 00:11:37,320 --> 00:11:42,160 Speaker 1: position and Hawaiian sovereignty. He succeeded in eighteen forty two, 175 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: though it would not last. Foreign powers began to eye 176 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:50,320 Speaker 1: the islands for themselves. Disease, potential threats from the West, 177 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:53,920 Speaker 1: and an attempted attack from the British became the backdrop 178 00:11:53,960 --> 00:11:58,720 Speaker 1: for Liliu's childhood. Approximately three hundred thousand indigenous people had 179 00:11:58,760 --> 00:12:01,640 Speaker 1: lived on the islands when Cook first arrived. By eighteen 180 00:12:01,679 --> 00:12:06,679 Speaker 1: fifty three, only seventy thousand remained. Mahemeha the third died 181 00:12:06,679 --> 00:12:11,319 Speaker 1: from smallpox in eighteen fifty four. Liliu's older brothers, Princess 182 00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:16,640 Speaker 1: Alexander Leeholiho and Luck Mehemeha became king. Kamehameha the fourth 183 00:12:16,679 --> 00:12:22,520 Speaker 1: and fifth, respectively, both were against American annexation. Liliyu, now 184 00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:25,920 Speaker 1: an adult, watched the proceedings within the king's court. With 185 00:12:25,960 --> 00:12:29,319 Speaker 1: her lineage, she had been groomed to rule. After Kamehameha 186 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:32,679 Speaker 1: the Third died, she met with the surviving king's adviser, 187 00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:37,160 Speaker 1: John Owen Dominus in eighteen sixty. Two years later the 188 00:12:37,160 --> 00:12:41,560 Speaker 1: pair married. The marriage turned sour when John fathered a 189 00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:45,680 Speaker 1: child with one of Liliu's servants. She busied herself with 190 00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:50,240 Speaker 1: charity projects and political matters. Though a woman, her lineage 191 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:54,480 Speaker 1: made her opinion equally valued. In eighteen seventy three, King 192 00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: Kamehameha the fifth died, leaving no heirs. The Hawaiian constitution 193 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:03,439 Speaker 1: called for an election. Kamehameha the Fourth's widow, Queen Emma, 194 00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:08,480 Speaker 1: and Lili's brother David Cala Cola, were their choices, David 195 00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:13,760 Speaker 1: won the election. King Calaca remained childless, and Liliu became 196 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,199 Speaker 1: the heir presumptive. From then on, people referred to her 197 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 1: as Princess Liliu Kalani. Meanwhile, sugarcane and pineapple production companies 198 00:13:22,960 --> 00:13:26,720 Speaker 1: owned by colonists pushed for more power over the royal family. 199 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: Along with the princess's new status came more responsibility, and 200 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:33,280 Speaker 1: she had more say when it came to political matters 201 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:37,600 Speaker 1: and acted as regent whenever King Kalacoa traveled. At times 202 00:13:37,679 --> 00:13:41,800 Speaker 1: had become uneasy, though Queen Emma's supporters looked for ways 203 00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:45,920 Speaker 1: to move her back into power, and American plantation owners 204 00:13:46,120 --> 00:13:56,679 Speaker 1: sought to remove all authority from the Hawaiian government. Princess 205 00:13:56,720 --> 00:14:01,199 Speaker 1: Liliu Kalani stayed busy with speeches, handling the smallpox epidemic 206 00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:05,240 Speaker 1: and the logistics of a leprosy hospital in Cacacko. She 207 00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:07,960 Speaker 1: funded a bank for women and the school to educate 208 00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:11,160 Speaker 1: young women. In a time when women had few rights 209 00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:15,280 Speaker 1: and fewer options, the princess and her sister were exceptions. 210 00:14:16,080 --> 00:14:19,080 Speaker 1: Married women weren't allowed to own land, and their husbands 211 00:14:19,120 --> 00:14:22,440 Speaker 1: managed all of their business affairs, but the sisters maintained 212 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:27,280 Speaker 1: control of their finances and business decisions. Lilio Kalani visited 213 00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:32,400 Speaker 1: England in seven her Queen Victoria's jubilee. Buckingham Palace treated 214 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:35,720 Speaker 1: her as a monarch equal to their own. During the trip, 215 00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:39,640 Speaker 1: she received word of a coup. Back in Hawaii, Armed 216 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: plantation owners had forced their way onto King Colacoa's property. 