1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,480 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:17,800 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy P. Wilson. Oh, Tracy, 4 00:00:18,200 --> 00:00:20,720 Speaker 1: I sure have been in a dentist chair a lot lately. 5 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:27,160 Speaker 1: I don't mind it. I'll talk about this behind in 6 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:29,480 Speaker 1: our behind the scenes. I used to be terrified of 7 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:31,600 Speaker 1: the dentist. Now I'm totally good with it. I'll talk 8 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 1: about my rehabilitation in this way. Um but uh, and 9 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:40,040 Speaker 1: I'm fine. I've just had a lot of various things 10 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 1: happening and getting some stuff caught up, and I'm also 11 00:00:44,159 --> 00:00:47,520 Speaker 1: doing some orthodontia stuff, so when one thing goes wrong 12 00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:51,440 Speaker 1: that I have to go to both all worked out. 13 00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:55,320 Speaker 1: So during one of my visits, when I often sit 14 00:00:55,480 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: and just kind of ruminate, I found myself wondering if 15 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 1: m He's the second would submit to modern dental care 16 00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 1: if he suddenly had access to it like everyone else. 17 00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:10,120 Speaker 1: I have, you know, heard and read about how he 18 00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:12,960 Speaker 1: had some serious tooth problems in his life. And then 19 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:15,199 Speaker 1: that got me thinking about, like, yeah, but what did 20 00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:19,000 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptians know about dentistry? Because I knew they were 21 00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,160 Speaker 1: not like void of it um and it just made 22 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:24,039 Speaker 1: me want to look it up, which is how a 23 00:01:24,080 --> 00:01:28,440 Speaker 1: lot of our show start. And then I did look 24 00:01:28,480 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: it up when I got home, and before you know it, 25 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:33,679 Speaker 1: I was so deep in a dentistry rabbit it wasn't 26 00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:37,560 Speaker 1: even funny. So we're doing a two parter on dentistry 27 00:01:37,560 --> 00:01:40,880 Speaker 1: and oral health this week. Here's the thing, even with 28 00:01:40,959 --> 00:01:45,760 Speaker 1: two parts, this isn't comprehensive, not even close. Because talking 29 00:01:45,760 --> 00:01:49,480 Speaker 1: about a lot of stuff, uh and and world history 30 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: and how different places have covered it, it does, as 31 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:55,840 Speaker 1: often is the case with our shows, it starts to skew, 32 00:01:55,920 --> 00:02:00,520 Speaker 1: particularly in the more modern eras to more western world dentistry, 33 00:02:00,560 --> 00:02:04,240 Speaker 1: because that's what we have most research in a language 34 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:08,680 Speaker 1: that we can read available to us in. But if 35 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:11,400 Speaker 1: you are a dentist, I hopefully did not leave out 36 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:14,919 Speaker 1: your favorite part or some development related to your specialty. 37 00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:18,680 Speaker 1: But please know that this was taking all of human 38 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:21,960 Speaker 1: histories relationship with their teeth, trying to find a balance 39 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:25,440 Speaker 1: of what's relatable information versus getting too deep in the 40 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:30,440 Speaker 1: weeds with medical specificity. So that's a little level set. Also, 41 00:02:30,639 --> 00:02:32,360 Speaker 1: just as a heads up in case you are one 42 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:35,160 Speaker 1: of those people who squeamish about dental things. This is 43 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:38,800 Speaker 1: not an especially graphic discussion of dental stuff. We do 44 00:02:38,919 --> 00:02:41,560 Speaker 1: talk a little bit about teeth in their wear and 45 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:44,560 Speaker 1: some things that might be painful. Uh, there is a 46 00:02:44,639 --> 00:02:48,000 Speaker 1: little bit in today's episode about pulling that might make 47 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:50,240 Speaker 1: you squirm a little bit. It made me squirm a 48 00:02:50,240 --> 00:02:52,280 Speaker 1: little bit, but I also had visuals to go with it. 49 00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:55,600 Speaker 1: But overall I would classify this as a pretty tame 50 00:02:55,639 --> 00:02:58,800 Speaker 1: episode because I do get a little squirmy talking about 51 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:01,720 Speaker 1: dental stuff. So all of that out of the way. 52 00:03:02,160 --> 00:03:07,960 Speaker 1: The history of dentistry, like most things that have been 53 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:11,040 Speaker 1: around for centuries or even thousands of years, we don't 54 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,080 Speaker 1: have a clear sense of when somebody first tried to 55 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:17,919 Speaker 1: treat oral health issues with anything that might be considered 56 00:03:17,919 --> 00:03:23,520 Speaker 1: a precursor to dentistry. We know from people's remains that 57 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: early humans seem not to have had a lot of cavities, 58 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:29,920 Speaker 1: relatively speaking, but they did have a lot of other 59 00:03:30,080 --> 00:03:33,560 Speaker 1: dental issues, a lot of them being caused by intense 60 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: where on the teeth from grinding down foods. I think 61 00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: that has come up on unearthed before, like the shift 62 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:45,880 Speaker 1: in toothware as people got better at cooking things. Uh. 63 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:50,520 Speaker 1: Prehistoric evidence suggests that it really wasn't uncommon for a 64 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 1: person to grind their teeth all the way down to 65 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:57,000 Speaker 1: the pulp, which would have been incredibly painful. Gum disease 66 00:03:57,160 --> 00:04:00,680 Speaker 1: was also fairly common, and dental remain have taught us 67 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:04,840 Speaker 1: a lot about social stratification of even very early societies. 68 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:09,360 Speaker 1: From the beginning, higher status or class usually meant better 69 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: oral health, primarily because you would have had access to 70 00:04:12,640 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: better quality food, like what Tracy just referenced, things like 71 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:20,599 Speaker 1: cooking and figuring out how to prepare food. The people 72 00:04:20,680 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 1: at the top of the social strata, we're getting those 73 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:26,240 Speaker 1: benefits first, so they were not wearing their teeth down 74 00:04:26,279 --> 00:04:30,159 Speaker 1: as quickly. But we still, though only have pretty rough 75 00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:33,240 Speaker 1: guesses that with the very earliest dental care and procedures 76 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:37,960 Speaker 1: were like Presumably, though natural remedies like numbing salves derived 77 00:04:37,960 --> 00:04:41,880 Speaker 1: from flora might have been used for toothaches or gum aches, 78 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: a disease tooth might have been knocked out in ways 79 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:48,279 Speaker 1: that probably would have been fairly brutal and likely deeply 80 