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Speaker 1: Hey, Kelly, are you a fan of astronomy humor?

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Speaker 5: It depends as long as we're not making jokes about uranus.

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Speaker 1: Well, we'll have to try to avoid falling into that

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Speaker 1: particular hole. But personally, I love a good astronomy pun.

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Speaker 5: I have more of a plutonic relationship with them.

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Speaker 1: Oh no, did you just make that joke up or

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Speaker 1: did you have to plan it?

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Speaker 5: Okay, I've got one for you.

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Speaker 1: All right.

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Speaker 5: Shoot, why don't stars go to university?

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Speaker 1: All right? Why?

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Speaker 5: Because they've already got millions of degrees. I'm sorry.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I will always laugh at astronomy puns.

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Speaker 5: Hi, I'm Kelly Wiener Smith. I'm a parasitologist at Rice University,

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Speaker 5: and I think my last name is hilarious. So I

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Speaker 5: will always laugh at both parasitology puns and scatological humor.

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Speaker 1: There's got to be a lot of good puns when

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Speaker 1: you're talking about worms and bugs and things that crawl

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Speaker 1: inside other things.

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Speaker 5: So and they never get over.

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Speaker 1: But we try to keep this podcast family friendly, and

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Speaker 1: so we will spare you most of those, and so

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Speaker 1: welcome to the podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: in which we talk about all the incredible and amazing

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Speaker 1: things out there in the universe. We crack jokes about

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Speaker 1: the silly names they get, but we have a deep,

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Speaker 1: deep love for the mysteries of the universe and we

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Speaker 1: want to explore all of them with you. We think

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Speaker 1: it's incredible, it's amazing that this universe is understandable at

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Speaker 1: all to our tiny human brains. We want to push

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Speaker 1: forward this effort and bring this understanding of the universe

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Speaker 1: into all of our minds because everybody out there has

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Speaker 1: questions about how the universe works and wants to know

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Speaker 1: where it came from and where it's going to go

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Speaker 1: and how it all fits together. So thanks very much

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Speaker 1: for joining us on our journey of curiosity. My typical

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Speaker 1: co host Orge isn't with us today, and so we

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Speaker 1: have our wonderful and hilarious and very punny co host,

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Speaker 1: Kelly Weener Smith. Thanks for joining us.

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Speaker 5: Kelly, thanks for having me. I'm super excited about today's question.

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Speaker 1: Awesome, And you know, on this podcast we often talk

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Speaker 1: about things that are very far away. We're very distant

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Speaker 1: in space and time. But we also have questions about

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Speaker 1: things that happen in our backyard. We're very curious about

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Speaker 1: the nature of our environment, how the Earth formed, how

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Speaker 1: the Solar System formed, how it all came together.

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Speaker 5: You have a very broad definition of in our backyard.

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Speaker 1: That's true. I guess parasitologists, when you talk about backyard,

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Speaker 1: you mean literally like what's inside my fence, right, That's

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Speaker 1: exactly what I mean. Cosmologically speaking, though, our backyard to

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Speaker 1: me is like the stuff that formed with us, that

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Speaker 1: has like a common history that we could like go

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Speaker 1: and visit it and dig up something on an asteroid

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Speaker 1: and from that learned something about the Earth. We have

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Speaker 1: like answers in common and actually, later on in the episode,

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Speaker 1: we're gonna hear a really cool story about how asteroids

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Speaker 1: told us something about the history of our planet and

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Speaker 1: how uranium was involved. But you might look at our

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Speaker 1: planet and think, like, hmm, it looks kind of different

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Speaker 1: from the other planets. I mean, like, we have, for example,

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Speaker 1: a nice surface, and we have water, and we have

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Speaker 1: an atmosphere, and you know the Moon doesn't have that,

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Speaker 1: and Jupiter and Saturn and Neptune and Urinus, these planets

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Speaker 1: all look very different from ours, and so you might

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Speaker 1: wonder like, did they form differently? Are they made of

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Speaker 1: the same stuff? What do we really know about what's

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Speaker 1: going on in the rest of the Solar System and

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Speaker 1: how is it all connected? And so we thought a

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Speaker 1: fun question to dig into would be to ask questions

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Speaker 1: about what's going on inside these other big planets.

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Speaker 5: That's a great question. I've been reading a bit about

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Speaker 5: what is on the various different planets that I'm always

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Speaker 5: prized by, well by how much overlap there tends to be,

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Speaker 5: but also the important things that seem to be missing,

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Speaker 5: like carbon on the Moon. It's going to be really

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Speaker 5: hard to grow plants on the Moon with no carbon.

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Speaker 1: Do you have plans to go plants on the Moon?

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Speaker 5: I do not, but plenty of people do. Fun fact,

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Speaker 5: the most concentrated carbon on the Moon is probably the

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Speaker 5: bags of feces that the Apollo astronaut left behind. And

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Speaker 5: this is why I don't get invited to parties.

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Speaker 1: Are those frozen remains from the astronauts also useful because

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Speaker 1: they contain like the microbiome of those astronauts from what

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Speaker 1: they were eating like forty years ago.

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Speaker 5: I don't think that microbiome is going to be useful

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Speaker 5: for much anymore. But I also think that according to

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Speaker 5: the Outer Space Treaty, those bags of feces technically still

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Speaker 5: belong to NASA, So I guess it depends on what

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Speaker 5: NASA wants to do with them.

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Speaker 1: Well, if they become an important resource, we could end

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Speaker 1: up with an international or interstellar war sparked by astronaut remains.

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Speaker 5: So why hasn't someone written about that yet? Massive lost opportunity.

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Speaker 5: Contact us if you need book ideas.

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Speaker 1: Guys, I'm sure somebody out there has written that science

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Speaker 1: fiction story already. But we're not so interested in where

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Speaker 1: astronauts have left their remains. We're interested in whether there

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Speaker 1: are really big, heavy materials on other planets, some of

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Speaker 1: the most exotics, some of the most amazing, some of

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Speaker 1: the weirdest things we find on Earth. We were wondering

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Speaker 1: if they also exist on other planets.

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Speaker 5: And so today we will be asking is there uranium

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Speaker 5: on Urinus?

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Speaker 6: Now?

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Speaker 1: I notice you very carefully pronouncing the title of the

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Speaker 1: planet Uranus.

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Speaker 5: Yes, very carefully. I have a seven year old at home,

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Speaker 5: and so I have to be careful to not edge

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Speaker 5: anywhere near that word. Otherwise I can't talk to her

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Speaker 5: for about three hours because she's laughing too.

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Speaker 1: Hard and me as well. But is there an option

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Speaker 1: to pronounce uranium with the same rhythm, like, could you

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Speaker 1: say uranium? How do you even say that uranium?

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Speaker 5: Uranium? As question, I've never thought about it. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: Is there uranium on Uraniness? Sorry, no, I got it backwards.

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Speaker 1: Is there is there uranium? Is there uranium on Urinus?

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Speaker 1: There we go, and the rest of the podcast will

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Speaker 1: just be us giggling.

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Speaker 5: I control yourself, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: But it is a serious scientific question whether uranium only

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Speaker 1: exists on Earth, because you can imagine the future as

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Speaker 1: we're exploring the Solar System, we might want to mine

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Speaker 1: other planets for useful minerals as we're powering our spaceships

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Speaker 1: out of the Solar System or even around the Solar System.

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Speaker 1: And also to me, it's just a fun question to

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Speaker 1: think about, first of all, how it was made in

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Speaker 1: the universe and how it is distributed and where it

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Speaker 1: ended up. You know, is the Earth unique in its

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Speaker 1: collection of heavy metals or is maybe uranium like very

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Speaker 1: common on Urinus and other planets. So I think the

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Speaker 1: more and just a giggle factor this is a serious scientific.

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Speaker 5: Question, very serious, very serious.

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Speaker 1: Yes, So putting on our serious faces, I went out

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Speaker 1: there and I asked folks on the internet listeners to

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Speaker 1: this show whether they thought there was uranium on urinus. So,

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Speaker 1: if you would like to participate for future rounds of

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Speaker 1: the podcast and like to play along at home, please

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Speaker 1: write to me two questions at Danielandhorge dot com. I'd

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Speaker 1: love to hear your answers. I know you're out there.

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Speaker 1: You've been listening to the podcast for years and have

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Speaker 1: never written in. Today is the day you write in,

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Speaker 1: So think about it for a minute before you listen

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Speaker 1: to these answers. Do you think there's uranium on urinus?

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Speaker 1: Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 3: Since Earth has it, and all the other planets like Mercury, Mars,

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Speaker 3: asteroids and all that have uranium, Uranus being in our

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Speaker 3: Solar system should have it too, I.

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Speaker 7: Would say that yesterday definitely has to be at least

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Speaker 7: one atom of uranium on uranus, seeing that uranium is

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Speaker 7: distributed throughout the universe and maybe concentrated more on rocky planets.

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Speaker 7: But I guess as if we looked really, really hard,

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Speaker 7: we'd find that one atom.

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Speaker 8: Yeah, why not. I guess it's a pretty big planet

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Speaker 8: and it's mostly gas. But I don't think why there

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Speaker 8: shouldn't be any other stuff than what it's made out of,

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Speaker 8: because meteors and other things are constantly falling into it,

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Speaker 8: and I guess they are bound to be some that

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Speaker 8: consist of or have some uranium in them. So yeah,

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Speaker 8: I'm pretty confident about that.

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Speaker 9: I would guess yes, because you're asking it, But I'm

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Speaker 9: not very confident in that answer.

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Speaker 10: I'm going to guess no. Urinus was by people who

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Speaker 10: did not know what uranium was, but they named it

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Speaker 10: after a Greek god in Greek mythology. But what do

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Speaker 10: I know?

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Speaker 6: Yeah, I would think so because if I'm not mistaken,

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Speaker 6: it's a high pressure environment, and I would guess that,

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Speaker 6: you know, heavier elements and radioactivelements like uranium would develop

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Speaker 6: in a higher pressure environment like Uranus, possibly closer toward

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Speaker 6: the core.

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Speaker 9: If there is any uranium on urs I don't think

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Speaker 9: that there would be very much of it. There is

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Speaker 9: probably a small amount scattered to me amongst the or

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Speaker 9: particles from meteorites or just stardust, or maybe it has

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Speaker 9: a rocky core. Know, I think it's mostly ice of

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Speaker 9: light liquids, small molecules frozen, so probably has a lot.

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Speaker 9: But I, you know, I think the two might be

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Speaker 9: related in namesake only.