217 00:14:44,680 --> 00:14:47,400 Speaker 1: They made him sign over power from the monarchy through 218 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:51,280 Speaker 1: the threat of death, granting voting rights to non native 219 00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:55,640 Speaker 1: landowning colonists. The document that had drafted also granted the 220 00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:59,680 Speaker 1: United States control over Pearl Harbor. This document granted more 221 00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:02,760 Speaker 1: commer sial rights to plantation owners, reduced the right to 222 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:07,160 Speaker 1: vote for lower income Native Hawaiians, and excluded Asian immigrants 223 00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:11,000 Speaker 1: who had come to work the plantations. With his signature, 224 00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:14,440 Speaker 1: three out of four Native Hawaiians lost their right to vote. 225 00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: It's been nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution because it was signed 226 00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:22,160 Speaker 1: at gunpoint. Liliu Klanni returned to find her brother in 227 00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:25,920 Speaker 1: ailing health. Still, he traveled to the US to discuss 228 00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:29,720 Speaker 1: a tariff that had severely hindered the sugar industry. He 229 00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:35,240 Speaker 1: died in San Francisco on January. News of his death 230 00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:38,600 Speaker 1: didn't reach the islands until the ship returned a week later. 231 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:42,880 Speaker 1: The Hawaiians held a traditional funeral ritual and the crowned 232 00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:47,280 Speaker 1: Liliu Klanni on January twenty nine. She became Hawaii's first 233 00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:50,680 Speaker 1: ruling queen. For the next few weeks, she remained in 234 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:54,480 Speaker 1: mourning for her brother. Afterward, she sought to return the 235 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:58,000 Speaker 1: power that had been stolen from the monarchy. The battle 236 00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:02,000 Speaker 1: took two years. She planned to reinstate her people into 237 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:06,479 Speaker 1: control over both politics and the Hawaiian economy. The plantation 238 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:09,560 Speaker 1: owners took to the press in a smear campaign. None 239 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,840 Speaker 1: of it phazed her, and she pushed forward. A tragedy 240 00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:15,800 Speaker 1: struck again when her husband, who was also o wah 241 00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:21,200 Speaker 1: Whu's governor, died on August. While the two didn't have 242 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,880 Speaker 1: a good marriage, he had supported his wife's endeavors. The 243 00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:29,600 Speaker 1: plantation owners, including one Sandford B. Dole, worried a return 244 00:16:29,640 --> 00:16:33,200 Speaker 1: to the monarchy would affect their profits. Aside from being 245 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:36,120 Speaker 1: a landowner, Dole was a lawyer who had been appointed 246 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:41,640 Speaker 1: as an associate justice on the Hawaiian Supreme Court. Sandford's cousin, James, 247 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:44,960 Speaker 1: owned the Dole Food Company, and both men had a 248 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:50,120 Speaker 1: substantial interest in keeping Hawaiian land in American control, and 249 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 1: both men had plenty of power. Sandford was part of 250 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:57,320 Speaker 1: a clan of business men called the Committee of Safety, 251 00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:03,720 Speaker 1: who in January of plotted a coup. Their leader, politician 252 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:08,040 Speaker 1: and lawyer Lauren A. Thurston, set to work. They gained 253 00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:11,080 Speaker 1: support from other US politicians and the captain of a 254 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:16,199 Speaker 1: US worship anchored in Honolulu Harbor. By January fourteenth of 255 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:20,719 Speaker 1: that year, Lilio Kalani had received over sixty hundred signatures 256 00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: to repeal the document her brother had been forced to sign, 257 