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,760 Speaker 1: uncomfortable for the patient, but better than having a disease 81 00:04:51,839 --> 00:04:55,159 Speaker 1: tooth in your head. We do know that as early 82 00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:59,520 Speaker 1: as five thousand BC there were efforts to treat toothaches 83 00:04:59,560 --> 00:05:04,400 Speaker 1: among the Babylonians. There's a pretty significant gap in understanding 84 00:05:04,520 --> 00:05:08,520 Speaker 1: about what was causing toothaches, and that would have hampered 85 00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:11,680 Speaker 1: most of these efforts because the Babylonians of the time 86 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:14,800 Speaker 1: believe that the primary things that made their teeth hurt 87 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:20,479 Speaker 1: were demons and tooth worms. According to the legend of 88 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:23,240 Speaker 1: the worm inscribed on a tablet from the period, the 89 00:05:23,279 --> 00:05:27,240 Speaker 1: worm appears before Shamash, the god of the Sun, and 90 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:30,080 Speaker 1: in an exchange where the worm asks what the god 91 00:05:30,080 --> 00:05:33,240 Speaker 1: will give him to eat, it entreats, quote, let me 92 00:05:33,279 --> 00:05:36,200 Speaker 1: insert myself in the inner of the tooth, and give 93 00:05:36,279 --> 00:05:38,920 Speaker 1: me his flesh for my dwelling. Out of the tooth, 94 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:41,719 Speaker 1: I will suck his blood, and from the gum I 95 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: will chew the marrow, so I have entrance to the tooth. 96 00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:49,400 Speaker 1: Toothworm infestations, according to this belief, could be treated with 97 00:05:49,560 --> 00:05:55,120 Speaker 1: mashed herbs combined with gum mastic um. There is a 98 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:58,159 Speaker 1: an earlier episode of the podcast saw Bones that talks 99 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:02,279 Speaker 1: about some dentistry history, and one of I think Sydney, 100 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:04,400 Speaker 1: one of the hosts, makes the point that like when 101 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,360 Speaker 1: you see a cavity in somebody's tooth, it does kind 102 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,800 Speaker 1: of look like a little wormhole. Yeah, I mean I 103 00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:14,800 Speaker 1: can see where people got there. Um. But the problem 104 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:16,919 Speaker 1: if you had a toothache, might have instead but a 105 00:06:16,960 --> 00:06:22,320 Speaker 1: ghost or a deemon tracy, And if that was believed 106 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:25,640 Speaker 1: to be the case, the treatment was usually prayer or 107 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:28,720 Speaker 1: some sort of offering to appease the spirit that may 108 00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 1: have been wrong. That was why it was in your tooth, 109 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:33,080 Speaker 1: was to let you know that you had done something 110 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,159 Speaker 1: bad to it. Um. At this point, amulets were also 111 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:40,800 Speaker 1: used as a protective mechanism to shoo away demons that 112 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:44,840 Speaker 1: might cause tooth pain. Between three thousand and four thousand 113 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: b c. Instructions for dental care were being recorded in 114 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: the Vedas of ancient India. Medical texts from this group 115 00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:57,760 Speaker 1: have detailed descriptions of oral anatomy and ways to care 116 00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: for and treat the teeth and the surrounding issues. And 117 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:04,920 Speaker 1: this includes possibly the earliest description of a toothbrush, in 118 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: this case a twig that's frayed. At the end. Sha Shrewda, 119 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:11,960 Speaker 1: who we have an episode on in the Archives, included 120 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,200 Speaker 1: a list of sixty five diseases of the mouth and 121 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:19,160 Speaker 1: his writing, and recommended brushing your teeth early every morning 122 00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:21,840 Speaker 1: with a cleaning paste made of honey and oil with 123 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:26,760 Speaker 1: other additives. The first person recognized as being a practitioner 124 00:07:26,760 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 1: of dentistry was a man named heasy Ray. We'll also 125 00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: see his name as heasy Ros, sometimes all run together 126 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:37,800 Speaker 1: instead of hyphenated like those both were. He was an 127 00:07:37,800 --> 00:07:41,400 Speaker 1: official in the court of Joseph in Egypt's third dynasty. 128 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: We have an episode on Joseph in the archives, and 129 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:47,000 Speaker 1: heasy Ray was clearly a man who had a lot 130 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: of responsibilities. There's a panel from his two Metsakara, which 131 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:56,480 Speaker 1: is carved in Acacia, would lists his various roles King's 132 00:07:56,560 --> 00:08:01,000 Speaker 1: confident priest in three different cults, Supervisor of royal scribes, 133 00:08:01,120 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: and Chief of Taxes, but the most important title in 134 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:10,920 Speaker 1: terms of his historical significance his chief of dentists and physicians. 135 00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:14,440 Speaker 1: Now you will also see different interpretations of that reference 136 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: to dentistry, since that term would not have existed yet. 137 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 1: Various translations include great one of ivories or even cutter 138 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:27,120 Speaker 1: of ivories and others. But regardless of translation, this oral 139 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:31,679 Speaker 1: health care obviously would be nothing like dentistry Today, worms 140 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:34,920 Speaker 1: and demons still blamed for those tooth issues, but this 141 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 1: is important because it establishes a historical record of dental 142 00:08:38,679 --> 00:08:42,600 Speaker 1: medicine as a distinct field or a specialty separate from 143 00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:46,160 Speaker 1: just more general medicine, and because of this, hes ARAE 144 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:50,720 Speaker 1: Is sometimes referred to as the first dentist. During Hazra's time, 145 00:08:51,080 --> 00:08:55,760 Speaker 1: most treatments were aimed at alleviating pain and short term fixes, 146 00:08:56,360 --> 00:09:00,760 Speaker 1: because periodontal disease was more common than cavities were. For example, 147 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:05,360 Speaker 1: there were various treatments that involved preparing poultices or packing 148 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 1: materials around a patient's tooth to numb the pain that 149 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:12,520 Speaker 1: they might be experiencing and to stabilize the area. For 150 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:16,560 Speaker 1: some issues like abscesses, an oral rents might be administered, 151 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:20,359 Speaker 1: but these are sometimes substances that would have actually been poisonous, 152 00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:23,840 Speaker 1: probably would have gotten rid of any bacteria, but also 153 00:09:24,200 --> 00:09:27,960 Speaker 1: cost you harm, which happens in a few instances the 154 00:09:28,120 --> 00:09:32,839 Speaker 1: history of dental care. In the centuries following Hesra's death 155 00:09:32,880 --> 00:09:37,280 Speaker 1: circuit c there were new techniques that were being developed 156 00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:41,640 Speaker 1: for treating tooth decay, although toothworms were still taking the blame. 