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Speaker 5: I would say, yes, definitely, at least one particle.

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Speaker 11: I don't know.

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Speaker 6: I don't think that's what the planet is named for,

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Speaker 6: but I don't see a reason why it wouldn't have

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Speaker 6: some uranium.

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Speaker 5: Thanks so much for those answers. There were some really

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Speaker 5: insightful answers in there. And actually when Daniel proposed this

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Speaker 5: question to me initially, it made me realize that I

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Speaker 5: didn't know how Urinus got its name, and I didn't

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Speaker 5: know the answer to this question. And I agreed with

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Speaker 5: some of the listeners. I thought, probably there's there's at

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Speaker 5: least some uranium in Urinus, because it seems like they

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Speaker 5: would sort of have to be like maybe if it

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Speaker 5: was in a comet or an asteroid that slammed into Uranus,

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Speaker 5: even if it wasn't made in there, it might show

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Speaker 5: up there. But I actually didn't know the answer for sure,

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Speaker 5: so I think I was in the same boat as

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Speaker 5: a bunch of these listeners. But it turns out that

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Speaker 5: I don't know too much about Uranus and where it

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Speaker 5: got its name, So can you tell us a bit

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Speaker 5: about that, Daniel, Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I love this question because it has two really the

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Speaker 1: fun science stories, the story of Uranus and the story

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Speaker 1: of uranium, and then it ties them together. So Urinus

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Speaker 1: is a really funny planet because its history is hilarious honestly,

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Speaker 1: first of all, because it was seen many many times

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Speaker 1: before anybody even understood that it was a planet. There's

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Speaker 1: like so many missed opportunities to make like a cosmic

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Speaker 1: scale discovery, leave your mark on humanity. Even back in

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Speaker 1: like one twenty eight BC, Hipparchos saw it, and there's

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Speaker 1: like recordings of people seeing this thing in the sky

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Speaker 1: going back to like sixteen ninety or seventeen fifty. People

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Speaker 1: like saw it and noted it in their journals, but

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Speaker 1: they didn't realize it was a planet for a long time.

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Speaker 5: It still blows my mind that people in like the

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Speaker 5: BC era were looking up at space and had enough

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Speaker 5: of a knowledge about like what belonged to where that

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Speaker 5: they could notice that something new had moved in that

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Speaker 5: like needed to be identified or something. Because you know,

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Speaker 5: I still look up the night sky and I'm like, oh,

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Speaker 5: that's a bunch of stuff up there. Even back then

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Speaker 5: they were doing a much better job than I do

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Speaker 5: at cataloging these things, and I find that very impressive.

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Speaker 5: So what did they think that it was.

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Speaker 1: Well, a lot of people just thought that it was

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Speaker 1: a star. It's sort of dim and slowly moving because

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Speaker 1: it's really far out there in the Solar System, and

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Speaker 1: you know, the further out you are in the Solar System,

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Speaker 1: the slower you orbit, like the actual linear speed is

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Speaker 1: slower because the gravitational pull on the planet is less,

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Speaker 1: so you move less rapidly. So in our sky, Urinus

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Speaker 1: doesn't move very fast. So some people just thought it

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Speaker 1: was a star that like wandered a little bit because

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Speaker 1: you know, it's sort of hard to keep track back

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Speaker 1: in the day about what was moving in the sky

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Speaker 1: and what was induced by the Earth's rotation, et cetera,

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Speaker 1: et cetera, And so for a long time people just

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Speaker 1: thought it was a star. And then the guy who

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Speaker 1: actually discovered it, a guy named Herschel, he saw it

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Speaker 1: in the sky and he thought it was a comet

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Speaker 1: at first, so he didn't even realize it was a planet.

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Speaker 1: So the guy we give credit to for discovering it

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Speaker 1: actually thought it was a comet when he saw it

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Speaker 1: and recorded it.

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Speaker 5: Don't comets tend to move faster than planets. I guess

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Speaker 5: it was like more than two hundred years ago, So

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Speaker 5: calculating this stuff was tough. But why did he think

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Speaker 5: it was a combat?

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Speaker 1: Well, because he did did the calculation very carefully. Because

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Speaker 1: other people looked at his results and his data and

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Speaker 1: they calculated the orbit from his data and they're like, no,

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Speaker 1: that's not the orbit of a comet. That must be

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Speaker 1: a planet. You know what's the difference. The difference is

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Speaker 1: that the comet is like very eccentric orbit. A lot

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Speaker 1: of these things come from like the Ort cloud, like

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Speaker 1: really far out there in the Solar System, and then

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Speaker 1: they zoom in very close to the Sun before zooming out,

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Speaker 1: whereas the planet is like a much larger object that's

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Speaker 1: obviously cleared its field and orbits with a much more

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Speaker 1: circular orbit. Not perfectly circular, but much more circular. And

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Speaker 1: so it was other people who looked at Herschel's data

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Speaker 1: and they decided it was a planet, and it was

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Speaker 1: only Herschel later being like, oh, okay, yeah, I agree

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Speaker 1: with you. What I saw was a planet. So like,

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Speaker 1: I don't even know why he gets credit.

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Speaker 5: For this there, so so did he get to name it.

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Speaker 1: And so then there was like a seventy year argument

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Speaker 1: about how to name it. So Herschel wanted to name

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Speaker 1: it George's Star, which is like a terrible name because

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Speaker 1: it's not a star, so he thought he was a

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Speaker 1: comment and he wanted to name it after a star,

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Speaker 1: which makes no sense. Other people wanted to name it

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Speaker 1: Neptune because we didn't have Neptune yet, or Neptune Great Britain,

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Speaker 1: like even more awkward name if you can imagine. And

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Speaker 1: finally somebody else suggested naming it Uranus, after the god

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Speaker 1: of the sky, you know, to follow this pattern that

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Speaker 1: were naming the planets after these Greek and Roman gods.

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Speaker 1: And so there was a long, like seventy year battle

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Speaker 1: about what to call this thing. One group of people

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Speaker 1: calling it Uranus, another group of people calling it George's Star.

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Speaker 1: And it wasn't until eighteen fifty when the British Navy

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Speaker 1: the bureaucracy finally accepted the name Uranus that it like

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Speaker 1: formally became Uranus. So it was like seventy years when

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Speaker 1: people were arguing about it, like just what to call

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Speaker 1: this thing?

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Speaker 5: So, like did they know what they were doing at

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Speaker 5: the time, because anatomy was pretty far along at that point.

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Speaker 5: Did they realize school children would be laughing for generations

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Speaker 5: to come, or had all the body parts not been

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Speaker 5: quite named yet at that point.

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Speaker 1: That is a great question, and it might also have

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Speaker 1: to do with like the evolution of the British accent. Right,

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Speaker 1: I don't know what that word sounded like one hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty years ago, or what those two words that

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Speaker 1: you have in mind sounded like, and if they sounded

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Speaker 1: more or less similar, that's a great question. Linguists out

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Speaker 1: there were historians of the British accent, please write to

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Speaker 1: us and let us know how similar those two words

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Speaker 1: sounded over the years.

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Speaker 5: We asked the big question.

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Speaker 1: We do, that's right, We go all the way up

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Speaker 1: there and ask all the big questions. But you know,

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Speaker 1: it turns out to be scientifically a really fascinating planet

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Speaker 1: for lots of reasons. One reason is that it's a

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Speaker 1: great example of a giant planet that's not a gas giant,

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Speaker 1: right like Jupiter and Saturn. We call these planets gas

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Speaker 1: giants because they're mostly hydrogen, but Neptune and Urinus we

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Speaker 1: call them ice giants. Because they really are a different

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Speaker 1: composition and.

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Speaker 5: Is that water ice or is that some other kind

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Speaker 5: of ice.

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Speaker 1: So there's a mixture of water ice and ammonia and

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Speaker 1: also methane, and the difference is really that there's sort

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Speaker 1: of like a race to get the gas. Like in

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Speaker 1: the formation of the Solar system, you start out with

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Speaker 1: a huge blob of stuff which is mostly hydrogen, and

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Speaker 1: then you know there's some rock and some water and

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Speaker 1: some other stuff, but really by mass, it's almost all hydrogen,

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Speaker 1: and almost all of it got grabbed by the Sun.

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Speaker 1: Right the whole Solar system is formed, because the Sun

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Speaker 1: begins this gravitation will collapse and because it becomes very

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Speaker 1: quickly the densest thing, the heaviest thing, then it grabs

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Speaker 1: all the gas. Like hydrogen, gas is very light and

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Speaker 1: so gravity pulls on it very effectively. So then to

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Speaker 1: have any gas, to accumulate any gas, you have to

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Speaker 1: build up enough mass to steal some from the forming Sun,

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Speaker 1: and so if you don't get big enough fast enough,

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Speaker 1: then you don't really get very much gas. So Jupiter

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Speaker 1: and Saturn like past this point where they can sort

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Speaker 1: of have a runaway effect and grab some of the

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Speaker 1: gas before the Sun got almost all of it, but

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Speaker 1: Neptune and Urinus didn't get big enough fast enough, so

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Speaker 1: they just ended up like a blob of ice and rock.

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Speaker 5: So like the Moon and Mars didn't get most those

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Speaker 5: gas either, and then Earth got theirs from getting collided

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Speaker 5: with stuff.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and we have a whole fun episode about how

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Speaker 1: the Earth got its atmosphere. It had a little bit

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Speaker 1: of gas in the beginning, but then it was mostly

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Speaker 1: stolen away by the Sun and blown off, and then

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Speaker 1: it later recreated its atmosphere from volcanoes and commentary collisions.

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Speaker 1: It's an incredible story. And that's one of the things

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Speaker 1: I love about these questions is that it tells you

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Speaker 1: the rich, rich history of the Solar System. It's not

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Speaker 1: just like, oh, the planet's formed and then they were

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Speaker 1: zooming around for four and a half billion years. Like

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Speaker 1: there are twists and turns and new characters and like

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Speaker 1: lost characters and probably planets that existed in the Solar

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Speaker 1: System for millions or billions of years, which are now

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Speaker 1: lost because they've been thrown out when Jupiter went like

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Speaker 1: in and then out again. It's a crazy story. It's

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Speaker 1: like a soap opera.

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Speaker 5: And it's amazing we've figured any of it out. Yes,

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Speaker 5: so Urinus didn't manage to grab this stuff, and then

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Speaker 5: it didn't have the like help that Earth had to

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Speaker 5: get it with all of that other stuff, and so

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Speaker 5: that's how it ended up with not a lot of guess.

