1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,239 Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events 2 00:00:03,240 --> 00:00:07,680 Speaker 1: in history today on with the show What's Up? Everyone. 3 00:00:08,119 --> 00:00:11,239 Speaker 1: Welcome to this day in History class, where we bring 4 00:00:11,320 --> 00:00:23,959 Speaker 1: you a new tidbit from history every day. The day 5 00:00:24,239 --> 00:00:30,120 Speaker 1: was February nineteenth, nineteen two. After the Japanese bombed Pearl 6 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:34,159 Speaker 1: Harbor a couple of months earlier, the citizens and government 7 00:00:34,479 --> 00:00:39,839 Speaker 1: of the United States became frantic. They were increasingly distrustful 8 00:00:40,240 --> 00:00:43,760 Speaker 1: of the many Japanese immigrants in Japanese citizens in the country, 9 00:00:44,159 --> 00:00:46,879 Speaker 1: believing they couldn't be trusted to remain loyal to the 10 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 1: US over Japan. In many people's minds, people of Japanese 11 00:00:52,360 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: descent were a threat to national safety and security. As 12 00:00:56,240 --> 00:01:01,160 Speaker 1: a result, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order nineties 13 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,200 Speaker 1: sixty six, which authorized the Secretary of War and military 14 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:08,800 Speaker 1: commanders to set up military zones that anybody could be 15 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:13,240 Speaker 1: evacuated from. The executive order was framed as a measure 16 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:18,080 Speaker 1: necessary to protect national security during wartime since the country 17 00:01:18,120 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: was now vulnerable to attack, but what the order actually 18 00:01:22,319 --> 00:01:26,319 Speaker 1: did was take advantage of the public's escalating fears of 19 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:29,920 Speaker 1: Japanese Americans involvement in the war and use it to 20 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:34,800 Speaker 1: put them in concentration camps. The passing of Executive Order 21 00:01:34,959 --> 00:01:38,560 Speaker 1: nine sixty six was largely precipitated by the bombing of 22 00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:43,560 Speaker 1: Pearl Harbor, but resentment of foreign nationals in Japanese immigrants 23 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:47,000 Speaker 1: in particular had already been growing steadily by the time 24 00:01:47,080 --> 00:01:52,480 Speaker 1: FDR signed the Executive Order. Before the nineteenth century, Japan 25 00:01:52,720 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 1: didn't want much to do with Europe or its colonies. 26 00:01:56,920 --> 00:02:00,640 Speaker 1: But by the eighteen hundreds, Japan had begun trading with 27 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:04,280 Speaker 1: the United States, and Japanese people were immigrating to the 28 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:09,160 Speaker 1: US and other places as temporary laborers. At the same time, 29 00:02:09,560 --> 00:02:13,320 Speaker 1: the US was barring other Asian nationals from entering the country. 30 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:18,960 Speaker 1: The Chinese Exclusion Act, passed in eighteen eighty two, banned 31 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:22,800 Speaker 1: immigration from China to the US and prohibited all Chinese 32 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:27,040 Speaker 1: people in the US from becoming citizens. The law partly 33 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:30,040 Speaker 1: had to do with the high unemployment and low wages 34 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:33,760 Speaker 1: in the US, which were blamed on Chinese laborers, but 35 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:37,560 Speaker 1: it also had to do with prejudices white Americans had 36 00:02:37,639 --> 00:02:41,760 Speaker 1: against Chinese people. All of this is to say that 37 00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:45,520 Speaker 1: there was a precedent for restricting immigration from Asia by 38 00:02:45,560 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 1: the time, the US government began placing limits on the 39 00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:51,359 Speaker 1: number of Japanese people that could come to the US, 40 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:56,840 Speaker 1: and in nineteen twenty four, the government passed the Johnson 41 00:02:56,919 --> 00:03:01,960 Speaker 1: read Act, which set immigration quota and effectively cut off 42 00:03:01,960 --> 00:03:06,639 Speaker 1: the stream of Japanese people immigrating to the States. People 43 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:10,799 Speaker 1: who moved to the US from Japan couldn't become citizens, 44 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:15,560 Speaker 1: although children born to Japanese people in US received birthright citizenship. 