WEBVTT - It Could Happen Here Weekly 25 0:00:01.680 --> 0:00:04.400 Hey there, I'm jess Mi Lady Confetti Here. Hi, I'm 0:00:04.440 --> 0:00:07.080 Psyche and I am Hey Shady Lady, and welcome to 0:00:07.080 --> 0:00:10.440 Boss Level podcast, where we feature conversations with gas tube 0:00:10.480 --> 0:00:12.880 leveled up, bringing an X by boost to the table. 0:00:13.039 --> 0:00:16.200 We picked the brains of professionals, creators and bosses and 0:00:16.280 --> 0:00:19.200 industries across the globe to help our listeners achieve their 0:00:19.239 --> 0:00:22.560 own boss level. We are not just creating a podcast, 0:00:22.720 --> 0:00:26.279 but a gamified an engaged community. Listen to Boss Level 0:00:26.320 --> 0:00:29.160 on the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever 0:00:29.200 --> 0:00:33.640 you get your podcasts. Raised by Wolves the podcast is 0:00:33.720 --> 0:00:37.120 back for season two. I'm Holly Fry and as host 0:00:37.159 --> 0:00:39.960 of the companion podcast to the hit HBO Max sci 0:00:40.000 --> 0:00:43.479 fi series Raised by Wolves, i am unwrapping the latest 0:00:43.520 --> 0:00:46.680 season of this cosmic space opera for fans by talking 0:00:46.720 --> 0:00:49.680 directly to some of the incredibly talented folks who helped 0:00:49.720 --> 0:00:52.560 bring the show to life. Stream Raised by Wolves now 0:00:52.600 --> 0:00:55.360 on HBO Max and subscribe and listen to Raised by 0:00:55.400 --> 0:00:59.200 Wolves the podcast on the I Heart Radio app, HBO Max, 0:00:59.280 --> 0:01:05.080 Apple podcast Gusts or wherever you get your podcasts Okay recording. 0:01:06.280 --> 0:01:08.640 You have a story to tell and maybe you've thought 0:01:08.840 --> 0:01:12.200 I should start a podcast, Meet Anchor. It's a powerful 0:01:12.240 --> 0:01:15.240 app that lets you record a podcast anywhere and get 0:01:15.280 --> 0:01:19.000 it hurt everywhere. All you need to do is download 0:01:19.000 --> 0:01:21.800 the free Anchor app and hit record. Just go to 0:01:21.920 --> 0:01:26.479 anchor dot fm, slash get started. Make a podcast with Anchor. 0:01:27.160 --> 0:01:32.680 That's Anchor, dot fm, slash get started. Great. I think 0:01:32.680 --> 0:01:35.400 we got it. Hey, everybody, Robert Evans here, and I 0:01:35.440 --> 0:01:38.600 wanted to let you know. This is a compilation episode. 0:01:38.600 --> 0:01:42.120 So every episode of the week that just happened is 0:01:42.200 --> 0:01:45.960 here in one convenient and with somewhat less ads package 0:01:46.319 --> 0:01:48.200 for you to listen to in a long stretch if 0:01:48.200 --> 0:01:50.600 you want. If you've been listening to the episodes every 0:01:50.640 --> 0:01:52.760 day this week, there's gonna be nothing new here for you, 0:01:52.840 --> 0:02:01.000 but you can make your own decisions. Everyone. I'm Robert 0:02:01.000 --> 0:02:05.000 Evans and this is Myanmar printing the Revolutions and it 0:02:05.040 --> 0:02:08.800 could happen here. Special mini series, an in depth documentary 0:02:08.840 --> 0:02:13.160 investigation with me and journalist James Stout. Over the next 0:02:13.280 --> 0:02:15.639 four days, you're going to learn about the gen Z 0:02:15.800 --> 0:02:19.280 militias of the mean Mar Civil War, three D printed weapons, 0:02:19.280 --> 0:02:21.880 and a bunch of other really fascinating stuff. Besides, so, 0:02:22.240 --> 0:02:26.560 without any further ado, here's James. Ever since the first 0:02:26.560 --> 0:02:29.720 person built the first fence, took land from everybody and 0:02:29.720 --> 0:02:33.399 annexed it to themselves, property rights and violence have gone 0:02:33.400 --> 0:02:37.760 hand in hand. With property grew the state, and when 0:02:37.800 --> 0:02:41.000 the state came the police. Today most of us grew 0:02:41.040 --> 0:02:43.519 up under the control of states, and they're so ubiquitous 0:02:43.520 --> 0:02:46.520 that their violence is often overlooked until a particularly agreed 0:02:46.560 --> 0:02:50.920 to this incident occurs. But all states, even the most benign, 0:02:51.480 --> 0:02:54.840 rest on a monopoly on violence. State to the entities 0:02:54.840 --> 0:02:57.000 that imposed laws on a given area, and if you 0:02:57.080 --> 0:02:59.959 break those laws, state can beat you up, a lot 0:03:00.080 --> 0:03:03.840 you up, or shoot you up. When the state loses 0:03:03.880 --> 0:03:06.440 the monopoly on violence, it ceases to be able to 0:03:06.520 --> 0:03:09.440 enforce its laws, charge its taxes, and enforce its will 0:03:09.480 --> 0:03:11.760 on the people at rules. We've seen this all over 0:03:11.800 --> 0:03:14.640 the world, from the Democratic Republic of Congo to briefly 0:03:14.880 --> 0:03:19.160 downtown Seattle. Our state in the USA speaks the language 0:03:19.200 --> 0:03:22.360 of rights and liberties. When we want to appeal to 0:03:22.360 --> 0:03:26.200 the state, we tend to use that language. Even though 0:03:26.200 --> 0:03:29.120 our state, as we saw in it's backed by plenty 0:03:29.120 --> 0:03:32.080 of violence as much as any other. It goes a 0:03:32.080 --> 0:03:35.600 long way to camouflage that violence. Some states are a 0:03:35.600 --> 0:03:38.120 bit more mask off. They speak to their citizens more 0:03:38.160 --> 0:03:41.120 or less exclusively through violence, and when citizens need to 0:03:41.160 --> 0:03:43.800 respond to that state, they respond to the language it 0:03:43.880 --> 0:03:47.160 uses to speak to them. That's how a teenager from Yangon, 0:03:47.280 --> 0:03:51.080 Myanmar ended up on Reddit in summer of one asking 0:03:51.160 --> 0:03:53.680 strangers how to use a three D printer and computer 0:03:54.000 --> 0:03:56.920 to make a rifle. Me and Ma isn't a country 0:03:57.000 --> 0:03:58.600 that is on the radar for most of the US. 0:03:59.080 --> 0:04:01.200 If it is at all, it's probably because the State 0:04:01.240 --> 0:04:05.960 Council and Foreign Minister on Scien Succhi. She managed perhaps 0:04:06.280 --> 0:04:09.560 the history's fastest pivot from Nobel Peace Price winner to 0:04:09.640 --> 0:04:13.160 head of a government accused of genocide. But Suki is 0:04:13.200 --> 0:04:16.280 in jail now and the Rahania, the muslimmethnic group that 0:04:16.320 --> 0:04:18.400 the military attempted to eliminate from the east of the 0:04:18.440 --> 0:04:21.400 country under her rule, are just one of many ethnic 0:04:21.440 --> 0:04:24.800 and political groups. They're an open armed conflict with the military, 0:04:25.160 --> 0:04:28.440 who now hold control of the government of Myanmar, known 0:04:28.520 --> 0:04:30.520 luckily as a tapmad or the military sees power. In 0:04:30.560 --> 0:04:33.520 early one you might have seen a video of a 0:04:33.560 --> 0:04:36.920 woman doing an aerobics workout as the vehicles rolled in 0:04:37.080 --> 0:04:41.040 behind her to seize power. Ever since that day, they've 0:04:41.040 --> 0:04:44.480 been committing crimes against humanity all over the country. Miama 0:04:44.560 --> 0:04:47.640 has a longer history of dictatorship than democracy. The British 0:04:47.720 --> 0:04:51.320 East India Company occupied the area that now represents the 0:04:51.400 --> 0:04:54.400 country in the nineteenth century. As always they talked about 0:04:54.480 --> 0:04:58.360 civilizing missions and freedoms, but in practice the occupation was 0:04:58.440 --> 0:05:01.520 extractive and only benefit the Anglo Burmese and a few 0:05:01.600 --> 0:05:05.040 Indian civil servants they brought with them often. But this 0:05:05.200 --> 0:05:08.360 month led to resistance that manifested itself in hunger strikes 0:05:08.800 --> 0:05:12.240 and everyday acts of disobedience, small ways of saying no. 0:05:13.360 --> 0:05:16.279 In a few instances, it became open and unbrest builed 0:05:16.320 --> 0:05:19.839 into the streets. The country became a major battle ground 0:05:19.880 --> 0:05:22.760 during the Second World War, with Japan evading and seizing 0:05:22.800 --> 0:05:25.080 the country before Allied forces took it back In a 0:05:25.120 --> 0:05:28.320 fierce campaign in nineteen as many as a hundred and 0:05:28.400 --> 0:05:32.279 fifty thousand Japanese troops died. Burmese people fought on both sides. 0:05:32.880 --> 0:05:37.080 A son, Ang San Suki's father demanded that Britain granted 0:05:37.160 --> 0:05:39.680 him and his fellow Burmese people independence if they fought 0:05:39.760 --> 0:05:43.800 for the Allies. The British refused. A Son then went 0:05:43.880 --> 0:05:46.919 first to China and eventually Japan for support, and eventually 0:05:46.960 --> 0:05:49.640 he fought against the British with his Burmer Independence Army. 0:05:50.360 --> 0:05:53.160 But after two years of occupation, a signed his comrades 0:05:53.240 --> 0:05:57.040 changed sides under a broad alliance called the Anti Fascist Organization. 0:05:57.440 --> 0:05:59.920 They turned on the Japanese and they once again to 0:06:00.040 --> 0:06:03.320 gup arms to liberate their country. On the fourth of January, 0:06:04.760 --> 0:06:08.800 Burma became an independent republic. The new republic's territory combined 0:06:08.960 --> 0:06:12.360 three British territories and over a hundred distinct ethnic groups. 0:06:13.400 --> 0:06:17.200 For the next fourteen years, these groups struggled to find 0:06:17.520 --> 0:06:20.760 a democratic Burma and an identity for themselves within it. 0:06:21.640 --> 0:06:25.400 Mostly they failed. The period was characterized by the Chinese 0:06:25.400 --> 0:06:29.080 Civil War, spilling it to Burma, ethnic arm insurgencies and 0:06:29.160 --> 0:06:32.279 repeated demands for a federal republic with a weak central 0:06:32.320 --> 0:06:37.640 government in the military. A rate at new demands for 0:06:37.720 --> 0:06:42.200 a federal republic stage to coup. Burma spent the next 0:06:42.240 --> 0:06:44.880 twenty two years under the military rule of a council, 0:06:45.880 --> 0:06:50.000 pursuing what they called the Burmese Way to socialism. Burma's 0:06:50.040 --> 0:06:52.320 planned economy left it largely isolated from the rest of 0:06:52.360 --> 0:06:55.440 the world. Home the press was censored, and a type 0:06:55.480 --> 0:06:59.279 of nationalism that combined nominal socialism and Burman ethnic identity 0:06:59.320 --> 0:07:03.400 became the official state ideology. During this period, Burma became 0:07:03.480 --> 0:07:07.040 one of the world's poorest countries. Sporadic protests were met 0:07:07.080 --> 0:07:13.080 with overwhelming force, and the eighth of August and uprising began. 0:07:13.960 --> 0:07:16.560 It started among his students in Yangon, but it took 0:07:16.600 --> 0:07:20.840 real quickly around the country. The so called eight Uprising 0:07:21.200 --> 0:07:24.080 because of the date, began with the general strike and 0:07:24.240 --> 0:07:28.680 huge nor violent protests. These were met with gunfire. Protesters 0:07:28.720 --> 0:07:33.120 fought back with Molotov cocktails and rocks. The military fired 0:07:33.160 --> 0:07:36.520 into hospitals, and by September eighteen they launched a coup 0:07:36.560 --> 0:07:39.280 to take the country from a one party state back 0:07:39.320 --> 0:07:42.720 to a military dictatorship. It was during these protests on 0:07:42.880 --> 0:07:47.120 San Suki, the daughter of independence hero On Son, emerged 0:07:47.160 --> 0:07:51.320 as a national figurehead, especially in the west. Amatov g 0:07:51.840 --> 0:07:57.440 the Indian writer, wrote the following about eight across Burma, 0:07:58.120 --> 0:08:00.640 people poured out in thousands to join in the protests, 0:08:01.000 --> 0:08:04.400 not just students but also teaches, monks, children, professionals, and 0:08:04.440 --> 0:08:07.560 trade unionists of every shape. It was on this day, too, 0:08:08.280 --> 0:08:11.280 that the Hunter made its first determined attempt at repression. 0:08:11.880 --> 0:08:14.760 Soldiers opened fire on the demonstrators and hundreds of unarmed 0:08:14.840 --> 0:08:18.120 marches were killed. The killings continued for a week, but 0:08:18.200 --> 0:08:22.480 still the demonstrators continued to flood the streets. After the 0:08:22.560 --> 0:08:26.720 uprising had been suppressed, multi party elections were later held, 0:08:27.640 --> 0:08:30.320 while the new National League for Democracy party of Ansan 0:08:30.400 --> 0:08:34.120 Suki won the most votes, the Hunter refused to seed power. 0:08:35.040 --> 0:08:37.480 Protests continued off and on for decades, with the two 0:08:37.520 --> 0:08:41.160 thousand seven Saffron Revolution, which the government violently cracked down 0:08:41.200 --> 0:08:45.679 on monks, resulting in the most international condemnation. Following the 0:08:45.720 --> 0:08:51.000 Saffron Revolution, the government's isolationism hindering aid After extensive cyclone damage. 0:08:51.000 --> 0:08:54.000 In two thousand and eight, the military government finally implemented 0:08:54.080 --> 0:08:57.480 the roadmap to discipline flourishing democracy that had developed in 0:08:59.080 --> 0:09:01.120 If you're wondering about the aim of the country, it's 0:09:01.120 --> 0:09:03.959 officially changed in as well, but like much of the 0:09:04.040 --> 0:09:07.200 nation's history, a grand proclamation from the government didn't mean 0:09:07.320 --> 0:09:11.480 much on the ground. Both words derived from Barana, a 0:09:11.600 --> 0:09:14.080 name that the majority ethnic group who we're calling Burman 0:09:14.200 --> 0:09:17.560 here he used for themselves. Many opposition groups still use 0:09:17.640 --> 0:09:21.120 Burma instead of Myanma. It's another small way of saying 0:09:21.160 --> 0:09:23.719 no to the military's attempt to control every aspect of 0:09:23.760 --> 0:09:28.240 their lives. Finally, on the eighth of September, the army 0:09:28.320 --> 0:09:30.120 took to the streets and the coup, led by their 0:09:30.160 --> 0:09:39.680 Chief of Staff, General Sormon. The next day the killings 0:09:39.800 --> 0:09:58.679 began again. Yeah. The army later described these people as looters. Yeah. 0:10:00.880 --> 0:10:03.320 It was not until two thousand eleven that the military 0:10:03.400 --> 0:10:06.840 junta finally stepped down and passed on power to the Union, 0:10:06.960 --> 0:10:10.000 Solidarity and Development Party in an election that was widely 0:10:10.080 --> 0:10:13.320 seen as fraudulent. A year later on San su Chi 0:10:13.559 --> 0:10:16.640 was released, and by two thousand fifteen her National League 0:10:16.679 --> 0:10:20.679 for Democracy won an absolute majority. While she was barred 0:10:20.720 --> 0:10:23.360 from holding the presidential office, she took on the role 0:10:23.440 --> 0:10:27.480 of State counselor, and Myanmar entered a period of liberalization, which, 0:10:27.600 --> 0:10:30.720 although never the federal democracy promised when the country gained 0:10:30.760 --> 0:10:34.319 its independence in nineteen forty seven, allowed for significant freedoms 0:10:34.320 --> 0:10:38.200 of communication and speech, especially for the Burman majority ethnic group. 0:10:38.960 --> 0:10:42.199 Not everyone was reconciled to the change. Many of Myanmar's 0:10:42.200 --> 0:10:44.920 A hundred and thirty five ethnic groups feel marginalized by 0:10:45.000 --> 0:10:48.199 the state, which tends to be dominated by the Burman ethnicity. 0:10:48.720 --> 0:10:51.280 Some of these groups have armed in surgeon wings, often 0:10:51.360 --> 0:10:53.599 more than one per ethnic group, as they disagree on 0:10:53.720 --> 0:10:57.640 politics or religion. These groups have fought various Burmese governments 0:10:57.640 --> 0:11:00.079 since the nineteen forties, but many of them reached to 0:11:00.160 --> 0:11:02.400 cease fire with the government as the country passed from 0:11:02.440 --> 0:11:06.160 military to civilian rule. One group, however, saw a huge 0:11:06.280 --> 0:11:10.040 uptick in violence. The Rohinga ethnic group have been persecuted 0:11:10.040 --> 0:11:13.480 by Buddhist nationals since the nineteen seventies, but the campaign 0:11:13.520 --> 0:11:16.560 against them increased in violence and scale in two thousand sixteen, 0:11:16.800 --> 0:11:19.840 when the Totma Daw began a huge crackdown against Rohinga 0:11:19.920 --> 0:11:23.520 people in Rakin State. The persecution began in response to 0:11:23.559 --> 0:11:27.720 attacks by the Arkan Rohinga Salvation Army on Burmese border outposts, 0:11:28.040 --> 0:11:30.199 but the campaign that followed had nothing to do with 0:11:30.280 --> 0:11:32.719 the small insurgent group and a lot to do with 0:11:32.800 --> 0:11:35.360 the desire of the Totma Daw to destroy or drive 0:11:35.440 --> 0:11:39.000 out all Rohinga people who they claim are undocumented migrants 0:11:39.040 --> 0:11:42.920 from Bangladesh and not citizens of Myanmar. While the world 0:11:43.000 --> 0:11:45.679 praised Suki, her government looked the other way as the 0:11:45.720 --> 0:11:48.720 military carried out a genocide that displaced over a million 0:11:48.800 --> 0:11:52.040 people and killed tens of thousands. It was in the 0:11:52.160 --> 0:11:55.760 context of growing international condemnation of the genocide that Myanmar 0:11:55.840 --> 0:11:59.520 went to the polls in November of The November twenty 0:11:59.600 --> 0:12:02.360 election was only the nation's second since the official end 0:12:02.400 --> 0:12:06.679 of military rule. On San Suchi's National League for Democracy 0:12:06.800 --> 0:12:10.800 won a resounding victory. The military backed Union, Solidarity and 0:12:10.840 --> 0:12:13.679 Development Party holds twenty five percent of seats under a 0:12:13.720 --> 0:12:17.760 constitution that Suchi wanted to change. It didn't take defeat well. 0:12:18.040 --> 0:12:21.200 The election was neither perfectly free nor fair. The Rhinga 0:12:21.240 --> 0:12:24.800 have been almost wholly disenfranchised. The government claims they are 0:12:24.840 --> 0:12:28.720 illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and thus unable to vote. Areas 0:12:28.760 --> 0:12:31.920 with ethnic armed organizations which opposed the government often had 0:12:32.000 --> 0:12:35.240 poles canceled and internet cut off. According to Human Rights Watch, 0:12:35.720 --> 0:12:39.079 The Carter Center estimates that one point four million citizens 0:12:39.200 --> 0:12:42.559 couldn't vote. The one opposition party that was certainly not 0:12:42.760 --> 0:12:46.520 short changed was the militaries However, it was the Union 0:12:46.600 --> 0:12:50.319 Solidarity and Development Party USDP which had been calling for 0:12:50.440 --> 0:12:54.000 election delays due to COVID before polls opened. Once the 0:12:54.040 --> 0:12:58.120 elections concluded, they immediately began questioning the results. They continued 0:12:58.120 --> 0:13:00.360 to attempt to undermine the vote for months before they 0:13:00.400 --> 0:13:04.040 resorted to force on the first of February, the day 0:13:04.120 --> 0:13:07.040 before the newly elected legislators were due to be sworn in. 0:13:07.720 --> 0:13:10.679 The world largely ignored the situation, apart from the one 0:13:10.800 --> 0:13:13.760 viral video where a masked fitness instructor dances in the 0:13:13.840 --> 0:13:17.280 foreground as a PC's roll through a roadblock and into 0:13:17.320 --> 0:13:21.440 the parliament complex behind her. On Sang Suchi was arrested, 0:13:21.720 --> 0:13:25.040 charged with breaching COVID nineteen restrictions and illegally importing a 0:13:25.160 --> 0:13:28.800 walkie talkie, and General min On Lang was installed at 0:13:28.800 --> 0:13:31.719 the head of a military junta. If this sounds a 0:13:31.760 --> 0:13:34.319 little like a stop the Steel fantasy, that's because it 0:13:34.440 --> 0:13:37.599 is eerily similar to one. Myanmar's democracy is not what 0:13:37.720 --> 0:13:40.959 academics call a consolidated one, which is to say that 0:13:41.040 --> 0:13:43.760 democracy has never been the only game in town there, 0:13:44.240 --> 0:13:47.600 but the United States seems to be rapidly deconsolidating its 0:13:47.640 --> 0:13:51.080 own democracy. The allegations of election fraud and Meanmar were 0:13:51.120 --> 0:13:54.199 no more credible than those in Arizona. However, the military's 0:13:54.240 --> 0:13:57.440 tradition of political engagement there removed many of the barriers 0:13:57.520 --> 0:14:01.000 in between electoral defeat and the death of a lived democracy. 0:14:01.600 --> 0:14:03.640 Within twenty four hours of the coup, the people of 0:14:03.679 --> 0:14:06.920 Myanmar had fought back. Healthcare workers and civil servants were 0:14:06.960 --> 0:14:09.800 on strike by February third, and a boycott of junta 0:14:09.840 --> 0:14:13.400 owned businesses had begun. Protests began with a handful of people. 0:14:13.520 --> 0:14:16.360 The memories of massacres of pro democracy protesters in the 0:14:16.440 --> 0:14:19.840 nineteen eighties kept many away, but a younger generation who 0:14:19.920 --> 0:14:23.640 had grown up with relative liberty, internet access and basic freedoms, 0:14:23.840 --> 0:14:26.240 had not seen blood in the streets like their parents. 0:14:26.680 --> 0:14:29.280 They had seen activists in Hong Kong, the USA, and 0:14:29.440 --> 0:14:33.200 Ukraine take on violent state apparatuses, and they had often 0:14:33.240 --> 0:14:37.320 seen them win. By the six of February, twenty thousand 0:14:37.400 --> 0:14:40.400 people in the streets of Yangon, the largest city, and 0:14:40.440 --> 0:14:44.720 the internet was shut down. Nationwide. Protests began peacefully, with 0:14:44.840 --> 0:14:47.640 memorable signs like my eggs is bad, but the miniitary 0:14:47.720 --> 0:14:50.920 is worse, and we are protesting peacefully, but with the 0:14:51.120 --> 0:14:54.520 W a P capitalized, so it said whack. These signs 0:14:54.520 --> 0:14:57.120 were designed by generation of kids who grew up with 0:14:57.200 --> 0:15:01.680 access to the Internet to attract international attention. Despite the ban, 0:15:02.360 --> 0:15:04.880 they used vpn s to shore him due to their struggle. 0:15:05.520 --> 0:15:08.400 Once sound read you've messed with the wrong generation. Now 0:15:08.480 --> 0:15:11.800 will never be allowed to ruin our own lives, the 0:15:11.880 --> 0:15:15.200 tapped the door showed its cards pretty quickly, police began 0:15:15.280 --> 0:15:18.720 a suppression with sling shots and clubs, then tear gas 0:15:18.800 --> 0:15:22.080 and flash brag, and quickly they moved to rifles and 0:15:22.200 --> 0:15:26.840 rocket papel grenades. By the ninth of February, myth Way Way, 0:15:27.760 --> 0:15:30.160 a twenty year old woman had been shot in the street. 0:16:01.960 --> 0:16:05.360 Soon those young protesters have switched signs for shields. By 0:16:05.440 --> 0:16:07.680 the mid march. On m forty His day, a hundred 0:16:07.680 --> 0:16:10.720 and fourteen civilians were killed in a single day, including 0:16:10.840 --> 0:16:14.280 sixty five in Yangon who were kettled by police, surrounded 0:16:14.560 --> 0:16:19.120 and then shot quickly. Shield walls were set up, Medics 0:16:19.160 --> 0:16:22.000 identified themselves in the protest movement, and hard hats and 0:16:22.080 --> 0:16:25.320 goggles were distributed, but this didn't tip the balance of 0:16:25.360 --> 0:16:28.880 power in their favor, so all in a former student 0:16:28.960 --> 0:16:32.680 union leader was there from the start. In the text message, 0:16:32.720 --> 0:16:35.360 he told me I did not miss a single day 0:16:35.840 --> 0:16:38.560 as a member of the KaiA State National Strike Committee. 