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Speaker 3: Hey, I'm Ryan Reynolds. Recently I asked Mint Mobiles legal

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Speaker 1: What the fuck are you talking about?

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Speaker 6: Hey Daniel, are you guys done with physics yet?

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Speaker 1: Done with physics? I mean we're just getting started.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, but then you build that large Hadron collider. Didn't

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Speaker 6: that answer all of your questions?

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Speaker 1: Naw, there's always more stuff to figure out.

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Speaker 6: Man, Wait, do you mean people paid ten billion dollars

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Speaker 6: for that and now you need more money?

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Speaker 1: That was just like the down payment on the project?

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Speaker 6: What was that in the fine print? We missed that?

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Speaker 1: Somehow research is exploration. Man, there never any guarantees about

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Speaker 1: what we're going to find.

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Speaker 6: But I thought the Higgs Boson completed the standard model.

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Speaker 6: I mean it's called the standard model. Aren't you done?

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Speaker 1: It's the standard model. Now we want to upgrade it

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Speaker 1: to like the super standard model.

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Speaker 6: Sounds like you need to go work for Apple.

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Speaker 1: Sounds like we should work for FTX.

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Speaker 6: Sounds like we paid ten billion dollars for the wrong model.

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Speaker 1: Can we have one hundred billion? Please?

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Speaker 6: Hi? I'm Morham, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I will never be done asking

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Speaker 1: questions about the nature of reality?

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Speaker 6: But what if you get the final answer? Wouldn't you

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Speaker 6: be done?

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Speaker 7: Well?

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Speaker 1: The lesson from that book is that you're never done that.

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Speaker 1: Even if you do get the final answer, the next

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Speaker 1: question is, well, why this answer and not something else?

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Speaker 1: Why do we live in a universe where the answer

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Speaker 1: is forty two and not forty seven? What does it mean? Anyway?

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Speaker 1: The questions multiply.

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Speaker 6: Maybe the ultimate answer is because that's a non answer.

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Speaker 6: It's an answer, it's not a very.

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Speaker 1: Satisfying answer, and in the end we're looking for explanations,

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Speaker 1: not nonsense.

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Speaker 6: We welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 6: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we try to satisfy your curiosity about the

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Speaker 1: nature of the universe. Why is the world made up

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Speaker 1: of tiny little particles frothing together to build up our reality?

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Speaker 1: How far down do you have to go before you

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Speaker 1: can really understand the universe at its most basic level?

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Speaker 1: And is there even a most basic level? Or is

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Speaker 1: there an infinite tower of questions all the way from

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Speaker 1: galaxies down to black holes, down to particles, down to strings,

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Speaker 1: and then down to whatever strings are made of.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, it's an incredible universe full of gigantic phenomenon like

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Speaker 6: black holes and galaxies and clusters of galaxies, but also

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Speaker 6: with a lot going on at the microscopic level, with

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Speaker 6: atoms and particles and tiny little quantum blips, and somehow

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Speaker 6: it all seems to be ruled by the same rules.

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Speaker 6: The same rule supplies from the tiniest levels to the

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Speaker 6: most cosmic of all levels.

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Speaker 1: It really is incredible how many layers of zoom we

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Speaker 1: have for the universe. Like we can think about the

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Speaker 1: universe on the scale of super clusters of galaxies, objects

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Speaker 1: that are hundreds of millions of light years across, and

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Speaker 1: they follow gravity, and we can make predictions about how

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Speaker 1: they swirl around each other, and that you can sort

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Speaker 1: of adjust your zoom knob and think about planets and stars,

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Speaker 1: and you can adjust your zoom up again and think

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Speaker 1: about rocks and liquids, and you can do it again,

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Speaker 1: and think about atoms. You can do it again. You

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Speaker 1: can think about protons. You can do it again and

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Speaker 1: think about quarks. And we just don't know how many

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Speaker 1: layers of zoom are there, and we don't actually even

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Speaker 1: know the answer to the question of whether they all

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Speaker 1: follow the same rules. You know, our reductionist approach assumes

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Speaker 1: that there is a basic nature to the universe with

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Speaker 1: a certain set of laws from which everything else emerges.

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Speaker 1: But that's sort of a philosophical assumption. We're not even

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Speaker 1: sure that's true.

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Speaker 6: Do you find yourself, Daniel, reading a scientific paper that

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Speaker 6: you print it out on paper and then you're trying

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Speaker 6: to zoom in with your fingers? Does that work?

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Speaker 1: I do sometimes click on blue links on printed out papers,

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Speaker 1: and I'm frustrated that they don't just like print out

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Speaker 1: the right paper for me. That would be awesome. You

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Speaker 1: could click on a link on a paper and your

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Speaker 1: printer would just print the next paper.

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Speaker 6: But it is pretty amazing that we know so much

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Speaker 6: about the universe, from the tiniest levels to the largest

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Speaker 6: of all stages the entire universe. And I guess the hypothesis,

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Speaker 6: like you said, is that there's one set of rules

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Speaker 6: that somehow rules at all.

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Speaker 1: That's certainly one philosophical approach. We call that reductionism, the

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Speaker 1: idea that the tiny dominates the huge, And it sort

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Speaker 1: of makes sense to us intuitively that things emerge from

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Speaker 1: the smallest bits. But if you dig down into it,

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Speaker 1: there's not really a whole lot of justification for it.

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Speaker 1: I mean, why should the small dominate the large? Why

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Speaker 1: can't rules emerge at the larger levels as well and

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Speaker 1: dominate the small.

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Speaker 6: Wait who said the tiny dominate the large? I would

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Speaker 6: say that the particles here on Earth are pretty much

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Speaker 6: subject to whatever the Sun wants to do.

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Speaker 1: I think the sort of standard philosophical approach to physics

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Speaker 1: is to imagine that there are basic rules at the

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Speaker 1: smallest scale, and those rules somehow weave themselves together to

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Speaker 1: make our reality. And so in order to understand the

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Speaker 1: basic nature of the universe, we should dig deep into

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Speaker 1: the smallest particles to try to find the smallest of

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Speaker 1: the smallest of the small, and along way we have

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Speaker 1: made a lot of progress, a lot of encouraging results.

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Speaker 1: We've understood the nature of the periodic table based on

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Speaker 1: how protons and neutrons and electrons fit together to make

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Speaker 1: all of those different atoms. We've even understood how protons

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Speaker 1: and neutrons are built out of smaller pieces. So there

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Speaker 1: are a lot of hints that suggest that we should

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Speaker 1: keep digging down into the nature of reality to understand

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Speaker 1: how the bigger things emerge.

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Speaker 6: It's kind of interesting how physics has some outcovered both

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Speaker 6: ends of the spectrum, but not the stuff in between.

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Speaker 6: Like you start on small with the particles and atoms.

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Speaker 6: But then at some and you're like, ah, that's chemistry,

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Speaker 6: and after that biology, and after that you know, political science.

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Speaker 6: We don't care about that. But then once you get

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Speaker 6: to the size of the planet or the solar system,

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Speaker 6: and you're like, oh, okay, now I'm back. Now I'm

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Speaker 6: interested in this again as a physicist will take over

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Speaker 6: from here until the end of the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. And it's really fascinating sort of from

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Speaker 1: a sociological point of view, because for a long time

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Speaker 1: those communities, the astrophysics community and the particle physics community,

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Speaker 1: were totally separate. The people who worked on galaxies didn't

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Speaker 1: really spend a whole lot of time talking to the

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Speaker 1: people who built colliders and smashed particles together, though they

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Speaker 1: were in the same department, didn't really overlap very much.

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Speaker 1: But more recently those communities have come together because there

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Speaker 1: is a common mystery, for example, the mystery of dark matter.

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Speaker 1: We discovered it through astronomical observations that revealed that there's

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Speaker 1: stuff out there that is not made of our kinds

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Speaker 1: of particles, and now we have particle physicists searching for

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Speaker 1: that dark matter. So now we have a new kind

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Speaker 1: of physicist, astro particle physicists that work both on the

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Speaker 1: biggest things and the tiniest things in the universe. But

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Speaker 1: you're right, skipping everything in between.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, I feel like you guys skip over anything that's

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Speaker 6: messy and complicated. I wonder if that says something about

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Speaker 6: your personalities.

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Speaker 1: I do think that I got into physics to avoid

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Speaker 1: all the complications of chemistry and biology. That's certainly true.

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Speaker 1: We like approximating things as simple objects, dots, spheres, circles

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Speaker 1: whenever we can.

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Speaker 6: Planets, right, Planets are also just circles to you, So

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Speaker 6: in suns right basic Kindergarten shapes as long as you

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Speaker 6: stick with that, than your physicists.

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Speaker 1: I think kindergarten is probably too advanced. I mean, I

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Speaker 1: wouldn't want a triangle shaped planet or anything.

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Speaker 6: Wouldn't that be interesting?

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Speaker 1: Though? I'd be like, oh, that sounds like chemistry to me.

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Speaker 1: I'll focus on the spheares.

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Speaker 6: It sounds like geometry. Forget about it exactly. We do

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Speaker 6: have a pretty interesting view of the universe now, and

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Speaker 6: an interesting model that describes how things work at the

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Speaker 6: tiniest levels, and that we are hoping extends to the

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Speaker 6: largest of levels. But we do have a model about

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Speaker 6: the universe, and we've been building it over centuries, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, physics builds our concepts of the universe sort of

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Speaker 1: on these levels. Right. We have like the atomic level

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Speaker 1: where we think about the elements, and then we zoom

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Speaker 1: in and we think about the nucleus, and then we

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Speaker 1: zoom in and we think about the quarks. And at

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Speaker 1: the level of the quarks and the electrons. You're right,

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Speaker 1: we have a very nice picture of all those particles,

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Speaker 1: how they interact, what they do, and that model also

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Speaker 1: explains all the experiments that we can do smashing particles

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Speaker 1: together at very high energies and all sorts of other

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Speaker 1: very detailed, exhaustive experiments. The picture we have of those

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Speaker 1: particles we've been putting together for about one hundred years.

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Speaker 1: It sort of all clicks together very nicely. Now.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, it's a pretty good theory that describes what we

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Speaker 6: can see and it works pretty well. However, we sort

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Speaker 6: of know it's not the final theory or the ultimate

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Speaker 6: theory of the universe.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Physics is never done asking questions. And even

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Speaker 1: if we have a beautiful concept which clicks together and

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Speaker 1: explains experiments. This will always come up with ways to

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Speaker 1: keep the project going.

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Speaker 6: Conveniently, you'll figure out a way to keep your job

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Speaker 6: and going.

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Speaker 1: You think being driven by curiosity, staying up late at

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Speaker 1: night wondering about the nature of the universe is convenient.

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Speaker 1: It's almost like an obsession.

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Speaker 6: And so to the end of the program, we'll be

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Speaker 6: asking the question, what's the problem with the standard model?

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Speaker 6: I think I know the answer, Daniel, is it me?

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Speaker 1: Am I the problem?

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Speaker 6: Well, that's one problem, yes, But maybe your main problem

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Speaker 6: is that you call it the wrong thing. I mean,

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Speaker 6: you call it the standard model. Not everyone thinks it's

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Speaker 6: the standard one. But now you're saying it's not standard.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you'll be amazed to discover that we can't even

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Speaker 1: actually agree about what is the standard model. Some people

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Speaker 1: think the standard model is one thing, other people think

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Speaker 1: it's something else. So it turns out the stand lite

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Speaker 1: is not actually standard.