157 00:09:42,600 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 1: One treatment approach, which I sort of love, was to 158 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: try to smoke out the toothworms using henbane that had 159 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:53,600 Speaker 1: been incorporated into beeswax. But it would be still several 160 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: hundred more years before the Hammurabi Code, which has stated 161 00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:01,080 Speaker 1: about seventy b C, would establish law us related to 162 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:05,960 Speaker 1: dental issues. This establishes the concept of medical malpractice and 163 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,600 Speaker 1: its punishment, and it also sets up laws regarding harming 164 00:10:09,640 --> 00:10:13,280 Speaker 1: another person's teeth. If a freeman were to have his 165 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:16,440 Speaker 1: tooth knocked out, the person who caused the injury would 166 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:20,280 Speaker 1: have one of their teeth knocked out in retribution. Knocking 167 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:23,959 Speaker 1: out the tooth of an enslaved person incurred a fine 168 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:26,920 Speaker 1: of silver. So we are about to get to the 169 00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:29,959 Speaker 1: Evers Papyrus. But before we delve into that, and a 170 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:32,560 Speaker 1: little aside about the man who started all of this, 171 00:10:33,040 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: Ramsey's the second, we will pause for a sponsor break. 172 00:10:45,800 --> 00:10:48,840 Speaker 1: The Evers Papyrus is one of the oldest of the 173 00:10:48,880 --> 00:10:52,439 Speaker 1: medical papyri we know of, and it's considered incredibly important. 174 00:10:53,120 --> 00:10:56,560 Speaker 1: Dated to the sixteenth century BC, this papyrus got its 175 00:10:56,640 --> 00:11:00,320 Speaker 1: name from Egyptologist George Ebers, who purchased the papya riskit 176 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:04,840 Speaker 1: luxur in the eight seventies. This scroll, which is believed 177 00:11:04,880 --> 00:11:08,080 Speaker 1: to be a copy of an earlier document, is filled 178 00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:12,960 Speaker 1: with information about how Egyptians treated various diseases and conditions. 179 00:11:13,640 --> 00:11:16,920 Speaker 1: There are eleven remedies that could fall under the heading 180 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:21,440 Speaker 1: of dentistry, sometimes called the first known text to describe 181 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:25,840 Speaker 1: dentistry practices. Among them, there's packing teeth in a way 182 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:29,320 Speaker 1: that we mentioned a moment ago using barley and honey. 183 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: One entry intended to help regrow gum tissue, is translated 184 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:37,240 Speaker 1: as quote. Another to expel eating on the gums and 185 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:42,280 Speaker 1: make the flesh grow, cow's milk, fresh dates manna remains 186 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:45,840 Speaker 1: during the night in the do rents the mouth for 187 00:11:45,960 --> 00:11:50,359 Speaker 1: nine days. There are also descriptions of how medical professionals 188 00:11:50,360 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: at the time would install kind of a primitive bridge 189 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,920 Speaker 1: using a hammer and gold or silver wire to lash 190 00:11:56,960 --> 00:12:00,280 Speaker 1: the teeth together to support one another and opie him 191 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 1: from poppies as recommended as a pain reliever. So as 192 00:12:04,280 --> 00:12:06,719 Speaker 1: an aside on Ramsey's two and a bit of myth 193 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:08,760 Speaker 1: busting related to what I talked to at the top 194 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:11,679 Speaker 1: of the episode. Uh, It's long been reported and there 195 00:12:11,679 --> 00:12:13,760 Speaker 1: are certainly X rays you can look at of his 196 00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,800 Speaker 1: skull to show pretty clearly that he had a lot 197 00:12:17,200 --> 00:12:20,520 Speaker 1: of almost certainly very painful dental issues going on by 198 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:23,120 Speaker 1: the time he died. But this is not a case 199 00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 1: where there was no dental care in his time. That's 200 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,800 Speaker 1: often how these issues are framed. UH. He lived and 201 00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:32,760 Speaker 1: ruled in the thirteenth century BC, so after the treatments 202 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:35,600 Speaker 1: and recognition of dental medicine that we have mentioned up 203 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,680 Speaker 1: to this point. But the bottom line is that that 204 00:12:38,760 --> 00:12:41,560 Speaker 1: dental care was just not advanced enough to keep up 205 00:12:41,559 --> 00:12:44,880 Speaker 1: with the developing problem of a man in his nineties 206 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:47,480 Speaker 1: whose teeth had been ground down and whose gums were 207 00:12:47,480 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: plagued with issues. Some of those too, is just genetics, right. 208 00:12:51,920 --> 00:12:54,800 Speaker 1: Two random people today can give their teeth the same 209 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,600 Speaker 1: exact level of care throughout their life and still have 210 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:02,080 Speaker 1: very different oral health for a variety of reasons. Preventative 211 00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 1: care in the form of a daily oral hygiene ritual 212 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:08,240 Speaker 1: was also already well established. This was not a case 213 00:13:08,240 --> 00:13:12,560 Speaker 1: where this was a cultural ignorant about keeping their teeth clean. UH. 214 00:13:12,679 --> 00:13:14,800 Speaker 1: That went back at least to the time of heasy 215 00:13:14,920 --> 00:13:19,360 Speaker 1: Ra and possibly even earlier. In ancient China, there was 216 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:25,199 Speaker 1: also a developed concept of dentistry. Early pharmacopeias listing medicinally 217 00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:28,679 Speaker 1: beneficial plants, including many that could have been used for 218 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:32,120 Speaker 1: dental health, are dated as far back as b C. 219 00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:37,360 Speaker 1: There may have even been earlier versions. These early texts 220 00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:40,160 Speaker 1: share some of the same ideas we've discussed relating to 221 00:13:40,240 --> 00:13:45,800 Speaker 1: early Egyptian dental ideas, most notably those pesky toothworms. Tooth 222 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:49,120 Speaker 1: pain and degradation are also attributed to the idea of 223 00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:54,479 Speaker 1: humors being unbalanced, as well as other causes to treat toothaches. 224 00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:58,080 Speaker 1: According to early Chinese practitioners, you could chew on roasted 225 00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,000 Speaker 1: garlic that had been combined with wor s, radish seeds, 226 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:04,400 Speaker 1: and other ingredients, and then if that failed, a small 227 00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:07,880 Speaker 1: dose of arsenic could be administered to the tooth. There 228 00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:10,840 Speaker 1: was also the use of acupuncture to treat toothache, and 229 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:15,400 Speaker 1: that was already well established in ancient texts. Hippocrates was 230 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:18,360 Speaker 1: born in four sixty b C. And his work and 231 00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:22,520 Speaker 1: writing advanced dental medicine in a number of ways. For one, 232 00:14:22,920 --> 00:14:26,400 Speaker 1: he wrote about the importance of separating medicine and medical 233 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:30,640 Speaker 1: practice from ideas of magic and religion. Up to his time, 234 00:14:30,720 --> 00:14:33,840 Speaker 1: that idea of a spiritual component to health and illness 235 00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:37,920 Speaker 1: had waxed and waned, but this idea of truly secular 236 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:42,880 Speaker 1: medicine was a pretty significant change. The writings of Hippocrates 237 00:14:42,920 --> 00:14:46,920 Speaker 1: are also filled with information on densil care and oral health. 