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,879 Speaker 1: and she proposed a new constitution. But all was not 258 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:30,840 Speaker 1: as it seemed. One of her ministers made a copy 259 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:34,520 Speaker 1: of the new constitution and sent it to Thurston. By 260 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,920 Speaker 1: January six the Committee of Safety held a public meeting 261 00:17:37,960 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: to denounce the queen. Some of her council fled the palace, 262 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:46,600 Speaker 1: fearing for their safety. Outside, indigenous Hawaiians gathered. They were 263 00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:49,880 Speaker 1: tired of foreign powers buying off their officials and thwarting 264 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:54,000 Speaker 1: the Queen's efforts. A hundred and sixty two US sailors 265 00:17:54,040 --> 00:17:58,720 Speaker 1: and marines arrived that day support the coup. Hawaiian attempts 266 00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:02,960 Speaker 1: to resolve the conflict with an negotiation failed. The next day, 267 00:18:03,119 --> 00:18:06,480 Speaker 1: Thurston and his men gathered outside the court house demanding 268 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:09,600 Speaker 1: that the queen stepped down. He declared martial law and 269 00:18:09,640 --> 00:18:12,920 Speaker 1: for the queen to be removed. The remaining council advised 270 00:18:12,920 --> 00:18:16,040 Speaker 1: her to surrender control to the U. S. Government instead 271 00:18:16,040 --> 00:18:18,320 Speaker 1: of the committee. It should be noted that the plantation 272 00:18:18,359 --> 00:18:21,400 Speaker 1: owners were American, but that the U. S. Government didn't 273 00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: officially sanction the coup. By midnight, Lilio Klannie had signed 274 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:29,400 Speaker 1: over her control to what she thought was the United States, 275 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:34,560 Speaker 1: though she had been betrayed once more. Sandford Dole became 276 00:18:34,640 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 1: the head of the new government. He immediately pushed to 277 00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:43,840 Speaker 1: have Hawaii annexed. In February, President Benjamin Harrison agreed. When 278 00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:48,080 Speaker 1: Grover Cleveland took office a month later, he ordered an investigation. 279 00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:51,280 Speaker 1: The commissioner reported what had happened and that the people 280 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:56,080 Speaker 1: supported the queen, not Sandford's government. Cleveland ordered that Lilio 281 00:18:56,160 --> 00:19:00,119 Speaker 1: Klanni be reinstated, but only if she granted amnesty to 282 00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:03,640 Speaker 1: those involved with the coup. Dole refused to hand over 283 00:19:03,680 --> 00:19:07,680 Speaker 1: his power, and even when Liliuklawi agreed and President Cleveland 284 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:12,600 Speaker 1: didn't intervene, and Sandford Dole proclaimed himself president of the 285 00:19:12,640 --> 00:19:22,679 Speaker 1: newly formed Republic of Hawaii. Paradise had been forcefully taken, 286 00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:27,560 Speaker 1: and without help from President Cleveland, Hawaii no longer belonged 287 00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:30,800 Speaker 1: to the indigenous people, and without voting rights, they had 288 00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:35,520 Speaker 1: no means to get it back. In December of Congress 289 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,000 Speaker 1: realized they had a problem that allowed American citizens to 290 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,320 Speaker 1: overthrow a foreign government and had taken control by threat 291 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:46,320 Speaker 1: of war. Dole clung to his ill begotten power while 292 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:51,639 Speaker 1: Congress talked about justice. The indigenous people felt by they 293 00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:54,600 Speaker 1: had waited long enough for the president to act. Hawaiian 294 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:59,840 Speaker 1: royalists plotted to take back control. Their rebellion failed. Dole's 295 00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:02,840 Speaker 1: got namant had the rebels and the queen arrested for treason. 296 00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:07,520 Speaker 1: The Republic offered her a deal abdicate and saved the 297 00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:10,600 Speaker 1: lives of six of her people, who faced a death sentence. 298 00:20:11,320 --> 00:20:14,920 Speaker 1: She agreed and was heavily fined and sentenced to five 299 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,439 Speaker 1: years of hard labor. Afterwards, she remained under house arrest. 