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Speaker 6: It sounds like you guys have no standards when it

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Speaker 6: comes to naming things, especially models.

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Speaker 1: It doesn't surprise me that we didn't impress you on

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Speaker 1: this one.

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Speaker 6: But really, maybe the question we are asking here today

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Speaker 6: is what are the problems with the standard model? Right?

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Speaker 6: Because there's not just one problem with it, there are many.

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Speaker 1: There are many problems, there are unanswered questions, there are

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Speaker 1: cracks in it, there are missing pieces, there are things

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Speaker 1: we know the standard Model cannot describe. All of these

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Speaker 1: things are vital hints and clues laying the path for

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Speaker 1: the next generation of physicists, who we hope will reveal

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Speaker 1: a deeper understanding into the nature of reality.

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Speaker 6: So maybe a better name would have been the model

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Speaker 6: ish or the sort of model.

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Speaker 1: The non standard sort of model.

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Speaker 6: Well, as usual, we were wondering how many people have

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Speaker 6: thought about this question, have wondered what are the missing

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Speaker 6: pieces of the standard model? What's wrong with it?

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Speaker 1: So thank you very much to everybody who answers these

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Speaker 1: questions for this segment of the podcast. We thoroughly enjoy

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Speaker 1: hearing your thoughts and we would love for everybody else

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Speaker 1: to have a chance to participate. If you would like

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Speaker 1: to put your voice on the podcast answering these questions,

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Speaker 1: please write to me too questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 1: I will set you up.

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Speaker 6: So think about it for a second. What do you

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Speaker 6: think are the problems with the standard model? Here's what

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Speaker 6: people had to say.

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Speaker 8: I feel like we're confident about how gravity works, like

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Speaker 8: on the microscope or microscopic level, and then we're confident

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Speaker 8: about like quantum mechanics, but we don't know how to

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Speaker 8: relate the two. And that's the problem, as.

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Speaker 7: I understand, if the Standard Model describes a proton and

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Speaker 7: the nucleus and electrons, and the problem with it is

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Speaker 7: that it describes them as little actual points in space

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Speaker 7: as opposed to excitations of various quantum fields. Therefore, I

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Speaker 7: remember you saying actually in the podcast that it's actually

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Speaker 7: an incorrect interpretation to imagine these little things as particles

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Speaker 7: or little discrete points in space.

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Speaker 9: Maybe the problem is that it doesn't have anything for

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Speaker 9: the dark matter and dark energy. But my problem is

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Speaker 9: that standard model has many things to remember and it's

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Speaker 9: too difficult for me.

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Speaker 1: I think the main problem with the Standard model is

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Speaker 1: that there's no room for gravity, and I think, especially

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Speaker 1: with the Higgs, it kind of almost finalized. The snow

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Speaker 1: work kind of stuck.

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Speaker 7: Well.

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Speaker 10: I think that the problem with the Standard model might

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Speaker 10: be that it is incomplete. It may not have the

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Speaker 10: particles to describe, for example, quantum gravity, so it can

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Speaker 10: be reconciled with general relativity.

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Speaker 11: Well, I think the problem with the Standard model is

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Speaker 11: that a people are unsure about the missing pieces in

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Speaker 11: the pattern, missing holes on the periodic table type deal

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Speaker 11: of the standard model. And people are curious if there

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Speaker 11: is on some sort of emergent or if it's some

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Speaker 11: sort of an emergent phenomena of smaller particles, even smaller

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Speaker 11: than those that we observe in the Standard model.

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Speaker 6: All right, a lot of awesome ideas here. There seem

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Speaker 6: to be a lot wrong with the Standard Model.

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Speaker 1: I think this might be the first time we can

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Speaker 1: say that every single answer is correct one percent.

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Speaker 6: Wow, that's amazing. So we're done.

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Speaker 1: Turns out the listeners are answering the questions for themselves.

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Speaker 1: We have trained everybody so well that we have worked

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Speaker 1: ourselves out of a podcast.

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Speaker 6: Sorry, we have reached the singularity.

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Speaker 1: Thank you everybody, it's been great.

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Speaker 6: Well, it sounds like maybe you need some different standards

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Speaker 6: or of the standard model, you know, like they have

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Speaker 6: the Gold standard, the Platinum Standard, Green Standard, the tin

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Speaker 6: Can Standard.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, I do think it's a strange name

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Speaker 1: for a theory, the Standard model. It's like calling something

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Speaker 1: modern physics. You know, what we teach as modern physics

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Speaker 1: these days is physics as we knew it about one

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Speaker 1: hundred years ago. So when they started calling it modern physics,

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Speaker 1: they sort of painted themselves into a corner. And that

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Speaker 1: happens every time you give something a name like that.

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Speaker 1: It's like calling the draft of your paper final final,

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Speaker 1: ready to submit. You know, that's not the one you're

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Speaker 1: going to submit. There's going to be a ready to

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Speaker 1: submit virgin seven before you actually turn that paper in.

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Speaker 6: So then what do you teach at the graduate level?

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Speaker 6: Postmodern physics, deconstruct.

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Speaker 1: Physics, impressionist physics. Yeah, no, we have avoided giving an

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Speaker 1: updated name like super modern physics or actually modern physics.

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Speaker 1: We just teach whatever it is we know.

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Speaker 6: Now, well, I guess there's a classical physics, so you

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Speaker 6: got to figure out how to distinguish it from that, right, Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Well, we usually think about classical physics and quantum physics,

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Speaker 1: and quantum physics obviously more recent than classical physics.

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Speaker 6: What do you call this podcast physics? Light diet physics?

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Speaker 1: No, this is the juice man. We are squeezing physics

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Speaker 1: to extract all of the core ideas and understanding. This

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Speaker 1: is like a shot of physics. Mmmm.

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Speaker 6: This is like the frozen concentrate you can of physics.

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Speaker 1: This is like that protein powder.

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Speaker 7: Man.

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Speaker 1: This will beef you up in your physics knowledge. The

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Speaker 1: beef of your brain might not be great for your kidneys,

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Speaker 1: but it'll make your mind strong.

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Speaker 6: All right, Well, let's dig into this, Daniel. I guess,

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Speaker 6: first of all, what is this standard model and is

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Speaker 6: it really standard?

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Speaker 1: So the standard model is our description of nature at

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Speaker 1: the deepest level that we have seen so far. You know,

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Speaker 1: we have six quarks, we have six leptons, we have

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Speaker 1: forces that tie them all together. The standard model is

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Speaker 1: what we call our theory of how all of that works.

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Speaker 1: And it really has emerged from a piece of work

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Speaker 1: that started like about one hundred and fifty years ago

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Speaker 1: with Maxwell, as he tied together electricity and magnetism into

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Speaker 1: a unified concept of electromagnetism. That was really like the

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Speaker 1: first step towards having any sort of holistic understanding of

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Speaker 1: various phenomena in physics and like one big idea.

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Speaker 6: Right, But then this sort of this was after Newton, Right,

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Speaker 6: Like Newton had an idea of how forces and masses

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Speaker 6: and things interacted and work. This is more about like,

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Speaker 6: let's break it down and think about all the different

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Speaker 6: kinds of forces that are out there.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Newton was thinking about how masses move and the

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Speaker 1: effects of gravity, but there are lots of other phenomena

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Speaker 1: out there that can't be explained by gravity, right, like

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Speaker 1: electricity and magnets and all sorts of other stuff. And

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Speaker 1: Maxwell brought a bunch of things together and put them

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Speaker 1: sort of under one umbrella. He developed sort of the

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Speaker 1: standard model of electromagnetism, and that's sort of like the

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Speaker 1: founding kernel of today's standard model. He explained how forces

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Speaker 1: operate in terms of fields and how a bunch of

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Speaker 1: different forces really were part of one bigger picture, right.

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Speaker 6: And he was looking specifically at electrical things like you said,

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Speaker 6: and magnetic things, but not gravity. But it's still kind

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Speaker 6: of using Newton's equations to think about like, hey, if

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Speaker 6: I put this magnet in this field, how is it

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Speaker 6: going to move? And why does it move like that?

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Speaker 1: It's Newtonian in the sense of F equals ma. He

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Speaker 1: was calculating the electric force, for example, on an electron,

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Speaker 1: and you can use F equals ma to deduce how

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Speaker 1: the electron accelerates. So it's part of mechanics in that sense,

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Speaker 1: but really he was digging deeper. I was wondering, just like,

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Speaker 1: what is the source of these forces? Why are there

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Speaker 1: forces in the universe? And can we explain all of

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Speaker 1: them in terms of a single idea rather than having

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Speaker 1: like a long list of different ones.

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Speaker 6: And is that where the name the standard model came in.

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Speaker 1: The Standard Model as a name didn't really appear until

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Speaker 1: much much later, like one hundred years later. So we

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Speaker 1: have electromagnetism from Maxwell, and then that was turned into

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Speaker 1: a quantum theory when we develop quantum mechanics, and it's

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Speaker 1: sort of fine men and a bunch of other folks

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Speaker 1: that turned electromagnetism into a quantum field theory, which is

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Speaker 1: the more modern version of it. That was about the

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Speaker 1: nineteen fifties ish, and he and some other folks won

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Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize for that. So then we had a

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Speaker 1: quantum version of electromagnetism, but we also have these other

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Speaker 1: forces we had, like the weak force, and Steve Weinberg,

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Speaker 1: who won a Nobel prize, figured out how to bring

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Speaker 1: the weak force together with electromagnetism, and that's the first

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Speaker 1: time people really called this sort of the standard model.

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Speaker 1: And he wrote a paper called a theory of leptons,

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Speaker 1: which is what brought the weak force together with electromagnetism.

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Speaker 1: And around then is when people start calling it the

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Speaker 1: standard model.

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Speaker 6: I see, I guess what do you mean by the

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Speaker 6: standard model? Is like, hey, we have all these different

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Speaker 6: ways that particles and things can be pushed in, all

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Speaker 6: these different forces that they seem to experience. Can we

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Speaker 6: put all of these forces into like one umbrella or

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Speaker 6: one you know, equation or theory and we can. Then

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Speaker 6: that's kind of standard because it covers everything.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, although of course the standard model doesn't cover everything yet. Right,

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Speaker 1: Even the standard model we have today does not describe everything,

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Speaker 1: as we'll dig into in a minute. So we should

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Speaker 1: think of it as like sort of our current best

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Speaker 1: work in progress description of all the particles that we

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Speaker 1: can't explain so far. But it's sort of like, you know,

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Speaker 1: we're all built a barn together. Let's all work on

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Speaker 1: the same project at least and try to put the

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Speaker 1: whole thing together into one edifice. But it's sort of

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Speaker 1: like how far we've gotten. It's like working draft underscore seven.

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Speaker 6: Now, when you say that you're putting all these different

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Speaker 6: forces under one theory. What does that mean? Does that

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Speaker 6: mean that all these forces are somehow related to each other,

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Speaker 6: they somehow interact with each other, or are they separate.