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Speaker 1: Right, And so we don't actually know that much about

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Speaker 1: what's in Urinus. We have a model roughly for what

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Speaker 1: it looks like, but it's important to realize that we

401
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Speaker 1: haven't really studied it very much. We've looked at it

402
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Speaker 1: with telescopes. We sent one probe by it, Voyager two,

403
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Speaker 1: but that's really the only close flyby of Uranus we've

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Speaker 1: ever had. And so we have a model for what's

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Speaker 1: going on inside it, which comes mostly from these models

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Speaker 1: of solar system formation, like what do we think had

407
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Speaker 1: time to get in there? And that model looks like

408
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Speaker 1: a rocky core, so like basically a huge rock about

409
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Speaker 1: like half of the mass of the Earth and that's

410
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Speaker 1: at the very center of it, and then it's surrounded

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Speaker 1: most of the mass of Urinus is this icy mantle

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Speaker 1: and you know, we say ice, but it's mostly like

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Speaker 1: a big water ammonia ocean. It's like liquid or it's

414
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Speaker 1: fluid at least it's under a lot of pressure, so

415
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Speaker 1: it can still move and flow sort of the way

416
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Speaker 1: the Earth's mantle can, but you wouldn't say necessarily that

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Speaker 1: it's liquid.

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Speaker 5: So I think I'm getting confused yet. So we you know,

419
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Speaker 5: when we were talking about it not up a bunch

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Speaker 5: of stuff. Where did all this water and ammonia come from?

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Speaker 5: Was that just stuff it got lucky to grab initially,

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Speaker 5: or did it come somewhere else from Earth? I feel

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Speaker 5: like I already asked this question, but now I'm confused

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Speaker 5: about where all this water came from.

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Speaker 1: Right, So there's a huge amount of water and ice

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Speaker 1: and ammonia in the Solar system. So the initial formation

427
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Speaker 1: of the Solar system, you have this cloud of hydrogen.

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Speaker 1: Most of the hydrogen went to the gas giants, but

429
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Speaker 1: the other stuff is heavier, it's slower, and so it's

430
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Speaker 1: sort of more likely to accumulate where it was initially.

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Speaker 1: And this stuff is far enough out from the Sun

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Speaker 1: that it stays frozen, so like the water is in

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Speaker 1: ice form and the ammonia is frozen. And so all

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Speaker 1: of this stuff that formed Urinus and Neptune, that was

435
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Speaker 1: the stuff that was sort of in the outskirts of

436
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Speaker 1: the Solar System originally and then just sort of like coalesced.

437
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Speaker 1: Like even further out in the Solar System is the

438
00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:49,080
Speaker 1: Ort Cloud, which is a bunch more frozen objects that

439
00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:52,040
Speaker 1: become comets, and those are also just balls of ice.

440
00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:54,720
Speaker 1: So everything that's really really far out in the Solar

441
00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:57,400
Speaker 1: System is basically just rock and ice at this point,

442
00:21:57,440 --> 00:22:00,720
Speaker 1: and it pulls together to form these ice giant planets.

443
00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:01,680
Speaker 5: I'm with you now.

444
00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:03,560
Speaker 1: So the core of it is this big rock, and

445
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,119
Speaker 1: then outside of that, like thirteen masses of the Earth,

446
00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:11,000
Speaker 1: is this hot, dense fluid. It's not frozen, right, It's

447
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,240
Speaker 1: called ice, but it's not frozen. It's very confusing, so

448
00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:17,080
Speaker 1: it's sort of like an ocean. It's more like liquid,

449
00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,320
Speaker 1: but it's not technically in that phase. So chemists out

450
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:22,479
Speaker 1: there will be particular about how this is referred to,

451
00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:25,400
Speaker 1: but they do definitely call it an ice, and that's

452
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:28,440
Speaker 1: what most of Urinus is. And then outside of that,

453
00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:31,399
Speaker 1: there's like an envelope. There's an atmosphere that's like another

454
00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:33,520
Speaker 1: half the mass of the Earth, and that has some

455
00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:36,040
Speaker 1: hydrogen and some other gases in it. That's sort of

456
00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:37,960
Speaker 1: like the triple layers of Urinus.

457
00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:40,640
Speaker 5: So I watch a bunch of kids shows with my kids,

458
00:22:40,880 --> 00:22:43,080
Speaker 5: and I feel like the one fact about Urinus that

459
00:22:43,119 --> 00:22:45,840
Speaker 5: we always hear is that it rotates on its side.

460
00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:49,639
Speaker 5: Do we know why it's rotated? Why all those layers

461
00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:52,160
Speaker 5: are rotating the wrong way? Did it get hit by

462
00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:54,600
Speaker 5: something and sort of knocked off kilter.

463
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:57,520
Speaker 1: It's super cool that it's doing that, because, as you say,

464
00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:00,840
Speaker 1: it's evidence that something happened, And the reason it has

465
00:23:00,920 --> 00:23:03,439
Speaker 1: to be evidence that something happened is that we're pretty

466
00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:06,720
Speaker 1: sure a planet can't just naturally form that way. You

467
00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:09,480
Speaker 1: notice that, like all the planets are sort of in

468
00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:11,879
Speaker 1: the same plane. That's the plane we call the ecliptic,

469
00:23:12,160 --> 00:23:15,560
Speaker 1: and it's also very well aligned with how the Sun rotates.

470
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:17,959
Speaker 1: So the Sun is spinning as well. Right, it's not

471
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:19,840
Speaker 1: just sitting there in the center of the Solar System.

472
00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:22,640
Speaker 1: It spins and the planets spin around it, and each

473
00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:25,960
Speaker 1: of the planets then spin around their axes, and almost

474
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:28,560
Speaker 1: all of this spin is in the same direction. Like

475
00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:30,439
Speaker 1: if you drew a line between the north and the

476
00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:33,040
Speaker 1: south pole of the Sun, that would give you an axis.

477
00:23:33,359 --> 00:23:36,000
Speaker 1: And most of the Solar System is on a plane

478
00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,120
Speaker 1: perpendicular to that, and most of the planets rotate around

479
00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:41,560
Speaker 1: their own axis that's parallel to the Sun's axis. So

480
00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:44,240
Speaker 1: for most of the Solar System it's very well organized.

481
00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:46,399
Speaker 1: And that's not like a coincidence. It's not like it

482
00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:48,600
Speaker 1: just happened to end up that way, like we could

483
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,360
Speaker 1: have had planets in any random direction. It comes from

484
00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:54,840
Speaker 1: angular momentum conservation. Like when something is spinning, it has

485
00:23:54,880 --> 00:23:56,679
Speaker 1: to keep spinning. There's no way to like for it

486
00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:59,160
Speaker 1: to stop spinning unless you come in with something from

487
00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:02,159
Speaker 1: the outside, Like if you start a top spinning in space,

488
00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:04,440
Speaker 1: it's just going to keep going forever. And that's what

489
00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:08,200
Speaker 1: happened with the Solar System, is that it collapses gravitationally

490
00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:10,320
Speaker 1: but has to keep spinning, and so it has to

491
00:24:10,359 --> 00:24:13,760
Speaker 1: keep spinning around that original axis. It can collapse sort

492
00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:16,080
Speaker 1: of parallel to that axis, which is why you get

493
00:24:16,119 --> 00:24:19,440
Speaker 1: a flat disc, but the disc itself can't collapse much

494
00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:22,360
Speaker 1: further because it has to keep spinning. So everything spinning

495
00:24:22,440 --> 00:24:25,800
Speaker 1: sort of along the same axis. So to get Urinus

496
00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:28,560
Speaker 1: knocked over on its side requires, as you said, like

497
00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:32,920
Speaker 1: some huge rock like a lost moon or another planet

498
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,960
Speaker 1: somehow that banged into it and knocked it over, So

499
00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:39,160
Speaker 1: it's really is evidence of like an incredible cosmic collision.

500
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:40,560
Speaker 5: I feel like I'm just going to go ahead and

501
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:43,080
Speaker 5: blame Jupiter because it seems like the answer for so

502
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:46,080
Speaker 5: many things is, well, Jupiter did something weird and that

503
00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:48,480
Speaker 5: might not be consistent, but I'm going to go ahead

504
00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:49,440
Speaker 5: and blame Jupiter anyway.

505
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:52,159
Speaker 1: We don't really is that your parenting strategy, You're like,

506
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:54,600
Speaker 1: you pick one kid who's always to blame. You're like, look,

507
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:56,320
Speaker 1: I didn't see it, but it's usually you.

508
00:24:56,960 --> 00:24:59,119
Speaker 5: But I pretty much know the No, Actually it's the

509
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,560
Speaker 5: dog that I usually There you go. The dog is

510
00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:03,960
Speaker 5: the source of chaos, Yes.

511
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:03,960
Speaker 7: You know.

512
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,800
Speaker 1: I think that's an underappreciated role of dogs in human history.

513
00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:10,040
Speaker 1: You know, it's just taken the blame for other people's

514
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:14,000
Speaker 1: misdeeds or farts around the campfire or all sorts of stuff.

515
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:18,159
Speaker 5: She is the scapegoat, but she's a good sport about it.

516
00:25:18,359 --> 00:25:21,880
Speaker 5: All right. Well, so now we're all on board about

517
00:25:22,119 --> 00:25:24,639
Speaker 5: what Urinus is like. So I think it's time that

518
00:25:24,680 --> 00:25:31,160
Speaker 5: we take a little break and then we'll get to uranium.

519
00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:34,880
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569
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570
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Speaker 5: Okay, so now we've talked about what we know about uranus,

588
00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:19,000
Speaker 5: and uranus and uranium sound really similar, So let's learn

589
00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:21,360
Speaker 5: about uranium and see if there's any connection there.

590
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:24,520
Speaker 1: So there actually is some connection in the name. I

591
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,360
Speaker 1: mentioned earlier that when they discovered the planet there was

592
00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:29,320
Speaker 1: a bit of an argument about what to name it,

593
00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:34,160
Speaker 1: and so uranium was discovered about eight years after Uranus,

594
00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:38,160
Speaker 1: and the guy who named uranium uranium did so sort

595
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:41,479
Speaker 1: of to vote for Uranus as the name of the planet.

596
00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:45,160
Speaker 1: He was like naming uranium after this newly discovered planet.

597
00:29:45,240 --> 00:29:49,400
Speaker 1: He wanted to influence the astronomy community towards the name Uranus.