300 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:23,160 Speaker 1: A year later, Dole announced that he had generously pardoned 301 00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:26,359 Speaker 1: the Leio Kalani without any children of her own. She 302 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:29,479 Speaker 1: traveled to Washington with her niece, whom she designated as 303 00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:32,440 Speaker 1: her heir. Her attempts to convince the president to restore 304 00:20:32,440 --> 00:20:36,879 Speaker 1: Hawaii's independence failed. The United States and x Hawaii in 305 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,680 Speaker 1: under the McKinley administration and treated it as a US territory. 306 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:45,679 Speaker 1: Hawaii became the fiftieth U S state in nineteen fifty nine. 307 00:20:46,080 --> 00:20:51,240 Speaker 1: Congress offered a formal apology to Hawaiians in Today, native 308 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:54,880 Speaker 1: Hawaiians remain the only indigenous people in the United States 309 00:20:55,119 --> 00:20:59,520 Speaker 1: to not have political sovereignty. A tourism flourished when Hawaii 310 00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:02,159 Speaker 1: became a date. Air travel made it easier for the 311 00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:05,720 Speaker 1: middle class to visit. Tourism outstripped both the pineapple and 312 00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:10,240 Speaker 1: sugar industries in terms of income. Hotels, shops, high rises, 313 00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:13,480 Speaker 1: and golf courses have cropped up, and the beaches are crowded. 314 00:21:13,920 --> 00:21:17,240 Speaker 1: While it's still a paradise, there is a debate over 315 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:22,160 Speaker 1: who's paradise. A one cultural icon from the past remains 316 00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:26,520 Speaker 1: strong though. The song Looha Oi is still sung today 317 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:30,520 Speaker 1: and has been recorded by many musicians. It's a song 318 00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:34,920 Speaker 1: of farewell and the hopes for reunion. As the story 319 00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:37,440 Speaker 1: behind the melody goes, it was written in the late 320 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:40,760 Speaker 1: eighteen seventies. A young woman had taken a trip on 321 00:21:40,840 --> 00:21:43,400 Speaker 1: horseback with a group of others at a ranch belonging 322 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: to Colonel James Boyd. At the end of the ride, 323 00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:48,960 Speaker 1: she watched as he and a close friend shared an 324 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:53,520 Speaker 1: embrace and a passionate kiss. The lovers parted reluctantly. The 325 00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:57,200 Speaker 1: longing and affection shared between the two inspired the young 326 00:21:57,240 --> 00:21:59,320 Speaker 1: woman to write the words to the melody that we 327 00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:02,920 Speaker 1: all know today. Years later, she would sing the song 328 00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:06,560 Speaker 1: again when control over Hawaii was stripped from her people. 329 00:22:07,280 --> 00:22:13,280 Speaker 1: That woman, it's none other than Queen Juliu Kalani. There's 330 00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:16,560 Speaker 1: more to this story. Stick around after this brief sponsor 331 00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:31,040 Speaker 1: break to hear all about it. Very few came to 332 00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:35,240 Speaker 1: the peninsula, at least willingly. King kameh Mayha the Fifth 333 00:22:35,359 --> 00:22:40,040 Speaker 1: Law went into effect on January three, eight six, and 334 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:44,919 Speaker 1: families were ripped apart. Surrounded by rough seas and steep 335 00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:48,720 Speaker 1: sea cliffs. The topography of the Peninsula of law Papa 336 00:22:48,920 --> 00:22:53,400 Speaker 1: on the island of Molokai lent itself to seclusion. Yet 337 00:22:53,520 --> 00:22:56,879 Speaker 1: there are long stretches of sandy beaches. While it was 338 00:22:57,119 --> 00:23:01,680 Speaker 1: and still is a natural Paradise, a yse fifth largest island, 339 00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:05,720 Speaker 1: housed a lepre colony in the eighteen hundreds. Humans have 340 00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:10,320 Speaker 1: been afflicted with leprosy for millennia. The disease is often disfiguring, 341 00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:15,480 Speaker 1: causing sores, and internally it causes nerve damage. Although not 342 00:23:15,640 --> 00:23:19,639 