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Speaker 6: It's just about you know, putting them under the same grouping.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a really great question. I think there's two

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Speaker 1: ideas there. One is putting the forces in the same

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Speaker 1: mathematical language, like can we describe these things in terms

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Speaker 1: of the same basic concepts? And the basic concept we

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Speaker 1: have for the standard model are these fields that fill

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Speaker 1: space and carry information and momentum around. And that's the

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Speaker 1: basis for why electromagnetism can push on things, and why

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Speaker 1: the weak force can push and pull on things, and

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Speaker 1: also why the strong nuclear force can. So we have

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Speaker 1: a mathematical sort of formula for how that happens. And

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Speaker 1: the Standard model is cool because it puts all these

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Speaker 1: things sort of in the same mathematical language. For those

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Speaker 1: of you who know some physics and math, it means

443
00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:08,720
Speaker 1: we can describe everything as a quantum field theory just

444
00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,520
Speaker 1: by specifying its lagrongen, just by saying, here's where the

445
00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:15,320
Speaker 1: fields are, here's how they wiggle, and also here's how

446
00:21:15,359 --> 00:21:17,600
Speaker 1: they talk to each other. That's sort of like the

447
00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:21,080
Speaker 1: language we've developed for the standard model. But there's another

448
00:21:21,160 --> 00:21:23,400
Speaker 1: level to it, which is deeper, which is that sometimes

449
00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:25,400
Speaker 1: we can see symmetries there. We can say, oh, look

450
00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:27,040
Speaker 1: this piece of the math over here and that piece

451
00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:29,080
Speaker 1: of the math over there. If you bring them together,

452
00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:32,199
Speaker 1: they actually click together into something simpler. So that's what

453
00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,280
Speaker 1: we've done. For example, with electromagnetism and the weak force,

454
00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:38,840
Speaker 1: we've combined them into one mathematical structure we call the

455
00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:42,000
Speaker 1: electroweak force. So sort of two levels to that. One

456
00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:44,080
Speaker 1: is just writing it in the same language, and the

457
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:48,280
Speaker 1: other is noticing patterns and simplifying things by bringing them together.

458
00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:51,760
Speaker 6: Because I guess it could have been that that wasn't

459
00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:53,679
Speaker 6: the case, right. It could have been that that you know,

460
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:56,920
Speaker 6: you study electromagnetism, it's like, oh, it works in this way,

461
00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:59,040
Speaker 6: and there's this mass to describe it. Then when you

462
00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:01,520
Speaker 6: looked at how articles pull on each others through a

463
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:03,879
Speaker 6: different force, like the strong force or the weak force,

464
00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,240
Speaker 6: you know, you study that and then it turns out

465
00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:08,159
Speaker 6: that you need a totally different kind of math for that,

466
00:22:08,280 --> 00:22:10,600
Speaker 6: and the twoth mass are not compatible. That could have

467
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:11,080
Speaker 6: been the case.

468
00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:13,040
Speaker 1: That could have been the case exactly, and in fact,

469
00:22:13,119 --> 00:22:16,200
Speaker 1: that is the case for gravity. We have no way

470
00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:19,679
Speaker 1: currently to bring gravity into this mathematical framework. That's one

471
00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:21,560
Speaker 1: of the problems we'll talk about later. And so it

472
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,280
Speaker 1: hasn't succeeded in every single case, but it has succeeded

473
00:22:24,480 --> 00:22:27,359
Speaker 1: for these fundamental forces, the strong force, the weak force,

474
00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:28,879
Speaker 1: and electromagnetism.

475
00:22:28,960 --> 00:22:31,480
Speaker 6: All right, so then that's the standard model. It's something

476
00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:36,000
Speaker 6: that describes all the known forces except gravity, and all

477
00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:38,359
Speaker 6: of the particles except a whole bunch of parts.

478
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,199
Speaker 1: You make it sound like such an amazing achievement, but

479
00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:46,760
Speaker 1: really this is the accumulation of a huge amount of

480
00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:50,280
Speaker 1: knowledge and effort and ideas by so many smart people

481
00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:51,240
Speaker 1: over decades.

482
00:22:51,520 --> 00:22:51,679
Speaker 7: You know.

483
00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:55,080
Speaker 1: It really does represent an incredible insight into the nature

484
00:22:55,119 --> 00:22:57,600
Speaker 1: of the universe. But of course there's a lot of

485
00:22:57,600 --> 00:22:58,760
Speaker 1: work left to be done.

486
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:04,280
Speaker 6: Yeah, just like the story is left. But let's call

487
00:23:04,320 --> 00:23:05,200
Speaker 6: it the standard model.

488
00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:05,680
Speaker 1: Anyways.

489
00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:08,919
Speaker 6: All right, well, let's dig into the problems that we

490
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:11,680
Speaker 6: have with this standard model. What are the missing pieces,

491
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:13,879
Speaker 6: what are the things it can't describe, and what are

492
00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:16,200
Speaker 6: the things it may never describe? But first, let's take

493
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494
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544
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Speaker 1: of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental

545
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546
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547
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548
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550
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551
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553
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554
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561
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562
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Speaker 6: All right, we're having a standard conversation about the standard model,

563
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:04,280
Speaker 6: which is to say that the standard model is not

564
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:04,880
Speaker 6: so standard.

565
00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:06,320
Speaker 1: You don't sound very impressed.

566
00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:09,600
Speaker 6: I am impressed. Yeah, describing you know, four percent of

567
00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:12,360
Speaker 6: the universe or less is pretty good achievement.

568
00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:14,320
Speaker 1: Yeah. What grade would you give somebody if they got

569
00:27:14,320 --> 00:27:15,639
Speaker 1: a four percent on their test?

570
00:27:16,320 --> 00:27:19,359
Speaker 6: You're the professor, Well, why would you give one of

571
00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:21,880
Speaker 6: your students if they got four percent on a physics test?

572
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:24,000
Speaker 1: Yeah? Well, you know, I'd have to say, what's the curve?

573
00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:26,240
Speaker 1: Think about all the other alien species out there that

574
00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:28,360
Speaker 1: have been working on physics for the same amount of time,

575
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:30,840
Speaker 1: How far have they gotten and really you got the

576
00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:31,920
Speaker 1: greatest on that curve.

577
00:27:32,080 --> 00:27:34,879
Speaker 6: I see, you're all about lowering your standards. Is that

578
00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:35,360
Speaker 6: what you're saying.

579
00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:39,120
Speaker 1: I'm all about calibrating, man, I'm a calibrating.

580
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:41,400
Speaker 6: This case, lowering your standards.

581
00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:44,760
Speaker 1: Maybe maybe it could be that alien species out there

582
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,280
Speaker 1: basically figured it all out in about twenty minutes and

583
00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:50,160
Speaker 1: we've been struggling with it for hundreds or thousands of years,

584
00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:52,400
Speaker 1: depending on how you count, and we've hardly made any progress.

585
00:27:52,560 --> 00:27:54,760
Speaker 1: Or maybe there are aliens out there that have been

586
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:57,000
Speaker 1: working on these problems for millions of years and having

587
00:27:57,040 --> 00:27:59,280
Speaker 1: gotten as far as we have. We just don't know.

588
00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:01,639
Speaker 6: So then what would you give us a for effort?

589
00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:04,320
Speaker 1: I'd have to go with incomplete.

590
00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:06,320
Speaker 6: But that's gonna look bad at my transcript.

591
00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:06,480
Speaker 2: An.

592
00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:10,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't think anybody should hire us until we

593
00:28:10,240 --> 00:28:12,119
Speaker 1: have a sense of whether we're good at this or not.

594
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:17,320
Speaker 6: Are the human race all right? Well, let's talk about

595
00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:19,760
Speaker 6: the problems with the standard model, which I guess is

596
00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:23,960
Speaker 6: the shining achievement of physics. Right. It describes most of

597
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,359
Speaker 6: the forces that we know about, the strong force, the

598
00:28:26,359 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 6: electoral weak force, and it describes most of the particles

599
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:32,399
Speaker 6: that we know about, including all of the ones that

600
00:28:32,480 --> 00:28:33,159
Speaker 6: we're made out of it.

601
00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:36,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, and before we reveal all the chinks in its armor,

602
00:28:36,240 --> 00:28:38,920
Speaker 1: let's just spend a moment too appreciate it, because it

603
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,000
Speaker 1: means something kind of cool about the human experience. It

604
00:28:42,040 --> 00:28:45,800
Speaker 1: means that basically everything you interact with, every event in

605
00:28:45,840 --> 00:28:49,680
Speaker 1: your life, everything that happens to you, is mostly explainable.

606
00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:53,680
Speaker 1: Like there isn't really any magic left in your experience

607
00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:56,920
Speaker 1: of the universe. Every experience you have, we can mostly

608
00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:59,560
Speaker 1: explain in terms of the fundamental physics that we do

609
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:03,600
Speaker 1: so far understand, you know, lightning and stomach aches and

610
00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:06,600
Speaker 1: all sorts of things. We think we mostly understand the

611
00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:09,840
Speaker 1: basic physics of that, even if we can't always make

612
00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:12,520
Speaker 1: it practical. We can't predict the path of hurricanes. We

613
00:29:12,520 --> 00:29:14,960
Speaker 1: don't think that there are mysteries and physics that actually

614
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,400
Speaker 1: affect your everyday life. And that's a new experience for humanity, right,

615
00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:21,800
Speaker 1: Most humans over the years have lived in a world

616
00:29:21,960 --> 00:29:24,440
Speaker 1: that was fundamentally not understood by them.

617
00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:27,600
Speaker 6: Yeah, it is pretty amazing how much we can describe now,

618
00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:30,360
Speaker 6: although we were sort of there already, kind of like

619
00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:32,920
Speaker 6: one hundred years ago, right, like stomach aches we could

620
00:29:32,920 --> 00:29:35,320
Speaker 6: have predicted one hundred years ago. You don't need quantum

621
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:35,880
Speaker 6: physics for that.

622
00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:38,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm not sure if doctors even now understand the

623
00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,240
Speaker 1: stomach aches. That maybe I shouldn't give them too much credit.

624
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:43,880
Speaker 1: But you know, there were lots of interesting puzzles about

625
00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:45,920
Speaker 1: the way the world worked and the particles that were

626
00:29:45,960 --> 00:29:48,120
Speaker 1: out there that we hadn't figured out yet until we

627
00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:51,280
Speaker 1: brought them together into this picture of the Standard Model.

628
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:54,440
Speaker 1: But now we mostly understand the world that is around us,

629
00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:56,840
Speaker 1: though as we dig deeper, of course, there are lots

630
00:29:56,880 --> 00:29:59,040
Speaker 1: of holes and questions that come up.

631
00:29:59,120 --> 00:30:01,320
Speaker 6: All right, well, let's stay into some of these holes

632
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:04,640
Speaker 6: and missing pieces of the Standard Model, and let's start

633
00:30:04,680 --> 00:30:08,400
Speaker 6: with the big one, the heaviest one, the most massive one. Gravity.

634
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:11,640
Speaker 1: Gravity really is the most missing piece of the Standard Model.

635
00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:14,400
Speaker 1: Like all the forces that we do experience in our

636
00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:18,400
Speaker 1: everyday life, the strong force, the weak force, electromagnetism, gravity

637
00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:21,040
Speaker 1: is the one that we cannot describe yet using the

638
00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:24,080
Speaker 1: Standard Model, which is in the end, a quantum mechanical

639
00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:27,640
Speaker 1: description of the nature of the universe. But gravity, we

640
00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,920
Speaker 1: have a classical theory. We have general relativity, which ignores

641
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:34,800
Speaker 1: quantum mechanics and describe space as a bendy place where

642
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:36,480
Speaker 1: particles can move smoothly.