0:16:39.360 --> 0:16:42.920 I later became more involved in anti authoritarian protests. In 0:16:42.960 --> 0:16:45.600 the early protests, you see him in photos walking in 0:16:45.680 --> 0:16:47.840 the front of the group carrying flags and banners with 0:16:48.000 --> 0:16:50.280 his student I D card on a lanyard around his neck. 0:16:50.960 --> 0:16:54.480 But by March he's wearing a black shirt, goggles and 0:16:54.560 --> 0:16:58.640 a hard construction hat. Meanwhile, the National League for Democracy 0:16:58.680 --> 0:17:02.000 politicians who had escaped to tension joined other parties and 0:17:02.080 --> 0:17:05.280 set up a National Unity Government in April. The National 0:17:05.440 --> 0:17:09.560 Unity Government contained members of the National League for Democracy, 0:17:09.960 --> 0:17:13.639 but significantly or hinder activists was appointed and advisory the 0:17:13.680 --> 0:17:16.600 Ministry of Human Rights and the National Unity Government has 0:17:16.640 --> 0:17:20.560 announced it would for the first time accept the jurisdiction 0:17:20.600 --> 0:17:23.280 of the International Criminal Court with respect to all international 0:17:23.359 --> 0:17:27.080 crimes committed in Myanmar since two thousand and two. This 0:17:27.160 --> 0:17:31.640 would include the Ring genocide. By May, both the National 0:17:31.720 --> 0:17:33.840 Unity Government and so well In had realized that no 0:17:33.960 --> 0:17:36.240 amount of non violent protests was going through this large 0:17:36.320 --> 0:17:39.119 regime that was happy to gun down kids in the street. 0:17:40.440 --> 0:17:42.399 So on the fifth of May, he left for the jungle. 0:17:43.760 --> 0:17:46.520 That same day, the National Unity government announced the formation 0:17:46.560 --> 0:17:49.400 of the People's Defense Force or PDF. Within a month, 0:17:49.680 --> 0:17:52.960 eight hundred soldiers had affected to these pro democracy guerilla units. 0:17:53.520 --> 0:17:56.960 Many put their guns with them, but what didn't join 0:17:57.000 --> 0:17:59.880 the PDF. Instead, he joined one of me and MARS. 0:18:00.000 --> 0:18:03.720 Any ethnic armed organizations groups opposed to a central state 0:18:03.800 --> 0:18:08.159 and its domination by the Burman ethnicity. To understand these groups, 0:18:08.240 --> 0:18:10.200 you need to understand that my m R is composed 0:18:10.240 --> 0:18:13.919 of dozens, not hundreds, of ethnic groups, but that the Burman, 0:18:14.040 --> 0:18:16.240 who make up about two thirds of the population, have 0:18:16.480 --> 0:18:18.680 always controlled the state and used it as a tool 0:18:18.720 --> 0:18:22.240 in furthering their interest. Some of these groups, like the 0:18:22.320 --> 0:18:25.520 current National Liberation Army and the Kachin Independence Army, have 0:18:25.640 --> 0:18:28.080 been fighting for decades since the country emerged from British 0:18:28.119 --> 0:18:30.800 colonial rule at the end of World War Two. All 0:18:30.880 --> 0:18:34.040 of these groups drown a combination of ethnic and political grievances. 0:18:34.920 --> 0:18:39.240 Many of them administer semi autonomous territories like the current state. 0:18:39.920 --> 0:18:43.560 In two thousand thirteen, thirteen ethnic armed Organizations or e 0:18:43.760 --> 0:18:46.879 a o s came together to form the Nationwide Ceasefire 0:18:46.960 --> 0:18:50.840 Coordinating Team in c CT and signed an eleven point 0:18:50.920 --> 0:18:55.200 Common Position of Ethnic Resistance Organizations on national Ceasefire or 0:18:55.240 --> 0:18:58.119 the Lisa Agreement. Most of them seem to agree that 0:18:58.119 --> 0:19:01.119 they would accept a federal system rather than complete autonomy. 0:19:01.560 --> 0:19:04.640 In two thousand fifteen, a ceasefire was signed, but conflict 0:19:04.720 --> 0:19:07.760 between ethnic armed organizations and between e a o's and 0:19:07.800 --> 0:19:13.000 the government continued. Since the coup began, EO membership has skyrocketed, 0:19:13.160 --> 0:19:16.720 and in October, the National Unity government announced alliances with 0:19:16.840 --> 0:19:20.480 several groups under a central chain of command. Some political 0:19:20.640 --> 0:19:23.520 organizations who played a part in the nineteen eighty eight uprising, 0:19:23.840 --> 0:19:26.840 like the All Burma Students Democratic Front, have been revived 0:19:26.880 --> 0:19:30.440 as armed groups. The A B s DF recently attacked 0:19:30.480 --> 0:19:34.600 Tatmadach ships using an RPG. Attacks on military basis have 0:19:34.680 --> 0:19:38.120 also stepped up. PDF units have ambushed and killed policemen 0:19:38.160 --> 0:19:41.240 and raided police and military outposts. Each time they do, 0:19:41.560 --> 0:19:45.359 they steal valuable weapons and ammunition. The Tatmadau has responded 0:19:45.400 --> 0:19:49.320 with shellings and air strikes against residential areas, executions, mass 0:19:49.400 --> 0:19:52.719 physical retribution, and the murdering of civilians and aid workers 0:19:52.800 --> 0:19:55.800 and burning of their bodies. As a result of all 0:19:55.840 --> 0:19:59.879 this ethnic armed organizations have joined forces with anti authoritarian 0:20:00.040 --> 0:20:03.080 Roman people under the auspices of the People's Defense Forces, 0:20:03.560 --> 0:20:07.320 which are under the command of the exiled National Unity Government. 0:20:09.359 --> 0:20:12.520 We have never experienced such kind of brutalities from the 0:20:13.359 --> 0:20:16.800 military as well as a strong resistance from the people. 0:20:19.280 --> 0:20:22.720 They try to make sure the whole country submit to them, 0:20:22.840 --> 0:20:26.560 but we still refuse to allow them to be our rulers. 0:20:35.800 --> 0:20:38.560 This defiance has led to the formation of the People's 0:20:38.640 --> 0:20:43.840 Defense Forces or PDF, a coalition of thousands of resistance 0:20:43.920 --> 0:20:48.400 fighters were carrying out surprise attacks on Hunter checkpoints, bombing 0:20:48.560 --> 0:20:53.280 army convoys, and supporting ethnic armies in their fight against 0:20:53.320 --> 0:20:56.720 the regime. Twelve months ago, these men and women were 0:20:56.800 --> 0:21:01.600 students and office workers protesting the coup. Today they're training 0:21:01.680 --> 0:21:06.960 to overthrow the military. Bennesota is the tough choice, but 0:21:07.119 --> 0:21:11.000 the young people um they are ready to defend the community. 0:21:11.520 --> 0:21:15.320 They have to, of course, sacrifice their own daily life 0:21:15.440 --> 0:21:19.720 ordinary life. Since March of the influx of new recruits 0:21:19.760 --> 0:21:23.640 has changed these groups. Generation Z militias like the Karinni 0:21:23.720 --> 0:21:27.160 gen Z Liberation Army have sprung up, founded by kids 0:21:27.200 --> 0:21:30.000 who were holding memable signs at protests just a few 0:21:30.080 --> 0:21:33.600 months earlier. They care less about ethnic independence and more 0:21:33.640 --> 0:21:37.119 about beating the junta. Many Burman kids join these groups. 0:21:37.640 --> 0:21:41.080 These organizations of young fighters received training from the experienced 0:21:41.119 --> 0:21:43.840 guerillas hiding in the jungle, but they tended to adopt 0:21:43.880 --> 0:21:47.000 a less top down military structure and armed themselves by 0:21:47.040 --> 0:21:50.399 scavenging whatever weapons they could find, often twenty two caliber 0:21:50.520 --> 0:21:54.000 rifles better suited to shooting squirrels than soldiers. It was 0:21:54.080 --> 0:21:56.239 these kids who grew up online and knew that there 0:21:56.320 --> 0:21:58.920 was nothing you couldn't learn about on Reddit, who tipped 0:21:58.960 --> 0:22:02.080 the balance of force away from the state. Unlike the 0:22:02.119 --> 0:22:05.800 ethnic armed organizations and other more experienced guerrillas in Myanmar, 0:22:06.240 --> 0:22:09.640 these kids have little military experience. Their organizations have few 0:22:09.800 --> 0:22:13.480 rules and regulations. They're made up entirely of young people. 0:22:13.800 --> 0:22:16.440 As a result, there are certain things that they're less 0:22:16.480 --> 0:22:19.920 proficient at, but they're much better at things like grasping 0:22:20.000 --> 0:22:22.840 the use of new technologies, which has led to me 0:22:22.920 --> 0:22:25.440 Amar being the first country in the world where three 0:22:25.520 --> 0:22:28.359 D printed weapons have taken part in a revolution against 0:22:28.400 --> 0:22:31.320 the government. We're going to hear more about that and 0:22:31.520 --> 0:22:44.520 many other things as this series continues. Hey there, I'm 0:22:44.640 --> 0:22:47.719 Jess Milady Confetti here. Hi, I'm Psyche and I am 0:22:47.800 --> 0:22:50.880 hey Shady lady, and welcome to Boss Level podcast, where 0:22:50.880 --> 0:22:53.679 we feature conversations with gas Tube leveled up bringing an 0:22:53.840 --> 0:22:56.560 X feed riost to the table. That was always my response, 0:22:56.560 --> 0:22:59.560 because is like, I am like a unicorn here right like, 0:22:59.680 --> 0:23:02.399 because there's not allowed of like out of the closet 0:23:02.440 --> 0:23:06.760 female gamers. I know a lot of them. Like it 0:23:06.880 --> 0:23:09.639 was like a battlefield. They're like, this is our cool 0:23:09.800 --> 0:23:15.159 boys club and be here. No. Sorry, Hey, this is 0:23:15.200 --> 0:23:17.480 a very dark corner and I'm a lot of light 0:23:17.640 --> 0:23:23.200 and right quarter. We picked the brains of professionals, creators 0:23:23.280 --> 0:23:26.040 and bosses and industries across the globe to help our 0:23:26.080 --> 0:23:28.960 listeners achieve their own boss level. We are not just 0:23:29.280 --> 0:23:33.880 creating a podcast, but a gamified an engaged community. Listen 0:23:33.920 --> 0:23:37.040 to Boss Level on the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 0:23:37.160 --> 0:23:43.520 or wherever you get your podcasts. Hi, I'm Katy Lows. 0:23:44.000 --> 0:23:46.560 You might also know me as Quinn Perkins from Scandal 0:23:46.760 --> 0:23:49.800 for Rachel from Inventing Anna. I'm also a mother to 0:23:49.920 --> 0:23:52.680 my son Albi and my daughter Vera. I wanted to 0:23:52.800 --> 0:23:56.320 create a space for open and honest conversations about all 0:23:56.440 --> 0:23:59.240 things parenting, and I thought a podcast was the best 0:23:59.359 --> 0:24:02.480 way to do just that. Check out season five of 0:24:02.560 --> 0:24:09.560 my podcast, Katie's Crib. It is super raw, vulnerable, and hilarious. 0:24:10.359 --> 0:24:14.440 Katie's Crib in no way shape form is judgmental or 0:24:14.960 --> 0:24:17.800 telling you exactly how to parent or exactly how you 0:24:17.840 --> 0:24:21.200 should be. I think it really just makes you feel 0:24:21.240 --> 0:24:24.200 less alone and gives you a community. We're going deep 0:24:24.280 --> 0:24:28.280 with guests like inventing Anna's Anna club Ski, how to 0:24:28.320 --> 0:24:32.520 Get Away with Murders, Asian Naomi King, and Yes, sometimes 0:24:32.640 --> 0:24:35.440 my funality when he burst into my studio, so that's cool. 0:24:35.800 --> 0:24:38.720 Listen to Katie's Crab every Thursday on the I Heart Radio, app, 0:24:38.800 --> 0:24:42.720 Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. On the 0:24:42.880 --> 0:24:47.640 Art of Accomplishment podcast. We love anxiety, anger, sadness, and selfishness. 0:24:48.520 --> 0:24:50.600 Most people do everything they can to get rid of 0:24:50.640 --> 0:24:54.200 these emotions, but nothing makes them go away. We, however, 0:24:54.320 --> 0:24:57.200 welcome them because they give us a healthy advantage if 0:24:57.280 --> 0:25:00.159 we know how to interpret their signals. Listen to the 0:25:00.240 --> 0:25:03.960 Art of Accomplishment podcast on the Heart Radio, Apple, Apple Podcasts, 0:25:04.119 --> 0:25:07.359 or wherever you get your podcasts. To understand yourself and 0:25:07.520 --> 0:25:19.680 be who you were meant to be. Hey, everybody, I'm 0:25:19.760 --> 0:25:22.040 Robert Evans and this is me and mar printing The 0:25:22.119 --> 0:25:27.359 Revolution Part two. Since the dawn of firearms, regular people 0:25:27.480 --> 0:25:29.679 all over the world have had the same basic idea, 0:25:30.200 --> 0:25:32.520 Maybe if I made myself a gun, the government wouldn't 0:25:32.560 --> 0:25:35.040 be able to be such a dick to me. Historically, 0:25:35.400 --> 0:25:37.800 this has had little impact on the willingness of governments 0:25:37.880 --> 0:25:40.479 to be dicks to people. In the beginning, all gun 0:25:40.600 --> 0:25:43.720 manufacturing was done by individual artisans, and thus making a 0:25:43.760 --> 0:25:45.920 gun in your home was really no different from making 0:25:45.960 --> 0:25:47.560 it in a shop, as long as you had the 0:25:47.640 --> 0:25:51.320 proper tools. Guns in this period weren't super useful on 0:25:51.400 --> 0:25:53.399 their own, and we're best fired in a volley by 0:25:53.440 --> 0:25:57.239 a shipload of dudes at once. Since individual firearms were 0:25:57.280 --> 0:26:00.200 extremely inaccurate and cumbersome to use, the fact that some 0:26:00.320 --> 0:26:02.840 poor blacksmith could make himself one wasn't much of a 0:26:02.920 --> 0:26:06.199 threat to anybody in power. It did mean that battlefield 0:26:06.240 --> 0:26:09.679 prowess came from large blocks of trained soldiers, not fudel 0:26:09.760 --> 0:26:13.919 lords on horseback rallying untrained peasants. This change in technology 0:26:14.040 --> 0:26:16.800 led to a change in warfare and helped to change society. 0:26:17.359 --> 0:26:20.240 As firearms evolved and became these central weapons of battle, 0:26:20.320 --> 0:26:24.320 they required more intense tooling and more expensive manufacturing capacity. 0:26:24.840 --> 0:26:27.560 Nations and peoples without the know how or infrastructure were 0:26:27.600 --> 0:26:31.280 at a tremendous disadvantage. As soon as this situation came 0:26:31.359 --> 0:26:34.760 into being, these unfortunate communities set to work finding ways 0:26:34.840 --> 0:26:38.720 to gain the advantages of firearms without the manufacturing capacity 0:26:38.800 --> 0:26:43.800 their foes enjoyed. Indigenous cannons and regions resisting imperialism often 0:26:43.880 --> 0:26:47.760 consisted of composite materials less sturdy than bronze or iron. 0:26:48.280 --> 0:26:51.399 In the sixteen hundreds and seventeen hundreds, Indigenous Americans in 0:26:51.480 --> 0:26:54.600 South America used wooden cannons to fight against Spanish and 0:26:54.680 --> 0:26:58.600 Portuguese conquerors. The Vietnamese used wooden cannons to resist the 0:26:58.680 --> 0:27:01.199 French during the Coach in Chaia, a campaign of eighteen 0:27:01.280 --> 0:27:05.120 sixty two. American Indians used wooden artillery to blast settler 0:27:05.160 --> 0:27:08.639 fortifications in the seventeen hundreds and eighteen hundreds. In the 0:27:08.720 --> 0:27:11.120 months that led up to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, 0:27:11.280 --> 0:27:13.760 the men who fought to create the United States busied 0:27:13.840 --> 0:27:16.960 themselves building rifles and cannons in their homes and communities 0:27:17.000 --> 0:27:20.320 to resist the English. This trend has never really stopped 0:27:20.359 --> 0:27:23.480 in warfare. The day before we recorded this, James, my 0:27:23.600 --> 0:27:26.239 partner in this series, sent me a screen grab from 0:27:26.280 --> 0:27:28.960 a live stream of someone in Ukraine printing pieces for 0:27:29.040 --> 0:27:32.200 a K forty seven's on a three D printer. Firearms 0:27:32.240 --> 0:27:34.800 manufactured outside the arms industry have played a role in 0:27:34.960 --> 0:27:38.719 every conflict of the modern era, but as you've probably guessed, 0:27:38.880 --> 0:27:41.320 they have had the greatest influence in the little wars 0:27:41.400 --> 0:27:46.280 of colonialism. European nations rarely allowed any sort of firearms 0:27:46.320 --> 0:27:49.800 ownership in their colonies except the individuals and ethnic groups 0:27:49.840 --> 0:27:54.120 that adopted its local enforces. Since most of these places 0:27:54.240 --> 0:27:57.200 had never developed their own industrial base for arms industry, 0:27:57.840 --> 0:28:00.840 colonial rebellions often relied on home made weapons in their 0:28:00.880 --> 0:28:05.360 early stages, along with modern firearms pilfered by deserting local soldiers. 0:28:06.119 --> 0:28:10.680 Where domestic productive capacity existed, European colonizing nations went out 0:28:10.720 --> 0:28:13.200 of their way to relocate it, along with the profit 0:28:13.240 --> 0:28:16.960 it generated, to the metropol All were reflected on this 0:28:17.119 --> 0:28:21.479 in his novel Burmese Days, saying in the eighteenth century, 0:28:21.720 --> 0:28:24.359 the Indians cast guns are at any rate up to 0:28:24.440 --> 0:28:28.080 the European standard. Now, after we've been in India a 0:28:28.160 --> 0:28:30.679 hundred and fifty years, you can't make so much as 0:28:30.720 --> 0:28:35.240 a brass cartridge case in the whole continent. Meanwhile, among 0:28:35.320 --> 0:28:38.440 the colonizers, being armed became almost a synonym for being 0:28:38.480 --> 0:28:42.120 a man. This was particularly true for the colonial police 0:28:42.160 --> 0:28:46.760 forces and militaries, but it was also true domestically. Most 0:28:46.840 --> 0:28:49.680 people are broadly familiar with the US Second Amendment the 0:28:49.760 --> 0:28:53.640 robust gun culture that it spawned, but during the higher colonialism, 0:28:54.160 --> 0:28:58.760 English citizens are also free to earn themselves. In Prime 0:28:58.800 --> 0:29:03.440 Minister Robert gascoyne cecil Marquis of Salisbury, gave a speech 0:29:03.480 --> 0:29:05.840 in which he claimed he would laud the day when 0:29:05.920 --> 0:29:09.800 there was a rifle in every cottage. In England, firearms 0:29:09.840 --> 0:29:13.520 were utterly unrestricted at this point. The first chaine to 0:29:13.640 --> 0:29:18.560 this came in with the first Law that required a 0:29:18.600 --> 0:29:22.880 permit to carry a handgun and restricted children from buying guns. Still, 0:29:23.440 --> 0:29:26.800 firearms were widely available until a red panic gripped the 0:29:26.840 --> 0:29:32.320 nation in following the ball strict revolution in Russia. Across 0:29:32.440 --> 0:29:35.840 the ocean in Spain, where firearms ownership was less strictly 0:29:35.920 --> 0:29:38.840 restricted where all well himself would learn what it was 0:29:38.920 --> 0:29:41.840 to fire a rifle at someone who shot back. Arm 0:29:41.960 --> 0:29:44.920 Unions and working people served as the only bullwalk to 0:29:44.960 --> 0:29:49.280 a military coup. In ninety six in Madrid, one officer 0:29:49.400 --> 0:29:52.640 opened his armory to the union militias, but another refused 0:29:52.680 --> 0:29:54.800 to hand over for the bolts for the guns they 0:29:54.840 --> 0:29:58.800 had been issued. The Barcelona, where the anarchists left, had 0:29:58.800 --> 0:30:02.320 a long tradition evample at violence. The coup was repelled 0:30:02.400 --> 0:30:06.360 by workers with guns, and the general leading troops there 0:30:06.640 --> 0:30:10.200 was imprisoned and executed. The same pattern played out all 0:30:10.240 --> 0:30:14.840 across the country in July, when the military rose up 0:30:14.920 --> 0:30:18.240 to topple the elected government. In the cities where the 0:30:18.320 --> 0:30:21.600 government opened the armories to the people, the coup was repelled. 0:30:22.240 --> 0:30:25.200 In the cities where the government did not, the coup succeeded. 0:30:26.480 --> 0:30:31.560 Reflecting on this in nine or WORLDWARID, the totalitarian states 0:30:31.760 --> 0:30:34.360 can do great things, but there is one thing they 0:30:34.400 --> 0:30:38.240 cannot do. They cannot give the factory worker a rifle 0:30:38.640 --> 0:30:40.160 and tell him to take it home and keep it 0:30:40.200 --> 0:30:42.880 in his bedroom. That rifle on the wall of the 0:30:42.960 --> 0:30:46.600 laborers cottage or working class flat. It's a symbol of democracy. 0:30:47.160 --> 0:30:50.280 It's a job to see that it's days there, despite 0:30:50.400 --> 0:30:53.160 Orwell's please. The years that followed the Second World War 0:30:53.280 --> 0:30:55.640 led the greater restrictions of the ability of the public 0:30:55.760 --> 0:30:59.000 to arm itself. By the nineteen fifties, carrying any weapon 0:30:59.080 --> 0:31:02.640 for self defense was illegal. Semi automatic center fire arms 0:31:02.680 --> 0:31:05.400 were banned in nineteen eighty eight, and pistols were banned 0:31:05.400 --> 0:31:08.840 in nineteen ninety six after a mass shooting killed sixteen 0:31:08.960 --> 0:31:12.640 children in Dunblane. This was all utterly infuriating to a 0:31:12.720 --> 0:31:16.960 man named Philip A. Looty. Loody, born in nineteen sixty 0:31:17.000 --> 0:31:19.520 five grew up on a farm in West Yorkshire, England. 0:31:20.080 --> 0:31:24.080 We don't have a tremendous amount of detail about his upbringing, 0:31:24.560 --> 0:31:26.600 but by the time he was in his early thirties 0:31:26.640 --> 0:31:29.520 he'd become a committed crusader for an unrestricted right to 0:31:29.640 --> 0:31:32.880 bear arms. A skilled machinist with a well equipped shop, 0:31:33.120 --> 0:31:35.960 Loody began the long process of learning how to craft 0:31:36.040 --> 0:31:40.880 homemade firearms. Soon he was building semi and fully automatic weapons. 0:31:41.720 --> 0:31:46.040 Now these were not military grade firearms. The barrels were unrifled, 0:31:46.080 --> 0:31:49.360 which made them terribly inaccurate, but every piece could be 0:31:49.480 --> 0:31:53.760 crafted from widely available things like sheet metal washers and screws. 