238 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,160 Speaker 1: He wrote what's possibly the first description of a dental 239 00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:54,720 Speaker 1: operation was a tooth extraction using a tool called an 240 00:14:54,720 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 1: odonte gogan, and that was an early version of dental forceps. 241 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:02,760 Speaker 1: But though epoc Tse was really into some big advancements, 242 00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 1: he also thought that men had more teeth than women did, 243 00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:09,640 Speaker 1: so his hands on work on the matter might have 244 00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 1: been pretty lacking. Everybody actually gets twenty baby teeth and 245 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:17,800 Speaker 1: then twenty mature teeth plus four wisdom teeth. There can 246 00:15:17,840 --> 00:15:20,520 Speaker 1: be some variations in that, but it is not based 247 00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:25,840 Speaker 1: on sex. Although not everyone's wisdom teeth come in. That's 248 00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:28,520 Speaker 1: part of that variation. That does not appear to have 249 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:33,080 Speaker 1: anything to do again with sex, though right, whether your 250 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:37,880 Speaker 1: wisdom teeth appear or not doesn't doesn't matter. Yet one 251 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:39,880 Speaker 1: of our cats had an extra tooth and that was 252 00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:43,920 Speaker 1: just random, right, that happened. That does happen to people, 253 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:52,080 Speaker 1: but again doesn't This is this is not a sexual um. 254 00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:56,480 Speaker 1: Following Hippocrates, Aristotle was the next notable historical figure in 255 00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:00,600 Speaker 1: the Western world to write about oral health. His writing 256 00:16:00,640 --> 00:16:04,560 Speaker 1: Departibus and Amalium describes the teeth of pigs in detail. 257 00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,520 Speaker 1: Like Hippocrates, he still had that false belief in teeth 258 00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:13,000 Speaker 1: counts being different based on sex. Y'all, look inside somebody's mouth, 259 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,280 Speaker 1: look inside a bunch of different mouths, you'll figure out 260 00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:19,160 Speaker 1: you're wrong. But he did offer deeper understanding of how 261 00:16:19,280 --> 00:16:23,160 Speaker 1: teeth fit into anatomy, including how the blood, vessels of 262 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:25,680 Speaker 1: the nerves, and roots of the teeth were connected to 263 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:30,720 Speaker 1: the larger circulatory system. Rome developed a lot more advanced 264 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:34,760 Speaker 1: dentistry in the centuries following the writings of Aristotle. This 265 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: is where we first see crowns made of gold and 266 00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:42,080 Speaker 1: replacement teeth that resembled natural teeth carved from materials like 267 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:45,920 Speaker 1: ivory and boxwood. This also marked a time when there 268 00:16:45,960 --> 00:16:50,320 Speaker 1: were several different professions that could treat tooth and gum issues. 269 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:54,800 Speaker 1: Some doctors specialized in dentistry, but you could also go 270 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:57,280 Speaker 1: to a tooth drawer if you just needed one to 271 00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:00,920 Speaker 1: be pulled out. Those things were advancing. There were also 272 00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:05,600 Speaker 1: still some pretty misguided practices like urine was believed to 273 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:10,240 Speaker 1: be a good mouthwash yucker's first. There are many many 274 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:13,600 Speaker 1: great uses of urine in history, and that, in my opinion, 275 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:17,600 Speaker 1: is not one. Not so much. The first filling that 276 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:20,160 Speaker 1: we know of is attributed to the work of physician 277 00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:24,840 Speaker 1: Alice Cornelius Celsus, who wrote extensively about teeth and dentist 278 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:29,000 Speaker 1: dream His fillings, which were made primarily of lead, were 279 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:31,600 Speaker 1: not intended to save the tooth like a filling that 280 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:34,159 Speaker 1: you would have today, but instead just to bolster it 281 00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:37,639 Speaker 1: and give it a little more um steadiness so he 282 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:40,000 Speaker 1: could get a grip on it and pull it. He 283 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:43,280 Speaker 1: did advocate for patients, and that he truly believed that 284 00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:46,800 Speaker 1: pain from maladies like tooth abscesses that was some of 285 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:49,480 Speaker 1: the worst pain a person could experience in his opinion, 286 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:52,719 Speaker 1: and pain relief he thought should be a goal for 287 00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:57,200 Speaker 1: anyone practicing oral medicine. He also recognized that oral health 288 00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:01,560 Speaker 1: was a good indicator of overall health. But right alongside 289 00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:05,320 Speaker 1: that move forward where some of the more cockamami ideas. 290 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,720 Speaker 1: It was not until the first century CE that the 291 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:13,200 Speaker 1: idea of tooth worms appears in Roman texts. That's when 292 00:18:13,240 --> 00:18:18,040 Speaker 1: physicians scrimonious largus includes it in a medical formulary. This 293 00:18:18,119 --> 00:18:22,240 Speaker 1: description also includes a remedy which is burning henbane and 294 00:18:22,359 --> 00:18:27,320 Speaker 1: inhaling the fumes. The ash left behind when you burn 295 00:18:27,720 --> 00:18:32,199 Speaker 1: handbane seed buns looks a little bit like worms, and 296 00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:34,520 Speaker 1: so that was offered as proof that the worms had 297 00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:38,520 Speaker 1: been extracted. And the words of writer James win Brandt, 298 00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:43,159 Speaker 1: who wrote The Excruciating History of Dentistry quote not coincidentally, 299 00:18:43,320 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 1: henbane is a narcotic. Yes, people were easily convinced that 300 00:18:49,359 --> 00:18:54,360 Speaker 1: their worms had been extracted because they were high plenties. 