643
00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:37,000
Speaker 8: Yeah.

644
00:30:37,040 --> 00:30:39,440
Speaker 6: I know we've talked a lot on the podcast about

645
00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,880
Speaker 6: the problems with marrying quantum mechanics and gravity, but maybe

646
00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:45,840
Speaker 6: it gives a sense of why that's so hard. Like

647
00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,960
Speaker 6: I can calculate the gravity between the Sun and the Earth.

648
00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:53,280
Speaker 6: Why can't I calculate the gravity or gravitational force between

649
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:55,400
Speaker 6: an electron and a proton?

650
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:57,480
Speaker 1: Well, if you knew exactly where the electron and the

651
00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:00,840
Speaker 1: proton were, then you could calculate them distance. You know,

652
00:31:00,880 --> 00:31:02,760
Speaker 1: the mass is all that stuff.

653
00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:04,960
Speaker 6: But you can, Right, It's possible to know the location

654
00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:05,680
Speaker 6: of a particle.

655
00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:08,840
Speaker 1: Electrons are quantum objects, right, so they don't always have

656
00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:11,920
Speaker 1: a specific location. They have like a probability of being

657
00:31:11,960 --> 00:31:14,920
Speaker 1: here and a probability of being there. And one question

658
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:17,600
Speaker 1: about gravity is like, well how does that work? Is

659
00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:21,240
Speaker 1: the gravity of the electron also probabilistic? Like does space

660
00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:23,680
Speaker 1: bend a little bit where the electron might be and

661
00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:25,800
Speaker 1: a little bit somewhere else where the electron might be,

662
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:29,200
Speaker 1: or does gravity collapse the electrons wave function requiring it

663
00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,000
Speaker 1: to be in one place so that it sort of

664
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:33,640
Speaker 1: it knows how to bend space the right amount and

665
00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:34,400
Speaker 1: exactly where.

666
00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:36,920
Speaker 6: I guess. Maybe the question is, like, we can calculate

667
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:40,200
Speaker 6: the force between an electron and a proton, right, and

668
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:43,520
Speaker 6: as say understand it, it involves like exchanging a photon.

669
00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:47,440
Speaker 6: But you can calculate that force and what happens to

670
00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:50,440
Speaker 6: those two particles. Why can't I do the same with gravity?

671
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:52,240
Speaker 6: Like if I have an electron and a proton, why

672
00:31:52,240 --> 00:31:54,760
Speaker 6: can't I just calculate how much force they put on

673
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:55,160
Speaker 6: each other?

674
00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:57,960
Speaker 1: So if you're thinking about the electromagnetic force between a

675
00:31:58,040 --> 00:32:00,920
Speaker 1: proton and an electron, you're right. You can calculate that force,

676
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:02,720
Speaker 1: and you can think about it in terms of photons.

677
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:06,600
Speaker 1: And that's a quantum mechanical theory that allows the electron

678
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:08,800
Speaker 1: to have a probability being here and a probability being there.

679
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:12,120
Speaker 1: That's all cool, because electromagnetism is a quantum theory. It

680
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:15,240
Speaker 1: allows all of that. It treats its objects as quantum objects.

681
00:32:15,280 --> 00:32:18,600
Speaker 1: But gravity, so far is not. Gravity is a classical theory,

682
00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:21,240
Speaker 1: And in order to know how much space bends, you

683
00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:22,920
Speaker 1: have to know where something is and you have to

684
00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:25,920
Speaker 1: know its trajectory through space and time. And that's not

685
00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:30,040
Speaker 1: possible for quantum objects. So people have tried what you suggested, like, well,

686
00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:33,200
Speaker 1: let's build a quantum theory of gravity and think about

687
00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:37,000
Speaker 1: exchanging little particles for those forces. They call them gravitons,

688
00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:38,800
Speaker 1: and so people certainly have worked on that. They have

689
00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:41,640
Speaker 1: tried to add gravity to the standard model to make

690
00:32:41,680 --> 00:32:45,280
Speaker 1: it a quantum theory. The problem is those calculations don't work, like,

691
00:32:45,320 --> 00:32:47,320
Speaker 1: we don't know how to do it yet. Gravity is

692
00:32:47,320 --> 00:32:51,200
Speaker 1: a different kind of force than electromagnetism, so it requires

693
00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:54,680
Speaker 1: a slightly different sort of mathematical construction to describe it,

694
00:32:54,760 --> 00:32:57,200
Speaker 1: and those constructions sort of fail. When we try to

695
00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:59,920
Speaker 1: do those calculations, we get crazy numbers, we get infinity

696
00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:03,400
Speaker 1: and negative infinities. It just sort of hasn't worked out yet.

697
00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:06,480
Speaker 1: The crucial way that gravity is different is that it

698
00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:10,960
Speaker 1: couples to itself. Like a photon doesn't feel other photons

699
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:13,560
Speaker 1: because photons only feel things that have electric charges, and

700
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,880
Speaker 1: photons don't have electric charges. But gravity feels everything because

701
00:33:16,920 --> 00:33:19,600
Speaker 1: gravity feels everything with energy, and so it's sort of

702
00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:22,720
Speaker 1: a much crazier system to try to describe using this

703
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:25,560
Speaker 1: quantum mechanical apparatus. And so far, it just hasn't worked.

704
00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:28,120
Speaker 6: You mean, like maybe the idea of a graviton itself

705
00:33:28,280 --> 00:33:32,640
Speaker 6: feels gravity, like graviton has energy, and therefore it also

706
00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:35,120
Speaker 6: affects the particles through its.

707
00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:39,160
Speaker 1: Gravity exactly whereas a photon doesn't feel the electromagnetic force.

708
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:41,760
Speaker 1: And so it's just simpler to do those calculations. That

709
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:43,760
Speaker 1: doesn't mean that it's impossible to have a quantum theory

710
00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:45,760
Speaker 1: of gravity, just means it's going to need sort of

711
00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:48,840
Speaker 1: new mathematical tools that we just sort of haven't invented yet.

712
00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:51,200
Speaker 1: The tools that we have used so far haven't worked.

713
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,760
Speaker 6: Can you just invent a graviton that doesn't feel its

714
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:54,600
Speaker 6: own gravity?

715
00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:56,400
Speaker 1: You can do that, And that's sort of actually the

716
00:33:56,440 --> 00:33:59,440
Speaker 1: first step in an approximate theory of gravity, you know,

717
00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:01,480
Speaker 1: like a perturb urbative theory. We say, let's try to

718
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:05,000
Speaker 1: describe part of gravity and assume that the graviton has

719
00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:07,840
Speaker 1: a negligible effect on the gravitational shape.

720
00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:09,120
Speaker 6: Why can it have zero effect?

721
00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:11,760
Speaker 1: Well, that would be inconsistent with what we think about

722
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:15,080
Speaker 1: general relativity and how gravity works. General relativity says that

723
00:34:15,120 --> 00:34:18,200
Speaker 1: space bends in response to energy density, and so if

724
00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:21,440
Speaker 1: gravitons carry that energy, then they should also bend space.

725
00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:28,439
Speaker 6: Well, maybe just don't apply general relativity at the quantum level.

726
00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:31,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, so people are building new theories of gravity. The

727
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:33,160
Speaker 1: tricky thing is that we have a lot of measurements

728
00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:35,640
Speaker 1: of gravity already. So if you develop a new theory

729
00:34:35,680 --> 00:34:38,920
Speaker 1: of gravity, it has to also describe everything we've observed

730
00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:41,759
Speaker 1: so far about how planets orbit each other, and about

731
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:43,800
Speaker 1: black holes and all these things that happen at the

732
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:46,680
Speaker 1: big scale, you know, the scale of planets and stars

733
00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:49,600
Speaker 1: and galaxies. General relativity is past all of these tests

734
00:34:49,640 --> 00:34:52,240
Speaker 1: with flying colors, So if you develop a new theory,

735
00:34:52,239 --> 00:34:55,440
Speaker 1: it has to reproduce all of those calculations as well.

736
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:57,880
Speaker 6: And so far you haven't been able to do that.

737
00:34:58,000 --> 00:34:59,480
Speaker 1: So far, we haven't been able to do that. All

738
00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:01,839
Speaker 1: of our mathod medical attempts have sort of blown up

739
00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:02,560
Speaker 1: in our hands.

740
00:35:02,680 --> 00:35:04,960
Speaker 6: Sounds like a heavy situation there, But let's get to

741
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,200
Speaker 6: some of the other things missing in the standard model,

742
00:35:07,400 --> 00:35:09,600
Speaker 6: because some of them are pretty big. For example, ninety

743
00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:12,000
Speaker 6: five percent of the universe is not covered by the

744
00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:12,680
Speaker 6: standard model.

745
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, the standard model is really good at describing the

746
00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:17,920
Speaker 1: kind of stuff that we are made out of. Atoms

747
00:35:17,960 --> 00:35:21,279
Speaker 1: and molecules, and quarks and leptons and all these kinds

748
00:35:21,280 --> 00:35:24,600
Speaker 1: of things. But in the last few decades we've discovered

749
00:35:24,640 --> 00:35:27,560
Speaker 1: that that's not what most of the universe is made

750
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:29,240
Speaker 1: out of. We know that if you take a random

751
00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:31,840
Speaker 1: chunk of space, like a cubic light year, and you

752
00:35:31,920 --> 00:35:34,359
Speaker 1: ask how much energy is in there, it turns out

753
00:35:34,360 --> 00:35:37,080
Speaker 1: that the energy devoted to quarks and leptons and all

754
00:35:37,080 --> 00:35:38,879
Speaker 1: the kind of things that we do understand and are

755
00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:42,320
Speaker 1: described by the Standard Model is only about five percent

756
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,600
Speaker 1: of the energy in that cube, and that another like

757
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:49,920
Speaker 1: twenty five percent is due to dark matter, some weird

758
00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:52,080
Speaker 1: new kind of matter that we know is out there.

759
00:35:52,280 --> 00:35:55,280
Speaker 1: We can see its gravity and all sorts of other effects.

760
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:57,000
Speaker 1: We just don't know what it is and what kind

761
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,400
Speaker 1: of particle it's made out of, except that we're sure

762
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:02,719
Speaker 1: it's not made of our kinds of particles.

763
00:36:02,520 --> 00:36:04,400
Speaker 6: Or at least we know or we think it's not

764
00:36:04,480 --> 00:36:07,160
Speaker 6: made out of the particles that are currently tallied up

765
00:36:07,239 --> 00:36:10,120
Speaker 6: by the Standard Model. It's possible that it is made

766
00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:13,720
Speaker 6: of a particle, a different kind of particle, or something

767
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:15,840
Speaker 6: that then you could add to the Standard model.