0:31:54.240 --> 0:31:56.400 The person assembling a looty gun would need to be 0:31:56.520 --> 0:31:59.200 a skilled craftsman, but they would not need access to 0:31:59.320 --> 0:32:04.080 welding rig forges or rather expensive industrial equipment. Booty published 0:32:04.120 --> 0:32:08.280 a book Expedient Homemade Firearms the nine millimeter Submachine Gun 0:32:08.560 --> 0:32:12.000 in nineteen ninety eight through Paladin Press. In the late 0:32:12.120 --> 0:32:14.760 nineteen nineties, Paladin was one of the places you could 0:32:14.800 --> 0:32:18.040 go to mail order fringe political literature and guides for 0:32:18.120 --> 0:32:21.320 stuff like trapping human beings or disabling the drive system 0:32:21.360 --> 0:32:24.480 of an Abrams tank in the United States. Nothing about 0:32:24.560 --> 0:32:28.400 Ludy's book was or is illegal, but Phil didn't live 0:32:28.520 --> 0:32:31.920 in the United States. He was arrested several times, starting 0:32:31.960 --> 0:32:34.520 in the late nineteen nineties when a pair of illegal 0:32:34.600 --> 0:32:37.520 home built guns were found on his property. Ludy spent 0:32:37.600 --> 0:32:40.040 the rest of his life, which ended in two thousand eleven, 0:32:40.320 --> 0:32:43.680 operating a website where he raged against gun control. His 0:32:43.800 --> 0:32:47.360 main argument was that England was headed for totalitarianism, and 0:32:47.720 --> 0:32:51.040 like Orwell, he believed only public ownership of arms could 0:32:51.080 --> 0:32:54.880 prevent this. Unlike Orwell, Ludy was firmly on the right 0:32:54.960 --> 0:32:59.240 wing He traced society's problems to quote a combination of 0:32:59.280 --> 0:33:03.479 political ractness and anti freedom of speech laws legislation governing 0:33:03.520 --> 0:33:05.960 how we speak about such subjects as religion or a 0:33:06.040 --> 0:33:09.840 person's race being just two examples. Words and phrases that 0:33:09.920 --> 0:33:12.800 have been used for centuries without malice are now insipid 0:33:12.840 --> 0:33:15.320 in people's mouths and said to cause offense by those 0:33:15.440 --> 0:33:18.280 very same speech police, who, on the other hand, turned 0:33:18.320 --> 0:33:20.840 a blind eye to the violence, foul language, and sexual 0:33:20.960 --> 0:33:24.360 references blasted daily through our TV sets, a phenomenon that 0:33:24.440 --> 0:33:28.520 really does cause offense to many people. Loody never succeeded 0:33:28.520 --> 0:33:31.600 in sparking a renaissance in civilian arms ownership in the UK, 0:33:32.320 --> 0:33:35.640 but his ideas were adopted by organized criminal groups all 0:33:35.720 --> 0:33:38.640 around the world. In Brazil, looty guns can go for 0:33:38.720 --> 0:33:41.600 as much as twenty five hundred dollars. From two thousand 0:33:41.680 --> 0:33:44.520 eleven to two thousand twelve, nearly half of the submachine 0:33:44.560 --> 0:33:48.280 guns seized by police and salpolo were homemade. Most of 0:33:48.320 --> 0:33:51.120 these arms were certainly used as tools by drug dealers 0:33:51.280 --> 0:33:54.440 or other gangsters, but some of them were surely also 0:33:54.560 --> 0:33:57.120 the tools of citizens who simply sought a way to 0:33:57.200 --> 0:34:00.240 defend themselves in a place with no real rule of law. 0:34:01.280 --> 0:34:05.040 Looty guns have long been popular among motorcycle gangs in Australia, 0:34:05.240 --> 0:34:08.360 and in October of two thousand nineteen, a fascist terrorist 0:34:08.520 --> 0:34:11.160 carried out the last of that year's eight Chan shootings 0:34:11.360 --> 0:34:15.200 in Halla, Germany with a looty gun. His weapons, thankfully 0:34:15.480 --> 0:34:18.800 did not work well. As a general rule, looty guns 0:34:18.880 --> 0:34:21.040 were never going to be of much use to anyone 0:34:21.160 --> 0:34:25.200 besides organized criminals. They aren't great in a gunfight, but 0:34:25.280 --> 0:34:27.600 you can use them to spray bullets into a room 0:34:27.760 --> 0:34:31.440 or a vehicle at close range pretty well. The year 0:34:31.480 --> 0:34:34.640 after Phil Looty died two thousand twelve, a fellow named 0:34:34.719 --> 0:34:38.359 Cody Wilson decided to carry on his work. Cody felt 0:34:38.440 --> 0:34:42.040 three D printing carried the possibility of eventually manufacturing arms 0:34:42.080 --> 0:34:46.440 of equality that might rival traditionally produced guns. He started 0:34:46.480 --> 0:34:49.920 simple with a single shot three eighty handgun based around 0:34:49.960 --> 0:34:54.200 the old Liberator pistol from World War Two. The Liberator 0:34:54.239 --> 0:34:57.359 had been a single shot forty five caliber handgun meant 0:34:57.440 --> 0:35:01.120 to be dropped into Nazi occupied territories, used by insurgents 0:35:01.200 --> 0:35:04.560 to stealthily kill single German soldiers and take their guns. 0:35:05.440 --> 0:35:08.799 Cody Wilson described himself as a crypto anarchist, and when 0:35:08.920 --> 0:35:11.080 his ideas began to draw attention, he dropped out of 0:35:11.160 --> 0:35:15.480 law school to create Defense Distributed. This organization was dedicated 0:35:15.560 --> 0:35:18.279 to the development and distribution of plans to craft three 0:35:18.360 --> 0:35:21.600 D printed weapons. It used a platform called deaf CAD 0:35:21.719 --> 0:35:24.759 to allow users to develop and share blueprints. In two 0:35:24.800 --> 0:35:27.800 thousand and thirteen, the first CAD gun file became available 0:35:27.880 --> 0:35:31.160 online to everyone. It was downloaded more than a hundred 0:35:31.200 --> 0:35:34.000 thousand times in two days. I'd like to quote now 0:35:34.080 --> 0:35:37.520 from an article on the website three D Natives. This 0:35:37.680 --> 0:35:40.560 prompted the US government to demand that Defense Distributed removed 0:35:40.600 --> 0:35:42.719 the file from their site. What followed as a legal 0:35:42.760 --> 0:35:45.320 battle between Cody Wilson and the U. S Government, consisting 0:35:45.360 --> 0:35:48.400 of back and forth lawsuits. It lasted five years until 0:35:48.480 --> 0:35:51.560 in two thousand eighteen, the Trump administration legalized three D 0:35:51.640 --> 0:35:54.720 printed guns. The same year, Wilson was charged with sexual 0:35:54.760 --> 0:35:57.080 assault of an underage girl and had to step down 0:35:57.160 --> 0:36:00.840 from Defense Distributed. Nonetheless, the organization did not cease to 0:36:00.920 --> 0:36:04.320 exist without Cody. Today, for a yearly fee of fifty dollars, 0:36:04.480 --> 0:36:06.800 users of the Deaf CAD website can access the files 0:36:06.840 --> 0:36:09.840 containing different designs of three D printed guns. And I 0:36:09.880 --> 0:36:12.120 should note here that it's probably more accurate to say 0:36:12.120 --> 0:36:15.759 the Trump administration legalized sharing the plans and printing the 0:36:15.880 --> 0:36:18.600 files and whatnot of three D printed guns, not legalized 0:36:18.640 --> 0:36:22.319 three D printed guns. Homemade firearms have been federally legal 0:36:22.400 --> 0:36:25.719 in the United States since forever. The fighting in the 0:36:25.800 --> 0:36:28.080 courts over all this has continued ever since, and in 0:36:28.160 --> 0:36:32.080 two thousand nineteen a federal judge and Seattle temporarily blocked DEAFCAD. 0:36:32.560 --> 0:36:35.560 This sparked the creation of a new group, Deterrence Dispensed, 0:36:35.719 --> 0:36:38.759 which was even less centralized. The basic idea was that 0:36:38.880 --> 0:36:41.280 this would make them harder to take down via lawsuits 0:36:41.400 --> 0:36:44.600 or police action. Not stated was that this might also 0:36:44.680 --> 0:36:48.680 protect their reputation from a Cody Wilson situation. The debate 0:36:48.760 --> 0:36:51.760 over the legality of three D printed firearm plans continues 0:36:51.840 --> 0:36:54.239 on to the present day, but the development of these 0:36:54.360 --> 0:36:57.359 arms has continued at an ever faster pace. The best 0:36:57.520 --> 0:37:00.880 modern three D printed arms can even rival inventional guns. 0:37:01.280 --> 0:37:04.320 It's worth emphasizing that these are not purely plastic tools. 0:37:04.719 --> 0:37:07.479 The Liberator pistol used a metal nail, and the better 0:37:07.600 --> 0:37:10.440 three D arms have metal barrels rifled using other craft 0:37:10.520 --> 0:37:14.040 methods that require some nohow but arguably less than it 0:37:14.080 --> 0:37:17.480 took to manufacture a looty gun. Three D printed arms 0:37:17.520 --> 0:37:19.920 have been confiscated by police around the world, but in 0:37:20.040 --> 0:37:23.040 recent months they've begun to crop up somewhere new in 0:37:23.120 --> 0:37:27.560 the arms of revolutionaries fighting against a military coup. Me 0:37:27.680 --> 0:37:31.800 and Ma Burman before that has adversively strict gun control 0:37:31.880 --> 0:37:34.880 laws for decades. When Georgie Orwell was a policeman there 0:37:34.920 --> 0:37:37.399 in the nineteen twenties, he may have carried a gun, 0:37:38.160 --> 0:37:40.960 but the people he was policing did not. In the 0:37:41.080 --> 0:37:45.520 nineteen thirties, the British leaders allowed tact organizations similar to 0:37:45.640 --> 0:37:48.759 militias to form and drill, but they weren't allowed to 0:37:48.800 --> 0:37:54.280 carry guns. Gun licenses under the dictatorship were issued primarily 0:37:54.320 --> 0:37:59.520 to party members, but most revoked after failed pro Democian uprising. 0:38:00.680 --> 0:38:03.000 The only civilians who were permitted to earn armed with 0:38:03.120 --> 0:38:06.640 the Chin, the nation's poorest ethnic group, who rely on 0:38:06.719 --> 0:38:10.160 guns to hunt for food. In many cases, these guns 0:38:10.200 --> 0:38:12.400 were flint locks that would not have looked that out 0:38:12.440 --> 0:38:16.560 of place in a battlefield two centuries before. In practice, though, 0:38:17.640 --> 0:38:21.040 things are very different. The current conflict is best seen 0:38:21.080 --> 0:38:23.560 as a flare up in violence has been ongoing since 0:38:23.600 --> 0:38:28.160 Britain left the country in the Tapma door has consistently 0:38:28.320 --> 0:38:31.719 used violence against marginalized ethnic groups in the country, and 0:38:31.760 --> 0:38:36.040 they have consistently taken up arms in response. But unlike 0:38:36.120 --> 0:38:39.080 civil wars in the Middle East, wealthy nations in the 0:38:39.160 --> 0:38:42.160 West have not been flooding Meanmar with weapons for decades, 0:38:42.400 --> 0:38:44.680 and the various E a O S or ethnic armed 0:38:44.760 --> 0:38:47.919 organizations have had to turn to much more unorthodox routes 0:38:48.000 --> 0:38:51.120 to arm and equip themselves against the government. To get 0:38:51.160 --> 0:38:52.960 a better idea of what things are like on the ground, 0:38:53.200 --> 0:38:56.160 we spoke to Pierre. He's French, but he's a serial 0:38:56.239 --> 0:38:59.520 volunteer with national liberation struggles around the world and fought 0:38:59.560 --> 0:39:03.640 with the people in the early two thousand's. Yes, so 0:39:03.920 --> 0:39:11.360 the ammunition is a constant problem. The shortage is absolutely permanent. 0:39:12.280 --> 0:39:17.719 And yes there is two sources and for the for 0:39:17.880 --> 0:39:23.120 the for the weapons, there is the black market, and 0:39:23.480 --> 0:39:28.040 the prices, especially of ammunition, are prohibitive. This is why 0:39:28.080 --> 0:39:32.480 I would like to have my notebook here with me 0:39:32.600 --> 0:39:35.640 because I think I wrote down the conversation I had 0:39:35.719 --> 0:39:39.799 with some leaders of the kind of at the time 0:39:40.440 --> 0:39:43.640 asking them why we didn't do more persons. Well, like, 0:39:44.000 --> 0:39:48.200 we just can't afford it, uh, you know, uh, we 0:39:48.360 --> 0:39:51.080 just can't afford it. Like strictly we we don't we 0:39:51.320 --> 0:39:54.160 we don't have enough ammunition to do any kind of 0:39:54.520 --> 0:39:59.760 uh of operation we need to. So all the operations 0:39:59.800 --> 0:40:03.719 with you were always focused on if we could capture 0:40:04.080 --> 0:40:11.399 some ammunition, if we could geture like weapons, but especially immunition. Yeah, 0:40:11.920 --> 0:40:14.720 so there is you know, that's that's the second source 0:40:14.800 --> 0:40:20.680 of of course of uh of weapon. Uh let's say 0:40:20.920 --> 0:40:25.600 source is the is the captures of course, then the 0:40:25.800 --> 0:40:32.920 black market. The black market used to be huge in Cambodia. 0:40:32.960 --> 0:40:35.000 I don't know what's the situation now. That was in 0:40:35.080 --> 0:40:38.160 the nineties. There was it was a bit of the 0:40:38.360 --> 0:40:44.000 Albania of some STEA at this time, right, And so 0:40:45.600 --> 0:40:51.200 there is also the other ethnic groups that received sometime 0:40:52.200 --> 0:40:58.640 say a lot of uh of of arms and ammunition 0:40:58.920 --> 0:41:02.560 from sponsor of STU. Some of them, like the West 0:41:02.560 --> 0:41:06.000 the dummies are sponsored by China. So like their supply 0:41:06.200 --> 0:41:10.640 of munition, it's pretty good of of weapons. I think 0:41:10.840 --> 0:41:17.360 it's even cartigo and stuff. Um. Then there is other 0:41:18.200 --> 0:41:26.160 groups that also produced locally quite good their own on arms, 0:41:26.960 --> 0:41:32.200 light arms usually so yeah, these are the different sources 0:41:32.280 --> 0:41:36.040 of welcomes the okay in in the time I was 0:41:36.120 --> 0:41:38.880 there in the early weeks of the protests. Once you 0:41:38.960 --> 0:41:41.719 a claim clear that non violent demonstrators were going to 0:41:41.800 --> 0:41:46.880 be met with state violence, protests began to fashion weapons. First, 0:41:47.160 --> 0:41:50.080 they thought soldiers with the salt rifles, using catapults and 0:41:50.160 --> 0:41:53.839 bos and arrows. It was incredibly brave, but it wasn't 0:41:53.920 --> 0:41:58.440 very effective by the twenty eight so much protesters are 0:41:58.480 --> 0:42:02.000 taken a step first, a group calling itself the Calais 0:42:02.080 --> 0:42:06.719 Civil Army set up barricades and defended them using pressurized 0:42:06.760 --> 0:42:11.280 air rifles that fired marbles and bicycle wheelbearings. The rifles 0:42:11.320 --> 0:42:15.160 all used the same design and the same components. They 0:42:15.239 --> 0:42:17.880 were based on a video someone found on YouTube, but 0:42:17.960 --> 0:42:22.840 they weren't lethal. They helped protesters defend their space, albeit 0:42:22.840 --> 0:42:26.400 at great cost. In that first clash, four protesters and 0:42:26.480 --> 0:42:30.120 four soldiers were killed. The protesters and Calais were able 0:42:30.160 --> 0:42:33.040 to hold out a few days using old hunting rifles 0:42:33.120 --> 0:42:36.120 and air guns. The ambush military patrols and they took 0:42:36.200 --> 0:42:40.839 four police hostage. Then they exchanged them for nine incarcerated protesters. 0:42:41.960 --> 0:42:44.640 But nearly April, the Tapmador returned to the protest camp 0:42:44.680 --> 0:42:47.680 in Calais with rocket propelled grenades and machine guns and 0:42:47.800 --> 0:42:51.640 killed eleven people. We must fight back against them. If not, 0:42:51.960 --> 0:42:55.480 our generation will face a worse situation than us. They 0:42:55.600 --> 0:42:59.360 have no laws, a neighborhood villager who battled the regime's 0:42:59.400 --> 0:43:03.439 forces told the Irrawaddy, a local paper. The air guns 0:43:03.440 --> 0:43:07.919 spread around the country quickly to avoid surveillance. Protesters talked 0:43:07.920 --> 0:43:11.239 about cooking up yanny on telegram channels, and what they 0:43:11.320 --> 0:43:13.600 meant was desperately scaring the internet for a way to 0:43:13.719 --> 0:43:16.120 fight back and finding a way to make an air 0:43:16.239 --> 0:43:19.200 rifle out of a beautane canister, a pipe and a 0:43:19.280 --> 0:43:24.000 cigarette lighter, combined with fireworks and smoke bombs made of 0:43:24.040 --> 0:43:28.200 potassium nitrate. The air rifle gave protest is just enough 0:43:28.239 --> 0:43:32.640 cupboard to escape police charges, but they also gave the 0:43:33.000 --> 0:43:37.200 hunter an excuse to further escalate the violence. Attitudes are 0:43:37.239 --> 0:43:40.799 hardening among the protesters too. In Mandalay, they took air 0:43:40.960 --> 0:43:44.320 rifles to the barricades on Saturday, hardly a match for 0:43:44.360 --> 0:43:47.279 the weapons of war they face, but now they know 0:43:47.800 --> 0:43:51.239 this is a fight to the death and more destruction. 0:43:51.680 --> 0:43:56.879 After a fire raged and Pgdalgon Township Overnight, people living 0:43:56.960 --> 0:44:00.440 there but kept away by security forces were turned to 0:44:00.520 --> 0:44:04.000 find sixty homes burned to the ground. Now all they 0:44:04.040 --> 0:44:06.640 can do is pick through the ashes, trying to save 0:44:06.719 --> 0:44:12.360 anything from the military's policy of scorched Even the Tatmadaw 0:44:12.480 --> 0:44:15.239 makes its own weapons, a highly unusual move for a 0:44:15.320 --> 0:44:18.960 relatively small nation. Totmadaw troops and police can be seen 0:44:19.040 --> 0:44:22.160 with a bewildering array of indigenously produced copies of HIM 0:44:22.200 --> 0:44:25.280 sixteen s ouzies and even five five six Galil pattern 0:44:25.440 --> 0:44:28.040 A K style rifles, as well as in three light 0:44:28.080 --> 0:44:31.080 machine guns, which are slightly updated copies of the MG 0:44:31.239 --> 0:44:33.719 forty two used by the Nazis in World War Two. 0:44:34.600 --> 0:44:38.200 After the failed eight eight eight eight uprisings in Night, 0:44:38.400 --> 0:44:41.400 the military offered concessions to China and return for more 0:44:41.400 --> 0:44:44.680 advanced weapons. They got them, but it didn't stop China 0:44:44.800 --> 0:44:48.719 from also supplying Ethnic armed organizations e a o s 0:44:48.800 --> 0:44:51.120 don't have access to the same munitions factories that the 0:44:51.200 --> 0:44:53.920 government does, but there is a long tradition of homemade 0:44:54.000 --> 0:44:57.160 weapons in Myanmar. In more remote parts of the country, 0:44:57.280 --> 0:44:59.960 homemade air rifles and shotguns seem to have been relative 0:45:00.239 --> 0:45:03.040 commonplace before the start of the conflict, and they were 0:45:03.120 --> 0:45:06.200 mostly used for hunting. The country has also covered with 0:45:06.360 --> 0:45:08.320 land mines, which the E. A O S used a 0:45:08.360 --> 0:45:11.759 great effect against the Totmadaw. We spoke to Pierre, a 0:45:11.840 --> 0:45:14.880 former combatant with the Karin who no longer lives in Myanmar. 0:45:15.400 --> 0:45:18.080 His experience is not that recent, but it helps us 0:45:18.160 --> 0:45:21.320 to understand the way this conflict has been fought for decades. 0:45:21.719 --> 0:45:25.720 What we used to produce A lot of land mines, 0:45:26.280 --> 0:45:32.040 that's uh, that's produced at the base. Yes, with like 0:45:32.239 --> 0:45:35.319 you know, very very lot of systems with a little 0:45:35.360 --> 0:45:41.440 bit of of type of plastic explosive pt of bomboom 0:45:41.440 --> 0:45:46.200 for contactors and like your batfield. That's it. Pellet guns 0:45:46.280 --> 0:45:48.440 are not good for combat and E A O S 0:45:48.480 --> 0:45:51.840 mostly relied on weapons imported from Thailand, India or China. 0:45:52.200 --> 0:45:56.640 Overwhelmingly these were A K or In sixteen pattern rifles. Yeah, 0:45:56.920 --> 0:46:02.120 mostly in my and the units have been there is 0:46:02.880 --> 0:46:08.480 probably a majority of a K platforms in this time. Yes, yeah, definitely, 0:46:09.400 --> 0:46:13.880 I mean it's more reliable and you know, simple to operate. 0:46:14.640 --> 0:46:19.799 It's very adapted to the to the to the type 0:46:19.840 --> 0:46:24.840 of it was. It was quite correct. I mean I 0:46:25.000 --> 0:46:28.040 swee from the moment that I switched to a case 0:46:28.360 --> 0:46:31.560 at least because at TOST I tried to use this 0:46:31.840 --> 0:46:37.279 scurperency M. Sixteen and it was a nightmare of malfunctions. 0:46:41.200 --> 0:46:44.200 So I switched back to a case, which is what 0:46:44.560 --> 0:46:51.360 you best know and used or my idea doesn't have this. 0:46:52.360 --> 0:46:55.560 I never really had any any malfunction with the case. 0:46:55.880 --> 0:46:58.320 Maybe one time. It's a faulty lot of communition. But 0:46:58.480 --> 0:47:02.960 let's see, not the rifles. The fight, Pierre says, has 0:47:03.000 --> 0:47:05.760 never been restricted to the battlefield for the top medal 0:47:06.000 --> 0:47:09.240 violence against civilians as part of their four cuts doctrine 0:47:09.400 --> 0:47:12.320 that cuts off funding, food, intelligence, and recruits for the 0:47:12.440 --> 0:47:15.080 e a O. S now they are moving that same 0:47:15.120 --> 0:47:21.160 outlook to the cities like literally uh literally by by 0:47:21.280 --> 0:47:29.279 absolutely no laws of well ass I mean like one 0:47:29.320 --> 0:47:31.040 of the first things that I saw when we went 0:47:31.320 --> 0:47:35.879 going battle and in the in the Karen villages, huh 0:47:38.120 --> 0:47:43.120 around the house one of operation is that there was 0:47:43.280 --> 0:47:49.160 absolutely no girl between the age of eleven to the 0:47:49.280 --> 0:47:53.440 age of seventeen. I was like, I asked, you know, 0:47:54.080 --> 0:47:58.799 my my uh commander about it, and he says, yeah, 0:47:58.880 --> 0:48:01.320 like obviously it's if they stay as they will be 0:48:01.440 --> 0:48:04.560 rapped by the that model and the first patron the 0:48:04.640 --> 0:48:07.040 first time they will will come. You know. So this 0:48:07.320 --> 0:48:09.719 this gives you a little bit of the tone of 0:48:10.200 --> 0:48:15.759 what they are about. They constantly ransom civilians when they 0:48:15.800 --> 0:48:22.400 don't model them, like you know, shell villages for no 0:48:22.480 --> 0:48:26.560 reason or because there had been an operation of the kind, 0:48:27.600 --> 0:48:30.000 and they take evenge and who they can take evenge 0:48:30.080 --> 0:48:33.840 and is the civilians. You know. This is this is 0:48:33.880 --> 0:48:36.920 how the b This is what they are basically. The 0:48:37.000 --> 0:48:39.160 top the doll is a large army and many of 0:48:39.239 --> 0:48:42.880 the conscripts are hardly high speed operator types. But that 0:48:42.960 --> 0:48:46.680 hasn't stopped them from killing thousands of innocent civilians. I 0:48:46.760 --> 0:48:52.160 mean they have as many army defined units with different 0:48:52.440 --> 0:48:59.439 military value. Uh let's say, uh, you know, um, many 0:48:59.560 --> 0:49:06.759 times the units that they stuck on hilltop in the 0:49:06.920 --> 0:49:11.879 middle of rebel zone are not like the most combative, 0:49:12.719 --> 0:49:19.279 let's say, but sometimes we will get surprised resistance. But yeah, 0:49:20.160 --> 0:49:26.319 except of that, when they to an operation in uh 0:49:27.080 --> 0:49:31.680 in a place they bring in like more elite troops. 0:49:31.880 --> 0:49:35.440 Let's say, by contrast, the k and l A, the 0:49:35.560 --> 0:49:39.000 Karni National Liberation Army and other e aos relied on 0:49:39.080 --> 0:49:44.040 civilian support to survive. The Canada operates in uh in 0:49:44.600 --> 0:49:50.000 karen H territory and the civilians are karen I mean 0:49:52.400 --> 0:49:55.920 pretty much when we when we arrive in uh in 0:49:56.000 --> 0:50:00.279 the village. As as medics, you know that we us 0:50:00.360 --> 0:50:07.400 that the kind of the population distribute medicine. Uh No, 0:50:08.000 --> 0:50:11.560 like I don't know what it was like quite uh 0:50:11.840 --> 0:50:14.440 it's quite a fun new acquisition coming from the Tonto. 