Speaker 1: the most contagious, repeated exposure raises the risk. When it 343 00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:23,080 Speaker 1: first appeared in early history, people believed the disease was 344 00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:27,040 Speaker 1: a curse or punishment from the gods. Others thought leprosy 345 00:23:27,160 --> 00:23:31,200 Speaker 1: was hereditary and shunned entire families if one member fell ill. 346 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:35,520 Speaker 1: Research suggests that leprosy, now known to be caused by 347 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:40,240 Speaker 1: bacteria called microbacteri in leprey, has been around since humans 348 00:23:40,280 --> 00:23:43,960 Speaker 1: have been human. It's followed roots of migration in trade 349 00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:48,560 Speaker 1: and war for over forty thousand years. Until nineteen forty, 350 00:23:49,119 --> 00:23:53,320 Speaker 1: there was no cure or effective treatment in medieval Europe. 351 00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:55,639 Speaker 1: Those afflicted often walked on a different side of the 352 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:58,600 Speaker 1: road than others, or rang a bell or war clothing 353 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:01,960 Speaker 1: to warn others to keep their distance, and mostly though 354 00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:06,760 Speaker 1: people were quarantined for life. This is where the island 355 00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:10,200 Speaker 1: of Molokai comes in. No one knows when leprosy was 356 00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:14,439 Speaker 1: introduced to Hawaii. It may have arrived multiple times, but 357 00:24:14,720 --> 00:24:19,320 Speaker 1: starting in the eighteen twenties, European missionaries began reporting leprosy 358 00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:23,080 Speaker 1: like symptoms on the islands, and by the eighteen sixties, 359 00:24:23,240 --> 00:24:27,240 Speaker 1: with the population growing through immigration and colonization, it was 360 00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:29,960 Speaker 1: considered enough of a problem that may have the Fifth 361 00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:32,800 Speaker 1: and his Board of Health passed the Act to prevent 362 00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:36,480 Speaker 1: the spread of leprosy. It created a policy of permanent 363 00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:40,200 Speaker 1: segregation that would send over eight thousand people with leprosy 364 00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:42,919 Speaker 1: to live out their lives on call pop U Peninsula 365 00:24:43,080 --> 00:24:47,879 Speaker 1: on Molokai. Hawaiians sometimes called it the disease that separates families, 366 00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 1: and children fell victim to it more often than adults. 367 00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,399 Speaker 1: One father, Damon, saw his calling on the island in 368 00:24:56,560 --> 00:24:58,919 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty eight. He and his brother were part of 369 00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:02,439 Speaker 1: the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Belgium. His 370 00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,080 Speaker 1: brother had been asked to go to Hawaii, but fell ill. 371 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:09,200 Speaker 1: Damien took his place. He first arrived in eighteen sixty 372 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:11,760 Speaker 1: three and ministered to the people on the Big Island 373 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:15,359 Speaker 1: for ten years until the colony on Molokai needed help. 374 00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:19,600 Speaker 1: He and three other priests alternated caring for those sent 375 00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:22,439 Speaker 1: to live on the peninsula. He traveled to the island 376 00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:26,920 Speaker 1: by boat along with cattle and fifty patients. The colony 377 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:29,359 Speaker 1: petitioned to have a full time priest lived with them, 378 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:33,120 Speaker 1: and Father Damon never hesitated. He wrote to his superiors 379 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,200 Speaker 1: that he would not be leaving the island. The people 380 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:38,679 Speaker 1: needed him. They had come to the island expecting the 381 00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:42,000 Speaker 1: worst and feeling they'd been sent there to die. Father 382 00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:45,040 Speaker 1: Damon became determined to give them a place to live. 383 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:49,520 Speaker 1: He learned their language and helped build homes. Together with 384 