301 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:58,200 Speaker 1: Writing is also filled with incorrect information regarding the teeth 302 00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:02,240 Speaker 1: in gums, Mostly it seems on from superstitions. He wrote 303 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:05,600 Speaker 1: the teeth contained a poisonous substance that could kill birds, 304 00:19:06,119 --> 00:19:08,240 Speaker 1: that there was a worm you could rub on your 305 00:19:08,280 --> 00:19:13,160 Speaker 1: teeth to treat toothache yuck, and that scratching painful gums 306 00:19:13,160 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 1: with a tooth obtained from a person who had died 307 00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:20,840 Speaker 1: violently would alleviate discomfort. Just throw all of that right out. 308 00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:25,160 Speaker 1: Sounds like I set up for a murder mystery. As 309 00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,439 Speaker 1: the first century came to a close, Syrian physician our 310 00:19:28,520 --> 00:19:32,840 Speaker 1: kidens practicing in Rome, made the connection that toothaches were 311 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:36,560 Speaker 1: caused by damage or disease to the interior of the tooth, 312 00:19:37,240 --> 00:19:39,920 Speaker 1: and that led him to perform treatments that could sort 313 00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:44,680 Speaker 1: of be considered precursors to root canals. He opened diseased 314 00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:49,679 Speaker 1: teeth with a saw to release the so called morbid humors. 315 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,320 Speaker 1: So we have spoken on this show before about Britain's 316 00:19:53,359 --> 00:19:57,080 Speaker 1: and France's barber surgeons, most recently in our episode about 317 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:01,879 Speaker 1: m Boise parret So to recap by hundreds, barber surgeons 318 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:04,920 Speaker 1: in both countries were performing tooth extractions as well as 319 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:08,639 Speaker 1: other medical procedures. This was a result of many of 320 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:11,600 Speaker 1: those tasks having been forbidden to be done by monks 321 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:14,639 Speaker 1: by the Catholic Church. That had been common practice to 322 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:17,240 Speaker 1: go to a monk for such things before the eleven hundreds, 323 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:22,040 Speaker 1: and then there was tension between these practitioners, these barber 324 00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:26,200 Speaker 1: surgeons and medical surgeons. This led to the two professions 325 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:30,080 Speaker 1: eventually being more clearly regulated and defined, and most of 326 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:34,240 Speaker 1: the procedures that barber surgeons were performing were then delineated 327 00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:39,080 Speaker 1: as the work of medical surgeons. However, tooth extractions were 328 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:41,800 Speaker 1: one of the exceptions This is why you'll often see 329 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:45,600 Speaker 1: dentistry referred to as an evolution of the barber surgeon trade. 330 00:20:46,359 --> 00:20:49,399 Speaker 1: The Little Medicinal Book for All Kinds of Diseases and 331 00:20:49,480 --> 00:20:53,239 Speaker 1: Infirmities of the Teeth is sometimes referred to as the 332 00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:57,880 Speaker 1: first dedicated book of dentistry. It was written by German 333 00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:01,960 Speaker 1: physician Arts New Bookline and fifteen thirty. This book is 334 00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,720 Speaker 1: meant as a manual for barber surgeons, and it's quite comprehensive. 335 00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:09,480 Speaker 1: There are thirteen chapters covering everything from how the teeth 336 00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: grow to the various issues of decay, impaction, and periodontal disease. 337 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:19,320 Speaker 1: He also includes sections on children's teeth and finishes with 338 00:21:19,359 --> 00:21:23,440 Speaker 1: a section on how to retain good teeth. A lot 339 00:21:23,480 --> 00:21:26,600 Speaker 1: of this work is really an updated aggregation of the 340 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:31,119 Speaker 1: work of previous practitioners, so not brand new information, but 341 00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 1: it's the first time all of that knowledge was collected 342 00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:37,640 Speaker 1: together in a sort of a textbook, and included were 343 00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:42,320 Speaker 1: instructions for procedures like drilling the teeth and applying gold fillings. Yeah, 344 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:48,560 Speaker 1: still something incorrect info, but uh, the most comprehensive book 345 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,480 Speaker 1: about it. Collection of that information that had happened up 346 00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:55,919 Speaker 1: to that point. And this book was incredibly popular. As 347 00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:59,640 Speaker 1: a consequence, six editions of it were printed between fifteen 348 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:04,440 Speaker 1: thirty fifty three. In fifteen forty six it was reprinted again, 349 00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:06,359 Speaker 1: but at that point it became a chapter in a 350 00:22:06,440 --> 00:22:09,639 Speaker 1: larger work titled The Medicinal Book for All Kinds of 351 00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:13,080 Speaker 1: Diseases of the Whole Body, internal and external, from head 352 00:22:13,080 --> 00:22:17,320 Speaker 1: to toe. This book had twelve other chapters which had 353 00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:20,440 Speaker 1: previously been separate booklets, all of which had been written 354 00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:23,679 Speaker 1: by Arts. New bookline. Coming up, we'll talk about a 355 00:22:23,680 --> 00:22:28,159 Speaker 1: problem that has plagued the dentistry trade and humans who 356 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:30,840 Speaker 1: need dental care for a long time. But it is 357 00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:33,920 Speaker 1: not a disease that is other humans. We'll talk about 358 00:22:33,920 --> 00:22:37,080 Speaker 1: that after we hear from the sponsors who keep stuffy 359 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:50,960 Speaker 1: miss the history class going Unfortunately. Although advancements were certainly 360 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:54,240 Speaker 1: being made in the medieval period and certainly into the Renaissance, 361 00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:59,360 Speaker 1: this was also a time when completely untrained people started 362 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:02,760 Speaker 1: to claim to be experts in tooth drawing or tooth extraction. 363 00:23:03,359 --> 00:23:05,879 Speaker 1: They would often travel from place to place, setting up 364 00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:08,800 Speaker 1: shop just long enough to pull some teeth and make 365 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:12,640 Speaker 1: some quick money before moving on. Although there there may 366 00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: have been and probably were a few earnest practitioners in 367 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:19,119 Speaker 1: the mix. A lot of this so called profession was 368 00:23:19,160 --> 00:23:23,639 Speaker 1: a ruse, while the tooth drawer was keeping a patient busy, 369 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:28,320 Speaker 1: sometimes with completely incorrect care, sometimes even pulling the wrong tooth, 370 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:31,800 Speaker 1: and a cop list was likely rifling through the patient's 371 00:23:31,840 --> 00:23:36,399 Speaker 1: personal effects. This was a problem throughout the sixteenth and 372 00:23:36,440 --> 00:23:40,359 Speaker 1: seventeen centuries and even into the eighteen. The rise in 373 00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:44,200 Speaker 1: quackery caused both an enormous fear of dental medicine among 374 00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:47,040 Speaker 1: lay people because there was no pain management, but it 375 00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:51,320 Speaker 1: also led to intense distrust, even though