0:50:14.880 --> 0:50:17.240 This attitude has helped them pierces and they have always 0:50:17.320 --> 0:50:20.520 been open to non current recruits. First of all, is 0:50:20.600 --> 0:50:26.080 not absolutely not um let's say some kind of ethnicist 0:50:26.239 --> 0:50:31.279 or organization or ethno nationalist like you know, with some 0:50:31.480 --> 0:50:35.160 hate for US. I think group including the Obama echnic 0:50:35.280 --> 0:50:40.960 group that like traditionally you know is the is our 0:50:41.000 --> 0:50:44.399 the leaders of the model that have been oppressing them 0:50:44.440 --> 0:50:48.440 for seventy years. But they have absolutely no resentment that 0:50:48.480 --> 0:50:53.640 are extremely open to work with the Democrats, democratic forces 0:50:54.040 --> 0:50:58.840 from from every ethnical But yes, since nine said, the 0:50:58.960 --> 0:51:00.680 k and l A had been linked to link up 0:51:00.719 --> 0:51:03.600 with democratic rebels, providing them with training and shelter in 0:51:03.719 --> 0:51:06.000 order to further their shared goal of a federal and 0:51:06.080 --> 0:51:10.320 democratic country that treated all ethnicities with respect. So so 0:51:10.560 --> 0:51:15.279 these Obama rebels, let's say, uh so trained by the 0:51:15.560 --> 0:51:19.160 currents and so by people I know very well since 0:51:19.560 --> 0:51:24.960 it was my commander then never so I've seen, I've 0:51:25.000 --> 0:51:31.840 seen the currents. I've always been extremely accommodating to the 0:51:32.520 --> 0:51:39.359 Obama opposition, meaning the Obama the main ethnic group. I'd 0:51:39.400 --> 0:51:42.160 say this for me for people that might not know 0:51:42.360 --> 0:51:48.920 the difference. So and so the currents always had representation 0:51:49.239 --> 0:51:55.359 and they took like you know, political refugees, let's say, 0:51:55.480 --> 0:52:00.840 from from inside the Boma in the territor is the 0:52:00.920 --> 0:52:05.840 control mano close I was like the Students Association, the 0:52:05.920 --> 0:52:09.040 exact name I contricle right now. But all these are 0:52:09.760 --> 0:52:14.840 organization of position. And so now they keep this tradition 0:52:15.000 --> 0:52:21.360 by helping the uh these new rebails of the PDF 0:52:21.520 --> 0:52:27.040 to get military training. And yes, by the summer of 0:52:27.880 --> 0:52:30.279 young people had flooded into the jungles, and many of them, 0:52:30.400 --> 0:52:33.320 even the ones of Burman ethnicity. We're fighting alongside the 0:52:33.400 --> 0:52:36.799 Karin and Corenni rebels. They had previously seen as troublemakers 0:52:36.840 --> 0:52:40.000 and terrorists. Just a year or two before. We spoke 0:52:40.080 --> 0:52:42.640 with one of these people, Zall Lynn, who left his 0:52:42.760 --> 0:52:48.879 home in May. There was students, friends, but also young 0:52:49.000 --> 0:52:53.600 people from just the neighborhood. Most people were just above twenty. 0:52:54.640 --> 0:52:57.560 A lot of them were single. You know, there's women 0:52:57.640 --> 0:53:03.719 as well, people whom new technology, young people from the 0:53:05.040 --> 0:53:14.160 from the technology computer uh apologists why called university. A 0:53:14.239 --> 0:53:18.000 lot of these people who knew modern technology went into 0:53:18.080 --> 0:53:21.800 the jungle too, go into Chundle to train and be 0:53:21.920 --> 0:53:27.000 able to overthrow the men online government. So there was 0:53:27.120 --> 0:53:29.000 it was very tiring. We had to go up and 0:53:29.080 --> 0:53:32.920 down unlocks of hills. It was two days of walking 0:53:33.560 --> 0:53:37.080 get there, so up and down the hills and back down, 0:53:37.600 --> 0:53:48.360 up and down until we got to the training plant. Hello, 0:53:48.520 --> 0:53:51.440 I'm Stacy Wilson Hunt, your host for Inventing Anna, the 0:53:51.520 --> 0:53:56.319 official podcast from Shonda Rhymes and the creators at Shawonda Land. 0:53:56.440 --> 0:53:58.799 Inventing Anna tells the story of a young woman who 0:53:58.920 --> 0:54:01.720 charmed her way into the pocketbooks of New York's elite. 0:54:02.000 --> 0:54:04.760 Why is she gonna take off with that twenty million 0:54:04.800 --> 0:54:06.399 dollars from the banks or was she going to pour 0:54:06.440 --> 0:54:08.600 it into this foundation. You know, people look at Anna 0:54:08.640 --> 0:54:11.320 and see what they want to see. On this podcast, 0:54:11.400 --> 0:54:13.560 you'll get v I P access to the real people 0:54:13.600 --> 0:54:16.320 who inspired the television series and to the actors and 0:54:16.400 --> 0:54:19.439 creatives like show runner Shaunda Rhimes who brought them to life. 0:54:19.640 --> 0:54:21.920 We were working on the show while the trial was 0:54:22.000 --> 0:54:25.600 going on. I remember doing a dramatic reading of Todd's 0:54:25.640 --> 0:54:31.240 opening statement for the Writer's Room. Who is the fake Heiress? 0:54:31.280 --> 0:54:34.640 Anna Delvi join us as we unraveled the stories behind 0:54:34.760 --> 0:54:39.600 the story. Everything's true until it's not, basically in Anna's world. 0:54:40.400 --> 0:54:43.759 Listen to Inventing Anna, the official podcast every Wednesday on 0:54:43.840 --> 0:54:46.279 the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 0:54:46.360 --> 0:54:52.799 get your podcasts. From Cavalry Audio. The studio that brought 0:54:52.840 --> 0:54:56.000 you The Devil Within and The Shadow Girls comes a 0:54:56.080 --> 0:55:01.000 new true crime podcast, The Pink Moon Us. The local 0:55:01.080 --> 0:55:04.040 sheriff believes there may be more than one killery. It's 0:55:04.080 --> 0:55:06.919 been four days since those bodies were found and there's 0:55:06.920 --> 0:55:09.040 no arrest as it this morning. They were afraid it's 0:55:09.040 --> 0:55:11.120 face it out in that area, what if they come 0:55:11.160 --> 0:55:13.239 back or whatever. It scared me to death, like it 0:55:13.320 --> 0:55:16.640 scared me. I was very, very intimidating to live here. 0:55:16.920 --> 0:55:19.160 Crazy to think you go to sleep one night, maybe 0:55:19.200 --> 0:55:21.800 snuggling with your loved one, and never wake up, or 0:55:21.880 --> 0:55:23.640 maybe you wake up in a struggle for your life, 0:55:23.920 --> 0:55:27.200 which you lose. Joint host David Raderman as he explores 0:55:27.280 --> 0:55:30.840 one fateful night when evil descended upon small town, Ohio 0:55:31.280 --> 0:55:34.000 killed eight members of an Ohio family in a pre 0:55:34.160 --> 0:55:37.520 planned execution. The family was targeted, most of them targeted 0:55:37.560 --> 0:55:41.200 while they were sleeping. Follow the Pink Moon murders on 0:55:41.320 --> 0:55:44.960 the I Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you 0:55:45.080 --> 0:55:52.239 get your podcasts. What grows in the forest trees, Sure 0:55:52.680 --> 0:55:55.799 no one else grows in the forest. Our imagination, our 0:55:55.920 --> 0:55:58.759 sense of one day, and our family bonds grow too, 0:55:59.160 --> 0:56:04.160 because when we just connect from this and connect with this, 0:56:05.600 --> 0:56:09.080 we reconnect with each other. The forest is closer than 0:56:09.120 --> 0:56:12.480 you think. Find a forest near you and start exploring. 0:56:12.640 --> 0:56:15.160 I Discover the Forest dot Org. Brought to you by 0:56:15.200 --> 0:56:25.800 the United States Forest Service and the AD Council. Hey everyone, 0:56:25.880 --> 0:56:29.040 I'm Robert Evans, and welcome to episode three of Printing 0:56:29.160 --> 0:56:33.719 the Revolution. Here's my partner, James Stout. In the spring 0:56:33.800 --> 0:56:37.440 and summer of millions of Americans had versions of the 0:56:37.480 --> 0:56:43.040 same experience. State forces killed the helpless man, Protesters took 0:56:43.040 --> 0:56:45.520 to the streets in anger, and armed agents of the 0:56:45.600 --> 0:56:49.319 state responded with mass violence. A lot of people's lives 0:56:49.400 --> 0:56:53.040 changed for ever and fairly short order. What happened in 0:56:53.120 --> 0:56:55.680 Me and Marra after the military coup was that story 0:56:56.000 --> 0:56:59.440 turned up to eleven within days. The military had used 0:56:59.520 --> 0:57:03.480 live fire and demonstrators or a source for today's episode, 0:57:04.080 --> 0:57:06.799 were twenty two years old at the time. He spent 0:57:06.880 --> 0:57:09.600 his days working as delivery driver hang out with his 0:57:09.719 --> 0:57:13.720 girlfriend playing video games. On the day the coup started, 0:57:14.520 --> 0:57:18.640 he was playing pub g after a long shift. Soon 0:57:18.840 --> 0:57:20.840 he and his girlfriend took to the streets with thousands 0:57:20.880 --> 0:57:24.800 of other gen z Burmese kids. The state responded with massacres, 0:57:25.360 --> 0:57:29.240 often firing automatic weapons into the crowds. So I had 0:57:29.280 --> 0:57:32.880 them been particularly politically active before this moment. In fact, 0:57:33.280 --> 0:57:36.400 he felt pretty poorly towards revolutionary supposing the government in 0:57:36.440 --> 0:57:40.880 the jungle, seeing them as rebellious troublemakers. Um in the past, 0:57:40.960 --> 0:57:44.920 we thought that the military is a group that loves 0:57:45.000 --> 0:57:47.160 all the people, that all the different groups in the 0:57:47.640 --> 0:57:51.240 in the country, and then there's just a few people 0:57:51.480 --> 0:58:00.280 who ate the moltree, but especially after the cool we 0:58:00.920 --> 0:58:03.640 face it with our own foreheads and home with the guns. 0:58:03.920 --> 0:58:08.760 We can face the evil the military and all the 0:58:09.240 --> 0:58:11.960 human rights and things that people who hated the military 0:58:12.080 --> 0:58:14.920 before we're talking about. We understand it now because we 0:58:15.040 --> 0:58:19.280 had to face it ourselves. And then they're gonna tell 0:58:19.360 --> 0:58:22.200 us terrorists, and however, must fix all us. We know 0:58:22.360 --> 0:58:26.840 that we're finding for human rights, and we know that 0:58:27.000 --> 0:58:31.280 each person deserves these basic things, you know. So so 0:58:32.040 --> 0:58:36.240 even when we capture a soldier, we don't kill them 0:58:36.280 --> 0:58:40.800 immediately as they're unarmed, you know. When they have sure PDF, 0:58:40.880 --> 0:58:44.840 they torture and kill them very very horrifically or horrendously, 0:58:46.040 --> 0:58:50.200 and they kill and to hurt all the citizens and 0:58:50.600 --> 0:58:55.880 ordinary bystanders. So for us, what they're telling at rebels before, 0:58:56.200 --> 0:59:00.440 we're not rebels. They're the ones that are rebels. So 0:59:00.600 --> 0:59:04.160 we have to call down rebels. They're the terrorists. But 0:59:04.600 --> 0:59:08.600 as violence against protesters escalated, Zull began to see through 0:59:08.640 --> 0:59:10.840 the lives he'd been told by the military of his life. 0:59:11.320 --> 0:59:16.000 What we were calling as rebels are what we kind 0:59:16.040 --> 0:59:19.600 of become. But we know why we are now rebels 0:59:20.200 --> 0:59:25.360 that's because of their terrorism there, oppressive reviews, and their 0:59:25.800 --> 0:59:28.600 violation of human rights. That's why we have to revolt 0:59:28.640 --> 0:59:33.640 against them. For a time, protesters responded creatively with giant 0:59:33.680 --> 0:59:37.200 potato guns meant to fire less lethal protect ours long distances. 0:59:38.280 --> 0:59:40.880 These homemade guns will be fired in volleys well. Other 0:59:40.960 --> 0:59:45.480 protests protected them with shields. Some of these tactics were 0:59:45.480 --> 0:59:48.320 effective a points, but it quickly became clear that the 0:59:48.360 --> 0:59:50.800 government was willing to massacre everyone standing up to them. 0:59:51.600 --> 0:59:54.400 So his girlfriend and their friends quickly decided that non 0:59:54.520 --> 0:59:57.520 violent resistance wasn't going to work, but they didn't give up. 0:59:57.960 --> 1:00:02.960 As we get onto into June, there's two paths, right. 1:00:03.080 --> 1:00:06.520 We can be normal, we can go on the streets. 1:00:07.480 --> 1:00:10.640 We can not ask for the people's power back, and 1:00:10.960 --> 1:00:13.360 since that's not working, we know that what we have 1:00:13.520 --> 1:00:15.560 to do is we need to hold these guns. Get 1:00:15.640 --> 1:00:19.120 these guns. And on the military side, all they know 1:00:19.840 --> 1:00:23.520 is that they will solve this by holding guns. So 1:00:24.080 --> 1:00:26.360 the only thing, the only path that's left for us 1:00:26.560 --> 1:00:30.640 is to take those guns for ourselves. So around the 1:00:30.880 --> 1:00:35.400 end of May we started entering training school. So the 1:00:35.480 --> 1:00:39.680 downtour is what the word he used, and it's something 1:00:39.800 --> 1:00:44.480 like this corner part um so one corner part one 1:00:44.520 --> 1:00:49.120 to two. So talking, what that means is that in 1:00:49.280 --> 1:00:53.000 the funtings, funt things that we were doing, hunting rifles 1:00:53.080 --> 1:00:56.440 that we were using for that. So we kind of 1:00:56.680 --> 1:01:00.600 start started and we fought first in Dimoso. If we 1:01:00.760 --> 1:01:04.200 can ask the military nicely, then there's no reason for 1:01:04.360 --> 1:01:07.800 us to be using guns. But since they don't listen 1:01:07.920 --> 1:01:11.480 to our demands or our request at all, then the 1:01:11.960 --> 1:01:15.320 and since that all we can do, all they are saying, 1:01:15.360 --> 1:01:19.160 all they're doing is using the guns and being terrorists 1:01:19.320 --> 1:01:21.680 trying to shoot us. So the only thing that we 1:01:21.840 --> 1:01:23.960 can do to get what we need and what we 1:01:24.040 --> 1:01:27.360 want is to take the guns for ourselves. And so, 1:01:27.680 --> 1:01:30.360 like hundreds of people his age, it's all headed into 1:01:30.400 --> 1:01:34.760 the jungle in May. The decision wasn't an overnight one 1:01:34.880 --> 1:01:39.120 or an easy one. But after protesting non violently, then 1:01:39.200 --> 1:01:43.440 meeting state violence with community defense, then seeing his peers 1:01:43.480 --> 1:01:46.600 gunned down in the street, he didn't have many other choices. 1:01:47.120 --> 1:01:50.920 He picked up a megaphone, then a shield, and now 1:01:51.000 --> 1:01:52.880 he was heading in the jungle to pick up a rifle. 1:01:53.840 --> 1:01:57.680 The only problem was that there weren't any rifles. He 1:01:57.800 --> 1:02:01.160 left with his girlfriend and quote with blessing of his parents. 1:02:01.680 --> 1:02:04.120 Keep that in mind for later. When he first went 1:02:04.200 --> 1:02:06.480 to the jungle, Zall went to a two week training 1:02:06.520 --> 1:02:09.000 camp where the Karinny People's Defense Force taught him the 1:02:09.040 --> 1:02:12.240 basics of guerrilla warfare, but they didn't have enough weapons 1:02:12.320 --> 1:02:15.480 to arm him and his friends. So these gen Z 1:02:15.640 --> 1:02:19.200 militants began their fighting careers with twenty two caliber rifles. 1:02:19.880 --> 1:02:22.120 If you aren't a gun person, the twenty two was 1:02:22.200 --> 1:02:25.640 one of the smallest widely available bullets. Like any bullet, 1:02:25.760 --> 1:02:28.520 it can kill, but as a caliber it's better suited 1:02:28.560 --> 1:02:32.160 for shooting rabbits than soldiers. These twenty two rifles were 1:02:32.240 --> 1:02:35.200 handmade locally and only fired one shot at a time. 1:02:35.800 --> 1:02:38.200 But it was those rifles that Zaw, his girlfriend, and 1:02:38.280 --> 1:02:41.680 their friends carried into their first gunfight with the Totmadaw. 1:02:42.440 --> 1:02:45.760 After battling like that for about three weeks, the shooting stopped, 1:02:45.920 --> 1:02:49.120 he said in an interview we conducted over signal. After 1:02:49.200 --> 1:02:52.080 the shooting stopped, we grouped together money to buy arms 1:02:52.120 --> 1:02:56.200 by asking for donations. They were massively outgunned, but determined 1:02:56.240 --> 1:02:58.080 to fight on with the weapons they could make and 1:02:58.200 --> 1:03:01.120 buy on the black market. Until they could find something better, 1:03:01.520 --> 1:03:04.880 even if that meant taking guns from dead soldiers. The 1:03:04.960 --> 1:03:07.880 military's guns are extremely good, of course, compared to point 1:03:07.920 --> 1:03:10.760 two two's, he said. We fight with the mindset that 1:03:10.840 --> 1:03:13.200 we must win. Our minds are always prepared to take 1:03:13.280 --> 1:03:16.040 their guns when a soldier falls. It's a mindset to 1:03:16.120 --> 1:03:18.640 want the enemy's arms to beat your own arms. You 1:03:18.760 --> 1:03:21.800 need to want to resist injustice because we are fighting 1:03:21.880 --> 1:03:24.120 for what is right. We do not get sad even 1:03:24.200 --> 1:03:26.840 if we die. We are happy, even when wounded. We 1:03:26.960 --> 1:03:31.040 no longer care if our arms are matched unevenly. Now, 1:03:31.080 --> 1:03:34.400 despite their enthusiasm PDF units all over the country, we're 1:03:34.440 --> 1:03:38.040 finding themselves in the same desperate situation. When thousands of 1:03:38.120 --> 1:03:40.280 young people in myanm Are decided to take up arms 1:03:40.280 --> 1:03:42.880 against the government, they're just weren't enough guns to go around. 1:03:43.400 --> 1:03:46.080 A K pattern rifles sell for three thousand dollars on 1:03:46.120 --> 1:03:48.600 the black market, and a RS sell for up to 1:03:48.760 --> 1:03:51.880 seven thousand dollars. The g d P per capita in 1:03:51.920 --> 1:03:55.400 twenty was just twelve hundred and eighteen dollars and thirty 1:03:55.440 --> 1:03:59.200 five cents per person, and unlike militias in Syria and Iraq, 1:03:59.560 --> 1:04:02.439 the Pro Democracy E a o S and Myanmar don't 1:04:02.520 --> 1:04:06.000 have the benefit questionable benefit of the US flooding the 1:04:06.080 --> 1:04:09.200 region with its fire hose of guns and money. Undeterred, 1:04:09.360 --> 1:04:11.600 Zall and his squad took to YouTube, where they found 1:04:11.680 --> 1:04:14.600 videos explaining how to make two to three caliber bolt 1:04:14.680 --> 1:04:18.080 action rifles. Again, if you're not a gun person, two 1:04:18.120 --> 1:04:20.600 to three may not sound very different than twenty two, 1:04:20.960 --> 1:04:23.760 But whereas twenty two is commonly used to shoot squirrels, 1:04:24.080 --> 1:04:26.680 two to three is the standard rifle round more or 1:04:26.760 --> 1:04:29.840 less for the US military. These new bolt action two 1:04:29.880 --> 1:04:32.320 two three's All and his friends were making could not 1:04:32.600 --> 1:04:34.960 match the rate of fire of a modern rifle, but 1:04:35.040 --> 1:04:37.680 they could at least match those rifles in stopping power. 1:04:38.480 --> 1:04:41.320 Once these gen z insurgents had the technique down, they 1:04:41.400 --> 1:04:44.560 created a detailed album on Facebook showing how everything from 1:04:44.600 --> 1:04:47.320 the stock to the barrel could be made with pipes, lumber, 1:04:47.400 --> 1:04:51.120 and hours and hours of detailed hard work. Unlike their 1:04:51.120 --> 1:04:53.640 guerrilla warfare instructors, these kids had grown up on the 1:04:53.680 --> 1:04:56.160 Internet rather than the jungle, so they knew that if 1:04:56.200 --> 1:04:59.480 it exists, there's a subreddit for it. It was the 1:04:59.560 --> 1:05:02.680 Internet that came to their rescue. Three D printed guns 1:05:02.760 --> 1:05:05.000 have been around for a decade, but the early models 1:05:05.040 --> 1:05:08.000 didn't work well and suffered from a pretty bad reputation 1:05:08.400 --> 1:05:12.120 due in part to Cody Wilson, the pedophile libertarian activists 1:05:12.160 --> 1:05:15.640 we discussed last episode. Jake Hanrahan of Popular Front has 1:05:15.680 --> 1:05:19.400 covered the printed gun movement extensively. Cody Wilson made his 1:05:19.480 --> 1:05:21.240 whole thing like, I'm the guy with the three D 1:05:21.320 --> 1:05:23.960 printy guns, and he was on this moral cru side. 1:05:24.840 --> 1:05:27.840 The three D printed gun lads, particularly Deterrence Dispense, We're like, yeah, 1:05:27.840 --> 1:05:29.240 we don't. We don't give a ship about that. We're 1:05:29.240 --> 1:05:31.480 just putting our stuff out into the world. Obviously they 1:05:31.560 --> 1:05:33.360 got the ideas, but they weren't really wedded to this 1:05:33.520 --> 1:05:37.160 idea of it being one person. Deterrence Dispensed was a 1:05:37.200 --> 1:05:40.040 group of anonymous activists who were more concerned with making 1:05:40.120 --> 1:05:42.880 printed guns that worked than making a name for themselves. 1:05:43.440 --> 1:05:46.720 Hanrahan was connected to one activist who used the pseudonym 1:05:46.920 --> 1:05:49.360 Jay Stark, through the group, and after three years of 1:05:49.440 --> 1:05:53.800 conversing online, Hanrahan met Stark in Germany to produce a documentary. 1:05:54.440 --> 1:05:56.800 Jay Stark died of a heart attack following a police 1:05:56.920 --> 1:06:00.320 raid last year, so we spoke to Hanrahan about actual 1:06:00.360 --> 1:06:04.320 world deal. His whole worldview comes from this idea that 1:06:04.960 --> 1:06:08.360 you know, it's everybody should have the right to be 1:06:08.480 --> 1:06:11.600 able to fight tyranny. And if you can't fight tyranny, 1:06:12.800 --> 1:06:14.960 like you're fucked. And the way to fight tyranny in 1:06:15.000 --> 1:06:17.680 the modern era is firearms. We know that. You know, 1:06:17.840 --> 1:06:21.120 there's there's no you can't argue it's that no peaceful 1:06:21.200 --> 1:06:24.360 march gets rid of a fascist dictatorship or whatever. But 1:06:24.640 --> 1:06:27.720 he he was, he he was you know, there's some 1:06:27.760 --> 1:06:29.760 people would say he was far right. Some people say 1:06:29.760 --> 1:06:31.600 it was an anarchist. Some people say he was a 1:06:32.200 --> 1:06:35.480 US patriot. I mean, first, he wasn't even from America, 1:06:35.520 --> 1:06:37.440 and he had a lot of he liked the laws 1:06:37.480 --> 1:06:39.520 in America, but he wasn't like some of the American 1:06:40.040 --> 1:06:43.520 kind of fan boy or anything in that sense. He 1:06:43.640 --> 1:06:45.840 liked the gun lawds. He liked the freedom of speech lords, 1:06:45.840 --> 1:06:47.400 which I do as well. You know that personally, I 1:06:48.160 --> 1:06:50.360 in this country, you know, if you tweet the wrong thing, 1:06:50.440 --> 1:06:52.920 even in jest, like police will literally come to your 1:06:52.920 --> 1:06:55.720 house in Britain like it's happened, it's fucking mental um. 1:06:56.160 --> 1:06:58.800 So yeah, he liked that kind of thing, um, And 1:06:59.480 --> 1:07:02.800 I think I think for him it was he was 1:07:02.920 --> 1:07:05.280 very tunnel vision, you know, he was very tunnel vision. 1:07:05.360 --> 1:07:07.919 It was just freedom, freedom, freedom, and if he said, 1:07:07.920 --> 1:07:09.280 well what about this, what about that, he was like, 1:07:09.320 --> 1:07:11.640 I don't care about that. Until the freedom is there, 1:07:12.040 --> 1:07:14.280 there's no point looking at anything else. And so his 1:07:14.400 --> 1:07:17.280 brain was always on people that are living on the tyranny, 1:07:17.360 --> 1:07:19.360 you know, and it genuinely would. I know, there's a 1:07:19.480 --> 1:07:22.560 lot of people, even leftist, particularly leftist, have tried to 1:07:22.640 --> 1:07:25.920 completely smear him as a white supremacist. They were saying, oh, 1:07:26.000 --> 1:07:28.160 everything he said in that dog that I made was 1:07:28.280 --> 1:07:32.600 really it was secret um, anti Jewish white supremacy. And 1:07:32.680 --> 1:07:35.120 then it came out that he wasn't even white, you know. 1:07:35.240 --> 1:07:37.320 It was like very good, very good, you fucking idiots. 1:07:37.480 --> 1:07:39.040 So there was a lot of that going around. But 1:07:39.160 --> 1:07:43.320 I honestly believe that deep down he was just tunnel vision, 1:07:43.440 --> 1:07:46.920 focused on this idea of every until everybody is not 1:07:47.080 --> 1:07:49.160 living on the tyranny, I must go on this mission. 