00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:54,040 Speaker 1: the patients, he planted gardens and trees. He organized schools 385 00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:56,760 Speaker 1: for the children when he wasn't busy tending to residence 386 00:25:56,800 --> 00:26:00,480 Speaker 1: medical needs. The children enjoyed the usual thing that had 387 00:26:00,480 --> 00:26:04,560 Speaker 1: on the Big Island, like bands and choirs, and when 388 00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:08,040 Speaker 1: people died, he helped bury them. He returned to the 389 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:12,399 Speaker 1: Big Island to campaign for more funding. He relentlessly championed 390 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:17,600 Speaker 1: better conditions, more supplies, and clothing. His tireless work attracted 391 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:22,800 Speaker 1: worldwide attention, shedding light on leprosy and the colony on Molokai. 392 00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:25,960 Speaker 1: For twelve years, he lived with the people on Molokai 393 00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:30,160 Speaker 1: before he contracted leprosy himself. The Health Board certified him 394 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:33,200 Speaker 1: as an inmate on March thirty of eighteen eighty six. 395 00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:36,880 Speaker 1: Though he could no longer leave the island, he stated 396 00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:40,199 Speaker 1: that he was with his people and happy. The disease 397 00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:42,680 Speaker 1: caught up with him three years later, and he died 398 00:26:42,720 --> 00:26:45,399 Speaker 1: at the age of forty nine on April fifteenth of 399 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:49,159 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty nine. The colony, the Kingdom of Hawaii, and 400 00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:52,920 Speaker 1: the world mourned his death. In two thousand nine, Father 401 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: Damon was named the patron Saint of people with leprosy. Today, 402 00:26:56,960 --> 00:27:01,680 Speaker 1: leprosy is more commonly called Hanson's disease. It's now relatively rare, 403 00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:06,880 Speaker 1: as there are treatments, manicure courses of antibiotics and steroids. 404 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:10,400 Speaker 1: Although the forced relocation of people with leprosy to Molokai 405 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:14,040 Speaker 1: ended in the nineteen sixties, of freeing the population there, 406 00:27:14,920 --> 00:27:18,080 Speaker 1: six or so of the law survivors still choose to 407 00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:21,840 Speaker 1: make the island home of all the islands, Molokai is 408 00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:25,320 Speaker 1: said to retain much of its original beauty and indigenous roots. 409 00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:28,840 Speaker 1: The people who live there celebrate their connection with nature. 410 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:33,120 Speaker 1: The land or aena, is so important to Hawaiians that 411 00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:35,760 Speaker 1: they believe it should be treated with the utmost respect. 412 00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:40,280 Speaker 1: For every commercial city full of hustle, bustle and modern 413 00:27:40,280 --> 00:27:43,840 Speaker 1: ways of life, there are places where nature and the 414 00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:49,439 Speaker 1: aena remain relatively untouched. Guides still navigate by the stars 415 00:27:49,480 --> 00:27:53,919 Speaker 1: like their ancestors. At night. There are celebrations with food, music, 416 00:27:54,080 --> 00:27:58,240 Speaker 1: and dancing. Residents and visitors are frequently moved to say 417 00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:03,680 Speaker 1: the places like kloup op up on Molokai, our paradise found. 418 00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:16,000 Speaker 1: American Shadows is hosted by Lauren Vogelbond. This episode was 419 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,680 Speaker 1: written by Michelle Muto, researched by Alexander Steed, and produced 420 00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:23,240 Speaker 1: by Jesse Funk and Trevor Young, with executive producers Aaron Monkey, 421 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:27,520 Speaker 1: Alex Williams, and Matt Frederick, and special thanks to Elijah McShane. 422 00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,600 Speaker 1: To learn more about the show, visit Grim and Mild 423 00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,960 Speaker 1: dot com. Or more podcasts from my heart Radio, visit 424 00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:37,000 Speaker 1: the heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 425 00:28:37,080 --> 00:29:15,120 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.