true barber surgeons 376 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:56,560 Speaker 1: were theoretically much better prepared than these itinerant pullers. The 377 00:23:56,640 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 1: only real records we have about these tooth drawers comes 378 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:04,000 Speaker 1: from artwork. There are a lot of European paintings from 379 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,480 Speaker 1: this era that show them. For example, there's jon Stein's 380 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,960 Speaker 1: one painting, The Tooth Puller. This features a boy having 381 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:14,399 Speaker 1: a tooth pulled and what looks like a market and 382 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:18,119 Speaker 1: there are spectators all around. There's a document on the 383 00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:21,160 Speaker 1: table that's visible as the license, but it's shown as 384 00:24:21,200 --> 00:24:25,880 Speaker 1: a fake with a comically large seal. This boy looks miserable, 385 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: then the children and adults who are crowded around show 386 00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:33,240 Speaker 1: a mix of kind of cheerful fascination to dismay. A 387 00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:37,280 Speaker 1: slightly older painting titled the Tooth Extraction or sometimes the 388 00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:42,600 Speaker 1: tooth Puller, is attributed to Caravaggio. Around this one shows 389 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:45,560 Speaker 1: a man at a table with the puller standing behind 390 00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:48,440 Speaker 1: and over him, with a pair of pliers in his mouth, 391 00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:51,960 Speaker 1: and what looks like blood is trickling from the patient's mouth. 392 00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:57,760 Speaker 1: Five men around the table are just looking on intensely. Yeah. 393 00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:01,879 Speaker 1: That um. That second page meaning is especially striking to 394 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:06,480 Speaker 1: me because the practitioner, the tooth drawer, tooth puller, is 395 00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:09,560 Speaker 1: staring directly at the viewer and it's just a little 396 00:25:09,560 --> 00:25:14,600 Speaker 1: bit creepy. Um. In seventy three, the book that is 397 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:18,440 Speaker 1: recognized as the start of the modern dentistry trade was published. 398 00:25:18,440 --> 00:25:23,680 Speaker 1: That was The Schurgian Dantiste the Surgeon Dentist. French surgeon 399 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 1: Pierre Fauchar wrote it, and it established a lot of 400 00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:30,640 Speaker 1: the basics that still form the foundations of dentistryam He 401 00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:34,600 Speaker 1: recognized that a person's dental health impacted their overall health, 402 00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:37,760 Speaker 1: and his book includes a comprehensive system for caring for 403 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:42,680 Speaker 1: healthy teeth, repairing damaged teeth, extracting teeth that were determined 404 00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:47,080 Speaker 1: to be beyond repair, and treating gum disease. Since the 405 00:25:47,119 --> 00:25:50,080 Speaker 1: father of modern dentistry is French, it makes sense that 406 00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:53,159 Speaker 1: the word dentist comes from the French word dn't easte. 407 00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:59,879 Speaker 1: The word don't means tooth, so he's a toothist. Fascard 408 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:03,760 Speaker 1: was an outspoken person when it came to untrained and 409 00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:07,439 Speaker 1: unlicensed people making their living as tooth pullers, and so 410 00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:10,880 Speaker 1: he sought to warn people about those kinds of Charlatan's 411 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:15,119 Speaker 1: so they could seek out qualified healthcare providers instead. He 412 00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,160 Speaker 1: had pondered for quite some time about why anybody would 413 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:20,840 Speaker 1: choose to have such a person see to their teeth, 414 00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:23,320 Speaker 1: and he wrote that he had figured out their system 415 00:26:23,480 --> 00:26:27,320 Speaker 1: quote all their cleverness consistent getting hold of some unfortunates 416 00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:31,320 Speaker 1: who pushed themselves among the people listening to the promises 417 00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:36,000 Speaker 1: of the empiric. These pretend paid sufferers come up from 418 00:26:36,040 --> 00:26:38,600 Speaker 1: time to time to the operator, who holds in his 419 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:42,720 Speaker 1: hand a tooth already wrapped in a very fine skin 420 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:46,120 Speaker 1: with the blood of a chicken or some other animal, 421 00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:49,760 Speaker 1: introduces his hand into the mouth of the pretended suffer 422 00:26:49,920 --> 00:26:53,840 Speaker 1: drops into it the tooth hidden in his hand. Bush 423 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:57,239 Speaker 1: are then described how the tooth drawer would do some 424 00:26:57,359 --> 00:27:01,119 Speaker 1: delicate move and the paid fake would spit out the 425 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:03,720 Speaker 1: tooth and the blood, making this whole procedure look very 426 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:07,359 Speaker 1: easy and quick and painless. Naturally, then people would line 427 00:27:07,480 --> 00:27:10,240 Speaker 1: up for such a really easy procedure only to learn 428 00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,520 Speaker 1: that what was going to happen was really painful and 429 00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:16,760 Speaker 1: sometimes dangerous. So we're coming up to apart. That is 430 00:27:16,840 --> 00:27:21,240 Speaker 1: fairly tame, depending on your level of comfort of such things. 431 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:24,600 Speaker 1: It certainly made me squirm. Uh Fauchar had become a 432 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:28,640 Speaker 1: dental specialist in Paris after learning the fundamentals of dentistry 433 00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:32,520 Speaker 1: in the King's Navy, and he wrote extensively about his 434 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:35,679 Speaker 1: dental tools and how they were used. The five he 435 00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:40,119 Speaker 1: specified for dental use for the gum lancet, the punch pincers, 436 00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:42,879 Speaker 1: the lever, and the one that he described as the 437 00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:47,200 Speaker 1: most useful, the pelican. The pelican, named because it's sort 438 00:27:47,240 --> 00:27:50,920 Speaker 1: of resembles the pelican's beak, was invented centuries earlier by 439 00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,280 Speaker 1: Guy de Choliek, and to me it looks utterly terrifying. 