1:07:49.560 --> 1:07:51.880 And okay, if if someone shoots up at school with 1:07:51.960 --> 1:07:54.080 what I've invented, so be it, you know, which I'm 1:07:54.080 --> 1:07:56.840 not saying that's good but that was just his idea. 1:07:56.880 --> 1:07:58.360 You know, he was like, so be it, fuck it 1:07:58.680 --> 1:08:01.280 if I can. You know, he was very genuine when 1:08:01.320 --> 1:08:02.880 he was done about the wigas or he was on 1:08:02.960 --> 1:08:05.360 about the mistreatment of Kurds from Turkey, and you know, 1:08:05.520 --> 1:08:07.000 he was like, look, if we can build something that 1:08:07.040 --> 1:08:09.560 can help them, well, sorry that the West might get 1:08:09.640 --> 1:08:13.040 funked up because of it, but I'm focused on this now. Obviously, 1:08:13.200 --> 1:08:18.160 in in practice that would be chaos probably, but you know, 1:08:18.280 --> 1:08:19.760 he just saw it the way he saw it, and 1:08:19.840 --> 1:08:23.360 that was that. The cavalier attitude Stark seems to have 1:08:23.479 --> 1:08:25.280 had to how his invention might be used is of 1:08:25.400 --> 1:08:28.880 course worthy of criticism, but the revolutionaries on the ground 1:08:28.920 --> 1:08:32.240 in Myanmar were not concerned with ideological debates over the 1:08:32.320 --> 1:08:35.759 ethics of homemade firearms. They needed guns, and they needed 1:08:35.800 --> 1:08:39.360 them now. J Stark's f GC nine, which stands for 1:08:39.680 --> 1:08:43.160 Fuck Gun Control nine millimeter, was simple to make, easy 1:08:43.240 --> 1:08:46.040 to use, and relied entirely on parts you could print 1:08:46.160 --> 1:08:50.519 or buy in any hardware store. In September, a post 1:08:50.600 --> 1:08:53.679 popped up on the fosse cads subreddit, which is dedicated 1:08:53.720 --> 1:08:56.840 to the manufacturing of three D printed guns. Stark is 1:08:56.880 --> 1:08:59.920 a hero there. The post said, I wanted to say 1:09:00.040 --> 1:09:02.439 thanks to this community, the creators of f GC nine 1:09:02.479 --> 1:09:04.840 and the various mods when we could. You guys are 1:09:04.920 --> 1:09:08.280 literally empowering the armed revolution against dictators and one of 1:09:08.360 --> 1:09:11.439 the most underdeveloped countries. We are now equipped with f 1:09:11.600 --> 1:09:14.240 GC nine and starting the armed revolution to the cool 1:09:14.360 --> 1:09:18.559 leader dictator. As one poster comments, the account quote went 1:09:18.640 --> 1:09:20.760 from posting about mobile games to how to three D 1:09:20.880 --> 1:09:23.960 print SMG S two, desperately asking people to pay attention 1:09:24.000 --> 1:09:26.840 what was happening in my and mar Then after the 1:09:26.920 --> 1:09:31.439 f GC nine post, it was deleted entirely. J Stark 1:09:31.760 --> 1:09:35.200 never lived to see this. He would have loved it. 1:09:35.400 --> 1:09:39.360 What everything that he was doing, that was the main 1:09:39.680 --> 1:09:42.040 focus in my opinion, that like, it couldn't be a 1:09:42.120 --> 1:09:48.360 more perfect, like practical actual realization of his project. You 1:09:48.400 --> 1:09:51.759 couldn't pick a more perfect version of it to happen 1:09:51.880 --> 1:09:54.519 like that, you know. And there's a lot of talk 1:09:54.560 --> 1:09:57.400 of all where there's a lot of drug dealers in Amsterdam, 1:09:57.479 --> 1:10:01.040 of FCC nines. There was a Nazi recently arrested with one. 1:10:01.479 --> 1:10:04.160 You know, these people are awful, of course, but the 1:10:04.560 --> 1:10:07.479 most prevalent use of the f GC nine, and at 1:10:07.600 --> 1:10:11.400 least from what I've observed, has been from the rebels 1:10:11.439 --> 1:10:13.040 in MYRMA making them. I think that I've seen like 1:10:13.240 --> 1:10:15.360 thirty of them so far. You know, that's a lot 1:10:15.400 --> 1:10:17.240 of them, and there was one was found stashed in 1:10:17.280 --> 1:10:20.000 a bush. My theory is they're left around for ambush 1:10:20.040 --> 1:10:23.680 attacks and areas that are not as fully controlled by 1:10:23.920 --> 1:10:28.639 the rebels. First CAD, a community of mostly US based 1:10:28.680 --> 1:10:32.720 gun printers, lost its collective mind, and it didn't take 1:10:32.800 --> 1:10:34.800 long for people to make the connection between the post 1:10:35.080 --> 1:10:37.559 and a desperate plight of me and my spring revolution. 1:10:39.080 --> 1:10:41.759 Soon after the post, the tap the Door started posting 1:10:41.800 --> 1:10:45.720 pictures of f GC nine, often without sits, captured from 1:10:45.760 --> 1:10:50.519 fighters in Yangon, and the twenty one September, the Tapmo 1:10:50.560 --> 1:10:55.320 Door's Ministry of Information released a statement, I'm thea th 1:10:55.360 --> 1:10:59.920 way yea mint. We're found with an f GC nine 1:11:00.040 --> 1:11:03.639 Mark two pistol five rounds of nine millimeter any nisition. 1:11:04.560 --> 1:11:08.879 They were arrested along with their drone. The military alleged 1:11:09.520 --> 1:11:12.240 they were an urban unit from the same generation Z 1:11:12.439 --> 1:11:16.439 Freedom Army that's all was a part of. That same month, 1:11:17.080 --> 1:11:20.320 the military posted pictures of three more captured FGC nins, 1:11:21.479 --> 1:11:24.360 suggesting that at least five have been captured by late September. 1:11:25.760 --> 1:11:29.400 Then two months later, a new post popped up in 1:11:29.439 --> 1:11:33.599 the Fosse cat sebreddit. Hey, I'm back and the guy 1:11:33.640 --> 1:11:35.800 who posted a thank you note back in September here. 1:11:36.680 --> 1:11:39.160 Now that the f GC nines are ready known by 1:11:39.200 --> 1:11:41.800 the dictator, I can proudly announce the We're from me 1:11:41.880 --> 1:11:45.400 and Mar. Yes, we are mass producing FGC nines to 1:11:45.479 --> 1:11:48.920 fight back against the Dictator. More intfo about our production 1:11:48.960 --> 1:11:53.559 will be published later this time. The user you slash 1:11:53.640 --> 1:11:57.400 daddy u m c D hung around to answer questions. 1:11:58.720 --> 1:12:00.840 Those bastards didn't know we had the tech back then. 1:12:01.400 --> 1:12:03.840 Now that everything is in public, we can proudly say 1:12:03.960 --> 1:12:07.320 we're from me and Mar. We are mostly responsible for 1:12:07.400 --> 1:12:10.439 production in R and D, even though we also involved 1:12:10.520 --> 1:12:13.760 in other ground missions. We distribute the FDC nine to 1:12:13.800 --> 1:12:16.479 a lot of different urban guerrillas in urban and rural areas. 1:12:17.560 --> 1:12:19.519 Some of the units got arrested a few weeks ago, 1:12:19.960 --> 1:12:21.759 which you might have already seen on the sub credit. 1:12:22.600 --> 1:12:25.280 Apart from the FTC nine, there are other equipments and 1:12:25.520 --> 1:12:28.479 weapons that are being produced with three D printers, he wrote. 1:12:29.280 --> 1:12:33.240 He said his team were residing in ethnic armed organization areas, 1:12:33.840 --> 1:12:37.559 mainly the current National Union and the Kachin Independence Army 1:12:37.880 --> 1:12:41.760 controlled zones. He posted that they tried other three D 1:12:41.840 --> 1:12:44.800 printer designs, such as the plastic of which is a 1:12:44.840 --> 1:12:48.240 printed a K forty seven receiver, but getting the other 1:12:48.320 --> 1:12:52.640 parts made it impractical. By contrast, the FTC nine can 1:12:52.680 --> 1:12:55.439 be made entirely using a three D printer and some 1:12:55.600 --> 1:12:59.800 hardware store parts. According to another source, me and Must 1:13:00.160 --> 1:13:02.840 motorcycle repair shops made quick work of the metal barrels 1:13:02.880 --> 1:13:06.839 and bolts. Electro Chemical machining was used to make more barrels. 1:13:07.840 --> 1:13:09.759 They also had the chance to buy a few glock 1:13:09.840 --> 1:13:13.519 barrels from Thailand, Daddy U m c d said, but 1:13:13.600 --> 1:13:16.080 those cost a lot more than the FDC nine barrels. 1:13:18.200 --> 1:13:21.479 While his account continued to post, the military continued to 1:13:21.520 --> 1:13:25.760 share photos of captured FCC nines. Three workshops that have 1:13:25.840 --> 1:13:28.479 been using lathes to make the barrels are raided. The 1:13:28.560 --> 1:13:31.360 photos of three more captured guns popped up in November, 1:13:32.479 --> 1:13:35.880 alongside bolt action rifles. It's still had stickers on their 1:13:35.920 --> 1:13:40.360 stocks from what looked like US gun shops. Production and 1:13:40.439 --> 1:13:45.200 decentralized locations continued despite the raids, while other groups fought 1:13:45.240 --> 1:13:51.080 on with homemade revolving rifles, crude homemade wooden stocks, another 1:13:51.360 --> 1:13:55.160 improvised weapons. A telegram channel with instructions in Burmese on 1:13:55.320 --> 1:13:57.920 how to make the guns made sure that even when 1:13:58.000 --> 1:13:59.920 one shop or gunsmith was taken out of the fire, 1:14:00.280 --> 1:14:04.000 the knowledge wasn't lost. Although filament for their three D 1:14:04.120 --> 1:14:07.560 printers were becoming harder to get, they'd stock powered a 1:14:07.600 --> 1:14:12.000 lot in advance. Daddy U M C D try to 1:14:12.080 --> 1:14:17.360 manufacture automatic FTC nights and another printiple model called Professor 1:14:17.400 --> 1:14:21.120 Parabellum square tubes of machine gun. But nothing else seemed 1:14:21.120 --> 1:14:24.439 as easier as reliable as the FTC NIGHTE of course 1:14:25.040 --> 1:14:27.400 read it. Being read it, people questioned the veracity and 1:14:27.520 --> 1:14:32.439 utility of his posts, he responded, FDC nines are just 1:14:32.560 --> 1:14:34.840 part of the game because they could be produced with 1:14:34.960 --> 1:14:38.040 what we have at the lowest cost available rifles of 1:14:38.120 --> 1:14:40.719 four thousand to seven thousand U S dollars at our border, 1:14:41.479 --> 1:14:45.479 f gcs are under one hundred dollars. Rifle parts are 1:14:45.520 --> 1:14:49.479 ten times more expensive than lock parts. To all those 1:14:49.520 --> 1:14:52.479 who are saying these photos of Suss, we don't want 1:14:52.479 --> 1:14:55.120 to blame the suspicion. If any of you remember the 1:14:55.200 --> 1:14:58.120 threat I posted in September, you will remember that we 1:14:58.160 --> 1:15:01.280 are mass producing FDC nights. The ones in the photos 1:15:01.320 --> 1:15:03.920 you've seen were supplied by us. There are many groups 1:15:04.000 --> 1:15:06.320 like this now we do the main production, just like 1:15:06.400 --> 1:15:10.240 I explained in September. Then, Daddy U m c D 1:15:10.479 --> 1:15:12.439 went on to thank the other members of the subreddit, 1:15:13.080 --> 1:15:15.479 claiming their active help with the only reason he and 1:15:15.560 --> 1:15:18.880 other revolutionaries have been able to overcome certain technical issues. 1:15:19.840 --> 1:15:22.639 We wouldn't be here without you guys, especially someone who 1:15:22.680 --> 1:15:25.479 shared with me. The buffer spring and fire control groups 1:15:25.520 --> 1:15:30.840 bring measurements, he said. By late November, photos of f 1:15:30.960 --> 1:15:33.920 GC nines in the hands of fighters emerged and they 1:15:33.960 --> 1:15:37.439 showed sights. This time they had longer barrels and home 1:15:37.479 --> 1:15:41.720 made suppresses too. The f GC nines were apparently used 1:15:41.720 --> 1:15:44.680 by urban units for close up fighting and for the 1:15:44.760 --> 1:15:47.040 training of new fighters, since they have essentially the same 1:15:47.080 --> 1:15:50.439 controls than they are fifteen or M sixteen rifle, both 1:15:50.479 --> 1:15:52.719 of which are common in ME and mis rebel units. 1:15:53.960 --> 1:15:57.439 We have successfully streamlined variety of techniques to produce f 1:15:57.600 --> 1:16:03.400 GC nine one thousand plus efficiently. Our primary forces are 1:16:03.400 --> 1:16:06.960 equipped with proper rifles. F GC nines are a guerrilla warfare. 1:16:07.520 --> 1:16:09.960 We started using those in Hit and Run and Special 1:16:10.040 --> 1:16:13.200 Task Force missions too. We don't share much about the 1:16:13.280 --> 1:16:16.080 mission to the public yet. It will definitely come and 1:16:16.120 --> 1:16:18.960 when it does, are updated here if I'm still alive 1:16:19.200 --> 1:16:22.360 ha ha wrote Daddy U m c d on the 1:16:22.400 --> 1:16:27.480 False cat Sebreddit. Even with production in False Wing, ammunition 1:16:27.600 --> 1:16:32.400 remained a problem. Although some regions can produce twenty two 1:16:32.600 --> 1:16:34.920 and nine millimeter at home. According to Daddy U m 1:16:35.000 --> 1:16:38.839 c D, five six can be purchased in large quantities 1:16:38.880 --> 1:16:42.320 at the border with Thailand, but it isn't cheap. Instead, 1:16:42.960 --> 1:16:45.880 the PDF alid and raiding police and military outposts in 1:16:45.920 --> 1:16:47.880 the same way the e O has had for years. 1:16:49.200 --> 1:16:51.719 Nine millimeter is the most common center fire pistol around 1:16:51.760 --> 1:16:54.840 in the world. That's why the Turrents Dispense picked it 1:16:54.920 --> 1:16:58.600 for the f GC nine sees weapons often only have 1:16:58.720 --> 1:17:01.840 a handful of rounds, but that's enough to kill a 1:17:01.920 --> 1:17:05.000 soldier and take his weapon. Jay Stock might not have 1:17:05.080 --> 1:17:07.879 been around to see his invantion used to fight Tyranny, 1:17:08.560 --> 1:17:10.759 but Hammerhan thinks he would have been happy with the results. 1:17:11.240 --> 1:17:13.639 He would have been made up. I think that's everything 1:17:13.760 --> 1:17:16.160 he wanted to achieve. You know what I'm saying, That 1:17:16.320 --> 1:17:19.559 really is everything you wanted to do. Even the National 1:17:19.680 --> 1:17:23.160 Unity government me and mus government in exile has come 1:17:23.200 --> 1:17:25.320 around to at least some of Jay Stock's ways of thinking. 1:17:25.920 --> 1:17:29.280 According to Daddy U m c D Ministry of Defense 1:17:29.360 --> 1:17:32.280 Minister already promised about the right to bear arms at 1:17:32.280 --> 1:17:36.200 the first day of the revolution. Promises made by revolutionary 1:17:36.280 --> 1:17:39.680 governments are not exactly solid commitments, but it's not hard 1:17:39.760 --> 1:17:42.360 to see why a generation of kids like Zaw, forged 1:17:42.439 --> 1:17:45.280 by an asymmetrical conflict with a government that possessed a 1:17:45.360 --> 1:17:48.920 near absolute advantage in armaments, might be committed to staying 1:17:49.080 --> 1:17:52.200 armed even if they win. At the moment, the future 1:17:52.240 --> 1:17:54.960 of their struggle is very much end doubt. Scrolling through 1:17:55.000 --> 1:17:58.520 Facebook photos of Zol and his comrades is a surreal experience. 1:17:59.000 --> 1:18:02.000 They look not just to young soldiers mostly look young, 1:18:02.320 --> 1:18:06.640 but they look like students kids from some weirdly militarized university. 1:18:07.080 --> 1:18:09.600 Photos on Facebook show them sprawled out together in the 1:18:09.680 --> 1:18:13.160 grass and camo fatigues bearing rifles, but each glued to 1:18:13.240 --> 1:18:17.000 their phones as they cuddle in together. Zaw and his girlfriend, 1:18:17.040 --> 1:18:19.439 who he described to us as the girl I love, 1:18:19.880 --> 1:18:23.080 fought alongside each other until January seven of this year. 1:18:23.720 --> 1:18:28.479 The battle that we started, she was coming within and 1:18:28.960 --> 1:18:32.479 you know as EPA. Since weapons landed near her and 1:18:33.720 --> 1:18:38.479 hit her like so ther bone broke so so she 1:18:38.560 --> 1:18:41.280 had to go to hospital. Three D printed and homemade 1:18:41.320 --> 1:18:43.559 guns have helped, but Zoll and his friends are still 1:18:43.600 --> 1:18:47.280 fighting against a modern military with planes, night vision goggles, 1:18:47.320 --> 1:18:50.400 and tanks. Despite this, more than a year after the coup, 1:18:50.760 --> 1:18:54.200 they're still fighting and more soldiers deffect to join them weekly. 1:18:54.800 --> 1:18:57.839 It's hard to see what victory looks like. The cities 1:18:57.880 --> 1:19:01.000 will be another battle altogether. But the jungle camp where's 1:19:01.040 --> 1:19:03.640 all video calls us from, it's impossible to see what 1:19:03.840 --> 1:19:06.840 giving up might look like. Either he's still fighting, his 1:19:06.960 --> 1:19:09.680 girlfriend is healing, and they both committed to staying out 1:19:09.720 --> 1:19:11.880 in the jungle until they are in their freedom back 1:19:12.640 --> 1:19:24.160 or diet trying. And we're live here outside the Perez 1:19:24.280 --> 1:19:27.120 family home, just waiting for the and there they go 1:19:27.439 --> 1:19:30.120 almost on time. This morning. Mom is coming out the 1:19:30.200 --> 1:19:33.000 front door strong with a double arm kid carry looks 1:19:33.080 --> 1:19:36.599 like Dad has the bags daughter he's bringing up the rear. Oh, 1:19:36.960 --> 1:19:42.479 but the diaper bag wasn't closed. Diapers and toys are everywhere. Oh, 1:19:42.960 --> 1:19:46.040 but mom has just nailed the perfect car seat buckle 1:19:46.200 --> 1:19:49.240 for the toddler. And now the eldest daughter, who looks 1:19:49.280 --> 1:19:51.880 to be about nine or ten, has secured herself and 1:19:51.960 --> 1:19:56.400 the booster seat. Dad zips the bag clothes and they're off. Ah, 1:19:56.479 --> 1:19:58.840 but looks like mom doesn't realize her coffee cup is 1:19:58.880 --> 1:20:03.040 still on the roof of the car and there it goes. Oh, 1:20:03.479 --> 1:20:06.439 that's a shame that mug was a fan favorite. Don't 1:20:06.479 --> 1:20:09.000 sweat the small stuff, just nail the big stuff, like 1:20:09.080 --> 1:20:10.880 making sure your kids are buckled correctly in the right 1:20:10.920 --> 1:20:13.080 seat for their agent's eyes. Learn more n h t 1:20:13.240 --> 1:20:17.280 s a dot gov slash the right Seat. Visits dot 1:20:17.400 --> 1:20:20.400 gov slash the Right Seat, brought to you by NITZA 1:20:20.439 --> 1:20:24.559 and the ad Council. What grows in the forest trees? 1:20:25.040 --> 1:20:28.360 Sure you know what else grows in the forest Our imagination, 1:20:28.720 --> 1:20:31.800 our sense of wonder, and our family bonds grow too, 1:20:32.240 --> 1:20:37.200 because when we disconnect from this and connect with this, 1:20:38.640 --> 1:20:42.120 we reconnect with each other. The forest is closer than 1:20:42.160 --> 1:20:45.520 you think. Find a forest near you and start exploring. 1:20:45.680 --> 1:20:48.200 I discover the forest dot org brought to you by 1:20:48.240 --> 1:20:52.280 the United States Forest Service and the AD Council. Look 1:20:52.360 --> 1:20:55.160 to your children's eyes to see the true magic of 1:20:55.280 --> 1:20:58.880 a forest. It's a storybook world for them. You look 1:20:59.040 --> 1:21:01.760 and see a tree. They see the wrinkled face of 1:21:01.800 --> 1:21:05.320 a wizard with arms outstretched to the sky. They see 1:21:05.360 --> 1:21:08.599 treasure and pebbles. They see a windy path that could 1:21:08.680 --> 1:21:12.639 lead to adventure, and they see you. They're fearless. Guide 1:21:12.800 --> 1:21:16.080 to this fascinating world. Find a forest near you and 1:21:16.200 --> 1:21:19.200 start exploring and discovered the forest dot org brought to 1:21:19.240 --> 1:21:21.759 you by the United States Forest Service and the AD Council. 1:21:28.400 --> 1:21:30.920 I'm Robert Evans, and this is part four of me 1:21:31.080 --> 1:21:35.200 and mar printing the Revolution. And then once we got there, 1:21:35.240 --> 1:21:38.920 we couldn't rest, you know, reign side or whatever. Women 1:21:39.000 --> 1:21:43.280 as well, we were all like try when they came, 1:21:43.680 --> 1:21:45.880 when we were leaving, they were all like very fair 1:21:45.960 --> 1:21:49.879 skin beautiful. And then we went in and then everyone 1:21:49.960 --> 1:21:53.519 got tamped in the jungle. We're training all the time, 1:21:54.360 --> 1:21:57.439 you know, people in training camp. We were driven apart. 1:21:57.520 --> 1:21:59.360 And then the reason that we were all doing business 1:21:59.439 --> 1:22:03.240 because of an Aline coup as students and how much 1:22:03.560 --> 1:22:07.040 he has terrorized the public and the people, and that's 1:22:07.080 --> 1:22:10.240 why we were We have this morale and the ability 1:22:10.320 --> 1:22:14.080 to get through the training and be able to wield weapons. 1:22:14.920 --> 1:22:18.560 Zora and his friends went into the junglist students, programmers 1:22:18.600 --> 1:22:23.439 and kids. Now they're fighters. They were tech savvy young people, 1:22:23.520 --> 1:22:27.120 he says. They grew up online and that generational divide 1:22:27.160 --> 1:22:29.639 which the internet brought here came much later in Mihama. 1:22:30.400 --> 1:22:33.599 It wasn't until twenty eleven the people really gained access 1:22:33.680 --> 1:22:36.519 to the Internet and with it the new ideas and 1:22:36.560 --> 1:22:40.720 identities that it brought. Those generation are among the first 1:22:40.800 --> 1:22:45.400 to embrace global connectivity, and now after having it taken away, 1:22:45.680 --> 1:22:48.000 they're refusing to give it up. The start of the 1:22:48.080 --> 1:22:53.719 coup in February, the military, well gen Z was organizing online, 1:22:53.800 --> 1:22:56.880 social media and all that so and they were kind 1:22:56.920 --> 1:23:00.320 of I think this is from my experience, but um 1:23:00.960 --> 1:23:05.920 kind of organizing around like gen Z is going to 1:23:06.000 --> 1:23:08.920 be different than the generation because we have the Internet, 1:23:09.040 --> 1:23:12.479 and also we know more about the world and can 1:23:12.640 --> 1:23:15.320 come communicate to the rest of the world. I think 1:23:15.560 --> 1:23:17.920 one thing that was big was that in two thousand eight, 1:23:18.840 --> 1:23:21.679 it just took one video leaking out of the country 1:23:21.800 --> 1:23:25.920 for there to be big international repercussions. It's worth noting 1:23:25.960 --> 1:23:28.680 that when people in Burma talk about the Internet, they 1:23:28.720 --> 1:23:33.200 mean Facebook. Phones come with the Facebook app installed and 1:23:33.320 --> 1:23:37.679 it's sometimes exempt from data charges. For many people in Burma, 1:23:38.000 --> 1:23:42.040 using the Internet means using Facebook. Zor and his friends 1:23:42.120 --> 1:23:44.680 are different from their parents in many ways, not at 1:23:44.720 --> 1:23:47.160 least in their perceptions of authority. This has led to 1:23:47.240 --> 1:23:50.599 a situation where the PDF people's defense force units are 1:23:50.680 --> 1:23:54.040 much less hierarchical than units of the Townmador. So when 1:23:54.080 --> 1:23:59.879 we make decisions in our group, there's no master and students. 1:24:00.080 --> 1:24:02.760 There's no teacher and student. But you know the way 1:24:02.840 --> 1:24:06.679 that it works, there are people who are good, they're older, 1:24:06.800 --> 1:24:10.599 people who are more trained, and then their new recruits, 1:24:10.640 --> 1:24:13.280 new people who just came in. So of course the 1:24:13.360 --> 1:24:15.439 people who were there for longer and know more about 1:24:15.439 --> 1:24:20.439 the situation have more voice. And when we discussed, especially 1:24:20.520 --> 1:24:24.320 people who were there when we founded this group, there 1:24:24.360 --> 1:24:27.200 were only really eight people from when we group. So 1:24:27.400 --> 1:24:30.439 those eight people kind of discussed on the bigger strategy. 1:24:32.479 --> 1:24:37.960 You know, we don't really vote there. He says he 1:24:38.040 --> 1:24:41.080 wants to do it. He thinks it's good. We are 1:24:41.520 --> 1:24:44.000 there's the seven of us we think is good, or 1:24:44.120 --> 1:24:46.880 we support him, or someone says, well we don't really 1:24:47.000 --> 1:24:49.599 like that idea, then we don't do it. They try 1:24:49.640 --> 1:24:52.839 to achieve more gender quality as well. There's are explained 1:24:52.920 --> 1:24:54.800 that in his unit the women are not always the 1:24:54.880 --> 1:24:59.360 frontline fight is that's the place there's no discrimination. You know, 1:24:59.760 --> 1:25:03.519 we're men can women and men were training whoever could come. 1:25:04.960 --> 1:25:10.040 But like on the battlefield, people, we don't use women 1:25:10.080 --> 1:25:14.040 that much on the battlefield. That's one thing that we 1:25:14.160 --> 1:25:17.120 do know is that it is not it's not really discrimination. 