768
00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:18,080
Speaker 1: That's right, that would be the new standard model. Standard

769
00:36:18,080 --> 00:36:21,759
Speaker 1: Model Underscore final or update version two or whatever. But

770
00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:24,000
Speaker 1: none of the particles that are currently in the Standard Model,

771
00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:27,120
Speaker 1: the quarks, the electrons, muons, the towns, and neutrinos, none

772
00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:30,520
Speaker 1: of those can explain what dark matter is. And that's

773
00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:33,359
Speaker 1: a whole, really fascinating topic people can dig into with

774
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,279
Speaker 1: a bunch of podcast episodes about why isn't dark matter

775
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:38,160
Speaker 1: neutrinos or how do we know dark matter is not

776
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,279
Speaker 1: some weird clump of quarks floating out there or primordial

777
00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:43,840
Speaker 1: black holes or something like that. But we're pretty sure

778
00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:46,560
Speaker 1: that dark matter is not made out of anything that's

779
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:49,879
Speaker 1: currently described in the Standard Model, which means it's something new,

780
00:36:50,160 --> 00:36:52,719
Speaker 1: something weird, And you're right, if we figured out what

781
00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:54,440
Speaker 1: that was, we would have to add it to the

782
00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:55,680
Speaker 1: Standard Model, right.

783
00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:57,719
Speaker 6: But it could also be the case that maybe dark

784
00:36:57,760 --> 00:37:00,160
Speaker 6: matter is made out of something that is not right

785
00:37:00,239 --> 00:37:02,480
Speaker 6: by the mathematics of the Standard Model, right, just like

786
00:37:02,520 --> 00:37:05,960
Speaker 6: gravity could be something not even compatible with the Standard Model.

787
00:37:06,120 --> 00:37:09,560
Speaker 1: Absolutely, And it's a sort of extraordinary bit of extrapolation

788
00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:12,160
Speaker 1: to even assume that it might be right, because we've

789
00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:14,600
Speaker 1: looked at a tiny fraction of the stuff in the universe,

790
00:37:14,640 --> 00:37:18,239
Speaker 1: and we developed mathematics that works to describe mostly that,

791
00:37:18,480 --> 00:37:20,600
Speaker 1: and then we imagine that, oh, maybe the rest of

792
00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:23,120
Speaker 1: it also, You know, even though we know the rest

793
00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:25,960
Speaker 1: of it is different in important and fundamental ways from

794
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,000
Speaker 1: the bit we have studied. So it's sort of a

795
00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:30,759
Speaker 1: leap to say, maybe we can use the same tools

796
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:33,520
Speaker 1: to describe the rest of the universe. Maybe right, but

797
00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,840
Speaker 1: also maybe not. It might be that dark matter is

798
00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:39,120
Speaker 1: not made of particles at all. There are theories of

799
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:41,120
Speaker 1: matter that don't have a sort of scale that as

800
00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:44,480
Speaker 1: you zoom in always look the same. Right. These things

801
00:37:44,480 --> 00:37:48,120
Speaker 1: are called unparticles. There's all sorts of other crazy bonkers

802
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:50,920
Speaker 1: ideas that are not particle based dark matter. If you

803
00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:53,520
Speaker 1: ask me, that's what I would love for us to discover,

804
00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:55,719
Speaker 1: because instead of just like adding a new piece to

805
00:37:55,760 --> 00:37:58,279
Speaker 1: the Standard model and building on quantum field theory, it

806
00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:01,239
Speaker 1: would point to us a new way that the universe operates,

807
00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:05,120
Speaker 1: a completely different sort of foundational construct that can describe reality.

808
00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:08,400
Speaker 6: Mmm. That would be pretty exciting. But also, the Standard

809
00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:11,880
Speaker 6: Model doesn't describe dark energy, which is like sixty seven

810
00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:14,280
Speaker 6: percent of the universe, right. Two thirds of the universe

811
00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:16,760
Speaker 6: is also unexplainable by the Standard model.

812
00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:19,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, And when we say two thirds again, we're thinking

813
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:21,480
Speaker 1: about a sort of a fictional chunk of the universe

814
00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:24,759
Speaker 1: and accounting for the fraction of the energy. Right, we

815
00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:26,759
Speaker 1: don't know how big the universe is, and when we

816
00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:28,920
Speaker 1: say two thirds of the universe, some people might be

817
00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:30,560
Speaker 1: confused about it. What are you talking about? If the

818
00:38:30,640 --> 00:38:33,359
Speaker 1: universe is infinite, two thirds is also infinite. So that's

819
00:38:33,360 --> 00:38:35,759
Speaker 1: why we think about in terms of energy density, Like

820
00:38:35,840 --> 00:38:38,080
Speaker 1: take a chunk of the universe and ask how much

821
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:41,120
Speaker 1: energy is in that chunk and how is it apportioned. Well,

822
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:44,000
Speaker 1: two thirds of the energy of any chunk of the universe,

823
00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:47,240
Speaker 1: we think, is devoted to this thing called dark energy,

824
00:38:47,280 --> 00:38:49,440
Speaker 1: as you say, And dark energy is just our description

825
00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:52,480
Speaker 1: of the fact that the universe is expanding, and that

826
00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:56,600
Speaker 1: expansion is accelerating. That every year, space is getting bigger,

827
00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:00,360
Speaker 1: and it's getting bigger faster every year, and that whires

828
00:39:00,360 --> 00:39:03,520
Speaker 1: some energy. And as space gets bigger, it makes new space,

829
00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:06,360
Speaker 1: and that new space has dark energy in it. And

830
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:08,680
Speaker 1: so dark energy is a sort of runaway effect. It

831
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:11,480
Speaker 1: keeps creating more of itself, which creates more of itself

832
00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:14,080
Speaker 1: to create more of itself. And so actually that dark

833
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:17,200
Speaker 1: energy fraction in the universe is growing. It's now the

834
00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:20,120
Speaker 1: dominant fraction, and unless something changes, we think it's going

835
00:39:20,160 --> 00:39:22,160
Speaker 1: to forever dominate our destiny.

836
00:39:23,239 --> 00:39:25,440
Speaker 6: It seems like maybe the problem with the standard model

837
00:39:25,719 --> 00:39:29,279
Speaker 6: is that it doesn't talk about space itself, right, Like

838
00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:32,719
Speaker 6: it talks about particles and quantum fields, and it assumes

839
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:35,960
Speaker 6: a fixed, non changing space. But there's all these other

840
00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:38,759
Speaker 6: theories like gravity and dark energy and the expansion of

841
00:39:38,760 --> 00:39:41,880
Speaker 6: the universe that assumes that space itself is changing, whereas

842
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:44,879
Speaker 6: in the standard model it's almost like a constant or

843
00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:45,880
Speaker 6: an assumption.

844
00:39:46,040 --> 00:39:48,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, I wouldn't say that standard model doesn't talk about space,

845
00:39:48,360 --> 00:39:52,200
Speaker 1: but you're right, it certainly makes certain very crisp assumptions

846
00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:55,000
Speaker 1: about space that are in conflict with what we know

847
00:39:55,120 --> 00:39:58,440
Speaker 1: to be true. Right. Usually, quantum field theory operates on

848
00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:01,160
Speaker 1: what we call like a flat back. We assume that

849
00:40:01,239 --> 00:40:05,040
Speaker 1: space exists and that it always has existed, right, and

850
00:40:05,040 --> 00:40:07,800
Speaker 1: that it always will exist. The basic way the quantum

851
00:40:07,880 --> 00:40:10,600
Speaker 1: field theory thinks about space and time is not to

852
00:40:10,640 --> 00:40:13,040
Speaker 1: think about them together the way relativity does, but to

853
00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:15,760
Speaker 1: think about them separately. And space is something that exists,

854
00:40:15,840 --> 00:40:19,600
Speaker 1: and time is just how things change. In space, and

855
00:40:19,640 --> 00:40:22,279
Speaker 1: so it thinks about space and time quite separately. And

856
00:40:22,360 --> 00:40:25,399
Speaker 1: Tchringer's equation can describe the universe all the way back

857
00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:28,400
Speaker 1: infinitely in time and all the way forwards infinitely in time.

858
00:40:28,719 --> 00:40:31,600
Speaker 1: So quantum field theory is consistent with the universe always

859
00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:34,920
Speaker 1: having existed and always existing into the future. Whereas when

860
00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:36,880
Speaker 1: we look at space, as you say, we see that

861
00:40:36,960 --> 00:40:39,359
Speaker 1: as changing and that it's expanding, And if you think

862
00:40:39,440 --> 00:40:42,560
Speaker 1: back far enough in time, it's consistent with some crazy

863
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:45,120
Speaker 1: event that we don't understand that might even be the

864
00:40:45,160 --> 00:40:48,560
Speaker 1: beginning of space. So you're right. There are basic questions

865
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:51,759
Speaker 1: about the Standard model's treatment of space itself that we

866
00:40:51,760 --> 00:40:53,560
Speaker 1: don't know how to answer. And that's really connected to

867
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:56,400
Speaker 1: this question of general relativity, because general relativity is basically

868
00:40:56,480 --> 00:40:58,960
Speaker 1: a description of what space is, but we don't know

869
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:02,080
Speaker 1: how to unify that with our understanding of quantum mechanics.

870
00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:04,520
Speaker 6: Is there even a room in the Standard model for

871
00:41:04,719 --> 00:41:07,319
Speaker 6: expanding space? Like is there even a lever you can

872
00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,480
Speaker 6: pull there or a mechanism that allows space to expand

873
00:41:10,520 --> 00:41:11,640
Speaker 6: In the Standard model?

874
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,880
Speaker 1: You can do quantum field theory on curved space or

875
00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:17,279
Speaker 1: on expanding space. But what we don't know how to

876
00:41:17,320 --> 00:41:20,600
Speaker 1: do is how to have those fields themselves create that

877
00:41:20,680 --> 00:41:23,200
Speaker 1: curved space, which is what you sort of need for

878
00:41:23,360 --> 00:41:26,680
Speaker 1: quantum gravity. So it's possible to do quantum field theory

879
00:41:26,719 --> 00:41:30,360
Speaker 1: on other funny spaces or other dimensions or expanding spaces,

880
00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:32,120
Speaker 1: that it gets very very complicated.

881
00:41:32,280 --> 00:41:35,200
Speaker 6: Can it even then explain the Big Bang? Or not

882
00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:35,680
Speaker 6: at all?

883
00:41:35,840 --> 00:41:38,439
Speaker 1: So quantum field theory can't explain the Big Bang as

884
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:41,919
Speaker 1: like a singularity, right. Quantum field theory can describe what

885
00:41:42,120 --> 00:41:45,440
Speaker 1: happens in space after that, but it certainly cannot accommodate

886
00:41:45,480 --> 00:41:48,839
Speaker 1: a singularity. Quantum mechanics abhors the singularity right, because there's

887
00:41:48,840 --> 00:41:52,680
Speaker 1: a fuzziness to information into the universe. You can't zoom

888
00:41:52,719 --> 00:41:55,799
Speaker 1: everything down into a tiny, dense little dot. You can't

889
00:41:55,800 --> 00:41:57,799
Speaker 1: even have a singularity at the heart of a black hole.

890
00:41:57,840 --> 00:42:02,120
Speaker 1: According to quantum mechanics abolutely not. Our description of quantum

891
00:42:02,160 --> 00:42:05,200
Speaker 1: field theory is not consistent with a singularity at all.

892
00:42:05,640 --> 00:42:07,480
Speaker 1: And so that's why when we talk about the Big Bang,

893
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:10,160
Speaker 1: we talk all the way back to very very early universe,

894
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:12,600
Speaker 1: and we say, well, before that, we need some picture

895
00:42:12,640 --> 00:42:16,359
Speaker 1: of quantum gravity. Quantum effects and gravitational effects are both

896
00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:18,640
Speaker 1: important and we just don't have that theory, and so

897
00:42:18,680 --> 00:42:21,120
Speaker 1: we don't even know how to think about what happened

898
00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:22,280
Speaker 1: before that time.