45 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:19,960 Speaker 1: Even so, most of the Japanese people who moved to 46 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 1: the US settled on the West Coast or in Hawaii, 47 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,960 Speaker 1: building up their own communities with their own schools and businesses, 48 00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:32,160 Speaker 1: and a lot of these communities were doing well. But 49 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:35,680 Speaker 1: when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in nineteen forty one 50 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:39,320 Speaker 1: in the hopes of destroying US military forces in the Pacific, 51 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 1: the US was compelled to enter World War Two. After 52 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:46,360 Speaker 1: years of trying to avoid being hands on in the conflict. 53 00:03:47,640 --> 00:03:51,720 Speaker 1: At first, there were appeals for people to remain calm, 54 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:55,400 Speaker 1: but soon enough, the government began targeting thousands of foreign 55 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: nationals who it believed to be a threat. Many of 56 00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:03,840 Speaker 1: the people who the government considered enemy aliens had done 57 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: nothing that would legitimately earn them the label of enemy. Regardless, 58 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:12,400 Speaker 1: they were still sent to camps, jails, and prisons under 59 00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:17,480 Speaker 1: suspicions of espionage, sabotage, and any other activities that could 60 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 1: aid Japan and the war. And as more people were 61 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: locked up, as the media amplified false reports of Japanese threats, 62 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:30,000 Speaker 1: and as actual Japanese military threats proposed, the public grew 63 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:34,560 Speaker 1: more fearful of Japanese people. The public and the government 64 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,960 Speaker 1: began supporting the idea of the mass incarceration of people 65 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: of Japanese descent. In the beginning, the Justice Department was 66 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:50,440 Speaker 1: against mass removal and incarceration since it was unconstitutional. Many 67 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:54,400 Speaker 1: government officials opposed the measure, but the government went forward 68 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:59,839 Speaker 1: with the plan anyway. Strategist Carl Bndetson proposed skirting that 69 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:04,279 Speaker 1: tiny problem of unconstitutionality by giving the Secretary of War 70 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:08,760 Speaker 1: the authority to set up military zones and remove people 71 00:05:08,960 --> 00:05:13,720 Speaker 1: from those zones at will, and Executive Order ninety six 72 00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:19,039 Speaker 1: authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe military areas was 73 00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:24,760 Speaker 1: passed on February nineteenth, nineteen forty two. The order also 74 00:05:24,839 --> 00:05:28,200 Speaker 1: said that the government would provide for residents of any 75 00:05:28,279 --> 00:05:34,240 Speaker 1: such area who are excluded. Therefrom such transportation, food, shelter, 76 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:39,560 Speaker 1: and other accommodations as maybe necessary. Since the Act didn't 77 00:05:39,560 --> 00:05:44,080 Speaker 1: have enforcement provisions, the government also passed Public Law five 78 00:05:44,120 --> 00:05:48,720 Speaker 1: oh three, which penalized people for entering, leaving, or committing 79 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:52,599 Speaker 1: any act in an exclusion zone. And on top of that, 80 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:58,719 Speaker 1: FDR also signed Executive Order two which created the War 81 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:03,480 Speaker 1: Relocation Authority, the body in charge of creating and overseeing 82 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:08,520 Speaker 1: the interment camps. The whole West Coast was an exclusion zone, 83 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:12,240 Speaker 1: which meant that a bunch of Japanese people were required 84 00:06:12,279 --> 00:06:16,240 Speaker 1: to leave their homes, but many couldn't afford to leave 85 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:20,600 Speaker 1: or faced resistance when they did so, they ended up 86 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:25,239 Speaker 1: being forced to leave. They were sent to temporary locations 87 00:06:25,279 --> 00:06:29,880 Speaker 1: like horse stables and race tracks, then to concentration camps 88 00:06:29,880 --> 00:06:34,400 Speaker 1: and remote areas where they had to work. Everyone of 89 00:06:34,480 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: Japanese ancestry in the zones had to go, including people 90 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:42,039 Speaker 1: who were sick in hospitals and children and orphanages who 91 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:47,680 Speaker 1: just looked Japanese. The people who were incarcerated in concentration 92 