1:25:17.240 --> 1:25:23.040 But if women are with us together, we have a 1:25:23.800 --> 1:25:26.400 confusion about whether we need to protect them or we're 1:25:26.479 --> 1:25:29.400 just fighting with with them or they're fighting in front 1:25:29.439 --> 1:25:35.320 of us. And that there's one thing that is very different. 1:25:36.280 --> 1:25:42.559 It is that in terms of mentality, we we can't. 1:25:42.680 --> 1:25:45.680 We never take the women out really far into very 1:25:45.800 --> 1:25:50.080 dangerous fights. So often they're in the back as back 1:25:50.160 --> 1:25:54.559 up or two supplies or things like that. But as 1:25:54.640 --> 1:25:58.920 you know, the military government, the military terroristists are very 1:25:59.160 --> 1:26:03.519 very it's very unethical. They don't follow the rules, so 1:26:03.840 --> 1:26:07.040 you know they're gonna shoot whoever they see. So even 1:26:07.120 --> 1:26:09.679 if they're hanging back and they're sending medical supplies there. 1:26:10.439 --> 1:26:13.080 They can still get hit for ZOR in particular, there's 1:26:13.080 --> 1:26:15.240 a lot of stake. After almost an hour and a 1:26:15.280 --> 1:26:18.720 half of talking, I asked about his parents. I've heard 1:26:18.760 --> 1:26:21.400 of retribution attacks against the families of fighters and wondered 1:26:21.439 --> 1:26:23.800 if he was worried about that. So mom and dad 1:26:23.880 --> 1:26:28.439 are both they support me fighting against the military. They're 1:26:28.520 --> 1:26:32.800 very happy. Is that really wants to do cdium, but 1:26:32.920 --> 1:26:39.160 he can't run away because the military has taken his 1:26:39.800 --> 1:26:43.759 uh mother and his sisters. He's still has five sisters. 1:26:44.760 --> 1:26:47.840 They're all still in that military command and they're worked 1:26:47.880 --> 1:26:52.519 there in the military stool schools, so it's very hard 1:26:52.600 --> 1:26:57.599 for them to run away, right, So he really wants 1:26:57.640 --> 1:27:01.640 to leave the military, but he can't though whole so 1:27:02.280 --> 1:27:05.040 that the fact that I am they're trying to fight 1:27:05.120 --> 1:27:09.719 against the military. He's very happy, and but he tells 1:27:09.760 --> 1:27:14.120 me to be careful about my own life. They're supportive 1:27:14.400 --> 1:27:16.840 and they really want to come fight themselves, but they 1:27:16.920 --> 1:27:20.680 can't because of my sisters and my mother. So him 1:27:20.720 --> 1:27:23.240 seeing that I can do it, it's really wonderful for them. 1:27:24.360 --> 1:27:29.560 So his father, his other brother and other people, but 1:27:29.720 --> 1:27:33.920 are three of them below him they've all usually just 1:27:34.080 --> 1:27:38.879 lived together with his grandfather and stuff in the military. 1:27:38.960 --> 1:27:42.439 Compounds are near the military, so he really wants to 1:27:42.560 --> 1:27:44.439 call all the people that are still there, but they 1:27:44.560 --> 1:27:48.000 can't leave. This is what civil wood does, trapped us 1:27:48.040 --> 1:27:50.479 in a situation where we can't make the right choice 1:27:50.840 --> 1:27:54.000 even when we know what it is. In many situations, 1:27:54.439 --> 1:27:56.600 it's pretty hard to discern right from wrong in the 1:27:56.680 --> 1:27:59.880 midst of so much violence. Zool has been able to fight, 1:28:00.520 --> 1:28:03.200 but his dad is stuck fighting against people like his 1:28:03.320 --> 1:28:07.360 son in order to protect his daughters. Thousands of families 1:28:07.360 --> 1:28:10.360 across the country divided in the same way by circumstance 1:28:10.600 --> 1:28:14.519 or ideology. The military is something of a separate society, 1:28:14.880 --> 1:28:17.639 has its own schools in its own culture, but ethnic 1:28:17.800 --> 1:28:21.120 armed organizations have not been close to open populations either, 1:28:21.600 --> 1:28:24.520 and so whole new identities have been forged by Generation 1:28:24.640 --> 1:28:28.280 Z while their families often struggle to abandon all certainties. 1:28:29.080 --> 1:28:32.280 As we record this, Zoo is still fighting, his girlfriend 1:28:32.360 --> 1:28:34.880 is still healing. Every few weeks a video of him 1:28:34.920 --> 1:28:37.600 and his friends pops up on redditor Facebook. They have 1:28:37.720 --> 1:28:40.200 optics on their rifles now and are taking long range 1:28:40.200 --> 1:28:43.760 shots at the TOTMODA who rely on iron sights. They 1:28:43.840 --> 1:28:46.880 shoot and reload like soldiers, and they laugh like kids. 1:28:47.600 --> 1:28:50.719 The Totmada still controls the cities, but to move between 1:28:50.800 --> 1:28:53.679 them they have to travel in convoys at breakneck speeds, 1:28:54.160 --> 1:28:57.080 using ambushes, mines and knowledge of the terrain. E A 1:28:57.240 --> 1:28:59.280 O S and the PDF are able to deny the 1:28:59.360 --> 1:29:03.400 military access to large portions of the countryside. Without a 1:29:03.479 --> 1:29:05.960 serious change in the conflict, it might stay like this 1:29:06.200 --> 1:29:09.839 for years. A report published this month detailed the attacks 1:29:09.880 --> 1:29:13.519 in the Karini state by the Totmada on churches, residential homes, 1:29:13.720 --> 1:29:16.360 camps for displaced people, which killed sixty one and the 1:29:16.400 --> 1:29:19.519 months since Saw left the city. On Christmas Eve. In 1:29:19.640 --> 1:29:23.720 Uprusso's township, they killed at least forty civilians. Autopsies show 1:29:23.840 --> 1:29:27.320 some were gagged and burned alive. In recent months, the 1:29:27.360 --> 1:29:30.360 Totmodal has increased its use of air strikes against targets 1:29:30.400 --> 1:29:34.639 that it deems legitimate. Ming Anhlang, the junta's leader, flew 1:29:34.720 --> 1:29:37.720 to Russia twice. In twenty twenty one, he was proclaimed 1:29:37.760 --> 1:29:41.040 an honorary professor of the Military University of the Russian 1:29:41.200 --> 1:29:44.960 Armed Forces. Quote. We are determined to continue our efforts 1:29:45.000 --> 1:29:48.280 to strengthen bilateral ties based on the mutual understanding, respect 1:29:48.320 --> 1:29:51.080 and trust that have been established between our two countries, 1:29:51.479 --> 1:29:54.519 Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said at a meeting with 1:29:54.560 --> 1:29:57.479 the coup leader on June twenty second. We pay special 1:29:57.520 --> 1:29:59.400 attention to this meeting as we see me and mar 1:29:59.479 --> 1:30:02.280 as a time tested strategic partner and a reliable ally 1:30:02.360 --> 1:30:05.160 in Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific region. He went on. 1:30:06.080 --> 1:30:09.240 Min On Plange was equally lavish with his praise, saying 1:30:09.320 --> 1:30:13.000 that he saw Russia as a friend forever. Myanmar relies 1:30:13.040 --> 1:30:16.920 heavily on Russian hind M I thirty five helicopter gunships, 1:30:17.160 --> 1:30:20.559 transport helicopters, Mid twenty nine and s U thirty fighter 1:30:20.640 --> 1:30:23.840 jets and Yak one thirty ground attack aircraft to carry 1:30:23.880 --> 1:30:27.200 out bombing raids and straight civilians. All of these weapons 1:30:27.240 --> 1:30:30.479 systems have been seen more recently in the fighting in Ukraine. 1:30:31.280 --> 1:30:34.920 One prominent Burmese Irish family, the Kiyotongs, has helped the 1:30:34.960 --> 1:30:38.799 junta avoid an international arms embargo using their global connections 1:30:38.840 --> 1:30:41.839 and a network of shady shadow companies. They have purchased 1:30:41.880 --> 1:30:44.800 helicopters under the pretense of using them for tourism and 1:30:44.880 --> 1:30:47.360 the oil and gas industry and handed them over to 1:30:47.439 --> 1:30:51.160 the Topmadaw. They've also helped shuttle coastal radar to Menmar, 1:30:51.320 --> 1:30:54.599 which the Topmadal used to track Rohinga refugees and provide 1:30:54.640 --> 1:30:58.719 cover for several aircraft purchases. To fund these arms purchases, 1:30:58.800 --> 1:31:01.960 the Totmada has found willing markets for luxury goods abroad, 1:31:02.360 --> 1:31:05.439 according to Justice for Menmar, since the coup in February, 1:31:06.640 --> 1:31:09.599 the United States has imported fifteen hundred and sixty five 1:31:09.680 --> 1:31:13.080 metric tons of teak from the Anmar, using intermediaries to 1:31:13.160 --> 1:31:16.439 avoid sanctions. And the two thousand seventeen two thousand eighteen 1:31:16.479 --> 1:31:19.000 financial year, the last year for which data is available, 1:31:19.360 --> 1:31:22.320 the government received one hundred million US dollars in revenue 1:31:22.360 --> 1:31:26.599 from taxes and royalties applied to the timber tradee There 1:31:26.600 --> 1:31:29.639 were more shipments than two thousand eighteen, offering the top 1:31:29.720 --> 1:31:32.479 Medaw the chance to make enough money to continue purchasing 1:31:32.520 --> 1:31:36.599 weapons to use against their population. The conflict in Myanmar 1:31:36.720 --> 1:31:40.120 remains complicated. It's easy to reduce the alphabet soup of 1:31:40.160 --> 1:31:42.320 rebel groups to E A O S and the PDF, 1:31:42.640 --> 1:31:45.960 but these groups and their motivations are diverse. Pierre explained 1:31:45.960 --> 1:31:49.040 to us that even within the Kuran there are deep divisions. Well, 1:31:49.160 --> 1:31:53.760 first you have to know that historically the Karen Rebellion 1:31:54.400 --> 1:31:59.280 that started in nineteen forty eight nineteen, so quite a 1:31:59.320 --> 1:32:05.840 long timeable was led by by Christian by the Christian minority, okay, 1:32:05.960 --> 1:32:09.680 of the of the current people because obviously that was 1:32:09.800 --> 1:32:17.760 the most Western educated people UM at the time. And 1:32:18.400 --> 1:32:22.240 so this elite kind of reproduced itself in the canoe. 1:32:22.280 --> 1:32:27.479 Who is out being the canoe is the current National 1:32:27.600 --> 1:32:34.879 Union is a democratic movement. But you know, our elites 1:32:34.960 --> 1:32:39.400 tend to reproduce themselves. And so most of the leadership, 1:32:40.200 --> 1:32:44.200 let's say, of the Karen National Union and the current 1:32:44.439 --> 1:32:55.839 National Liberation Army was Christian like. And so the Burmese Junta, 1:32:56.280 --> 1:33:03.880 the Burmese military government UH, decided to use this to 1:33:04.360 --> 1:33:09.439 create a wedge between between the Karen Christians and the 1:33:09.880 --> 1:33:17.360 Karen Buddhists UH and sent monks to say, agitate and 1:33:18.120 --> 1:33:22.720 try to cause this split on religious grounds no UH, 1:33:23.160 --> 1:33:27.439 and they succeeded in parts and succeeded to to separate 1:33:27.960 --> 1:33:34.360 a part of Karen Buddhists that created the democratic Karen 1:33:34.520 --> 1:33:42.320 Buddhists Army, which then allied themselves, of course to the 1:33:42.760 --> 1:33:48.880 to the junta and to h to attack the to 1:33:49.040 --> 1:33:52.200 attack the kind of and the manner of flow, which 1:33:52.400 --> 1:33:55.200 of course they knew all the all the words there 1:33:55.240 --> 1:33:59.719 on the defenses and where was the defense situated, et cetera, 1:34:00.439 --> 1:34:05.000 and succeeded in destroying the capital of the Canon National 1:34:05.160 --> 1:34:11.040 Union in Manaplo. In So that was the situation pretty 1:34:11.120 --> 1:34:19.200 much when I arrived. It was pretty like there was 1:34:19.320 --> 1:34:24.560 not so much territory anymore held by the Callen. And 1:34:24.720 --> 1:34:28.799 more more importantly, they lost a lot of income because 1:34:29.040 --> 1:34:32.040 a lot of their income come from a tax at 1:34:32.200 --> 1:34:37.559 the border that they can control, you know. Uh So, yeah, 1:34:37.720 --> 1:34:40.479 that was the situation. Not every e a O has 1:34:40.520 --> 1:34:43.960 embraced the National Unity Government directly, after all, many of 1:34:44.000 --> 1:34:47.520 its members were enthusiastically running cover for the Rohinga genocide 1:34:47.520 --> 1:34:50.960 a few years ago. Many of the eos remain technically 1:34:51.040 --> 1:34:53.280 under a ceasefire with the top Medon, and the top 1:34:53.320 --> 1:34:56.559 Meadon knows that if it pushes too far into EO territory, 1:34:56.960 --> 1:35:00.920 it risks provoking a full blown response. The a O s, meanwhile, 1:35:01.040 --> 1:35:03.639 have been aiding and training the PDF and still maintaining 1:35:03.800 --> 1:35:07.040 enough deniability that Natapmada has not been forced into a 1:35:07.120 --> 1:35:11.919 confrontation e a O PDF. Alliances look different in different regions, 1:35:12.160 --> 1:35:15.040 and often realities on the ground bear little relationship to 1:35:15.120 --> 1:35:18.320 the back door diplomacy and official stances embraced by leadership 1:35:18.360 --> 1:35:21.160 and public The war continues to have a huge toll 1:35:21.240 --> 1:35:24.760 on civilians, According to the United Nations, in total, some 1:35:24.880 --> 1:35:27.679 four hundred and forty thousand people have been newly displaced 1:35:27.960 --> 1:35:31.640 since the coup happened in February one, adding to an 1:35:31.680 --> 1:35:34.559 existing three hundred and seventy thousand who had fled their 1:35:34.600 --> 1:35:37.759 homes from earlier waves of violence and over a million 1:35:37.840 --> 1:35:41.479 people who had fled the Regina genocide. More than half 1:35:41.520 --> 1:35:47.080 the population of Corenni State has fled. Humanitarian access is hard. 1:35:47.760 --> 1:35:50.719 Much of the relief effort for displaced people occurs within 1:35:50.880 --> 1:35:55.599 local communities. Thousands of refugees at camp along the border 1:35:55.640 --> 1:36:00.439 with Thailand, which is defined by rivers. Initially, many people 1:36:00.439 --> 1:36:03.960 fled into Thailand, but terrible conditions in refugee camps led 1:36:04.040 --> 1:36:07.559 some of them to return to Myanmar. Now they wade 1:36:07.560 --> 1:36:10.960 across the river for international aid donations of food and water, 1:36:11.520 --> 1:36:13.719 but they can't bring themselves to stay in the crowded 1:36:13.760 --> 1:36:16.720 camps overnight, so they wade back to sleep on the 1:36:16.800 --> 1:36:20.960 Burmese side of the bank. The UNHCR, the High Commission 1:36:21.000 --> 1:36:23.799 on Refugees, it's been unable to access camps in Thailand 1:36:24.200 --> 1:36:27.120 or My and ma to check on the conditions. But 1:36:27.240 --> 1:36:29.919 it has urged the Thaire government, which has been incredibly 1:36:29.920 --> 1:36:32.840 accused of forcing people back across the border, to move 1:36:32.880 --> 1:36:35.880 people to better conditions further into Thailand instead of keeping 1:36:35.920 --> 1:36:38.360 them in camps near the border. And here we find 1:36:38.400 --> 1:36:41.400 the unfortunate, unavoidable reality of the civil war in Mi 1:36:41.520 --> 1:36:44.719 and Maa. For all the uniqueness of aspects of the conflict, 1:36:44.880 --> 1:36:47.920 the innovative ways of gen Z militias have interfaced with 1:36:48.040 --> 1:36:51.320 older ethnic military forces, the three D printed arms, et cetera. 1:36:51.960 --> 1:36:53.599 At the end of the day, this is another brutal, 1:36:54.120 --> 1:36:56.720 horrific conflict between large numbers of people who want to 1:36:56.760 --> 1:36:59.519 be free and a small number of people who want 1:36:59.560 --> 1:37:03.479 to control them. From me and Marto our media, Ukraine 1:37:03.520 --> 1:37:08.200 to Syria, Ethiopia, to Iraq and beyond. The novelty is 1:37:08.240 --> 1:37:10.880 the twenty one century conflict. Don't change the fact that 1:37:11.000 --> 1:37:13.200 at the end of the day, each war brings with 1:37:13.320 --> 1:37:15.599 it what might be the truest symbol of our current age, 1:37:16.280 --> 1:37:19.679 parents saying goodbye to their kids, camps filled with deathperate 1:37:19.720 --> 1:37:23.240 people fleeing violence, and government's all over the world willing 1:37:23.280 --> 1:37:26.200 to send nothing more than kind words and stern warnings. 1:37:28.560 --> 1:37:32.920 This is a PostScript to episode four. It's not one 1:37:33.040 --> 1:37:35.559 that we've been intending to record, because it's not news 1:37:35.680 --> 1:37:39.720 that we'd ever hoped to have to share, but here 1:37:39.760 --> 1:37:44.000 we are. Unfortunately, we found out that about ten days 1:37:44.040 --> 1:37:47.040 after we last spoken, a couple of weeks before we 1:37:47.160 --> 1:37:52.719 released our podcast, Zor died. And he died in battle 1:37:52.840 --> 1:37:59.080 fighting with the top my door. He's really was, I suppose, 1:38:00.640 --> 1:38:05.720 an amazingly brave and courageous young man and Um. I 1:38:05.840 --> 1:38:10.480 think that his loss is one that reflects the realities 1:38:10.560 --> 1:38:16.200 of of what war is, which is not great and 1:38:16.320 --> 1:38:21.800 glorious and exciting. It's young men and sometimes young women, 1:38:23.520 --> 1:38:28.640 young non binary folks. I imagine too, um dying when 1:38:28.720 --> 1:38:30.880 they had no quarrel with anyone, when they just wanted 1:38:30.880 --> 1:38:34.960 to live their lives. Two years ago, a year and 1:38:35.000 --> 1:38:38.280 a half ago, even he was just loving the people 1:38:38.360 --> 1:38:43.160 he loved having fun, being a kid, riding his motorcycle, 1:38:43.240 --> 1:38:47.760 speaking to his girlfriend on his phone, living a happy life. 1:38:47.920 --> 1:38:51.320 And then someone who had power decided that they wanted 1:38:51.320 --> 1:38:53.280 to have more power, and they decided that it didn't 1:38:53.360 --> 1:38:57.680 matter how many kids had to die so they could 1:38:57.720 --> 1:39:01.439 have what they want. And he decided to say no 1:39:01.600 --> 1:39:03.680 to that. And that's brave, and I think all of 1:39:03.840 --> 1:39:07.080 us would agree that what he did was right and 1:39:07.200 --> 1:39:12.120 morally courageous, and that that we would hope to be 1:39:12.200 --> 1:39:14.080 brave enough to do the same if the same thing 1:39:14.200 --> 1:39:19.160 happened to us. This one's hit me quite hard, honestly. 1:39:20.040 --> 1:39:21.840 I know this is my job, and it's happens, that's 1:39:21.840 --> 1:39:25.080 happened before and it will happen again. But he was 1:39:25.200 --> 1:39:28.880 such a happy, polite, kind young man. He never didn't 1:39:28.880 --> 1:39:33.280 pick up the phone, He never got tired of explaining 1:39:33.360 --> 1:39:40.000 stuff that we didn't understand, and he always answered our questions. 1:39:40.040 --> 1:39:42.640 There was nothing that was off the table. There was 1:39:42.680 --> 1:39:45.160 nothing that he wouldn't talk about with us. He was 1:39:45.200 --> 1:39:51.800 completely open, And yeah, we will miss him greatly. He 1:39:51.960 --> 1:39:58.880 died fighting the thing that we all have to fight, right, fascism, dictatorship, totalitarianism, 1:39:59.640 --> 1:40:07.400 military horization, and yeah, we'll will grieve his loss. Both 1:40:07.520 --> 1:40:09.680 Robert and I. We've just spoken on the phone and 1:40:10.080 --> 1:40:12.240 we found out because of contact of mine on the 1:40:12.360 --> 1:40:15.240 ground sent me a Reddit message with a link to 1:40:15.320 --> 1:40:18.400 a Facebook post and it's very clearly zorin no doubt 1:40:18.400 --> 1:40:23.160 about that it names him, and unfortunately it also shows 1:40:24.120 --> 1:40:28.519 him dead. So we were not in any doubt that 1:40:28.600 --> 1:40:31.760 it was him who died, and we're not in any 1:40:31.800 --> 1:40:35.960 doubt that we will gravely miss him either. We both 1:40:36.040 --> 1:40:39.000 hoped to go over and record with him, to speak 1:40:39.040 --> 1:40:42.240 with him, to meet him. I've spoken to him several 1:40:42.320 --> 1:40:46.160 times on video, sometimes just to chat, not even to 1:40:46.880 --> 1:40:49.240 to record anything, just just to chat, just to catch 1:40:49.360 --> 1:40:52.880 up and and look at what each of us was 1:40:52.960 --> 1:40:58.360 doing that day. So it's a hard loss for me 1:40:59.320 --> 1:41:03.160 and for Robert too. As I said, we've just spoken. Um, 1:41:03.800 --> 1:41:07.600 so yeah, that's the news that we hadn't hoped to 1:41:07.760 --> 1:41:09.920 end on. Obviously, though, this is the reality of war, 1:41:10.000 --> 1:41:12.760 and as the world is looking at the conflict in 1:41:12.920 --> 1:41:16.640 Ukraine now, I'd urge you too to look at the 1:41:16.680 --> 1:41:22.559 conflict in Myanmar. To another Russian bomb killed, another nice 1:41:22.880 --> 1:41:26.360 kid who never had any quarrel with anyone, who just 1:41:26.439 --> 1:41:29.360 wanted to live his life and I didn't want to 1:41:29.400 --> 1:41:31.040 live the rest of his life with a boot on 1:41:31.080 --> 1:41:34.439 his neck, and so he decided to stand up against it. 1:41:35.240 --> 1:41:38.400 As you can probably hear my voice, I'm quite upset 1:41:39.000 --> 1:41:44.680 by by his loss and will be probably for a 1:41:44.760 --> 1:41:47.600 few days. So I'm sorry to have to end this 1:41:47.720 --> 1:41:51.920 podcast on such a sad note. I'm sorry for his 1:41:52.160 --> 1:41:55.080 family who are now caught between the loss of their 1:41:55.200 --> 1:42:00.360 son and trying to protect their daughters. I'm sorry for 1:42:00.439 --> 1:42:04.479 his girlfriend, who's dealing with shrapnel in her own leg 1:42:04.520 --> 1:42:07.360 and now the loss of the person she loved. And 1:42:07.479 --> 1:42:09.920 I'm sorry for his comrades. And they've said they'll go 1:42:10.000 --> 1:42:12.679 on fighting, and I hope they do. And I don't 1:42:12.680 --> 1:42:15.320 think there's any point really pretending to be objective at 1:42:15.360 --> 1:42:18.000 this stage in the games, and I hope they win, um, 1:42:19.479 --> 1:42:24.760 But I mostly just hope that like one day, young 1:42:25.080 --> 1:42:29.639 men and women and everyone else just gets to live 1:42:29.720 --> 1:42:34.200 their lives without having to kill and die, because ultimately, 1:42:35.560 --> 1:42:37.840 no one should have to and no parents should have 1:42:37.880 --> 1:42:42.280 to bury their kids. So yeah, as much as we're 1:42:42.280 --> 1:42:44.679 all focusing on Ukraine and what's happening there is terrible, 1:42:44.720 --> 1:42:48.360 Please don't forget Zoro his comrades. Please don't forget his legacy, 1:42:49.840 --> 1:42:53.840 and please don't forget him. We won't and we obviously 1:42:53.880 --> 1:42:56.720 want to dedicate this podcast to him and what he 1:42:56.800 --> 1:43:09.639 stood for. So yeah, he's sending a message anyone anywhere 1:43:09.720 --> 1:43:12.599 in the world, I can get you and it will hurt. 1:43:13.920 --> 1:43:16.960 It was a plot straight out of James Bond, an 1:43:17.000 --> 1:43:21.000 assassination carried out with the world's most toxic chemical weapon. 1:43:21.600 --> 1:43:25.360 The victim was Kim Jong Nam. He was the firstborn 1:43:25.520 --> 1:43:29.040 son of North Korea's supreme leader. He should have been 1:43:29.080 --> 1:43:32.560 a successor. Instead, he'd be murdered in one of the 1:43:32.640 --> 1:43:37.120 most brazen and bizarre political plots of all time. Join 1:43:37.280 --> 1:43:40.799 us as we investigate the potential motives. Kim Dragon actually 1:43:40.920 --> 1:43:45.880 had several reasons for wanting to assassinate his older brother, 1:43:46.200 --> 1:43:49.719 the family backstabbing. There's a lot of clothing and dagger 1:43:50.280 --> 1:43:55.120 stuff about Jim John and the petty paranoia in North Korea. 