598
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,440
Speaker 5: Whoa so did he have any influence like he did it?

599
00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:53,640
Speaker 5: But did it matter? Do we know?

600
00:29:53,840 --> 00:29:55,800
Speaker 1: I don't know. We have to run the counter experiment

601
00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:57,720
Speaker 1: or we see what would have happened if you hadn't

602
00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:00,320
Speaker 1: done that. I'm not sure, but I think it was

603
00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 1: always going to be Urinus. It's just, you know, going

604
00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:05,040
Speaker 1: to be a matter of time before the British bureaucracy

605
00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:05,600
Speaker 1: gave it up.

606
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:08,760
Speaker 5: What a kind of crummy reason for naming an element, though,

607
00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:12,360
Speaker 5: like unless there's some astronomy connection there to just be

608
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:13,920
Speaker 5: like no, no, I really want you to do this

609
00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:16,360
Speaker 5: naming thing. But anyway, I guess you know we're off.

610
00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:18,959
Speaker 5: Our logic is sometimes contoluted.

611
00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:21,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, And you know, you discover something, you get to

612
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:23,000
Speaker 1: name it. You don't always have a good reason. As

613
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,000
Speaker 1: we talk about a lot on this podcast, some of

614
00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:27,480
Speaker 1: these names are pretty whimsical and pretty ridiculous. I mean,

615
00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:31,160
Speaker 1: there's like Berkeleham and CALIFORNICAM and America and the data

616
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:32,720
Speaker 1: names of the elements are pretty silly.

617
00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:36,040
Speaker 5: Fair enough, some of them are fun to say, like Cereal.

618
00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:38,000
Speaker 1: But as we talked about earlier, the planets each have

619
00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:40,800
Speaker 1: a really cool story. Each of the elements also has

620
00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:44,240
Speaker 1: a really really cool story that goes back much much

621
00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:48,000
Speaker 1: further than the story of our particular solar system.

622
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:49,560
Speaker 5: So tell us about how this one was found.

623
00:30:49,640 --> 00:30:52,240
Speaker 1: So the important thing to understand about uranium is that

624
00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:56,320
Speaker 1: it's not made primordially like the very beginning of the universe,

625
00:30:56,440 --> 00:30:59,040
Speaker 1: when things are super hot and dance and this particles

626
00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:02,240
Speaker 1: whizzing around everywhere, and then things are cooling down. Just

627
00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:05,480
Speaker 1: after the Big Bang, we get atoms formed, but mostly

628
00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:09,280
Speaker 1: we just made hydrogen and a very small amount of helium.

629
00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:12,280
Speaker 1: So the very early universe is basically just like a

630
00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:16,840
Speaker 1: huge hydrogen cloud. Definitely no uranium, so uranium does not

631
00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:19,320
Speaker 1: date back to the beginning of the Big Bang, Like

632
00:31:19,560 --> 00:31:21,880
Speaker 1: the electrons in your body and the protons in your

633
00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:26,280
Speaker 1: body are probably older than every uranium nucleus out there,

634
00:31:26,360 --> 00:31:29,040
Speaker 1: so uranium came later, right, It took a while to

635
00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:31,840
Speaker 1: make uranium in our universe. It's really cool, and we're

636
00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:34,280
Speaker 1: gonna do a whole podcast episode focused just on like

637
00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:36,560
Speaker 1: what is out there in the universe and how it

638
00:31:36,640 --> 00:31:39,000
Speaker 1: is made in the relative population of all these materials

639
00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:41,280
Speaker 1: because they all tell such cool stories, and it took

640
00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:43,480
Speaker 1: a while for people to figure out, like, well, where

641
00:31:43,480 --> 00:31:45,720
Speaker 1: did all the rest of this stuff come from. Like

642
00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:49,520
Speaker 1: once they realized that you couldn't make anything heavier than

643
00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:52,200
Speaker 1: helium or a little bit of lithium in the Big Bang,

644
00:31:52,480 --> 00:31:54,600
Speaker 1: they had to look around to find a place in

645
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:57,560
Speaker 1: the universe to make these heavier elements, and it took

646
00:31:57,600 --> 00:31:59,440
Speaker 1: people a while, but they figured out that some of

647
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:02,640
Speaker 1: the elements could be made, of course, inside stars.

648
00:32:02,360 --> 00:32:05,400
Speaker 5: And it's the intense heat and pressure that allows you

649
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:06,200
Speaker 5: to make these things.

650
00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:09,320
Speaker 1: Yes, stars operate by fusion, right, so they are glowing

651
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:13,120
Speaker 1: and super hot, and they're this exciting balance between gravity,

652
00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:15,280
Speaker 1: which is compressing all of this stuff. It's like a

653
00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:17,959
Speaker 1: runaway effect where you get this huge compression of all

654
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,440
Speaker 1: this hydrogen gas and then fusion. If you get all

655
00:32:21,480 --> 00:32:25,280
Speaker 1: these protons close enough together, you squeeze them together, you

656
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,880
Speaker 1: overcome the fact that they like to repel each other

657
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:30,880
Speaker 1: because they're both two positive charges, and eventually they form

658
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:35,280
Speaker 1: heavier stuff. So two hydrogen atoms confuse together to form helium,

659
00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:38,480
Speaker 1: and helium confuse together to form heavier stuff. And if

660
00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:40,480
Speaker 1: you have a big enough star, then the products of

661
00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:43,840
Speaker 1: one fusion cycle, like the helium from fusing hydrogen, can

662
00:32:43,880 --> 00:32:46,120
Speaker 1: become the fuel for the next one, and then the

663
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:48,520
Speaker 1: fuel for the next one, and really big stars. They

664
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:52,320
Speaker 1: develop these incredible layers. We have like hydrogen on the outside,

665
00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:54,400
Speaker 1: and then a layer of helium, and then a layer

666
00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:56,200
Speaker 1: of something heavier and a layer of something heavier. You

667
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:59,240
Speaker 1: go calcium and oxygen all the way up and the

668
00:32:59,280 --> 00:33:02,840
Speaker 1: biggest st They can fuse stuff all the way up

669
00:33:02,880 --> 00:33:06,280
Speaker 1: to iron. So iron is element fifty six, and it

670
00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:09,720
Speaker 1: means that at the core something is fusing two elements

671
00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:12,320
Speaker 1: together and producing iron, and that's where a lot of

672
00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:14,400
Speaker 1: these elements that are too heavy to have been made

673
00:33:14,440 --> 00:33:17,560
Speaker 1: in the Big Bang are made. But stars can only

674
00:33:17,640 --> 00:33:21,520
Speaker 1: fuse up to iron. Like before, iron anything lighter than iron.

675
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,120
Speaker 1: If you fuse it, you get a byproduct and you

676
00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:27,320
Speaker 1: get energy out. That's how the star glows. But iron,

677
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:30,320
Speaker 1: if you try to fuse iron together, it actually costs

678
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,360
Speaker 1: you energy. So if you fuse iron together, you'll cool

679
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:35,960
Speaker 1: down the star. You'll kill the star if you try

680
00:33:35,960 --> 00:33:37,000
Speaker 1: to fuse iron together.

681
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,880
Speaker 5: But we have stuff higher than iron, and so is

682
00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:43,560
Speaker 5: stuff higher than iron made in dying stars.

683
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:46,160
Speaker 1: So for a long time people really didn't understand this.

684
00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:48,720
Speaker 1: They're like, well, stars can't make higher than iron. But

685
00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:51,440
Speaker 1: as you say, obviously we have like gold and platinum

686
00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:54,520
Speaker 1: and plutonium and uranium. Where do all these things come from?

687
00:33:54,680 --> 00:33:56,600
Speaker 1: And so people thought for a while, as you said,

688
00:33:56,600 --> 00:33:59,680
Speaker 1: that maybe they come from supernova, that maybe the special

689
00:33:59,760 --> 00:34:03,920
Speaker 1: can additions when a star explodes might be enough to trigger,

690
00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:06,840
Speaker 1: you know, this kind of heavier element fusion. But the

691
00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:10,640
Speaker 1: story didn't really hang together, like it's potentially possible for

692
00:34:10,719 --> 00:34:12,920
Speaker 1: this to happen, but they didn't really see evidence for

693
00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:16,200
Speaker 1: it around supernova. And the problem is that this process

694
00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:18,680
Speaker 1: is very delicate. Like above iron, in order to make

695
00:34:18,719 --> 00:34:22,080
Speaker 1: something heavier, you need to absorb like multiple neutrons at

696
00:34:22,120 --> 00:34:25,040
Speaker 1: the same time. Like if you absorb one neutron, you

697
00:34:25,120 --> 00:34:27,560
Speaker 1: become very unstable and just break up. If you absorb

698
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:31,040
Speaker 1: two neutrons, then boom, you can transmute into this heavier thing.

699
00:34:31,200 --> 00:34:34,800
Speaker 1: So you have to like absorb two neutrons almost simultaneously.

700
00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:38,080
Speaker 1: It's called this our process for rapid process. And to

701
00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:40,360
Speaker 1: do that, you need like a lot of neutrons around

702
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:42,600
Speaker 1: you so that you have like enough that sometimes you'll

703
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:44,520
Speaker 1: get two of them coming in at the same time.

704
00:34:44,680 --> 00:34:46,759
Speaker 1: And that's very difficult to do in the environment of

705
00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:50,400
Speaker 1: a supernova because supernova is expanding, it's exploding. And the

706
00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:53,359
Speaker 1: other problem with supernova's is that while they might make

707
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:55,799
Speaker 1: some of this stuff, they don't really like eject it

708
00:34:55,880 --> 00:34:58,120
Speaker 1: out there into the Solar system. We don't just want

709
00:34:58,120 --> 00:35:00,680
Speaker 1: to make uranium. We need to make your and then

710
00:35:00,680 --> 00:35:03,040
Speaker 1: have it be the seeds for a future solar system.

711
00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:05,319
Speaker 1: If it's just made inside a star and then like

712
00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:07,640
Speaker 1: kept inside the remnant of that star, it's not going

713
00:35:07,719 --> 00:35:10,160
Speaker 1: to end up here on Earth or it's part of

714
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:13,759
Speaker 1: our Solar system. So recently people found another way to

715
00:35:13,880 --> 00:35:17,759
Speaker 1: make these super duper heavy elements that wasn't just supernovas.

716
00:35:17,840 --> 00:35:19,440
Speaker 5: The suspense is killing me, what is it?