440 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:57,959 Speaker 1: It used a lever to remove a tooth. It had 441 00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,000 Speaker 1: a hooked claw shaped leg that went over the tooth 442 00:28:01,119 --> 00:28:03,720 Speaker 1: and another that would push against the gum, and so 443 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:05,800 Speaker 1: they would pull this lever and the tooth would kind 444 00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:09,960 Speaker 1: of get pulled out sideways. Fauchar noted in his writings 445 00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:12,000 Speaker 1: that if someone did not know how to use it, 446 00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:16,240 Speaker 1: the Pelican quote is the most dangerous of all instruments 447 00:28:16,280 --> 00:28:19,960 Speaker 1: for drawing teeth. The first dentist known in the European 448 00:28:20,040 --> 00:28:24,000 Speaker 1: colonies in North America arrived in the seventeen sixties. His 449 00:28:24,080 --> 00:28:27,600 Speaker 1: name was John Baker, and after getting an education in 450 00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:30,760 Speaker 1: Britain and Ireland, he left to set up to practice 451 00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:34,120 Speaker 1: in the colonies. Started out in Boston, but we don't 452 00:28:34,119 --> 00:28:36,560 Speaker 1: know a whole lot about his time there. What we 453 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:39,680 Speaker 1: do know is that in seventeen sixty seven he decided 454 00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:41,920 Speaker 1: to move to New York. And we know that because 455 00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:45,200 Speaker 1: he placed a notice in the Boston Evening Post to 456 00:28:45,280 --> 00:28:48,160 Speaker 1: let his patients know he was moving on, but they 457 00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:51,800 Speaker 1: could continue to purchase his dentifics, which was an early 458 00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,080 Speaker 1: tooth cleaner, at a local shop. He also trained an 459 00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:58,480 Speaker 1: apprentice who will talk about him just a moment. Baker 460 00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:00,920 Speaker 1: moved around quite a bit. It seems he can be 461 00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:04,920 Speaker 1: traced largely through similar postings in papers in each city 462 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:07,959 Speaker 1: as he moved on. We also get a sense of 463 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,640 Speaker 1: how established many of the services we might receive from 464 00:29:11,640 --> 00:29:15,840 Speaker 1: a dentist today we're already in place through his newspaper ads. 465 00:29:16,280 --> 00:29:19,000 Speaker 1: For example, in one advertisement in seventeen seventy one, he 466 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:22,120 Speaker 1: touted that he could cure scurvy in the dums, starting 467 00:29:22,120 --> 00:29:25,280 Speaker 1: with a scaling of the teeth, maintain teeth to keep 468 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:30,040 Speaker 1: them white and beautiful, administer fillings, transplant teeth from one 469 00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:34,280 Speaker 1: person to another, make artificial teeth, and lastly, he quote 470 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:38,400 Speaker 1: displaces teeth and stumps after the best and easiest methods, 471 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:41,120 Speaker 1: be they ever so deep sunk into the socket of 472 00:29:41,120 --> 00:29:44,880 Speaker 1: the gums. You've probably heard the myth that George Washington 473 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,840 Speaker 1: had a set of wooden dentures, and he did have 474 00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,720 Speaker 1: false teeth, but they were not would Dr John Baker 475 00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:55,640 Speaker 1: made them originally out of ivory. They were wired to 476 00:29:55,760 --> 00:30:00,320 Speaker 1: Washington's healthy, ish remaining teeth. That was before the Revolutionary War, 477 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:05,200 Speaker 1: though Washington had other dentists make replacement teeth in later years. 478 00:30:05,520 --> 00:30:09,040 Speaker 1: Some of his dentures were his own teeth that had 479 00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:12,720 Speaker 1: been pulled. Some of them may have been bought from 480 00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:18,000 Speaker 1: people he enslaved. Yes, um, But the first President of 481 00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:20,600 Speaker 1: the United States is not the only notable figure in 482 00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:25,480 Speaker 1: US history whose life brushed up against John Baker. Paul 483 00:30:25,520 --> 00:30:28,160 Speaker 1: Revere also knew the dentist, but not because he was 484 00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:32,640 Speaker 1: a patient. It was because Baker trained Paul Revere in dentistry. 485 00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:36,640 Speaker 1: This happened when Baker was in Boston. The intent was 486 00:30:36,680 --> 00:30:38,920 Speaker 1: that he would not leave his patients without dental care, 487 00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:41,360 Speaker 1: and that Paul Revere would replace him in his practice. 488 00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:45,800 Speaker 1: The first ad placed by Revere offering such services appeared 489 00:30:45,840 --> 00:30:49,440 Speaker 1: in seventeen eighty six in the Boston news Letter, and 490 00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,000 Speaker 1: after noting that lots of people lose teeth in a 491 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:55,280 Speaker 1: variety of ways, this notice reads, quote, this is to 492 00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:58,239 Speaker 1: inform all such that they may have them replaced with 493 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:02,080 Speaker 1: artificial ones that look as well as the natural, by 494 00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:05,960 Speaker 1: Paul Revere Goldsmith near the head of Dr Clark's Worth, Boston. 495 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:08,760 Speaker 1: That notice goes on to say that if you already 496 00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,600 Speaker 1: got some false teeth from Mr John Baker, Paul Revere 497 00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:14,360 Speaker 1: was trained by him, and he will refasten those as 498 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:19,520 Speaker 1: they naturally loosen over time. Revere practice dentistry until seventeen 499 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:23,120 Speaker 1: seventy four, and then he moved on to exclusively making 500 00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:28,280 Speaker 1: appliances like bridges or dentures. General Joseph Warren died at 501 00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:31,480 Speaker 1: the Battle of Bunker Hill, and when he was disinterred 502 00:31:31,520 --> 00:31:34,000 Speaker 1: from the battlefield to give him a more permanent and 503 00:31:34,040 --> 00:31:38,720 Speaker 1: appropriate burial, Revere identified the body by that bridge work 504 00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:41,920 Speaker 1: that he had provided to Lauren. This was the first 505 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:47,160 Speaker 1: known instance of a post mortem identification through someone's dental information, 506 00:31:47,920 --> 00:31:51,600 Speaker 1: and yet another connection to George Washington in dental history. 507 00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:55,120 Speaker 1: It was one of his later dentists, John Greenwood, who 508 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:58,760 Speaker 1: invented the first known dental foot engine. This was a 509 00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:02,240 Speaker 1: machine that had a treadle taken from his mother's spinning wheel, 510 00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:04,960 Speaker 1: so that the dentist could power the rotation of his 511 00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:08,280 Speaker 1: drill by rocking his foot to and fro on that treadle. 