899
00:42:22,560 --> 00:42:24,600
Speaker 6: It sort of sounds like maybe quantum mechanics and the

900
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:27,720
Speaker 6: stand model will never maybe even be able to explain

901
00:42:27,840 --> 00:42:30,799
Speaker 6: why space expanded so fast during the Big Bang, right,

902
00:42:30,880 --> 00:42:32,120
Speaker 6: why the Big Bang happened at all?

903
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:34,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, the Standard Model as we know it has no

904
00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:35,040
Speaker 1: explanation for that.

905
00:42:35,120 --> 00:42:37,920
Speaker 6: It may never write if it can handle space expanding,

906
00:42:38,360 --> 00:42:40,040
Speaker 6: or ever explains space expanding.

907
00:42:40,239 --> 00:42:43,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, we imagine that there's some future theory, some

908
00:42:43,239 --> 00:42:46,120
Speaker 1: quantum theory of gravity, which can explain that. And then

909
00:42:46,160 --> 00:42:48,200
Speaker 1: when you take the version of that theory and ask

910
00:42:48,320 --> 00:42:51,520
Speaker 1: what happens when space is mostly flat and mostly cold,

911
00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:53,960
Speaker 1: then you get the Standard Model sort of the same

912
00:42:53,960 --> 00:42:56,880
Speaker 1: way that, like Newton's theory is a limiting case of

913
00:42:56,920 --> 00:42:59,880
Speaker 1: Einstein's theory. Right. Einstein's theory of relativity, we think, is

914
00:43:00,080 --> 00:43:02,560
Speaker 1: a more accurate description of space. But when gravity is

915
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:04,880
Speaker 1: weak and there aren't black holes nearby, it reverts to

916
00:43:05,040 --> 00:43:08,240
Speaker 1: Newton's theory. Right, And so we think that probably quantum

917
00:43:08,239 --> 00:43:10,319
Speaker 1: gravity is a super version of the Standard Model, or

918
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:12,200
Speaker 1: the other way around, that the Standard Model is like

919
00:43:12,239 --> 00:43:16,560
Speaker 1: a limiting case of some deeper theory of quantum gravity.

920
00:43:16,680 --> 00:43:19,440
Speaker 6: All right, well, those are the two big gaping holes

921
00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:22,640
Speaker 6: in the standard model gravity, and also dark matter and

922
00:43:22,719 --> 00:43:26,680
Speaker 6: dark energy. But the holes don't stop there. There are

923
00:43:26,719 --> 00:43:29,880
Speaker 6: still other gas in the standard model to bring everything

924
00:43:29,920 --> 00:43:33,480
Speaker 6: from antimatter to neutrinos. And so let's dig into these mysteries.

925
00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:35,600
Speaker 6: But first, let's take another quick break.

926
00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:41,640
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

927
00:43:41,760 --> 00:43:44,880
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

928
00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:48,960
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

929
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:51,640
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

930
00:43:51,680 --> 00:43:55,960
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

931
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,560
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

932
00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:00,960
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new way to reduce waste,

933
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:05,239
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

934
00:44:05,280 --> 00:44:08,880
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

935
00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:12,280
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

936
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:16,080
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

937
00:44:16,160 --> 00:44:19,160
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

938
00:44:19,160 --> 00:44:22,560
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

939
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:24,839
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

940
00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:26,759
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

941
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:29,440
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

942
00:44:29,560 --> 00:44:33,320
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

943
00:44:33,320 --> 00:44:36,000
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

944
00:44:36,080 --> 00:44:38,600
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

945
00:44:39,640 --> 00:44:43,160
Speaker 5: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

946
00:44:43,160 --> 00:44:45,560
Speaker 5: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

947
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:47,799
Speaker 5: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

948
00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:51,360
Speaker 5: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California.

949
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:53,680
Speaker 5: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

950
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:57,040
Speaker 6: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four I

951
00:44:57,280 --> 00:45:01,000
Speaker 6: Art Radio Music Festival pre Send Invite Old War, the.

952
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Speaker 11: Biggest headliners in live music will be taking over t

953
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954
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Speaker 2: Loss Spacial Surprises, the moment you're not going to want

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956
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957
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Speaker 2: Radio Music Festival.

958
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Speaker 1: And listen on I Heard Radio.

959
00:45:15,080 --> 00:45:19,200
Speaker 2: The voice anticipated live music events of the year.

960
00:45:19,560 --> 00:45:22,520
Speaker 3: This Friday and Saturday starting at ten thirty pm Eastern,

961
00:45:22,640 --> 00:45:24,200
Speaker 3: seven thirty Pacific.

962
00:45:26,719 --> 00:45:32,200
Speaker 12: And Mundo and Transma Colin Majora nowis is in Espanol.

963
00:45:31,880 --> 00:45:34,440
Speaker 4: Yesterday, Ye Transon that's important.

964
00:45:34,680 --> 00:45:42,279
Speaker 12: Martinel Parasio Ronando and two Carlos Mariano calase Man, the

965
00:45:42,440 --> 00:45:45,920
Speaker 12: historian c Stando Minando. Your ILOs person is standing at

966
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:55,360
Speaker 12: spopl ag as soon as Trendy the Ramana f experto Africa,

967
00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:58,760
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968
00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:07,839
Speaker 1: Escort brock Bert.

969
00:46:17,280 --> 00:46:20,560
Speaker 12: Listen to Trends Zone on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts

970
00:46:20,719 --> 00:46:22,239
Speaker 12: or wherever you get your podcasts.

971
00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:34,400
Speaker 6: All right, we're talking about I guess the not so

972
00:46:34,560 --> 00:46:39,320
Speaker 6: standard model or the standardly incomplete model.

973
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:42,160
Speaker 1: The current best theory of physics so far that we're

974
00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:44,000
Speaker 1: pretty sure is wrong and needs to be updated.

975
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:48,719
Speaker 6: Asapp that's your standard standard. You know it's wrong, but

976
00:46:48,920 --> 00:46:50,960
Speaker 6: we will press on.

977
00:46:51,680 --> 00:46:54,760
Speaker 1: Standard really just means work in progress, like every theory

978
00:46:54,920 --> 00:46:57,200
Speaker 1: in science is always a work in progress.

979
00:46:57,440 --> 00:47:00,000
Speaker 6: Oh, I see you're using that definition of the world

980
00:47:00,239 --> 00:47:03,960
Speaker 6: standard like the current model really just the current model.

981
00:47:04,040 --> 00:47:07,440
Speaker 1: It's just the latest update standard model version sixteen, as

982
00:47:07,520 --> 00:47:09,440
Speaker 1: downloaded onto your phone last night by Apple.

983
00:47:09,719 --> 00:47:11,719
Speaker 6: We're still on beta. Is that what you're saying, or are.

984
00:47:11,640 --> 00:47:15,560
Speaker 1: We now on like Gamma, we're always beta testing with science.

985
00:47:15,840 --> 00:47:18,359
Speaker 6: All right, Well, as we heard, there are still big

986
00:47:18,440 --> 00:47:21,799
Speaker 6: things missing about the Standard Model, which is exciting to physicists,

987
00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:23,719
Speaker 6: And there are some big things missing, but there are

988
00:47:23,719 --> 00:47:26,160
Speaker 6: also other things that maybe people don't think about are

989
00:47:26,239 --> 00:47:27,480
Speaker 6: missing from the Standard Model.

990
00:47:27,840 --> 00:47:30,719
Speaker 1: Even if there weren't questions about dark matter and gravity

991
00:47:31,040 --> 00:47:33,439
Speaker 1: just zooming in on the particles that we do know about,

992
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:35,880
Speaker 1: there are lots of questions that we don't have answers to.

993
00:47:36,320 --> 00:47:37,839
Speaker 1: So you can look at the Standard Model, you can

994
00:47:37,840 --> 00:47:39,839
Speaker 1: say like, why is it this way not some other way?

995
00:47:40,239 --> 00:47:43,120
Speaker 1: And also does it actually explain everything we see? One

996
00:47:43,120 --> 00:47:45,480
Speaker 1: of the deepest mysteries that remain in explaining the universe

997
00:47:45,560 --> 00:47:47,799
Speaker 1: that we have is why it seems to be made

998
00:47:47,840 --> 00:47:51,239
Speaker 1: of matter and not anti matter. In the Standard Model,

999
00:47:51,320 --> 00:47:53,160
Speaker 1: we have all the particles we've been talking about, but

1000
00:47:53,239 --> 00:47:56,640
Speaker 1: there's also a shadow particle for every single one. Every

1001
00:47:56,760 --> 00:47:59,560
Speaker 1: quark has an anti quark, every electron has an anti

1002
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:02,480
Speaker 1: electron on, every tow has an anti toow. There's this

1003
00:48:02,960 --> 00:48:07,400
Speaker 1: beautiful symmetry to all the particles. They have their anti particles,

1004
00:48:07,880 --> 00:48:09,640
Speaker 1: and yet when we look out into the universe. We

1005
00:48:09,760 --> 00:48:12,160
Speaker 1: see that I'm made of matter, You're made of matter.

1006
00:48:12,280 --> 00:48:15,279
Speaker 1: Are solar systems made of matter? Are galaxies made of matter?

1007
00:48:15,560 --> 00:48:17,719
Speaker 1: We think the nearby galaxies are made of matter. It

1008
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:21,600
Speaker 1: seems like the universe is basically matter. So if the

1009
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:24,320
Speaker 1: theory of particles is symmetric, how do we get this

1010
00:48:24,560 --> 00:48:28,560
Speaker 1: asymmetry in our universe? Where does that come from? It's

1011
00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:29,520
Speaker 1: sort of the big question.

1012
00:48:30,760 --> 00:48:32,720
Speaker 6: I think what you're saying is that the Standard model

1013
00:48:33,080 --> 00:48:37,680
Speaker 6: does have antimatter in it, right Like, antimatter itself is

1014
00:48:37,760 --> 00:48:41,240
Speaker 6: not a mystery, like, it's actually part of the Standard Model.

1015
00:48:41,320 --> 00:48:44,960
Speaker 6: Every particle in the model has its antimatter particle. But

1016
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:47,040
Speaker 6: I think maybe what you're saying is that the model

1017
00:48:47,160 --> 00:48:49,839
Speaker 6: predicts that there should be the same amounts of matter

1018
00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:52,600
Speaker 6: and antimatter, right Like, according to the theory, there's nothing

1019
00:48:52,640 --> 00:48:55,799
Speaker 6: in it that says, oh, clearly matter is the best matter.

1020
00:48:56,120 --> 00:48:57,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, and there's no reason we call one kind of

1021
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:00,360
Speaker 1: matter matter the other kind of antimatter ex that we

1022
00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:02,960
Speaker 1: are made of one kind, right, There really is no

1023
00:49:03,120 --> 00:49:05,200
Speaker 1: difference between matter and antimatter.

1024
00:49:05,360 --> 00:49:07,279
Speaker 6: And no, no, if you're not with us, you're antios.

1025
00:49:08,920 --> 00:49:11,400
Speaker 1: If you're not made of us, you're made of the antios.