717
00:35:19,520 --> 00:35:21,600
Speaker 1: So the answer to how to get a bunch of

718
00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:24,719
Speaker 1: neutrons together, like a really high density of neutrons so

719
00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:27,400
Speaker 1: you can do this kind of thing is neutron stars.

720
00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:30,560
Speaker 1: Neutron stars are these remnants of old dead stars, right,

721
00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:32,840
Speaker 1: they've already blown up and collapsed, and they have this

722
00:35:32,960 --> 00:35:36,920
Speaker 1: leftover core that's super incredibly dense. Now, when two of

723
00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:40,320
Speaker 1: these things collide, like two neutron stars in a binary system,

724
00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:43,400
Speaker 1: for example, spiral into each other and collide, then you

725
00:35:43,440 --> 00:35:48,319
Speaker 1: get this incredible cataclysmic event of really unparalleled density not

726
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:50,919
Speaker 1: enough to become a black hole, but to form maybe

727
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,279
Speaker 1: a larger neutron star or to blow some of this

728
00:35:53,280 --> 00:35:57,319
Speaker 1: stuff out. And so recently, because of gravitational wave observatories,

729
00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:00,680
Speaker 1: we've been able to see these neutron star collisions. And

730
00:36:00,719 --> 00:36:02,640
Speaker 1: the really cool thing is that you can see the

731
00:36:02,680 --> 00:36:06,480
Speaker 1: gravitational waves that they make, like actual shaking of space

732
00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:08,759
Speaker 1: because they're so dense. You can also look at them

733
00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:11,600
Speaker 1: with telescopes and you can see the light that comes

734
00:36:11,640 --> 00:36:13,479
Speaker 1: from them. So like you can see it in two

735
00:36:13,719 --> 00:36:17,600
Speaker 1: totally different ways, the gravitational waves and in the optical.

736
00:36:17,680 --> 00:36:19,640
Speaker 1: And when they look in the optical they see light

737
00:36:19,719 --> 00:36:22,560
Speaker 1: coming from these and they can see light from like

738
00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:26,720
Speaker 1: excited gold or excited uranium. These like gases of gold

739
00:36:26,719 --> 00:36:30,120
Speaker 1: and uranium get thrown out into the universe and because

740
00:36:30,160 --> 00:36:32,719
Speaker 1: they're hot, they emit light and it has a particular

741
00:36:32,880 --> 00:36:35,920
Speaker 1: fingerprint and we can see it here on Earth. So

742
00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:38,759
Speaker 1: we have seen the birth of these super heavy elements

743
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:40,279
Speaker 1: in neutron star collisions.

744
00:36:40,440 --> 00:36:43,760
Speaker 5: So that's totally wild. So that seems like two super

745
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:47,719
Speaker 5: rare conditions that need to come together, and that has

746
00:36:47,760 --> 00:36:51,200
Speaker 5: produced everything above iron. So many of those things are

747
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:54,160
Speaker 5: things that we depend on and so like, did any

748
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:56,880
Speaker 5: of that happen in our solar system? How did it

749
00:36:56,920 --> 00:36:57,359
Speaker 5: get here?

750
00:36:57,680 --> 00:37:00,400
Speaker 1: Absolutely none of that could happen in our solar system.

751
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:03,440
Speaker 1: There's nowhere in our solar system that is capable of

752
00:37:03,480 --> 00:37:06,080
Speaker 1: making these things. Like even at the heart of our star,

753
00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:09,399
Speaker 1: all they can do is burn helium or hydrogen. Right,

754
00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:10,960
Speaker 1: our star is not going to be big enough to

755
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,760
Speaker 1: even make iron. And so that means that every heavy

756
00:37:13,840 --> 00:37:16,240
Speaker 1: metal that you see, if you're wearing a gold wedding

757
00:37:16,280 --> 00:37:19,160
Speaker 1: ring right now, that gold was made probably in a

758
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:24,160
Speaker 1: neutron star collision before our solar system was even formed. Right,

759
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:26,520
Speaker 1: So all of the uranium, all the gold, all the

760
00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:30,440
Speaker 1: heavy elements in our solar system predate our solar system completely.

761
00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:33,759
Speaker 1: And our solar system comes from gathering together the remnants

762
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:37,640
Speaker 1: of a previous solar system. Some stars died and became

763
00:37:37,719 --> 00:37:40,160
Speaker 1: neutron stars and then collide it together and made these

764
00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:44,160
Speaker 1: heavy elements and spewed them out into some gas cloud

765
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:48,480
Speaker 1: which then coalesced into our solar system, still mostly hydrogen,

766
00:37:48,719 --> 00:37:51,560
Speaker 1: but with a few nuggets of these heavier interesting things

767
00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:53,000
Speaker 1: to like spice it up a little bit.

768
00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:55,759
Speaker 5: Science is so beautiful, you know, you walk around and

769
00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:57,439
Speaker 5: now you know this stuff and you see the whole

770
00:37:57,440 --> 00:37:59,880
Speaker 5: world differently, Like anyway, the next time I'm walking through

771
00:37:59,880 --> 00:38:02,480
Speaker 5: a jewelry store, maybe all appreciate it.

772
00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:05,239
Speaker 1: It is really incredible, especially these heavy with things like

773
00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:08,960
Speaker 1: gold and platinum and plutonium and uranium. They're so difficult

774
00:38:08,960 --> 00:38:11,720
Speaker 1: to make, and so that tells you that something crazy

775
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:15,320
Speaker 1: must have happened really far away, a really long time ago.

776
00:38:15,719 --> 00:38:18,799
Speaker 1: And so yeah, these elements on your fingers are much

777
00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:21,960
Speaker 1: older than the Earth itself, right, Like that gold's been

778
00:38:21,960 --> 00:38:24,879
Speaker 1: hanging out before the Earth was even formed, and it's

779
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:25,840
Speaker 1: super amazing.

780
00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:30,040
Speaker 5: So this stuff got made in not in our solar system,

781
00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:32,160
Speaker 5: but it ended up in our solar system. And so

782
00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:35,120
Speaker 5: because it was made before our solar system, is it

783
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:39,480
Speaker 5: sort of evenly distributed between the stuff that we have

784
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:41,359
Speaker 5: in our solar system or did it sort of get

785
00:38:41,440 --> 00:38:44,000
Speaker 5: clumpy and sucked into certain bodies and not others.

786
00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:46,239
Speaker 1: That is a great question, and that is really the

787
00:38:46,320 --> 00:38:48,600
Speaker 1: heart of the question. We haven't been able to study

788
00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:51,560
Speaker 1: that in great detail because the only example we really

789
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:54,360
Speaker 1: can study is the Earth and then the few things

790
00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:57,400
Speaker 1: that fall to the Earth from space. You know, like

791
00:38:57,440 --> 00:38:59,680
Speaker 1: you could ask the question, do asteroids have the same

792
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:03,520
Speaker 1: composition of stuff as the Earth, and do things further

793
00:39:03,560 --> 00:39:06,720
Speaker 1: out have the same composition of stuff? So the short

794
00:39:06,760 --> 00:39:08,759
Speaker 1: answer is we don't know exactly. We know that there

795
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:11,920
Speaker 1: are variations because of where you are in the Solar System,

796
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,040
Speaker 1: like the further out you are there tend to be

797
00:39:14,080 --> 00:39:17,400
Speaker 1: different things than closer in. But one clue is that

798
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:22,760
Speaker 1: uranium is very very abundant. It's very very widespread. It's

799
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:26,680
Speaker 1: like actually the fifty first most common element on the Earth,

800
00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:28,680
Speaker 1: which you know, doesn't sound it's not in the top

801
00:39:28,719 --> 00:39:31,000
Speaker 1: ten or anything. But if for us such a big

802
00:39:31,040 --> 00:39:34,279
Speaker 1: heavy element and there's more than one hundred elements, it's

803
00:39:34,280 --> 00:39:35,280
Speaker 1: pretty far up there.

804
00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:39,240
Speaker 5: And is it about that common in asteroids and comets

805
00:39:39,239 --> 00:39:41,920
Speaker 5: and stuff as well, or we really only know that

806
00:39:42,040 --> 00:39:42,759
Speaker 5: ranking for Earth.

807
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:44,719
Speaker 1: We know that ranking well for Earth, and a lot

808
00:39:44,719 --> 00:39:47,200
Speaker 1: of the asteroids are different. But when we study asteroids,

809
00:39:47,239 --> 00:39:50,040
Speaker 1: we also do see these things in asteroids. And you know,

810
00:39:50,120 --> 00:39:52,640
Speaker 1: something else that's I think not widely understood is that

811
00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:56,239
Speaker 1: uranium is everywhere. It's basically in all the sand, it's

812
00:39:56,280 --> 00:39:59,520
Speaker 1: in every rock. The biggest supply of uranium we have

813
00:39:59,560 --> 00:40:03,359
Speaker 1: on Earth actually in the Earth's oceans, there's an incredible

814
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:06,319
Speaker 1: amount of uranium just dissolved into the oceans, and these

815
00:40:06,360 --> 00:40:09,160
Speaker 1: days people are thinking about trying to get uranium out

816
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:11,680
Speaker 1: of the water because it might be cheaper than digging

817
00:40:11,719 --> 00:40:16,040
Speaker 1: it out of the ground. So uranium is everywhere all

818
00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:17,160
Speaker 1: over the planet, but it.

819
00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:20,120
Speaker 5: Must be in very low levels because none of us

820
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:22,600
Speaker 5: are worried about getting cancer from swimming in the ocean.

821
00:40:22,680 --> 00:40:23,439
Speaker 5: Is that right?

822
00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:26,560
Speaker 1: That's right. Uranium is sort of just part of this

823
00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:30,040
Speaker 1: radioactive background that exists from living on Earth. You know,

824
00:40:30,080 --> 00:40:33,759
Speaker 1: the Earth is slightly radioactive. Also, we get radiation from

825
00:40:33,760 --> 00:40:36,719
Speaker 1: the sky, you know, from cosmic rays, and so yeah,

826
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:41,080
Speaker 1: there is some effect on our DNA from naturally present

827
00:40:41,320 --> 00:40:44,640
Speaker 1: uranium in the soil, just like there's effects on our

828
00:40:44,719 --> 00:40:47,920
Speaker 1: DNA from muons coming from the sky that occasionally like

829
00:40:48,120 --> 00:40:51,000
Speaker 1: change something or you know, create an error. And that's

830
00:40:51,120 --> 00:40:53,720
Speaker 1: I think an important part of evolution. I think evolution

831
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:57,440
Speaker 1: would have happened differently if we had no radioactive elements

832
00:40:57,440 --> 00:40:59,600
Speaker 1: on Earth. It would have lowered the number of mutations

833
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:02,600
Speaker 1: that occur. Right, It's not something necessarily to be worried about,

834
00:41:02,719 --> 00:41:05,360
Speaker 1: though you shouldn't, you know, isolate uranium and eat a

835
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:07,800
Speaker 1: lot of it or anything, but it is definitely present

836
00:41:07,960 --> 00:41:08,680
Speaker 1: all around us.