00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:51,920 Speaker 1: camps regarded and not allowed to leave. But even though 93 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:54,960 Speaker 1: a lot of people didn't like having the camps in 94 00:06:55,000 --> 00:07:00,640 Speaker 1: their area. Most people still supported removal, and all this 95 00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: was being done under the guise of safety and the 96 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:07,920 Speaker 1: best interest of the country. Japanese people needed to be 97 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:11,920 Speaker 1: evacuated and moved to more secure locations for their own 98 00:07:11,920 --> 00:07:16,160 Speaker 1: sake and the nation's sake. After the war ended, the 99 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 1: concentration camp started closing, with the last one shutting down 100 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:24,720 Speaker 1: in nineteen forty six. In nineteen forty eight, people who 101 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:29,360 Speaker 1: had been incarcerated were granted thirty eight million dollars in restitution, 102 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:34,040 Speaker 1: and in nineteen fifty two Japanese immigrants were able to 103 00:07:34,120 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: become US citizens. The US government did admit to its 104 00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:43,440 Speaker 1: mistakes and apologize in the nineteen eighties, but Japanese people's 105 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:47,800 Speaker 1: lives had already been hugely affected. I'm Eve Jeff Coote, 106 00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 107 00:07:51,480 --> 00:07:55,080 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. If you'd like to learn more 108 00:07:55,120 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: about Executive Order nineties sixty six in Japanese American interment, 109 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:03,480 Speaker 1: listen to the two part episode of Stuff you missed 110 00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: in History class called Executive Order nineties six and Japanese Interments. 111 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: You can follow us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. At 112 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:19,600 Speaker 1: t d I h C Podcast. Thank you so much 113 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: for listening, and I hope to see you again tomorrow 114 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:32,400 Speaker 1: for more tidbits of history. Hello. Hello again. I'm Eves 115 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:35,400 Speaker 1: and you're listening to this day in History class, where 116 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: we examine the past from the present. The day was 117 00:08:45,920 --> 00:08:50,920 Speaker 1: February nineteen sixty three Betty for Dan's book The Feminine 118 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:55,120 Speaker 1: Mystique was first published. The book is credited with sparking 119 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:58,160 Speaker 1: the rise of second wave feminism and the United States. 120 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: Betty for Dan as a writer and an activist. She 121 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:06,240 Speaker 1: worked as a journalist for leftist and labor publications for 122 00:09:06,280 --> 00:09:08,800 Speaker 1: a while, and she worked as a freelance writer for 123 00:09:08,880 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: different magazines. For Dan got married in nineteen forty seven 124 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:16,839 Speaker 1: and had three children. After her first child was born, 125 00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:19,640 Speaker 1: she went back to her job, but after she got 126 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:22,880 Speaker 1: pregnant with her second child, she lost her job. At 127 00:09:22,880 --> 00:09:25,000 Speaker 1: that point, she stayed at home to take care of 128 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:29,079 Speaker 1: her family, but she was not completely satisfied with her 129 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:32,160 Speaker 1: life at home. She wanted to know if other women 130 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:35,640 Speaker 1: felt the same way. For Dan was a graduate of 131 00:09:35,679 --> 00:09:39,240 Speaker 1: Smith College. When she attended her fifteen year reunion at 132 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:43,440 Speaker 1: Smith in nineteen fifty seven, she surveyed her fellow college graduates. 