1026
00:49:12,360 --> 00:49:15,040
Speaker 6: Yes, if you're not part of us, you're not us.

1027
00:49:15,320 --> 00:49:15,640
Speaker 6: There you go.

1028
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:19,480
Speaker 1: If you're not particles of us, you're a guestus. Yeah,

1029
00:49:19,560 --> 00:49:22,040
Speaker 1: that's the interesting mystery. And you imagine, for example, the

1030
00:49:22,120 --> 00:49:24,719
Speaker 1: very beginning of the universe. We think probably matter and

1031
00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:27,440
Speaker 1: antimatter were made at the same rates, because why not,

1032
00:49:27,680 --> 00:49:31,440
Speaker 1: Because the theory of particles is basically symmetric with respective

1033
00:49:31,480 --> 00:49:35,120
Speaker 1: matter and anti matter. There's antimatter quantum fields for every

1034
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:37,520
Speaker 1: matter quantum field. So then the mystery is, how do

1035
00:49:37,560 --> 00:49:39,240
Speaker 1: you go from a universe that has the same amount

1036
00:49:39,239 --> 00:49:42,320
Speaker 1: of matter and antimatter to our universe, which is almost

1037
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:47,080
Speaker 1: entirely matter. And that's the unanswered question. We're looking for asymmetries.

1038
00:49:47,080 --> 00:49:50,759
Speaker 1: We're looking for ways the Standard model prefers matter to antimatter,

1039
00:49:50,880 --> 00:49:56,600
Speaker 1: or like processes forces something which produces matter preferentially over antimatter,

1040
00:49:56,880 --> 00:49:58,279
Speaker 1: and we have not explained that yet.

1041
00:49:58,480 --> 00:50:01,040
Speaker 6: Well, there are some hands in standard model, right, Like,

1042
00:50:01,120 --> 00:50:03,959
Speaker 6: according to the Standard Model, there is a slight little

1043
00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:05,839
Speaker 6: preference for one kind of matter, isn't there.

1044
00:50:05,960 --> 00:50:09,680
Speaker 1: There are some processes that do seem to prefer matter

1045
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:12,799
Speaker 1: to antimatter in the Standard model. Yes, in the standard model.

1046
00:50:12,840 --> 00:50:15,839
Speaker 1: There are some, right, it's not perfectly symmetric, but these

1047
00:50:15,880 --> 00:50:19,160
Speaker 1: are pretty small. They're not nearly big enough to explain

1048
00:50:19,360 --> 00:50:21,719
Speaker 1: the asymmetry that we see. It's a hint because it's

1049
00:50:21,719 --> 00:50:24,040
Speaker 1: a crack in the perfect symmetry. It says, maybe the

1050
00:50:24,120 --> 00:50:27,320
Speaker 1: universe prefers matter to antimatter, but the effects that we

1051
00:50:27,400 --> 00:50:30,280
Speaker 1: have discovered cannot explain what we see in the universe.

1052
00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:32,719
Speaker 1: Yet we're missing like a huge chunk of it. Like

1053
00:50:32,920 --> 00:50:35,360
Speaker 1: most of the asymmetry is not explained.

1054
00:50:36,360 --> 00:50:38,480
Speaker 6: But I guess if there was an effect that was

1055
00:50:38,719 --> 00:50:42,759
Speaker 6: so large that it preferred a matter over antimatter to

1056
00:50:42,920 --> 00:50:45,080
Speaker 6: the degree that we see in the universe today, wouldn't

1057
00:50:45,120 --> 00:50:47,759
Speaker 6: that be you know, kind of a big obvious hole

1058
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:50,279
Speaker 6: in the theory. Or is it possible that what it

1059
00:50:50,440 --> 00:50:53,680
Speaker 6: prefers matter or antimatter is external to the standard model

1060
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:54,280
Speaker 6: like gravity.

1061
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:56,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's exactly the question. And we're looking for those

1062
00:50:56,600 --> 00:50:59,080
Speaker 1: holes in the theory, and people are doing searches for

1063
00:50:59,280 --> 00:51:03,000
Speaker 1: new processes that prefer matter to antimatter, and recently they

1064
00:51:03,080 --> 00:51:06,759
Speaker 1: have some interesting hints for discoveries at cern. These are

1065
00:51:06,800 --> 00:51:10,080
Speaker 1: called these flavor anomalies, where like quarks change from one

1066
00:51:10,120 --> 00:51:11,800
Speaker 1: flavor to another, and they tend to do it to

1067
00:51:11,920 --> 00:51:14,200
Speaker 1: matter a little bit more often than antimatter. And people

1068
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:16,520
Speaker 1: are wondering if this is like the thread we're going

1069
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:19,759
Speaker 1: to pull on that reveals the universe's preference for matter

1070
00:51:19,880 --> 00:51:22,839
Speaker 1: or antimatter. But nothing is certain yet. But you're also right,

1071
00:51:22,920 --> 00:51:26,040
Speaker 1: it could be something else, something external to the standard model.

1072
00:51:26,120 --> 00:51:28,719
Speaker 1: It could be that the universe wasn't created symmetrically with

1073
00:51:28,880 --> 00:51:31,440
Speaker 1: matter and antimatter at the beginning because of some theory

1074
00:51:31,480 --> 00:51:34,480
Speaker 1: of quantum gravity that prefers matter to antimatter. We just

1075
00:51:34,560 --> 00:51:36,160
Speaker 1: don't know. It's a huge question mark.

1076
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:38,919
Speaker 6: Well, I am pro finding the answer to that. I'm

1077
00:51:38,960 --> 00:51:41,719
Speaker 6: not anti that. Now, what are some of the other

1078
00:51:41,840 --> 00:51:43,759
Speaker 6: things that are missing from the standard model?

1079
00:51:43,840 --> 00:51:45,719
Speaker 1: There are also just a lot of missing explanations for

1080
00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:48,120
Speaker 1: the patterns that we see. Like if you look at

1081
00:51:48,160 --> 00:51:50,440
Speaker 1: the patterns of the particles, you see that there is

1082
00:51:50,480 --> 00:51:53,120
Speaker 1: a four basic particles, the up, the down, and the

1083
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:56,960
Speaker 1: electron and the neutrino. But each one has two copies, right,

1084
00:51:57,080 --> 00:51:59,280
Speaker 1: the up has the charm and the top, the electron

1085
00:51:59,320 --> 00:52:01,680
Speaker 1: has the muon the tow and this is sort of

1086
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:04,920
Speaker 1: nice consistency there where each of the four base particles

1087
00:52:05,160 --> 00:52:09,560
Speaker 1: has exactly two copies. But the question of course is why, right,

1088
00:52:09,719 --> 00:52:12,680
Speaker 1: why should particles have any copies? You know, there's like

1089
00:52:12,800 --> 00:52:15,400
Speaker 1: matter and antimatters, so particles have like a single reflection.

1090
00:52:15,719 --> 00:52:18,719
Speaker 1: Why do these particles have these weird, heavier copies and

1091
00:52:18,840 --> 00:52:22,319
Speaker 1: why two of them? That's totally unexplained. It's just sort

1092
00:52:22,320 --> 00:52:24,560
Speaker 1: of like what we see, and to me, it's like

1093
00:52:24,600 --> 00:52:28,080
Speaker 1: a hint. It suggests that there's something happening underneath out

1094
00:52:28,080 --> 00:52:30,840
Speaker 1: of which this emerges, but we just don't understand anything

1095
00:52:30,880 --> 00:52:31,719
Speaker 1: about what that is.

1096
00:52:32,080 --> 00:52:34,319
Speaker 6: Wait, do we know for sure there are only two

1097
00:52:34,440 --> 00:52:37,040
Speaker 6: or three generations of particles? Or is that just what

1098
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:40,320
Speaker 6: we found or it canfind with our colliders. Is it

1099
00:52:40,400 --> 00:52:43,200
Speaker 6: possible that there's an infinite number of generations we just

1100
00:52:43,320 --> 00:52:45,920
Speaker 6: can never get to them because they require too much energy.

1101
00:52:46,120 --> 00:52:48,920
Speaker 1: It's a really cool question. We're pretty sure that there

1102
00:52:48,960 --> 00:52:52,040
Speaker 1: are only three kinds of each of these particles, and

1103
00:52:52,120 --> 00:52:54,760
Speaker 1: the reason actually is the Higgs boson, because the Higgs

1104
00:52:54,800 --> 00:52:57,600
Speaker 1: boson interacts with all of these particles. So when we

1105
00:52:57,719 --> 00:53:00,239
Speaker 1: make the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron collider, we

1106
00:53:00,360 --> 00:53:03,399
Speaker 1: sort of make it out of these particles. We throw

1107
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:05,800
Speaker 1: quarks and gluons together and make a sort of a

1108
00:53:05,880 --> 00:53:08,960
Speaker 1: frothing mass of energy, and the Higgs boson pops out

1109
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:11,239
Speaker 1: of that frothing mass. And it does so because it

1110
00:53:11,320 --> 00:53:14,040
Speaker 1: interacts with all of those particles, and so the rate

1111
00:53:14,080 --> 00:53:16,880
Speaker 1: at which it interacts with those particles determines how often

1112
00:53:17,040 --> 00:53:19,600
Speaker 1: it's made. And if there were more of these kinds

1113
00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:21,919
Speaker 1: of particles, if there was like a super top quark

1114
00:53:22,040 --> 00:53:24,360
Speaker 1: or like a heavier bottom cork, then the theory predicts

1115
00:53:24,360 --> 00:53:27,279
Speaker 1: the Higgs boson would be made much more often. So

1116
00:53:27,440 --> 00:53:30,360
Speaker 1: by measuring how often the Higgs boson is made in

1117
00:53:30,480 --> 00:53:34,200
Speaker 1: our collisions, we can actually measure how many generations of

1118
00:53:34,280 --> 00:53:37,879
Speaker 1: particles there are, because the number of generations determines how

1119
00:53:37,960 --> 00:53:40,720
Speaker 1: often we make the Higgs boson. So we're really pretty

1120
00:53:40,760 --> 00:53:43,239
Speaker 1: sure there are three. What we don't know is why

1121
00:53:43,360 --> 00:53:43,960
Speaker 1: there are three.

1122
00:53:44,280 --> 00:53:48,200
Speaker 6: Wait, could there be maybe a super higgs boson or

1123
00:53:48,280 --> 00:53:52,040
Speaker 6: a heavier higgs boson, or another generation of Higgs bosons

1124
00:53:52,080 --> 00:53:52,960
Speaker 6: that we don't know about.

1125
00:53:53,120 --> 00:53:55,480
Speaker 1: There definitely could be. We did a whole podcast about

1126
00:53:55,560 --> 00:53:58,759
Speaker 1: other Higgs bosons and it might be there, and there

1127
00:53:58,840 --> 00:54:01,560
Speaker 1: might also be other quarks. They just would be different

1128
00:54:01,680 --> 00:54:04,279
Speaker 1: like they don't talk to our Higgs boson, or they're

1129
00:54:04,320 --> 00:54:06,960
Speaker 1: different in some way. So precisely, the statement we can

1130
00:54:07,040 --> 00:54:09,719
Speaker 1: make is these kinds of quarks, the quarks we have

1131
00:54:09,840 --> 00:54:12,080
Speaker 1: found so far, we're pretty sure there are only three

1132
00:54:12,120 --> 00:54:14,600
Speaker 1: of them, but there could be other kinds of weird

1133
00:54:14,719 --> 00:54:16,560
Speaker 1: quarks that don't talk to the Higgs the same way

1134
00:54:16,560 --> 00:54:18,640
Speaker 1: and do other stuff that are out there. And there's

1135
00:54:18,680 --> 00:54:21,919
Speaker 1: no limit on how many other weird heavy particles could

1136
00:54:21,960 --> 00:54:23,440
Speaker 1: exist that we just haven't found yet.