837
00:41:08,880 --> 00:41:11,240
Speaker 5: Interesting, and how long have we known about uranium?

838
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:15,680
Speaker 1: So uranium was also discovered or just after uranus, right,

839
00:41:16,080 --> 00:41:19,160
Speaker 1: and so only like more than one hundred years. And

840
00:41:19,239 --> 00:41:22,000
Speaker 1: it was discovered sort of accidentally by a chemist who

841
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:24,960
Speaker 1: was just playing around with something called pitch blend and

842
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:27,320
Speaker 1: dissolving it with stuff, and he came up with something

843
00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:30,239
Speaker 1: that felt to him like a new undiscovered element. And

844
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:33,880
Speaker 1: it was like one hundred years later the people realized

845
00:41:33,880 --> 00:41:35,280
Speaker 1: that it was radioactive.

846
00:41:35,480 --> 00:41:38,880
Speaker 5: Oh, so they had been like studying it without knowing

847
00:41:38,920 --> 00:41:42,239
Speaker 5: they should be careful. I guess we didn't understand radioactivity

848
00:41:42,320 --> 00:41:43,000
Speaker 5: until much later.

849
00:41:43,160 --> 00:41:47,080
Speaker 1: Exactly this was the discovery of radioactivity. So uranium is

850
00:41:47,120 --> 00:41:49,839
Speaker 1: a really important role in science itself. It's the late

851
00:41:49,880 --> 00:41:53,200
Speaker 1: eighteen hundreds when Becquerel sort of left a bunch of

852
00:41:53,320 --> 00:41:56,480
Speaker 1: uranium on a photography plate in a drawer, and he

853
00:41:56,560 --> 00:41:59,080
Speaker 1: came back to found that it had like imprinted itself

854
00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:01,600
Speaker 1: on the plate. It was like in a darkened drawer,

855
00:42:01,680 --> 00:42:04,960
Speaker 1: no light in there, but somehow these blobs of uranium

856
00:42:05,120 --> 00:42:08,400
Speaker 1: left an imprint of fog on this plate. And so

857
00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:10,879
Speaker 1: he realized, hold on a second there's something going on here.

858
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:14,279
Speaker 1: And that was the discovery of radiation that some materials

859
00:42:14,360 --> 00:42:17,440
Speaker 1: like shoot out these particles that can fog a plate,

860
00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:20,800
Speaker 1: and you know, that stimulated the curies and they discovered radium,

861
00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:24,320
Speaker 1: and that you know, really triggered much of nuclear physics

862
00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:26,520
Speaker 1: and modern physics. So it was a real turning point

863
00:42:26,560 --> 00:42:29,440
Speaker 1: sort of in science, this discovery of uranium as a

864
00:42:29,520 --> 00:42:30,440
Speaker 1: radioactive element.

865
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:33,680
Speaker 5: I love these examples of dumb luck, you know, like, whoops,

866
00:42:33,680 --> 00:42:37,200
Speaker 5: I put my uranium down on a photography plate, and

867
00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:40,600
Speaker 5: now the whole direction of science is shifting rapidly to

868
00:42:40,719 --> 00:42:43,719
Speaker 5: understand what radioactivity means, and it's pretty cool.

869
00:42:43,760 --> 00:42:47,279
Speaker 1: Would you rather make a like historic discovery through dumb

870
00:42:47,360 --> 00:42:49,560
Speaker 1: luck so you have a nice anecdote, or through like

871
00:42:49,680 --> 00:42:51,520
Speaker 1: the sheer force of your brilliance?

872
00:42:51,760 --> 00:42:54,640
Speaker 5: I mean, I think I'd probably feel my ego would

873
00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:56,720
Speaker 5: feel better if I did it through the sheer force

874
00:42:56,760 --> 00:42:59,480
Speaker 5: of my brilliance. But I'll take it anyway it comes.

875
00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:01,040
Speaker 5: So randomness is good too.

876
00:43:01,120 --> 00:43:01,359
Speaker 11: Yeah.

877
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,640
Speaker 1: I love these stories of people like looking for one

878
00:43:03,680 --> 00:43:07,360
Speaker 1: thing and then accidentally discovering something else because it reminds

879
00:43:07,360 --> 00:43:10,200
Speaker 1: me to keep my mind open and keep my eyes wide,

880
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:12,960
Speaker 1: because you never know in what experiment is going to

881
00:43:12,960 --> 00:43:16,200
Speaker 1: be the hints of some like crazy discovery. And usually

882
00:43:16,239 --> 00:43:18,600
Speaker 1: once you've made a discovery, people can go back through

883
00:43:18,640 --> 00:43:22,000
Speaker 1: history and find evidence for it beforehand, just like now

884
00:43:22,080 --> 00:43:24,360
Speaker 1: we know Uranus is a planet. We can see in

885
00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:28,040
Speaker 1: data collected hundreds of years earlier in people's log notebooks, like, oh,

886
00:43:28,120 --> 00:43:30,279
Speaker 1: you could have discovered this, you had the data right here.

887
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:34,239
Speaker 1: People have missed opportunities to make incredible discoveries because they

888
00:43:34,239 --> 00:43:36,759
Speaker 1: weren't looking for them or they didn't think about that,

889
00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:39,080
Speaker 1: And so it's a message there. It's like keep your

890
00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:41,560
Speaker 1: mind open because you never know. You know what the

891
00:43:41,680 --> 00:43:43,480
Speaker 1: universe is telling you right now.

892
00:43:43,480 --> 00:43:46,000
Speaker 5: You never know when you're fumbling towards a discovery.

893
00:43:47,680 --> 00:43:49,480
Speaker 1: And the uranium we have here on Earth is a

894
00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:52,360
Speaker 1: really interesting story because it comes in two different flavors.

895
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,080
Speaker 1: It's two isotopes of uranium. Most of the uranium we

896
00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:57,640
Speaker 1: have here on Earth is two thirty eight, which is

897
00:43:57,680 --> 00:43:59,600
Speaker 1: pretty stable as a half life of like four and

898
00:43:59,640 --> 00:44:02,360
Speaker 1: a half billion years, but it's not as useful for

899
00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:05,640
Speaker 1: things like fission if you want to make weapons or reactors.

900
00:44:05,960 --> 00:44:09,080
Speaker 1: The other kind is called uranium two thirty five, and

901
00:44:09,120 --> 00:44:11,920
Speaker 1: it's much better for making things like reactors, but it's

902
00:44:11,960 --> 00:44:14,279
Speaker 1: pretty rare, so like most of the stuff when you

903
00:44:14,360 --> 00:44:17,239
Speaker 1: mine it is uranium two thirty eight. And then if

904
00:44:17,280 --> 00:44:20,520
Speaker 1: you want to do reactors or build weapons, you have

905
00:44:20,560 --> 00:44:24,440
Speaker 1: to isolate and enhance the fraction of uranium two thirty five.

906
00:44:24,560 --> 00:44:27,120
Speaker 1: So that's why you hear about like centrifuges, because they

907
00:44:27,160 --> 00:44:30,040
Speaker 1: separate the different isotopes by weight, so you can get

908
00:44:30,080 --> 00:44:31,640
Speaker 1: more of the two thirty five that you need.

909
00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:35,480
Speaker 5: Yeah, this is such a weird element for humanity. Like

910
00:44:35,680 --> 00:44:38,360
Speaker 5: the one hand, I'm a huge fan of nuclear power

911
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:40,840
Speaker 5: plants because they put out less carbon. And on the

912
00:44:40,840 --> 00:44:43,640
Speaker 5: other hand, I just don't know if humanity can handle it,

913
00:44:43,719 --> 00:44:46,480
Speaker 5: because you can also turn it into weapons and it

914
00:44:46,520 --> 00:44:50,000
Speaker 5: doesn't take too many idiots to make trouble and anyway,

915
00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:52,920
Speaker 5: these things are complicated, thanks humanity, it is complicated.

916
00:44:52,920 --> 00:44:56,200
Speaker 1: And it's also interesting that the uranium two thirty five,

917
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:58,560
Speaker 1: the stuff that's useful for this, it's sort of going

918
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:01,839
Speaker 1: away because it's life is much shorter. It's only seven

919
00:45:01,920 --> 00:45:05,080
Speaker 1: hundred million years, which sounds like a long time, but

920
00:45:05,160 --> 00:45:07,799
Speaker 1: what it means is that like the useful fraction of

921
00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:10,760
Speaker 1: uranium over the history of the Earth is dropping sort

922
00:45:10,760 --> 00:45:13,359
Speaker 1: of steadily, like we have a lot less of two

923
00:45:13,440 --> 00:45:15,920
Speaker 1: thirty five than we did a long time ago, and

924
00:45:15,960 --> 00:45:18,120
Speaker 1: if you wait like another few hundred million years, it's

925
00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:20,240
Speaker 1: going to be even less. We did a whole podcast

926
00:45:20,320 --> 00:45:24,840
Speaker 1: episode once about a naturally occurring fission reactor because like

927
00:45:24,880 --> 00:45:27,640
Speaker 1: a billion or two years ago, there was a uranium

928
00:45:27,640 --> 00:45:30,359
Speaker 1: deposit in Africa that was rich enough in U two

929
00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:33,960
Speaker 1: thirty five that it was basically a nuclear reactor naturally

930
00:45:34,040 --> 00:45:36,800
Speaker 1: created that burned for hundreds of thousands of years and

931
00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:40,160
Speaker 1: like heated up this rock underground. But that can't happen

932
00:45:40,239 --> 00:45:43,560
Speaker 1: anymore because uranium two thirty five doesn't occur in enough

933
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,000
Speaker 1: density anymore for that kind of stuff to happen. So

934
00:45:46,040 --> 00:45:47,800
Speaker 1: we have to like dig it out of the ground

935
00:45:47,920 --> 00:45:51,600
Speaker 1: and use centrifugees to enhance the fraction of our uranium

936
00:45:51,640 --> 00:45:52,600
Speaker 1: that has two thirty five.