1:43:55.560 --> 1:44:00.280 When somebody challenges you, that challenger must be and eight 1:44:00.760 --> 1:44:04.479 behind the most audacious assassination of the twenty one century. 1:44:04.880 --> 1:44:07.160 Listen to Big Brother on the I Heart Radio app, 1:44:07.360 --> 1:44:10.640 Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts. Have you 1:44:10.640 --> 1:44:12.720 ever felt depressed about work only to have your dad 1:44:12.800 --> 1:44:14.559 be like, why you're so down? So you told him 1:44:14.600 --> 1:44:16.240 you hate your job and he said, well, you better 1:44:16.320 --> 1:44:18.280 talk yourself out of it. And then you thought, hmm, 1:44:18.280 --> 1:44:20.439 I love to talk. I could host a podcast. And 1:44:20.520 --> 1:44:22.400 then you went to Speaker from my Heart and started 1:44:22.439 --> 1:44:24.600 a podcast and got good at it, then monetized it, 1:44:24.640 --> 1:44:26.720 then quit your boring job and told your dad thanks 1:44:26.720 --> 1:44:28.200 for the advice. And he was like, well, that's not 1:44:28.280 --> 1:44:30.519 what I meant, and I don't understand what a podcast is. 1:44:30.640 --> 1:44:33.200 But you seem happy, So that's great, kiddo. You ever 1:44:33.280 --> 1:44:36.920 do that? Well, you could at speaker dot com. That's 1:44:37.080 --> 1:44:40.160 spr e A k E R. Ask your dad you 1:44:40.280 --> 1:44:43.920 actually don't. If I could be you and you could 1:44:43.960 --> 1:44:46.400 be me for just one hour, if you could find 1:44:46.479 --> 1:44:50.080 a way to get inside each other's mind, walk a 1:44:50.200 --> 1:44:55.000 mile in my shoes, wacome mile in my shoes shoes. 1:44:55.400 --> 1:44:58.599 We've all felt left out, and for some that feeling 1:44:58.680 --> 1:45:02.160 lasts more than a moment. We can change that learn 1:45:02.240 --> 1:45:04.920 how it Belonging begins with us dot org, brought to 1:45:05.000 --> 1:45:17.760 you by the ad Council. Welcome out of us, Oh, 1:45:18.200 --> 1:45:22.040 welcome to it. Could happen here. I'm Robert Evans, recording 1:45:22.160 --> 1:45:26.320 from a deeply unsettling airbnb right near the border of 1:45:26.439 --> 1:45:29.840 Texas and Mexico. UM. I'm here with my good friend 1:45:30.080 --> 1:45:34.400 James Stout. Say hello to the people. Hi everyone, and 1:45:34.439 --> 1:45:38.080 we're gonna talk about well, let me let me introduce briefly. 1:45:38.200 --> 1:45:40.920 You'll you'll see the episodes soon enough. We're down here 1:45:41.040 --> 1:45:46.040 reporting on um a mixture of of of right wing militancy, 1:45:46.960 --> 1:45:50.679 government militarization of the border, and the attempts by people 1:45:50.760 --> 1:45:54.960 trapped in the middle to survive and avoid those authoritarian structures. 1:45:55.400 --> 1:45:59.439 So today, James and they're going to talk about molotov cocktails. Um. 1:45:59.760 --> 1:46:03.080 But first, James, you want to talk about this airbnb. 1:46:03.200 --> 1:46:06.240 We're in for a second because you book this motherfucker deeply. 1:46:06.560 --> 1:46:09.840 Yeah yeah, yeah. So what happens when you have like 1:46:10.000 --> 1:46:11.960 less than twenty four hours before you arrive and need 1:46:12.040 --> 1:46:15.840 a place for more than two people is uh, you 1:46:15.920 --> 1:46:18.120 really get into the depth of Airbnb. And I've found 1:46:18.200 --> 1:46:24.080 this place which how to describe it? Um? Yeah, yeah, unsettling? 1:46:24.240 --> 1:46:29.280 Yeah yeah, it it just feels wrong. I can't put 1:46:29.360 --> 1:46:31.720 my finger quite on where there is a basement which 1:46:31.800 --> 1:46:35.600 definitely has like murder vibes, and there's not basements in 1:46:35.720 --> 1:46:39.240 Texas normally, and it's it's it's crumbling and unsettling. There's 1:46:39.280 --> 1:46:42.200 a some pump that doesn't appear connected to anything. There's 1:46:42.200 --> 1:46:45.920 puddles of standing water. Um. I think there's like nine 1:46:46.000 --> 1:46:49.880 bedrooms in this house. Yeah, but only one like is upstairs, 1:46:51.040 --> 1:46:53.240 and it seems to have like like to be designed 1:46:53.280 --> 1:46:57.120 to command an arc of fire around the house. Then 1:46:57.160 --> 1:46:59.360 there are other bedrooms which are like kind of in 1:46:59.479 --> 1:47:03.640 this stable block. What else is weird? Like three of 1:47:03.760 --> 1:47:06.360 the bedrooms are separate from the main house and in 1:47:06.439 --> 1:47:08.040 a built in a way that it looks like a 1:47:08.160 --> 1:47:11.360 roadside motel. And then there's a main house that has 1:47:11.439 --> 1:47:14.920 like four living rooms for We're sitting at a large 1:47:15.000 --> 1:47:18.400 kitchen table right now, which spins around a central access. 1:47:18.479 --> 1:47:23.200 For some inexplicable reason, we have the overwhelming feeling that 1:47:23.400 --> 1:47:26.160 something horribly wrong was done in this space because it 1:47:26.200 --> 1:47:29.640 doesn't everything is a little off. None of the decorations 1:47:29.720 --> 1:47:31.960 look like people. This is some sort of trap house, 1:47:32.040 --> 1:47:36.679 but we cannot identify the kind. I think you describe 1:47:36.680 --> 1:47:38.760 it best when you said it's like one of those 1:47:38.880 --> 1:47:41.240 this person does not exist photos, but of a home 1:47:41.360 --> 1:47:43.439 and you can't work out what's wrong. But it's not 1:47:43.640 --> 1:47:45.439 human and it's not right. So we just had to 1:47:45.479 --> 1:47:47.559 get that out of our systems because it's been deeply 1:47:47.640 --> 1:47:50.120 unsettling the last couple of days. We're here now, James, 1:47:51.840 --> 1:47:54.920 you wrote an article about Molotov cocktails that got you 1:47:55.240 --> 1:47:57.800 in a bit of a fascinating situation. I want to 1:47:57.880 --> 1:48:00.200 just kind of walk me through what happened there and 1:48:00.280 --> 1:48:02.919 what the fallout was. Yeah, well, the one that started 1:48:02.960 --> 1:48:05.560 it was about how to tear down statues, and that 1:48:05.640 --> 1:48:08.360 was for Popular Mechanics. In In that article, I interviewed 1:48:08.400 --> 1:48:10.720 a couple of experts and one of them explained how 1:48:10.760 --> 1:48:15.120 to make something called thermite. Thermitees like an exo thermic reaction, 1:48:15.120 --> 1:48:17.160 and you mix a couple of things, they get hot, 1:48:17.400 --> 1:48:19.160 They get hot enough to melt some metal. So if 1:48:19.200 --> 1:48:22.920 you were interested in bringing down a statue of a bigot, 1:48:23.320 --> 1:48:25.439 that might be helpful to you. By the way, it's 1:48:25.520 --> 1:48:28.439 legal basically all of the US to possess thermite and 1:48:28.760 --> 1:48:31.760 pretty simple to make. Not that you know, you can 1:48:31.800 --> 1:48:33.920 google it. You can figure that out yourself. Yeah, I'm 1:48:33.920 --> 1:48:35.360 not telling you how to make it. I'm telling you 1:48:35.479 --> 1:48:39.160 that it exists, exists, and is surprisingly legal. Yes, and 1:48:39.240 --> 1:48:41.439 if you need to weld some ship underwater or join 1:48:41.479 --> 1:48:44.240 together some train tracks, it's the right tool for the job. Yeah. 1:48:44.320 --> 1:48:46.240 If you happen to be I know a lot of 1:48:46.320 --> 1:48:49.200 the Russian Army in Ukraine listens to this podcast. If 1:48:49.240 --> 1:48:51.400 you happen to be in the process of abandoning hundreds 1:48:51.400 --> 1:48:53.840 of millions of dollars in armor, thermite can allow you 1:48:53.960 --> 1:48:58.320 to stop Ukrainian farmers from towing it back to their homes. Yeah, 1:48:58.800 --> 1:49:02.280 but don't do that if you're a soldier. Just just run, um, 1:49:02.560 --> 1:49:04.200 go to the Ukrainians. I'll let you call your mom. 1:49:04.240 --> 1:49:08.120 They're nice. Um. Okay. So I write the story for 1:49:08.200 --> 1:49:11.760 Pop Mac Right. It's just a useful guide to people 1:49:11.760 --> 1:49:14.640 who are looking to safely dispose of a racist statue. Right. 1:49:15.280 --> 1:49:20.559 And when I write it, I think their readership might 1:49:20.680 --> 1:49:23.560 lean pretty conservative, or they felt like that was a 1:49:23.600 --> 1:49:29.760 safe space. Anyway. It immediately became like the epicenter of 1:49:29.800 --> 1:49:33.559 the culture War for like a week, including triggering one 1:49:33.800 --> 1:49:39.519 Benjamin Shapiro, who then sub tweeted me like a coward 1:49:40.320 --> 1:49:44.640 and asked when I'll be writing my story about Molotov cocktails, 1:49:45.880 --> 1:49:48.400 which I subsequently wrote. So that that gets us to 1:49:48.439 --> 1:49:51.320 the Molotov cocktail story. I was in Russia today as well, 1:49:51.840 --> 1:49:56.600 now band media outlet no no no. I wrote it 1:49:56.680 --> 1:50:00.400 for a British magazine called Huck. I just I've like 1:50:00.800 --> 1:50:04.799 Huck is like like Vice but less tragic, like device 1:50:04.880 --> 1:50:09.000 went bad, Hu Hut school um, And so yeah, Ben 1:50:09.120 --> 1:50:12.559 Ben was upset. Ben orchestrated this kind of right wing 1:50:12.680 --> 1:50:15.920 panic around the story. Uh, they canceled pop mac for 1:50:15.960 --> 1:50:20.240 a while. And I wrote a piece about the history 1:50:20.520 --> 1:50:24.639 and I guess chemistry of molota and they're rolling democratization movements. 1:50:24.720 --> 1:50:26.600 That was really fascinating to me. So yeah, that's how 1:50:26.640 --> 1:50:29.439 we got to the Molotov story. And you want to 1:50:29.479 --> 1:50:31.880 give me kind of some cliffs notes on the history 1:50:31.880 --> 1:50:33.519 of the Molotov and it's rolling because what I know 1:50:33.560 --> 1:50:37.080 about Molotov cocktails, I assume it's named after Molotov, of 1:50:37.160 --> 1:50:41.040 the Molotov ribbon trop packed right, the slav Molotov. Yeah, um, 1:50:41.560 --> 1:50:43.760 And I know I have been near a couple of 1:50:43.880 --> 1:50:46.360 them going off. I nearly got lit on fire by one, 1:50:46.400 --> 1:50:48.759 and I watched a colleague get let on fire by another. 1:50:48.800 --> 1:50:53.360 So I am aware of what they do. Um. But yeah, 1:50:53.400 --> 1:50:54.960 why don't you walk us through kind of the close 1:50:55.040 --> 1:50:58.280 notes of the history of molotovs. Yeah, absolutely, so. Um, 1:50:58.600 --> 1:51:00.519 A lot of times you're going the Internet and you're 1:51:00.520 --> 1:51:02.080 readingthing about history and it will turn out not to 1:51:02.120 --> 1:51:05.880 be right, and that that's often the case of Molotov cocktails. So, yes, 1:51:06.040 --> 1:51:09.680 they're named after the love Molotov. We can get to 1:51:09.760 --> 1:51:12.559 why they're named that way in a second. But they 1:51:12.760 --> 1:51:18.439 their origin is actually with Franco's nationalist fascist, national fascists, 1:51:18.439 --> 1:51:20.600 whatever you want to call them, national Catholic troops in 1:51:20.640 --> 1:51:23.759 the Spanish Civil War. So early on in the Spanish 1:51:23.800 --> 1:51:27.800 Civil War nineteen thirties seven ish, the Republic had some 1:51:28.200 --> 1:51:32.480 Soviet tanks and they were using these against the At Fentybro. 1:51:32.680 --> 1:51:34.920 They were using these against the nationalists, and nationalists were 1:51:34.960 --> 1:51:37.280 throwing what they then called petrol bombs at the tanks 1:51:37.760 --> 1:51:41.400 too great effect. Those old tanks had rubber on the 1:51:41.479 --> 1:51:44.160 wheels that turned the tracks and those would melt. Um. 1:51:44.320 --> 1:51:46.559 So that's when they were first used. And if you're 1:51:46.560 --> 1:51:49.519 not familiar with what a Molotov cocktail is, it's an 1:51:49.560 --> 1:51:53.960 improvised incendiary device. It's a glass thing filled with a 1:51:54.000 --> 1:51:57.439 flammable thing topped with some kind of cloth with a 1:51:57.560 --> 1:52:00.840 flame that the goth is burning. And when you throw it, 1:52:01.040 --> 1:52:04.000 obviously the glass thing breaks, the flammable liquid comes out, 1:52:04.439 --> 1:52:07.280 and the flame catches a liquid and you have a fireball. 1:52:08.600 --> 1:52:11.600 So the first time we kind of see them is 1:52:11.680 --> 1:52:13.639 used it in the Spanish and war. We see references 1:52:13.680 --> 1:52:16.360 to them in like British media in the nineteen thirties 1:52:16.400 --> 1:52:19.360 when British reporters were going out to watch the Spanish 1:52:19.360 --> 1:52:21.919 Civil War and they were like, Wow, what a development, 1:52:21.960 --> 1:52:25.559 what a technology, and so they used there. But where 1:52:25.560 --> 1:52:28.559 they get their names in Finland, right when the Soviets 1:52:28.600 --> 1:52:32.640 invade Finland. Why they got their name is that Molotov 1:52:32.800 --> 1:52:36.479 claimed that his planes were not dropping bombs. You'll see 1:52:36.560 --> 1:52:38.559 like a history of gas lighting in Russian foreign pol 1:52:38.640 --> 1:52:41.559 or Soviet foreign policy here. Um he claimed they weren't 1:52:41.600 --> 1:52:45.320 dropping bombs. He claimed that they were bringing aid to 1:52:45.439 --> 1:52:48.040 the people of Finland, right, And Finland was like, this 1:52:48.120 --> 1:52:50.479 is ridiculous. So they kind of started calling the bombs 1:52:50.640 --> 1:52:54.439 Molotov's bread baskets, and pretty soon everything that was shipped 1:52:55.160 --> 1:53:00.360 was associated with Molotovs. Bombers were Molotov's chickens, blackout items 1:53:00.400 --> 1:53:05.360 for Molotov's curtains, and so the they switched many of 1:53:05.400 --> 1:53:09.360 their state alcohol factories to making Molotov cocktails, and so 1:53:09.479 --> 1:53:12.080 they started calling these these petro what work called petrol 1:53:12.120 --> 1:53:15.320 bombs Molotov cocktails, and that's how the names dug. It 1:53:15.479 --> 1:53:18.040 is neat that Russia has such a long history of 1:53:18.320 --> 1:53:22.040 causing other nations to retool their domestic liquor production towards 1:53:22.160 --> 1:53:25.400 making bombs to throw at Russian soldiers, and like, how 1:53:25.960 --> 1:53:28.240 what do we now eighty odd years on from from 1:53:28.360 --> 1:53:32.839 nineteen six seven, Like it's it's not always Russian tanks, 1:53:33.479 --> 1:53:37.840 but it's nearly always Russian tanks, right like Spain, and 1:53:37.920 --> 1:53:40.240 the Russian tanks are obviously like in Republic in Spain 1:53:40.439 --> 1:53:47.519 is much preferable to Franco Finland, Hungary in nineteen fifty six, right, um, 1:53:48.280 --> 1:53:52.439 and today in Ukraine you see people throwing bottles of 1:53:52.520 --> 1:53:55.320 petrol with flames on top of Russian tanks. Yeah, they 1:53:55.360 --> 1:53:58.320 have a long history. Yeah, I mean it's it's among 1:53:58.400 --> 1:54:01.080 other things like especially if you don't have easy access 1:54:01.120 --> 1:54:04.759 to firearms and and no access to explosives and stuff, 1:54:04.840 --> 1:54:08.160 like it's it's not a force equalizer, but it does 1:54:08.200 --> 1:54:12.840 allow you to to do certain things militarily that that 1:54:13.200 --> 1:54:15.840 would be harder to do, um if you were like 1:54:15.920 --> 1:54:18.559 trying to manufacture something a little bit more like it's 1:54:18.560 --> 1:54:21.320 easier than making a grenade, right, Like, yeah, and it 1:54:21.400 --> 1:54:23.320 does much more damage than a rock, but it's not 1:54:23.520 --> 1:54:26.000 much harder to come by for most people. Right. And 1:54:26.439 --> 1:54:28.439 one really interesting thing I read about them was by 1:54:28.520 --> 1:54:30.720 this academic who I really like his work. It's called 1:54:30.760 --> 1:54:34.640 Ali Cadiva, and he's Iranian, and he's looked at like 1:54:34.720 --> 1:54:38.000 democratization movements all over the world, right, so, how do 1:54:38.080 --> 1:54:43.440 authoritarian regimes collapse? And his research suggested that like peaceful 1:54:43.600 --> 1:54:47.040 extreme like extreme like quote unquote peaceful protests tend not 1:54:47.160 --> 1:54:50.280 to work, and insurgencies hadn't had that high of a 1:54:50.320 --> 1:54:53.320 success rate. But his paper is called stick, stones and 1:54:53.400 --> 1:54:56.880 Molotov cocktails, and like his research suggested, like, if you're 1:54:56.920 --> 1:55:00.200 prepared to do violence against property by hidding it with stick, 1:55:00.240 --> 1:55:02.240 throwing a stone, throwing a monotor of cocktail, then you 1:55:02.280 --> 1:55:04.760 are more likely to have success in toppling a regime. 1:55:05.200 --> 1:55:08.040 So like, because they're accessible to people who don't necessarily 1:55:08.080 --> 1:55:10.960 have guns, aren't doing insurgencies. They've had this really interesting 1:55:11.120 --> 1:55:15.360 role in arming nonstate actors or arming liberation movement throughout history. 1:55:16.560 --> 1:55:18.879 I mean, that's really interesting because it would seem to suggest, 1:55:19.240 --> 1:55:21.920 like a reading of that paper would seem to suggest that, yeah, 1:55:22.560 --> 1:55:26.200 it's not so much like being willing to carry out 1:55:26.840 --> 1:55:29.840 like a militant movement, but being willing to destroy things 1:55:29.920 --> 1:55:32.000 as one of the primary signs that like you have 1:55:32.080 --> 1:55:34.920 a chance of actually overthrowing an authoritarian regime is like 1:55:35.040 --> 1:55:39.320 your your ability to prepare to to do damage, um, 1:55:39.720 --> 1:55:41.680 like of a financial nature. Like is that kind of 1:55:41.680 --> 1:55:43.840 the argument is making. I think the argument he's making 1:55:44.000 --> 1:55:45.960 is that, like, and it's an argument that can't be 1:55:46.000 --> 1:55:48.200 made enough. Right, the damage to property is not the 1:55:48.240 --> 1:55:51.400 same as damage to people, and violence against property in 1:55:51.680 --> 1:55:54.600 the name of liberation or justice is okay and tends 1:55:54.640 --> 1:55:56.800 to work. And but yeah, you have to have some 1:55:57.000 --> 1:55:58.920 skin in the game. You have to be prepared to 1:55:59.160 --> 1:56:01.840 fun some ship up if you if you want to 1:56:01.920 --> 1:56:04.040 bring down a ratime which is prepared to use violence 1:56:04.040 --> 1:56:07.520 against you. That's kind of talking about the use of 1:56:07.640 --> 1:56:11.640 these tools within liberatory struggles, but they're not I guess 1:56:11.640 --> 1:56:14.760 the liberatory struggles, and I have the beholder that's talking 1:56:14.800 --> 1:56:16.360 about the use of these tools and kind of like 1:56:17.120 --> 1:56:20.280 street movements that are agitating for change. But we also 1:56:20.360 --> 1:56:23.600 have this military history UM, which I think is much 1:56:23.640 --> 1:56:25.840 more muddled in terms of its actual efficacy as a 1:56:25.960 --> 1:56:28.640 as a weapon, its ability to deny area, it's ability 1:56:28.680 --> 1:56:34.040 to destroy UM or damage like enemy uh like combat ability. 1:56:34.120 --> 1:56:35.360 Do you do you have any kind of sense of 1:56:35.440 --> 1:56:37.240 like how effective Like we're seeing all these people in 1:56:37.360 --> 1:56:41.240 Ukraine arming themselves with cocktails UM, evidence of of of 1:56:41.720 --> 1:56:44.160 you know, the efficacy of these in combat is a 1:56:44.240 --> 1:56:46.880 lot murkier UM, at least within the present conflict. Do 1:56:46.920 --> 1:56:49.240 you have a sense of how historically they useful they 1:56:49.280 --> 1:56:51.760 tend to be for that, Yeah, I think depending on 1:56:51.880 --> 1:56:54.000 the age of the and and then the type of 1:56:54.040 --> 1:56:57.880 the vehicle you're attacking. Right, So like these old Russian tanks, UM, 1:56:58.600 --> 1:57:00.240 what they would do a lot always make something which 1:57:00.280 --> 1:57:02.879 is not quite what we would see of the Monotov cocktails. 1:57:02.920 --> 1:57:05.520 I had a whole blanket that was soaked in petrol 1:57:05.600 --> 1:57:07.760 and that would get caught up in the track and 1:57:07.880 --> 1:57:10.800 then it would destroy that. There was a bit of 1:57:11.040 --> 1:57:13.840 rubber on on the wheels interface with the tracks that 1:57:13.880 --> 1:57:16.160 it would melt and that would immobilize the tank and 1:57:16.280 --> 1:57:19.160 then folks could swarm it from all angles. That was 1:57:19.240 --> 1:57:22.640 kind of the move there, and then I think they've 1:57:22.800 --> 1:57:26.240 been more useful in Ukraine than one might have expected. 1:57:26.360 --> 1:57:30.240 Because of the nature of some of the Russian military vehicles, 1:57:30.280 --> 1:57:32.320 they tend to carry their fuel on the outside. They 1:57:32.400 --> 1:57:35.640 also because of the mud, they'll carry lots of pieces 1:57:35.680 --> 1:57:37.600 of wood that they can use to put under their 1:57:37.600 --> 1:57:39.600 wheels like you would you know, like sand ladders on 1:57:39.640 --> 1:57:42.720 the truck, and so those tend to catch fire more easily. 1:57:42.840 --> 1:57:45.200 I know the b MPs also have fuel storage on 1:57:45.280 --> 1:57:47.840 the back door, which is is pretty optimal for if 1:57:47.880 --> 1:57:49.520 you want to walk up behind someone and set something 1:57:49.560 --> 1:57:52.440 on fire. So that they've worked pretty well there. In 1:57:52.560 --> 1:57:55.640 other places, yeah, they seem to be more of annoyance, 1:57:55.840 --> 1:57:58.200 Like I know, I've spoken to people who have been 1:57:58.400 --> 1:58:00.880 in the military in the in the UK and like 1:58:00.960 --> 1:58:04.080 the big thing in Northern Ireland right again right, you 1:58:04.160 --> 1:58:07.120 have a sort of a liberatory movement there, and so 1:58:07.280 --> 1:58:09.160 they were very popular, but they didn't seem to do 1:58:09.400 --> 1:58:12.680 much of them. Cause people distress, cause people personal injury 1:58:12.760 --> 1:58:16.600 sometimes but not particularly too they weren't game changing in 1:58:16.800 --> 1:58:19.840 terms of like the monopoly on violence there, but yeah, 1:58:19.840 --> 1:58:21.600 they seem to be very very I think they're better 1:58:21.640 --> 1:58:23.360 when you have a ton of people throwing them. I 1:58:23.440 --> 1:58:25.600 think you have a lot of people setting things on fire, 1:58:25.920 --> 1:58:29.600 that tends to be it causes people to stop. And 1:58:29.640 --> 1:58:34.480 I think with Russia being lacking in excellent leadership, it 1:58:34.800 --> 1:58:36.800 seems like we could say in Ukraine and some of 1:58:36.840 --> 1:58:39.840 their soldiers maybe lacking in training, and with the fact 1:58:39.880 --> 1:58:42.040 that they tend to carry fuel externally so their vehicles 1:58:42.080 --> 1:58:45.000 catch fire. If you can just convince some conscripts that 1:58:45.120 --> 1:58:47.680 their vehicle is on fire, they are going to get out, 1:58:47.760 --> 1:58:50.120 run away. And we've seen that a lot, right, a 1:58:50.160 --> 1:58:53.280 lot of people running away. Yeah. I think when I 1:58:53.320 --> 1:58:56.520 think about, like outside of military users, where I've seen 1:58:56.680 --> 1:58:59.520 molotovs be most effective in like the time I've been covering, 1:58:59.600 --> 1:59:01.360 can't for the first thing that comes up is the 1:59:01.400 --> 1:59:07.320 Maidan Revolution Ukraine, l where people were throwing some of 1:59:07.360 --> 1:59:10.280 the same people throwing molotops at Russian troops. Now we're 1:59:10.440 --> 1:59:12.960 through a mix of throwing by hand and like catapult 1:59:13.040 --> 1:59:15.880 devices were launching sometimes hundreds of molotovs in a couple 1:59:15.920 --> 1:59:18.240 of minutes and like melting tank treads to the ground, 1:59:18.360 --> 1:59:22.240 which is definitely like that's a that's obviously it was effective. 