133 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:47,640 Speaker 1: She asked them about their education and how satisfied they 134 00:09:47,679 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 1: were with their lives. When she found that other women 135 00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:54,440 Speaker 1: also felt unfulfilled in their lifestyles, she decided that she 136 00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:59,080 Speaker 1: wanted to publish her findings. She interviewed more housewives and 137 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:02,880 Speaker 1: did research on psychology and other relevant fields. Her work 138 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: culminated as the book The Feminine Mystique, published on February nineteenth, 139 00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:12,719 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty three. The term feminine mystique describes the assumption 140 00:10:12,880 --> 00:10:16,800 Speaker 1: that women would be satisfied with housework, marriage, children, and 141 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:20,520 Speaker 1: their sexual lives alone. The idea was that women should 142 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:22,880 Speaker 1: be content with the work they did in the domestic 143 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:27,600 Speaker 1: sphere and did not need fulfillment through education, careers, or politics. 144 00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:32,559 Speaker 1: The book argued that many housewives were unhappy despite having 145 00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:36,400 Speaker 1: lives that seemed fulfilling from the outside, and the introduction 146 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:39,760 Speaker 1: of the book for Dan calls that unhappiness the problem 147 00:10:39,840 --> 00:10:44,400 Speaker 1: that has no name. For Dan used statistics, research and 148 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:48,000 Speaker 1: anecdotes throughout the book to argue her point. She said 149 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:50,840 Speaker 1: that women wanted more than just a home and a family. 150 00:10:51,320 --> 00:10:54,280 Speaker 1: She pointed out how the media promoted the idea that 151 00:10:54,320 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: women were happy in the home and unhappy in their careers. 152 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:01,400 Speaker 1: She noted how the idea that men were naturally mothers 153 00:11:01,440 --> 00:11:06,120 Speaker 1: and caregivers was perpetuated. The book also linked the idea 154 00:11:06,160 --> 00:11:09,439 Speaker 1: of the feminine mystique to post World War two expectations 155 00:11:09,840 --> 00:11:12,720 Speaker 1: and to the promotion of the idealized nuclear family in 156 00:11:12,760 --> 00:11:16,920 Speaker 1: America during the Cold War in the nineteen fifties. For 157 00:11:17,080 --> 00:11:20,040 Speaker 1: Dan turned to interviews to show that women were often 158 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:25,719 Speaker 1: unsatisfied with performing traditionally feminine roles and used coping mechanisms 159 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 1: to get through their feelings of unhappiness. The book aimed 160 00:11:29,320 --> 00:11:31,760 Speaker 1: to dispel the myth that women were fine with their 161 00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: domestic roles. For Dan claimed that the feminine mystique limited 162 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 1: women's quote basic human need to grow. She encouraged women 163 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:45,559 Speaker 1: to seek new lives that incorporated education, careers, and social roles, 164 00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:48,720 Speaker 1: and to rid themselves at the idea that housework was 165 00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:52,679 Speaker 1: a career. The book was popular and inspired many white 166 00:11:52,679 --> 00:11:55,679 Speaker 1: middle class women to take up the feminist cause. It 167 00:11:55,720 --> 00:11:59,160 Speaker 1: was an influential text in second way feminism, which had 168 00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:03,800 Speaker 1: broader goal and was less essentialist than first wave feminism, 169 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:07,760 Speaker 1: but the book's legacy is complicated. It received pushback when 170 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:11,320 Speaker 1: it was published, and criticism of its messages and impact 171 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:15,839 Speaker 1: continues today. Some of the criticism levied relates to its 172 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:19,520 Speaker 1: limited white, upper and middle class perspective, to for Dan's 173 00:12:19,520 --> 00:12:23,560 Speaker 1: own involvement in leftist politics, and to the inaccuracy of 174 00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:27,120 Speaker 1: some of the research used. I'm each Chef Coote and 175 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 176 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:33,360 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. I want to impress your Internet crush, 177 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: show them your history smarts by sharing something you learned 178 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:39,480 Speaker 1: on the show. Don't forget to tag us at t 179 00:12:39,960 --> 00:12:44,400 Speaker 1: D I HC podcast, or you can go the old 180 00:12:44,440 --> 00:12:47,320 Speaker 1: fashioned route and send us an email at this day 181 00:12:47,480 --> 00:12:52,079 Speaker 1: at I heart media dot com. Thanks again for listening. 182 00:12:52,320 --> 00:13:03,200 Speaker 1: We'll see you same place tomorrow. Yeah. For more podcasts 183 00:13:03,240 --> 00:13:05,240 Speaker 1: from my Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, 184 00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:07,960 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.