937
00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:56,400
Speaker 5: So note, humanity, the clock is ticking on figuring out fusion.

938
00:45:57,080 --> 00:45:59,759
Speaker 5: That's right on that note, Let's take a break and

939
00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:01,319
Speaker 5: we'll we'll come back and hear a little bit more

940
00:46:01,360 --> 00:46:06,080
Speaker 5: about uranium.

941
00:46:06,360 --> 00:46:08,160
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

942
00:46:08,280 --> 00:46:11,400
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt. You're probably

943
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944
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945
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946
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947
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948
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949
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950
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951
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Speaker 5: Okay, so we've talked a little bit about the way

999
00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:20,120
Speaker 5: humanity is helped or hurt by uranium two thirty five.

1000
00:49:20,560 --> 00:49:22,560
Speaker 5: Let's hear a little bit more about some of the

1001
00:49:22,640 --> 00:49:27,480
Speaker 5: other properties about uranium. So you told us that it

1002
00:49:27,560 --> 00:49:30,080
Speaker 5: has a high atomic weight because it's higher than iron.

1003
00:49:30,160 --> 00:49:32,960
Speaker 5: So you need these very particular situations so that you

1004
00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:35,719
Speaker 5: can get it. If you had like a chunk of

1005
00:49:36,080 --> 00:49:39,400
Speaker 5: uranium sitting on your table, you'd probably be scared. But

1006
00:49:39,480 --> 00:49:40,239
Speaker 5: what would it look like?

1007
00:49:40,480 --> 00:49:43,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a cool question. Well, it's actually immalleable. It's

1008
00:49:43,920 --> 00:49:47,520
Speaker 1: like not that hard. It's it's denser than lead, but

1009
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:51,240
Speaker 1: it's soft and it's silvery white. So it's actually kind

1010
00:49:51,280 --> 00:49:53,719
Speaker 1: of pretty, you know. I mean, I wouldn't recommend doing

1011
00:49:53,719 --> 00:49:55,600
Speaker 1: any art with it, but it's kind of a cool

1012
00:49:55,600 --> 00:49:58,359
Speaker 1: looking thing. And it's cool that every element has its

1013
00:49:58,400 --> 00:50:00,680
Speaker 1: own like sort of feel to it, right, it's on

1014
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:03,640
Speaker 1: like texture and color and look, and that all of

1015
00:50:03,640 --> 00:50:06,680
Speaker 1: these properties, the difference between uranium and the other things,

1016
00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:09,160
Speaker 1: just come out of the structure of the atom, right,

1017
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:12,200
Speaker 1: We're talking about how the electrons fill their orbitals and

1018
00:50:12,239 --> 00:50:15,880
Speaker 1: all of this stuff. It's incredibly rich and interesting that

1019
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:19,000
Speaker 1: all of these elements have such different properties. I love

1020
00:50:19,040 --> 00:50:21,560
Speaker 1: that about the universe that like a few very simple

1021
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:24,480
Speaker 1: things coming together in lots of different ways can make

1022
00:50:24,600 --> 00:50:27,120
Speaker 1: so many interesting, different kinds of materials.

1023
00:50:27,280 --> 00:50:29,719
Speaker 5: That is totally epic. And I think it's interesting that

1024
00:50:29,760 --> 00:50:33,520
Speaker 5: you mentioned art because when we moved to our permanent house,

1025
00:50:33,560 --> 00:50:36,000
Speaker 5: what we hope is our permanent house, I wanted to

1026
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:40,279
Speaker 5: go out and get Fiestaware dishware because I think they

1027
00:50:40,320 --> 00:50:42,960
Speaker 5: look really nice. And I was warned by someone that

1028
00:50:43,080 --> 00:50:45,920
Speaker 5: I shouldn't get the red ones because the red ones

1029
00:50:46,040 --> 00:50:49,080
Speaker 5: are radioactive because of uranium. Can you tell us more

1030
00:50:49,120 --> 00:50:49,480
Speaker 5: about that?

1031
00:50:49,640 --> 00:50:51,839
Speaker 1: Yeah, uranium mix as well with lots of other things

1032
00:50:51,920 --> 00:50:54,960
Speaker 1: and forms all sorts of interesting uranium oxides, and some

1033
00:50:55,040 --> 00:50:57,960
Speaker 1: of these have a really spectacular color. You know, some

1034
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:00,279
Speaker 1: of them are yellow, some of them are very head

1035
00:51:00,640 --> 00:51:03,000
Speaker 1: and you know, if you're trying to create colors like

1036
00:51:03,040 --> 00:51:05,080
Speaker 1: these days, it's easy to do digitally, right, you just

1037
00:51:05,120 --> 00:51:07,279
Speaker 1: dial in whatever pixel you want, But if you're out

1038
00:51:07,320 --> 00:51:09,479
Speaker 1: there working with your hands and you want to create dyes,

1039
00:51:09,560 --> 00:51:12,200
Speaker 1: you need to find natural sources of color. And so

1040
00:51:12,480 --> 00:51:16,239
Speaker 1: uranium made this really sort of bright, vivid red that

1041
00:51:16,360 --> 00:51:19,040
Speaker 1: was hard to duplicate in other ways. And so before

1042
00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:23,280
Speaker 1: we understood like really the dangers of radiation and radioactivity,

1043
00:51:23,480 --> 00:51:26,200
Speaker 1: uranium was used all sorts of places to make these

1044
00:51:26,239 --> 00:51:27,960
Speaker 1: kind of things and in your dinnerware, so you're like

1045
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:29,920
Speaker 1: sitting at the dinner table and your plate is like

1046
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:32,000
Speaker 1: shooting particles into your body.

1047
00:51:32,160 --> 00:51:35,440
Speaker 5: I guess that's okay, because there hasn't been a strong

1048
00:51:35,440 --> 00:51:38,719
Speaker 5: correlation between fiesta wear and cancer, I guess, or or

1049
00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:39,439
Speaker 5: was that bad?

1050
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:41,560
Speaker 1: I don't think it's okay. I don't think they're making

1051
00:51:41,640 --> 00:51:43,520
Speaker 1: it anymore, you know, for the same reasons that like

1052
00:51:43,560 --> 00:51:47,160
Speaker 1: they're no longer using glowing wristwatch faces. You know that

1053
00:51:47,320 --> 00:51:50,120
Speaker 1: like glow with radiation. I think it's sort of like

1054
00:51:50,239 --> 00:51:53,080
Speaker 1: lead in the sense that more radiation is definitely more

1055
00:51:53,120 --> 00:51:55,719
Speaker 1: bad for you, and you want to limit your exposure.

1056
00:51:56,040 --> 00:51:57,759
Speaker 1: You know, we used to like take X rays all

1057
00:51:57,800 --> 00:52:00,480
Speaker 1: the time, and the X rays would like be super powerful,

1058
00:52:00,560 --> 00:52:02,640
Speaker 1: much stronger than we needed in order to see clearly,

1059
00:52:02,680 --> 00:52:05,279
Speaker 1: because we didn't understand the danger of X rays. So

1060
00:52:05,320 --> 00:52:07,400
Speaker 1: now I think we work really hard to limit our

1061
00:52:07,440 --> 00:52:08,440
Speaker 1: exposure to radiation.

1062
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:10,439
Speaker 5: Yeah, that sounds like a good plan. And I didn't

1063
00:52:10,520 --> 00:52:12,719
Speaker 5: end up getting this yes toware because I didn't feel

1064
00:52:12,719 --> 00:52:14,600
Speaker 5: like I could get a good handle on how dangerous

1065
00:52:14,640 --> 00:52:15,000
Speaker 5: it was.

1066
00:52:15,160 --> 00:52:17,640
Speaker 1: But uranium also tells us a lot about the history

1067
00:52:17,680 --> 00:52:20,040
Speaker 1: of the Earth, as Well, this is really fun story

1068
00:52:20,080 --> 00:52:22,960
Speaker 1: about a geologist trying to understand the age of the

1069
00:52:22,960 --> 00:52:25,560
Speaker 1: Earth and trying to solve the puzzle by actually looking

1070
00:52:25,640 --> 00:52:29,560
Speaker 1: for an asteroid that crashed onto the Earth. He wanted

1071
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:31,960
Speaker 1: to know if rocks on that he found in the

1072
00:52:31,960 --> 00:52:34,680
Speaker 1: Earth were actually the oldest things that one could find.

1073
00:52:35,000 --> 00:52:36,840
Speaker 1: He was looking to see if things in the Solar

1074
00:52:36,840 --> 00:52:39,800
Speaker 1: System might be even older than the rocks we find

1075
00:52:39,880 --> 00:52:41,279
Speaker 1: on the Earth, because you know, if you're trying to

1076
00:52:41,360 --> 00:52:43,320
Speaker 1: date the Earth and you're just like looking around for rocks,

1077
00:52:43,320 --> 00:52:46,080
Speaker 1: you wonder like, well, it's his rock as old as

1078
00:52:46,120 --> 00:52:49,480
Speaker 1: the Earth itself. So he actually went out to Meteor Crater,

1079
00:52:49,719 --> 00:52:53,759
Speaker 1: this huge crater in Arizona. You should totally visit if

1080
00:52:53,760 --> 00:52:55,880
Speaker 1: you're ever an Arizona. It's incredible. It's just like a

1081
00:52:56,320 --> 00:53:00,360
Speaker 1: flat expanse. And then this incredible scoop just like dug

1082
00:53:00,440 --> 00:53:03,200
Speaker 1: out of the Earth by this meteor that hit a

1083
00:53:03,239 --> 00:53:05,279
Speaker 1: long long time ago. He been down into the center

1084
00:53:05,320 --> 00:53:07,080
Speaker 1: of it and they have like a chunk of the

1085
00:53:07,160 --> 00:53:10,200
Speaker 1: original meteor and they let him sample it. And he

1086
00:53:10,320 --> 00:53:13,120
Speaker 1: looked at that rock and he used uranium actually to

1087
00:53:13,360 --> 00:53:15,480
Speaker 1: date the age of that asteroid.

1088
00:53:15,600 --> 00:53:18,640
Speaker 5: WHOA So did he get lucky because that asteroid has uranium.