1:59:22.280 --> 1:59:24.720 It's also almost a different kind of weapons system when 1:59:24.760 --> 1:59:27.640 you're when you're dealing with that kind of volume grad 1:59:27.840 --> 1:59:32.120 molotov launcher. Yeah. Yeah, but then I can think about, like, 1:59:32.200 --> 1:59:34.360 there's this really amazing video that you can find if 1:59:34.400 --> 1:59:40.120 you look of Greek anarchists on bicycles swarming past a 1:59:40.200 --> 1:59:42.240 Greek police station and throwing it looked like about a 1:59:42.280 --> 1:59:45.080 dozen molotovs at once, and and just like sacking a 1:59:45.200 --> 1:59:47.520 police station that way and then biking right the funk 1:59:47.560 --> 1:59:51.360 off and like disappearing into the city um, which is 1:59:51.440 --> 1:59:53.840 which you know, seemed like a more effective tactic than 1:59:53.920 --> 1:59:55.560 some of the ways I've seen them used, where it's 1:59:55.600 --> 1:59:58.720 like a person throwing a molotov um and then the 1:59:58.800 --> 2:00:00.880 cops get really fucking angry, but it doesn't really do 2:00:00.920 --> 2:00:02.560 that much damage to them, and then people get or 2:00:02.600 --> 2:00:04.800 they hit the wrong person. Like it is, it is 2:00:04.840 --> 2:00:07.320 a tool with a high degree of chance for error 2:00:07.320 --> 2:00:09.200 if you don't know what you're doing. Yeah, it's there's 2:00:09.200 --> 2:00:12.160 a decent skill requirement. You also really don't want to 2:00:12.200 --> 2:00:15.400 have like anything flammable on your hands or shirt or 2:00:15.440 --> 2:00:18.800 anything like that. Like I've seen people really end up 2:00:18.840 --> 2:00:21.520 badly after trying to make a molotop and just hurting 2:00:21.560 --> 2:00:24.240 themselves trying to light it or throw it or drop. Yeah, 2:00:24.440 --> 2:00:26.520 it's it's not. It's not one of those things that 2:00:26.680 --> 2:00:29.720 like you want to casually suggest people use because the 2:00:29.760 --> 2:00:32.440 odds of actually injuring yourself with it are pretty high 2:00:32.480 --> 2:00:35.080 if you're not being careful. Um, and if you if 2:00:35.080 --> 2:00:37.120 you're going into a situation where you think people might 2:00:37.160 --> 2:00:42.840 have Molotov's natural fibers. People natural fibers, not synthetics. Yeah, 2:00:42.920 --> 2:00:47.000 well if your friend welding gloves, your friend like, yeah, 2:00:47.040 --> 2:00:50.600 you don't want to be caught on fire. So let's 2:00:50.600 --> 2:00:53.400 talk a little bit about how, like what are the 2:00:53.440 --> 2:00:56.480 different kinds of constructions of molotops you've seen people using 2:00:56.480 --> 2:00:58.320 and how they changed over time. You talked a little 2:00:58.360 --> 2:01:00.640 bit about kind of the early Spanish were like full 2:01:00.720 --> 2:01:03.160 blankets and stuff. Yeah, I think one of the interests 2:01:03.160 --> 2:01:07.000 where we go from Spain to to Finland, right where 2:01:07.040 --> 2:01:09.800 we're seeing the same thing basically petrol or maybe ethanol 2:01:09.880 --> 2:01:12.960 or something like that inside a bottle with with just 2:01:13.080 --> 2:01:16.080 a wig orright something sort of. I know in Spanish 2:01:16.080 --> 2:01:18.720 Civil War they were using jars a lot like jam jars. 2:01:19.920 --> 2:01:22.400 But when things started to develop, a thinker is in 2:01:22.480 --> 2:01:25.920 the UK, so in Britain, and you actually have this 2:01:25.960 --> 2:01:28.280 guy called Tom Wintringham who went to Spain as a 2:01:28.320 --> 2:01:31.040 war correspondent, decided to become a soldier and then returned 2:01:31.080 --> 2:01:34.720 to the UK and tried to share what he had 2:01:34.800 --> 2:01:36.720 learned with British people right in this article he wrote 2:01:36.720 --> 2:01:40.720 for Picture Post, and he was very much into Molotov 2:01:40.800 --> 2:01:43.680 cocktails is a great way of fighting an invasion, much 2:01:43.760 --> 2:01:45.520 like actually the old guy you heard, did you hear 2:01:45.520 --> 2:01:48.760 the guy who called into NPR recently, Yes, yeah, yeah, yeah, 2:01:48.800 --> 2:01:52.480 he was outstanding, just just turning NPR into our how 2:01:52.560 --> 2:01:55.400 to do gorilla warfare. And so what they did they 2:01:55.440 --> 2:01:58.120 made this thing called the number seventy six grenade, and 2:01:58.240 --> 2:02:01.560 they made six million of them, I think Jesus Christ. 2:02:01.920 --> 2:02:03.960 And they still find them. It's funny, they'll still find 2:02:04.000 --> 2:02:05.600 them in like when they'll be digging the foundation for 2:02:05.640 --> 2:02:07.440 a building, they'll be like, oh shit, this is not 2:02:07.560 --> 2:02:10.680 a box of beer. And what those had was a 2:02:10.720 --> 2:02:13.320 strip of rubber that they dropped in it. It was 2:02:13.400 --> 2:02:15.800 in a bottle with a cap, and it had a 2:02:15.840 --> 2:02:18.080 phosphorus ignitor actually, so you didn't have to light it, 2:02:18.200 --> 2:02:21.879 you just hosted it. And yeah, and those are extremely effective. 2:02:21.880 --> 2:02:26.720 The rubber dissolves and then that allows the flaming liquid 2:02:26.760 --> 2:02:30.000 to adhere better to the person or thing that is hit. Right, 2:02:30.360 --> 2:02:34.640 and you're almost like making a napalm bark, yes exactly, yeah, yeah, yeah, 2:02:34.720 --> 2:02:37.160 and the phosphorus will last for a long time. It's 2:02:37.320 --> 2:02:40.360 much less risky to the thrower. And you can also 2:02:40.480 --> 2:02:43.720 have a whole box of them and just keep throwing them, right. 2:02:43.760 --> 2:02:45.040 You don't have to light each one, you don't have 2:02:45.120 --> 2:02:47.760 to have someone else like each one. So those seem 2:02:47.840 --> 2:02:49.760 pretty effective. I don't know if they were ever really 2:02:49.880 --> 2:02:54.120 used in Anger, because obviously the Nazis never landed in 2:02:54.160 --> 2:02:58.000 the UK, but yeah, that was that was a pretty 2:02:58.040 --> 2:03:01.000 big development, and that kind of set the tone for 2:03:01.080 --> 2:03:04.000 the other developments which I've seen, at least. I'm not 2:03:04.160 --> 2:03:08.040 like a molotov expert. But people put sugar in them, 2:03:08.400 --> 2:03:11.080 people put polystyrene in them or what do you call that? 2:03:11.360 --> 2:03:14.360 What does sugar in them do? I think it gives 2:03:14.440 --> 2:03:18.320 it a higher viscosity, and I think they sort of 2:03:18.800 --> 2:03:22.600 it maybe melts when they are like sticks in it, 2:03:22.760 --> 2:03:25.080 like creates like a sticky kind of hot, like like 2:03:25.160 --> 2:03:28.480 if you're making toffee. I would imagine, Um, the big 2:03:28.560 --> 2:03:32.080 thing I've seen people putting in them is various like plastics. Right, 2:03:32.200 --> 2:03:35.000 So when you look at the You've seen these videos 2:03:35.040 --> 2:03:37.440 of old ladies in Ukraine with cheese graters just grating 2:03:37.560 --> 2:03:40.520 like packing styrofoam, and they put that in there, and 2:03:40.600 --> 2:03:43.240 that that does the same thing, right, creates a more 2:03:43.520 --> 2:03:46.840 viscous kind of napalm which adheres to the thing that 2:03:46.920 --> 2:03:48.760 you throw it at. And that I think if you're 2:03:48.760 --> 2:03:51.280 talking about persuading someone that their tank is on fire, 2:03:52.040 --> 2:03:55.120 if it keeps burning for ten twenty seconds, you know 2:03:55.320 --> 2:03:57.200 you don't have a very long time to get out 2:03:57.280 --> 2:04:00.760 of a BMP, so you're going to getting out, I 2:04:00.800 --> 2:04:03.120 would imagine. Well, that does point to like an interesting 2:04:03.240 --> 2:04:06.200 reality of like not just this war all war, but 2:04:06.320 --> 2:04:10.840 like specifically in the context of territorial kind of volunteers 2:04:10.960 --> 2:04:15.920 who are on paper terribly out gunned. Um. But the 2:04:16.000 --> 2:04:18.240 psychological dimension is that, like you said, if you can 2:04:18.280 --> 2:04:21.040 convince people they may be in an armored vehicle that 2:04:21.160 --> 2:04:24.360 has unquestioned supremacy over the partisans attacking them. But if 2:04:24.400 --> 2:04:26.840 you can convince them they are on fire, they will 2:04:26.880 --> 2:04:29.600 make decisions that lead them to no longer have the 2:04:29.680 --> 2:04:33.000 advantage in terms of firepower. It's not impossible to do. Yeah, 2:04:33.160 --> 2:04:34.839 I think you saw that. I think there's some footage 2:04:34.840 --> 2:04:37.839 from my dan of them sort of ambushing some armored vehicles. 2:04:37.920 --> 2:04:40.560 And yet once you throw half a dozen molotov cocktails 2:04:40.600 --> 2:04:43.520 from above at windows, you can only get those people 2:04:43.520 --> 2:04:45.360 to abandon their vehicle and run away. That's the goal. 2:04:45.440 --> 2:04:47.080 If they get out, there are a lot more vulnerable 2:04:47.120 --> 2:04:50.080 to further attacks from molotov cocktails or anything else. Right, 2:04:50.400 --> 2:04:53.120 So yeah, I think it. It really plays into that 2:04:53.360 --> 2:04:58.920 kind of guerrilla or sort of like underdog side of conflict. Yeah. 2:04:59.000 --> 2:05:00.920 One of the things that's interesting them about me. I mean, 2:05:01.240 --> 2:05:03.120 you and I just finished this series that dealt heavily 2:05:03.160 --> 2:05:05.640 with like three D printed weapons, homemade guns and stuff. 2:05:05.720 --> 2:05:07.760 But you know, there's a lot that you, as the 2:05:07.920 --> 2:05:11.360 state can do to reduce people's access to firearms, or 2:05:11.360 --> 2:05:14.480 even to reduce people's access to like knives that are 2:05:14.480 --> 2:05:16.200 bigger than kitchen knives. A lot you can do to 2:05:16.240 --> 2:05:21.080 reduce people's access to conventional arms, but everywhere has got liquor. Yeah, exactly, 2:05:21.160 --> 2:05:24.600 it's almost impossible to stop people having them. Right, If 2:05:24.640 --> 2:05:30.879 you have gasoline, diesel, alcohol, and glass things and fabric 2:05:31.200 --> 2:05:33.720 and lighter, you have access to these. So yeah, they're 2:05:33.720 --> 2:05:37.760 accessible to everyone, and they are incredibly effective. Like, they're 2:05:37.760 --> 2:05:39.760 probably the most effective thing that you could make in 2:05:39.840 --> 2:05:43.400 your home if you were doing an insurgency. You're fighting 2:05:44.120 --> 2:05:48.320 Russian invaders in this case. Yeah, well, James, was there 2:05:48.320 --> 2:05:50.240 anything else you wanted to get into on the subject 2:05:50.280 --> 2:05:55.520 of molotobs or other forms of cocktails? Yeah, let me 2:05:55.560 --> 2:05:58.360 think I should probably say that it's probably illegal to 2:05:58.400 --> 2:06:00.960 make them in the United States, And I mean there 2:06:01.000 --> 2:06:03.600 are specific ways you legally can, but you you need 2:06:03.640 --> 2:06:06.160 a number of different permits. Yeah. Yeah, you do have 2:06:06.280 --> 2:06:10.120 to ask the government. So I probably wouldn't suggest to 2:06:10.160 --> 2:06:13.800 do Yes, you have to, I probably wouldn't suggest doing that, 2:06:14.040 --> 2:06:16.680 But no, I think it's always interesting to look at 2:06:16.720 --> 2:06:21.800 these like, if we want to move towards a world 2:06:21.920 --> 2:06:25.000 where there is less authority more freedom, then these things 2:06:25.080 --> 2:06:27.600 which take away the state's monopoly on the ability to 2:06:27.680 --> 2:06:30.480 do violence should always be not necessarily like things that 2:06:30.520 --> 2:06:33.320 we want that. It's interesting. Yeah, that's one of the 2:06:33.360 --> 2:06:37.000 things that's fascinating to me. Obviously, Ukraine is a pretty 2:06:37.080 --> 2:06:41.400 standard government within the global or at least up until 2:06:41.440 --> 2:06:43.440 this point, has been like they are. They are a 2:06:43.600 --> 2:06:46.040 state that has done a number of ugly things in 2:06:46.120 --> 2:06:48.360 its past, and we'll do them in the future. But 2:06:48.480 --> 2:06:52.360 they're in this fascinating moment where the government has really 2:06:52.480 --> 2:06:56.440 set down any claim to a monopoly on force in 2:06:56.560 --> 2:06:59.560 a lot of fascinating ways, the kind of widespread here's 2:06:59.600 --> 2:07:02.160 how to make molotov here's had a disabled And one 2:07:02.200 --> 2:07:04.480 of the things that's fascinating, the Ukrainian government very famously 2:07:04.520 --> 2:07:06.440 sent around sheets which are like, here is where to 2:07:06.560 --> 2:07:09.040 throw molotovs to do the most damage different Russian vehicles, 2:07:09.040 --> 2:07:13.160 which are also Ukrainian vehicles. Yeah. Yeah, and also those 2:07:13.280 --> 2:07:16.760 vehicles now belong to random farmers. Like I saw that. 2:07:16.800 --> 2:07:18.680 It was a thing with the Ukrainian equivalent in the 2:07:18.720 --> 2:07:20.720 I R S who said, like, don't worry, you don't 2:07:20.760 --> 2:07:23.640 need to declare this tank on your income tax. Right, 2:07:23.880 --> 2:07:27.320 how does one tax a person who has a tank? Yeah, 2:07:27.960 --> 2:07:30.000 or in the case of some of them, has a 2:07:30.120 --> 2:07:34.200 twenty million dollar anti aircraft system. Yeah, who is the 2:07:34.360 --> 2:07:36.880 tax man who is willing to go and collect that? 2:07:37.280 --> 2:07:40.880 Like they have become ungovernable, right, Yeah, I mean it's 2:07:41.120 --> 2:07:43.200 we're they are in the thick of it, and maybe 2:07:43.440 --> 2:07:45.360 for the rest of all of our lives. Nobody knows 2:07:45.400 --> 2:07:47.280 how long this thing is going to last. But if 2:07:48.120 --> 2:07:50.480 if the war does end in any kind of reasonable 2:07:50.520 --> 2:07:54.800 time frame, the what's Ukraine going back to. I don't 2:07:54.840 --> 2:07:57.560 know how they go back to being a normal state 2:07:58.040 --> 2:08:01.160 when they have when they have opened the udgates to everyone. 2:08:01.360 --> 2:08:03.840 Is the army now? Well? I think it's Yeah, it 2:08:03.920 --> 2:08:05.840 calls into question number things, right, like that maybe you 2:08:05.920 --> 2:08:09.640 don't necessarily always need is very strict disciplinary and structure 2:08:09.760 --> 2:08:14.880 to fight very effectively. But also yeah, that like do 2:08:15.080 --> 2:08:17.440 you need the state? Right? People are just doing their 2:08:17.520 --> 2:08:19.720 own thing right now, and I yeah, I don't know 2:08:19.800 --> 2:08:21.800 how you really take that back, Like how do you 2:08:21.880 --> 2:08:23.880 go and collect the tanks from people? They know how 2:08:23.960 --> 2:08:26.960 to kill tanks, that's what they've been doing. Yeah, the 2:08:27.120 --> 2:08:29.960 Ukrainian government in the future, if we imagine a time 2:08:30.000 --> 2:08:32.400 of people piece, it will be quite a while before 2:08:32.400 --> 2:08:35.200 there's any chance of like, well we better send in 2:08:35.280 --> 2:08:38.200 the riot troops to crack down on this protest. It's like, no, 2:08:38.360 --> 2:08:39.960 you're not going to get those riot troops to go 2:08:40.040 --> 2:08:44.280 anywhere near there. Yeah, Like, yeah, it's testing out this 2:08:44.520 --> 2:08:47.680 armed society as a polite society thesis. But yeah, I 2:08:47.720 --> 2:08:50.640 don't know how the police return to a country which 2:08:51.120 --> 2:08:54.400 is seemingly at least holding off, if not defeating, a 2:08:54.480 --> 2:08:59.040 military superpower. Yeah. It is a fascinating question, and and 2:08:59.120 --> 2:09:01.120 no one really has a clear answer, but I do 2:09:01.240 --> 2:09:04.360 think it's interesting. Of course they have embraced the Molotov 2:09:04.440 --> 2:09:06.800 as you've kind of made the case here that's it 2:09:06.920 --> 2:09:11.760 really has this history as this great kind of democratizing 2:09:11.880 --> 2:09:16.120 force within the conflicts between people and governments and governments 2:09:16.160 --> 2:09:18.880 and governments. Yeah, and and people in capital, right, Like 2:09:18.960 --> 2:09:21.520 if you're prepared to destroy capital goods like people have 2:09:21.600 --> 2:09:23.480 done for centuries, and that that seems to be the 2:09:23.560 --> 2:09:26.920 way to make change, right, It's kind of interesting, I think, 2:09:27.000 --> 2:09:28.720 to reflect on from our me and my podcast, I 2:09:28.800 --> 2:09:31.520 thought was that they had very strict gun ownership laws 2:09:31.640 --> 2:09:34.560 before this, very very strict apart from from one ethnic 2:09:34.640 --> 2:09:38.280 group called the Chin. But what they've promised to do afterwards, 2:09:38.280 --> 2:09:41.280 at least according to our sources is to allow people 2:09:41.360 --> 2:09:44.720 to keep and bear arms, right, because I guess they 2:09:44.800 --> 2:09:47.240 kind of have to write because a they can't stop 2:09:47.280 --> 2:09:49.360 them anymore. These people are three D printing guns and 2:09:49.520 --> 2:09:53.200 be the only way they got freedom or if this 2:09:53.400 --> 2:09:55.480 is if the if they're able to defeat the Tapmador, 2:09:55.800 --> 2:09:58.520 then the only way they've they've become free is through 2:09:58.560 --> 2:10:00.760 fighting for their freedom. And it's seems that they're not 2:10:00.880 --> 2:10:03.600 going to be willing to give that up, especially for 2:10:03.680 --> 2:10:06.280 the ethnic groups there. So yeah, it's really interesting to see, 2:10:06.400 --> 2:10:10.240 like what kind of a state emerges from a sort 2:10:10.280 --> 2:10:13.960 of uh, what's the sorts of word? Like like it's 2:10:14.000 --> 2:10:16.400 it's not an authoritarian structure, right, the military is are 2:10:16.400 --> 2:10:17.960 not like a lot of people in Ukraine are not 2:10:18.040 --> 2:10:21.440 necessarily authoritarian instructures. So what emerges for the state when 2:10:21.480 --> 2:10:24.920 we've had this horizontal resistance? Yeah, these are These are 2:10:25.040 --> 2:10:27.760 fascinating questions and ones that I think will all be 2:10:27.880 --> 2:10:31.440 continuing to ask and answer for for the foreseeable future. 2:10:31.960 --> 2:10:33.440 For now, do you have anything you want to plug 2:10:33.520 --> 2:10:36.280 before we were all out? James M No. You should 2:10:36.280 --> 2:10:38.080 listen to our podcast on MIAMA. You can follow me 2:10:38.120 --> 2:10:42.280 on Twitter. That's my name at James Stout Patreon. I 2:10:42.320 --> 2:10:45.000 wripe some other things I teach at the community college. 2:10:45.040 --> 2:10:46.520 If you want to take some history courses, we can 2:10:46.600 --> 2:10:50.640 learn about molotovs. Have a lecture about that. But otherwise, no, 2:10:50.920 --> 2:10:53.000 that's about all. Well, that's going to do it for 2:10:53.160 --> 2:10:57.000 us here until next time. Don't make a molotov if 2:10:57.000 --> 2:10:59.960 it's illegal where you live. But but do think about 2:11:00.160 --> 2:11:02.840 molotops because, as the last couple of weeks have shown us, 2:11:03.280 --> 2:11:05.640 you could buy next week be living in a state 2:11:05.800 --> 2:11:08.720 where it's very legal to make molotov cocktails. That could 2:11:08.720 --> 2:11:10.520 happen to any of us. You never know, you know, 2:11:10.760 --> 2:11:13.919 you never know, So you know, do some reading online, 2:11:14.360 --> 2:11:16.960 use a use of VP a VPN to do that 2:11:17.160 --> 2:11:21.200 reading browser. If you're gonna be how to make molotov, 2:11:22.080 --> 2:11:25.120 do some very careful reading, and um, you know, keep 2:11:25.160 --> 2:11:34.120 an eye on the world. Hey, we'll be back Monday 2:11:34.280 --> 2:11:37.200 with more episodes every week from now until the heat 2:11:37.240 --> 2:11:39.600 death of the universe. It could happen. Here is a 2:11:39.640 --> 2:11:42.480 production of cool Zone Media. For more podcasts from cool 2:11:42.560 --> 2:11:45.160 Zone Media, visit our website cool zone media dot com, 2:11:45.320 --> 2:11:47.080 or check us out on the I Heart Radio app, 2:11:47.080 --> 2:11:50.440 Apple Podcasts or Wherever you listen to podcasts, you can 2:11:50.480 --> 2:11:53.160 find sources for it could happen here, updated monthly at 2:11:53.200 --> 2:11:56.400 cool zone media dot com slash sources. Thanks for listening. 2:11:58.560 --> 2:12:01.720 Hey there, I'm Jess to Confetti here. Hi, I'm Psyche 2:12:01.960 --> 2:12:04.200 and I am Hey Shady Lady, and welcome to Boss 2:12:04.320 --> 2:12:07.840 Level podcast, where we feature conversations with gas tube leveled up, 2:12:07.920 --> 2:12:10.320 bringing an X fee boost to the table. We picked 2:12:10.360 --> 2:12:14.080 the brains of professionals, creators and bosses and industries across 2:12:14.120 --> 2:12:16.960 the globe to help our listeners achieve their own boss level. 2:12:17.120 --> 2:12:20.480 We are not just creating a podcast, but a gamified 2:12:20.600 --> 2:12:23.440 an engaged community. Listen to Boss Level on the I 2:12:23.600 --> 2:12:26.520 Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your 2:12:26.560 --> 2:12:35.600 podcasts want. A little over twelve months ago, an eighteen 2:12:35.680 --> 2:12:38.440 year old African American young man named Niles Hayes was 2:12:38.560 --> 2:12:41.040 driving a family friends luxury vehicle when he was stopped 2:12:41.080 --> 2:12:49.600 for routine traffic violation. Things escalate quickly. We have progress 2:12:50.160 --> 2:12:53.160 officers within hours of the police stop. Footage of the 2:12:53.400 --> 2:12:58.560 entire altercation gets posted online and it goes viral. I'm 2:12:58.600 --> 2:13:01.919 Collegen Sanders and are here live from the Los Angeles 2:13:02.120 --> 2:13:06.880 Valley case presented a lot of challenges. You've got the 2:13:06.960 --> 2:13:09.480 whole p D outside of my building ready to light 2:13:09.560 --> 2:13:12.320 the entire block any no more outcomes should have happened 2:13:12.320 --> 2:13:15.040 in different choice. I guess what I am struggling. You 2:13:15.160 --> 2:13:17.880 struggle with it because you live in a different reality 2:13:18.000 --> 2:13:22.960 than we do. Listen to hashtag Matter on the I 2:13:23.120 --> 2:13:26.320 Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you get podcast 2:13:29.520 --> 2:13:32.840 From Cavalry Audio, the studio that brought you The Devil 2:13:32.920 --> 2:13:37.280 Within and The Shadow Girls, comes a new true crime podcast, 2:13:38.080 --> 2:13:41.600 The Pink Moon Murders. The local sheriff believes there may 2:13:41.640 --> 2:13:44.240 be more than one killer. They were afraid just face 2:13:44.320 --> 2:13:46.720 it out in that area. The family was targeted, most 2:13:46.760 --> 2:13:49.320 of them targeted while they were sleeping. Who could commit 2:13:49.360 --> 2:13:53.240 such horrible crimes? And why follow The Pink Moon Murders 2:13:53.400 --> 2:13:56.760 on the I Heart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever 2:13:56.920 --> 2:13:58.280 you get your podcasts