512 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:12,840 Speaker 1: Greenwood was Washington's favorite dentist. We know this because the 513 00:32:12,880 --> 00:32:17,880 Speaker 1: President wrote him a letter saying so in Greenwood at 514 00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:20,440 Speaker 1: that point had made three full sets of dentures for 515 00:32:20,520 --> 00:32:24,880 Speaker 1: Washington and two partial sets had Washington not died at 516 00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:27,200 Speaker 1: the end of that year, it seems a certainty that 517 00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:30,880 Speaker 1: Greenwood probably would have continued to be his dentist. The 518 00:32:30,920 --> 00:32:34,560 Speaker 1: first dental text published in the US was a Treatise 519 00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:38,760 Speaker 1: on the Human teeth, concisely explaining their structure and cause 520 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,680 Speaker 1: of decay, to which has added the most beneficial and 521 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:45,640 Speaker 1: effectual method of treating all disorders incidental to the teeth 522 00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 1: and gums, with directions for their judicious extraction and proper 523 00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:55,720 Speaker 1: mode of preservation, interspersed with observations interesting too and worthy 524 00:32:55,760 --> 00:33:00,040 Speaker 1: the attention of every individual. That text was published in 525 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:03,360 Speaker 1: eighteen o one. Although the title was lengthy, the book 526 00:33:03,560 --> 00:33:06,760 Speaker 1: was not. It was only sixty eight pages. Many of 527 00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:10,560 Speaker 1: those pages were devoted to touting what an amazing dentist 528 00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:15,280 Speaker 1: it's author, Roger Cortland's skinner was. It's also laid out 529 00:33:15,320 --> 00:33:18,280 Speaker 1: some basic information on dental hygiene, and it's set the 530 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:21,800 Speaker 1: stage for similar works to publish, which was really the 531 00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:25,200 Speaker 1: primary way that that kind of information was circulating at 532 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:28,520 Speaker 1: the time. So, now that we're getting a more casual 533 00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:32,320 Speaker 1: public education dental healthcare, this is where we're gonna end 534 00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:34,760 Speaker 1: Part one, but there is of course a lot more 535 00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:36,840 Speaker 1: to discuss, and next time we were going to get 536 00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:39,640 Speaker 1: into things like dental chairs. And there's a big old 537 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:47,040 Speaker 1: drama that happens with amalgam done dune, dune done. Um. 538 00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:49,480 Speaker 1: Now that we have talked about how people did not 539 00:33:49,720 --> 00:33:53,400 Speaker 1: eat refined sugar in ancient civilizations and thus had less 540 00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:57,520 Speaker 1: to decay, let's talk about something sugary in our listener mate. 541 00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:02,720 Speaker 1: Let's do it uh, and that is pie, which is 542 00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:06,200 Speaker 1: with an exclamation point because that is how listener Kelly 543 00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:10,000 Speaker 1: titled her email. Kelly writes, Hello, Holly and Tracy, I 544 00:34:10,080 --> 00:34:12,719 Speaker 1: just finished your podcast about pie, and I found it 545 00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:16,160 Speaker 1: to be absolutely delightful. We are huge pie fans in 546 00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:19,760 Speaker 1: this house, but I wasn't always one myself before marrying 547 00:34:19,840 --> 00:34:23,480 Speaker 1: my spouse. I rarely ate pie. Afterwards, it's pie at 548 00:34:23,480 --> 00:34:26,320 Speaker 1: every gathering. My mother in law is a pie wizard 549 00:34:26,360 --> 00:34:30,160 Speaker 1: and often makes cherry, strawberry and many fruit slash cream 550 00:34:30,239 --> 00:34:34,360 Speaker 1: variations for every holiday and gathering. I'm inherently impatient, so 551 00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:38,319 Speaker 1: without my food processor, creating a pie crust is absolutely impossible. 552 00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:41,480 Speaker 1: I also was surprised to know that my pie preference 553 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: is more aligned with the British version of apple pie. 554 00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:47,240 Speaker 1: My favorite pie in this world is an apple crumb. Pie. 555 00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:50,240 Speaker 1: I find the buttery pie crust, the soft, succulent apples, 556 00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:53,799 Speaker 1: and crunchy top to be incredibly divine. It took many 557 00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:56,239 Speaker 1: years of reading many cookbooks for me to figure out 558 00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:59,560 Speaker 1: the best combination of the apple filling. As it turns out, 559 00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,720 Speaker 1: I use cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg in my pie filling. 560 00:35:02,920 --> 00:35:04,960 Speaker 1: I often have a habit of buying more green apples 561 00:35:04,960 --> 00:35:07,200 Speaker 1: than I can physically eat, so I make this pie 562 00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:10,640 Speaker 1: pretty often. Your episode inspired me to check to see 563 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:13,000 Speaker 1: how many apples I had collected, and sure enough I 564 00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:15,760 Speaker 1: had enough to make a pie. Listening to this podcast 565 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,280 Speaker 1: while physically making a pie was a delight. I felt 566 00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:20,759 Speaker 1: refreshed and I got a delicious pie to eat. At 567 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:25,759 Speaker 1: the end, Kelly also sent recipes so we can make 568 00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:31,640 Speaker 1: her pie delicious. Um. I love this. I love the 569 00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:34,040 Speaker 1: idea of making a pie. While listening to the history 570 00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:37,880 Speaker 1: of pie, I'm suddenly wondering I had never asked you 571 00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,799 Speaker 1: and meant to in the behind the scenes. Tracy, do 572 00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:44,000 Speaker 1: you ever put cheddar cheese on your apple pie? I've 573 00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,000 Speaker 1: never tried that. I don't think it's something my dad 574 00:35:47,080 --> 00:35:48,839 Speaker 1: has always done, and I, when I was a kid, 575 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:50,799 Speaker 1: thought it was a little odd, but then I tried 576 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:52,839 Speaker 1: it and it's delicious, And I have since met other 577 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:54,919 Speaker 1: people that do the same. So I'm wondering if that's 578 00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:57,360 Speaker 1: like a regional thing. Yeah, I don't know. I don't 579 00:35:57,480 --> 00:36:02,120 Speaker 1: eat enough apple pie really to think about it. I 580 00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,359 Speaker 1: don't either, but I recommend it. When let's all make 581 00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:08,239 Speaker 1: a pie and try it, see, we can do a 582 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:11,560 Speaker 1: b testing. Um, maybe we will use Actually I would 583 00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:15,280 Speaker 1: not use this pie recipe because as that beautiful crunchy 584 00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:18,000 Speaker 1: top which doesn't work as well like a covered pie, 585 00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:23,320 Speaker 1: and you don't want to ruin that. That stuff is delicious. Um, 586 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:26,040 Speaker 1: So if you are making a pie, that sounds great. 587 00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:28,359 Speaker 1: If you want to send us more pie recipes, I'm 588 00:36:28,360 --> 00:36:31,200 Speaker 1: always collecting and I love them, so please do so. 589 00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:34,760 Speaker 1: You can do that at History podcast at iHeart radio 590 00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:36,960 Speaker 1: dot com. You can also find us on social media 591 00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:39,960 Speaker 1: as Missed in History. If you haven't yet subscribed to 592 00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:42,080 Speaker 1: the podcast that as Easy as Pie, you can do 593 00:36:42,120 --> 00:36:44,279 Speaker 1: that on the I heart radio app or anywhere you 594 00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:52,279 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History 595 00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:55,040 Speaker 1: Class is a production of I heart Radio. For more 596 00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app. 597 00:36:58,239 --> 00:37:01,400 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. 598 00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:02,360 Speaker 1: H