1089
00:53:18,800 --> 00:53:22,000
Speaker 1: Well, uranium is almost everywhere, right, It's in almost every

1090
00:53:22,040 --> 00:53:24,200
Speaker 1: single rock in the Solar system, it turns out. But

1091
00:53:24,239 --> 00:53:27,919
Speaker 1: a really interesting thing about uranium is that when rocks form,

1092
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:31,240
Speaker 1: they formed these little crystals called zircons, and these crystals,

1093
00:53:31,239 --> 00:53:34,600
Speaker 1: for complicated reasons, they like to slurp in uranium, but

1094
00:53:34,680 --> 00:53:37,880
Speaker 1: they reject lead. So like, no lead ever forms in

1095
00:53:37,920 --> 00:53:41,360
Speaker 1: the center of these zircon crystals, but uranium turns into

1096
00:53:41,440 --> 00:53:44,560
Speaker 1: lead at a very regular rate because it decays radioactively.

1097
00:53:44,600 --> 00:53:46,600
Speaker 1: So you have there basically is like a clock. You

1098
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:49,600
Speaker 1: have these crystals that start out with uranium and then

1099
00:53:49,640 --> 00:53:52,480
Speaker 1: they gradually get lead in them, and you know that

1100
00:53:52,520 --> 00:53:54,239
Speaker 1: they had no lead when they were formed because the

1101
00:53:54,239 --> 00:53:56,440
Speaker 1: crystals like reject the lead. So if you look at

1102
00:53:56,440 --> 00:53:58,839
Speaker 1: one of these crystals, you can tell how long it's

1103
00:53:58,880 --> 00:54:02,319
Speaker 1: been around just by counting the uranium and counting the lead,

1104
00:54:02,360 --> 00:54:04,719
Speaker 1: and you can figure out like, oh, this crystal has

1105
00:54:04,760 --> 00:54:07,319
Speaker 1: been ticking for seven hundred million years or for four

1106
00:54:07,360 --> 00:54:10,560
Speaker 1: point two billion years. It's an incredible way to date

1107
00:54:10,680 --> 00:54:11,719
Speaker 1: the age of a rock.

1108
00:54:11,880 --> 00:54:15,080
Speaker 5: That is incredible and super useful. Thank you physics.

1109
00:54:15,440 --> 00:54:18,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, so this guy dug out that crater and he

1110
00:54:18,160 --> 00:54:21,120
Speaker 1: discovered he's the first person that really nailed down the

1111
00:54:21,160 --> 00:54:23,960
Speaker 1: age of the Solar system to be about four and

1112
00:54:24,040 --> 00:54:27,600
Speaker 1: a half billion years old. So really important discovery, again

1113
00:54:27,760 --> 00:54:30,920
Speaker 1: connected to uranium. And an interesting side note is that

1114
00:54:30,920 --> 00:54:32,600
Speaker 1: when he was doing that study, he was trying to

1115
00:54:32,640 --> 00:54:34,719
Speaker 1: measure the amount of lead in these crystals and he

1116
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:37,960
Speaker 1: discovered that his entire lab was basically covered in lead.

1117
00:54:37,960 --> 00:54:40,239
Speaker 1: There was lead everywhere. There's lead on the walls, it

1118
00:54:40,320 --> 00:54:42,520
Speaker 1: was lead in the air, that was lead everywhere because

1119
00:54:42,560 --> 00:54:45,520
Speaker 1: of lead in gasoline. And he actually led the charge

1120
00:54:45,560 --> 00:54:47,960
Speaker 1: to help remove lead from gasoline because he's the one

1121
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:51,160
Speaker 1: who discovered that we were poisoning our environment with lead.

1122
00:54:51,360 --> 00:54:54,160
Speaker 5: Whoa sweet, So what's this guy's name who dated the

1123
00:54:54,239 --> 00:54:57,040
Speaker 5: universe and led the charge against lead.

1124
00:54:57,239 --> 00:54:59,640
Speaker 1: His name is Claire Patterson, and he's the one who

1125
00:54:59,640 --> 00:55:03,320
Speaker 1: discovered that we're basically poisoning all of our children with lead.

1126
00:55:03,640 --> 00:55:05,640
Speaker 1: And he came to this discovery because he wanted to

1127
00:55:05,680 --> 00:55:07,319
Speaker 1: know the age of the universe and he was trying

1128
00:55:07,360 --> 00:55:10,719
Speaker 1: to use uranium decaying into lead in order to do it.

1129
00:55:10,840 --> 00:55:14,520
Speaker 5: That is incredible. So we've talked about how uranium is

1130
00:55:14,680 --> 00:55:17,120
Speaker 5: helpful in a lot of different ways, and we're all

1131
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:21,399
Speaker 5: absolutely in awe of Urinus. So now to finally put

1132
00:55:21,440 --> 00:55:24,160
Speaker 5: it all together. So people have sat with us for

1133
00:55:24,239 --> 00:55:27,080
Speaker 5: over fifty minutes and they are waiting for the answer.

1134
00:55:27,920 --> 00:55:32,600
Speaker 5: Is there uranium on Urinus? What is the answer? Drum roll.

1135
00:55:34,160 --> 00:55:36,960
Speaker 1: As usual. The answer is we don't really know at

1136
00:55:37,000 --> 00:55:40,319
Speaker 1: all because we haven't been out there to Urinus, so

1137
00:55:40,360 --> 00:55:43,960
Speaker 1: we don't know, but we can fairly confidently say that yes,

1138
00:55:44,040 --> 00:55:47,720
Speaker 1: there is, because uranium seems to be present in almost

1139
00:55:47,760 --> 00:55:50,839
Speaker 1: every piece of rock we find, like afterwards that fall

1140
00:55:50,880 --> 00:55:53,279
Speaker 1: to Earth and things that we study, they have these

1141
00:55:53,320 --> 00:55:55,839
Speaker 1: heavy elements in them, and not just uranium, the other

1142
00:55:55,880 --> 00:55:58,479
Speaker 1: heavy elements in varying mixtures, and you can tell something

1143
00:55:58,480 --> 00:56:00,759
Speaker 1: about where these things came from based on like how

1144
00:56:00,840 --> 00:56:03,360
Speaker 1: much iron or how much nickel and the various isotopes

1145
00:56:03,360 --> 00:56:07,120
Speaker 1: they have. But uranium is almost everywhere, and so I'm

1146
00:56:07,280 --> 00:56:10,799
Speaker 1: very confident that there is uranium somewhere on Urinus in

1147
00:56:10,880 --> 00:56:13,680
Speaker 1: its rocky core. But we're not one hundred percent sure.

1148
00:56:13,760 --> 00:56:16,640
Speaker 1: And you know, Urinus remains one of the planets that

1149
00:56:16,719 --> 00:56:19,319
Speaker 1: is not very well studied. We only passed it by

1150
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:22,360
Speaker 1: with a probe once. We never like dropped anything into

1151
00:56:22,440 --> 00:56:25,160
Speaker 1: it or tried to dive a probe down into it,

1152
00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:27,200
Speaker 1: which I think would be super fun, and you know,

1153
00:56:27,239 --> 00:56:29,040
Speaker 1: maybe there's a big surprise down there.

1154
00:56:29,239 --> 00:56:31,360
Speaker 5: I think that funder should take note, and they should

1155
00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:34,080
Speaker 5: also consider all of the amazing puns and jokes that

1156
00:56:34,120 --> 00:56:37,399
Speaker 5: could be made if we invested in studying this question more.

1157
00:56:37,560 --> 00:56:39,560
Speaker 5: And surely the money is going to come rolling in.

1158
00:56:39,480 --> 00:56:42,960
Speaker 1: Now, Yeah, exactly. And we have found uranium in other

1159
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:45,960
Speaker 1: places in the galaxy as well. For example, there's a

1160
00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:49,880
Speaker 1: star nearby called Krel's Star and it glows, And you

1161
00:56:49,920 --> 00:56:52,239
Speaker 1: can tell what's in a star based on how it

1162
00:56:52,360 --> 00:56:56,399
Speaker 1: glows because every element gets excited by different energy levels

1163
00:56:56,440 --> 00:56:59,839
Speaker 1: and gives off light at unique frequencies has their own fingerprint.

1164
00:57:00,200 --> 00:57:02,160
Speaker 1: So based on the spectrum of a star, you can

1165
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:05,560
Speaker 1: tell what it's burning. And they have found uranium glowing

1166
00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:07,920
Speaker 1: in this star. Like we haven't gone out to actually

1167
00:57:07,960 --> 00:57:09,759
Speaker 1: visit it and sample it, but we can tell from

1168
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:13,239
Speaker 1: the light that's coming from this star what's idot. And

1169
00:57:13,280 --> 00:57:15,960
Speaker 1: not just that, but based on the ratio of these

1170
00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:19,120
Speaker 1: various elements uranium and thorium and our knowledge about how

1171
00:57:19,160 --> 00:57:22,120
Speaker 1: they decay, we can use that to age these stars.

1172
00:57:22,640 --> 00:57:25,160
Speaker 1: So uranium is all over the universe and it's telling

1173
00:57:25,240 --> 00:57:27,760
Speaker 1: us lots of fascinating stories about all of the objects

1174
00:57:27,840 --> 00:57:29,000
Speaker 1: that it's hiding inside.

1175
00:57:29,040 --> 00:57:30,680
Speaker 5: And we still have so much left to learn.

1176
00:57:30,920 --> 00:57:33,320
Speaker 1: So thanks very much for coming on this journey with

1177
00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:36,480
Speaker 1: us to learn about uranium and urinus. And thanks to

1178
00:57:36,760 --> 00:57:39,800
Speaker 1: Kelly for coming along and refraining from making that most

1179
00:57:39,880 --> 00:57:41,560
Speaker 1: obvious of jokes the entire hour.

1180
00:57:41,760 --> 00:57:46,080
Speaker 5: Well, you're welcome. I've become very mature in my late thirties.

1181
00:57:47,240 --> 00:57:50,040
Speaker 5: Thank you for inviting me. I had a lot of fun,

1182
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:52,120
Speaker 5: even though I didn't make all the jokes I.

1183
00:57:52,040 --> 00:57:54,680
Speaker 1: Wanted Today, and everybody out there, don't forget to embrace

1184
00:57:54,720 --> 00:57:58,920
Speaker 1: your curiosity and don't lose that childlike wonder and sense

1185
00:57:58,960 --> 00:58:02,480
Speaker 1: of puns about out absurd jokes. They go hand in hand.

1186
00:58:02,720 --> 00:58:12,960
Speaker 1: Thanks everyone, tune in next time. Thanks for listening, and

1187
00:58:13,000 --> 00:58:15,720
Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a

1188
00:58:15,760 --> 00:58:20,360
Speaker 1: production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the

1189
00:58:20,440 --> 00:58:24,600
Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your

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1191
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