1137
00:54:24,200 --> 00:54:25,680
Speaker 6: But I think what you're saying is if you look

1138
00:54:25,719 --> 00:54:27,320
Speaker 6: at the math, if you look at the math of

1139
00:54:27,360 --> 00:54:30,480
Speaker 6: the Standard model, it doesn't prevent you from having more

1140
00:54:30,560 --> 00:54:33,400
Speaker 6: generations or have your cousins of the electron. It's just

1141
00:54:33,480 --> 00:54:37,040
Speaker 6: that experimentally you haven't seen any or seen any evidence

1142
00:54:37,120 --> 00:54:38,359
Speaker 6: that more could be there.

1143
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:39,040
Speaker 4: Yeah.

1144
00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:42,440
Speaker 1: Directly, we haven't found any, and we've looked, and indirectly

1145
00:54:42,520 --> 00:54:44,640
Speaker 1: we have some constraints because we think if they exist,

1146
00:54:44,680 --> 00:54:47,000
Speaker 1: they would influence how often the Higgs boson is made

1147
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:48,320
Speaker 1: the Large Hadron collider.

1148
00:54:48,520 --> 00:54:50,280
Speaker 6: But mathematically there's no limit.

1149
00:54:50,239 --> 00:54:53,360
Speaker 1: That's right, Mathematically there's no limit. Yeah, there's no reason

1150
00:54:53,440 --> 00:54:56,560
Speaker 1: the Standard model couldn't have four or seven generations or

1151
00:54:56,680 --> 00:55:01,000
Speaker 1: ninety thousand generations of particles mathematically reason why not? But

1152
00:55:01,080 --> 00:55:03,359
Speaker 1: it's an interesting clue, and people wonder, like, what does

1153
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:06,680
Speaker 1: it mean that there are three? Is the universe? Like three? Ish?

1154
00:55:07,320 --> 00:55:09,600
Speaker 1: Is this just what it is? Or is there a

1155
00:55:09,719 --> 00:55:10,640
Speaker 1: reason for it? All?

1156
00:55:10,719 --> 00:55:10,839
Speaker 8: Right?

1157
00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:12,000
Speaker 6: What else is unexplained?

1158
00:55:12,040 --> 00:55:15,520
Speaker 1: Another really fun mystery is neutrinos. Right, Neutrinos are part

1159
00:55:15,520 --> 00:55:17,920
Speaker 1: of this basic list, and we know that they exist

1160
00:55:18,080 --> 00:55:20,440
Speaker 1: and they're out there, and that there are three kinds

1161
00:55:20,520 --> 00:55:23,880
Speaker 1: of them, but we really don't understand their masses. We

1162
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:26,399
Speaker 1: know that they do have mass, and those masses are

1163
00:55:26,640 --> 00:55:29,680
Speaker 1: very very small, but our theory, the standard model, actually

1164
00:55:29,719 --> 00:55:32,400
Speaker 1: doesn't allow them to have any mass. The theory requires

1165
00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:34,320
Speaker 1: that they have zero mass. We go out there and

1166
00:55:34,360 --> 00:55:36,839
Speaker 1: we measure them, and we see that they do have mass.

1167
00:55:37,080 --> 00:55:39,239
Speaker 1: And so this is actually where people disagree about what

1168
00:55:39,520 --> 00:55:42,600
Speaker 1: is the standard model. The sort of official official standard

1169
00:55:42,640 --> 00:55:45,880
Speaker 1: model has neutrinos with no mass, And now people have

1170
00:55:46,040 --> 00:55:47,879
Speaker 1: like a new version of the standard model where they've

1171
00:55:47,920 --> 00:55:51,720
Speaker 1: incorporated neutrino mass, and some people say that's the standard model.

1172
00:55:51,880 --> 00:55:53,960
Speaker 6: Wait, what do you mean the standard model doesn't allow

1173
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:55,719
Speaker 6: the neutrino to have mass? What does that mean?

1174
00:55:55,960 --> 00:55:58,320
Speaker 1: Well, the sort of old school standard model has a

1175
00:55:58,360 --> 00:56:00,279
Speaker 1: bunch of rules for what these particles can and do.

1176
00:56:00,960 --> 00:56:03,160
Speaker 1: Like you have to track of the number of electrons.

1177
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:05,759
Speaker 1: You can't just create or destroy electrons. You have to

1178
00:56:05,840 --> 00:56:08,000
Speaker 1: keep track of them and conserve the number of electrons

1179
00:56:08,040 --> 00:56:10,520
Speaker 1: in the universe. It's like a hard and fast rule

1180
00:56:10,560 --> 00:56:13,280
Speaker 1: in the old school standard model. But if the electron

1181
00:56:13,360 --> 00:56:15,759
Speaker 1: neutrino has a little bit of mass, then it can

1182
00:56:15,800 --> 00:56:18,000
Speaker 1: do something tricky to sort of break this accounting. We

1183
00:56:18,080 --> 00:56:20,960
Speaker 1: had a whole podcast episode recently about sterile neutrinos and

1184
00:56:21,360 --> 00:56:23,200
Speaker 1: all this kind of stuff, and so it breaks that

1185
00:56:23,320 --> 00:56:26,000
Speaker 1: rule in the old school standard model. So if neutrinos

1186
00:56:26,040 --> 00:56:27,920
Speaker 1: have mass, then that hard and fast rule and the

1187
00:56:28,000 --> 00:56:30,799
Speaker 1: old school standard model doesn't really hold up anymore as

1188
00:56:30,840 --> 00:56:33,759
Speaker 1: a hard and fast rule. It's like approximate now. So

1189
00:56:33,920 --> 00:56:35,719
Speaker 1: we have that sort of an updated version of the

1190
00:56:35,760 --> 00:56:38,320
Speaker 1: standard model where you give neutrino's mass and it breaks

1191
00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:40,719
Speaker 1: these rules a little bit. Some people consider that the

1192
00:56:40,760 --> 00:56:43,760
Speaker 1: standard model, some people consider that beyond the standard model.

1193
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:47,360
Speaker 6: What happens if you do allow mass in the standard

1194
00:56:47,440 --> 00:56:50,920
Speaker 6: model for neutrinos, Are you saying other contradictions pop up?

1195
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:52,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, we don't really understand how that works yet. There's

1196
00:56:52,960 --> 00:56:55,160
Speaker 1: a bunch of experiments to try to measure those neutrino

1197
00:56:55,239 --> 00:56:57,680
Speaker 1: masses and they don't agree with each other. There's a

1198
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:00,480
Speaker 1: question about are there actually just three neutrinos, or is

1199
00:57:00,480 --> 00:57:03,120
Speaker 1: there like a sly Forth neutrino out there, the sterile

1200
00:57:03,160 --> 00:57:05,759
Speaker 1: neutrino that's been messing up a few experiments that are

1201
00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:09,080
Speaker 1: out there. We don't understand if neutrinos get mass the

1202
00:57:09,120 --> 00:57:11,400
Speaker 1: same way the other particles do through the Higgs boson,

1203
00:57:12,040 --> 00:57:14,799
Speaker 1: or if they're a really weird particle, like maybe they

1204
00:57:14,880 --> 00:57:18,760
Speaker 1: are their own anti particle particle called the Mayorana particle,

1205
00:57:18,880 --> 00:57:21,080
Speaker 1: which would get massed in a completely different way, not

1206
00:57:21,200 --> 00:57:23,680
Speaker 1: from the Higgs boson. So neutrino's are sort of the

1207
00:57:23,760 --> 00:57:25,880
Speaker 1: next frontier, like a part of the standard model that

1208
00:57:25,960 --> 00:57:29,080
Speaker 1: we've only really just begun to explore and really haven't

1209
00:57:29,160 --> 00:57:30,080
Speaker 1: nailed down very well.

1210
00:57:30,280 --> 00:57:32,280
Speaker 6: Interesting. Well, we don't have a lot of time left,

1211
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:35,400
Speaker 6: but there are still some interesting things missing from the

1212
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:38,280
Speaker 6: standard model. Maybe you want to stepistities pretty quick.

1213
00:57:38,360 --> 00:57:40,200
Speaker 1: There's so many things we couldn't even cover them all.

1214
00:57:40,280 --> 00:57:43,040
Speaker 1: One of my favorites is a question of whether there

1215
00:57:43,080 --> 00:57:45,880
Speaker 1: are particles out there that have just a north or

1216
00:57:46,080 --> 00:57:49,320
Speaker 1: just a south magnetic charge, like where there are particles

1217
00:57:49,360 --> 00:57:52,000
Speaker 1: out there that have a positive or negative electric charge.

1218
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:54,720
Speaker 1: But so far, every particle we've seen in the universe

1219
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:57,600
Speaker 1: has a balanced magnetic charge, like you see particles with

1220
00:57:57,760 --> 00:58:01,280
Speaker 1: north poles and south poles. Never see particles with just

1221
00:58:01,360 --> 00:58:04,000
Speaker 1: a north pole or just a south pole that what

1222
00:58:04,040 --> 00:58:07,880
Speaker 1: would be called a magnetic monopole. And actually the theory

1223
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:10,600
Speaker 1: prefers that they do exist, Like if they do exist,

1224
00:58:10,720 --> 00:58:13,760
Speaker 1: then the theory is more symmetric, it's more balanced than

1225
00:58:13,840 --> 00:58:16,480
Speaker 1: if they don't exist. So it's kind of a mystery

1226
00:58:16,760 --> 00:58:19,240
Speaker 1: why we don't see them in the universe, And a

1227
00:58:19,280 --> 00:58:22,320
Speaker 1: lot of physicists believe that they must exist somewhere out

1228
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:25,200
Speaker 1: there in the universe, but we've never found one. But

1229
00:58:25,360 --> 00:58:28,720
Speaker 1: probably the deepest question that's open and remaining for the

1230
00:58:28,760 --> 00:58:31,680
Speaker 1: standard model is what's next. We look at all these

1231
00:58:31,760 --> 00:58:34,800
Speaker 1: particles and we wonder, like, is this the base description

1232
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:37,800
Speaker 1: of reality? It can't possibly be. There all so many

1233
00:58:37,840 --> 00:58:40,120
Speaker 1: weird patterns we don't understand. And you know, one hundred

1234
00:58:40,200 --> 00:58:42,200
Speaker 1: years ago we looked at the periodic table, we saw

1235
00:58:42,280 --> 00:58:44,600
Speaker 1: these weird patterns. We didn't understand. Turns out all those

1236
00:58:44,640 --> 00:58:47,600
Speaker 1: patterns were clues that said, oh, there's something deeper going on.

1237
00:58:48,080 --> 00:58:51,040
Speaker 1: All these patterns are just complexity that arise from how

1238
00:58:51,160 --> 00:58:53,680
Speaker 1: the little bits that things are made out of fit together.

1239
00:58:54,160 --> 00:58:57,040
Speaker 1: So now we're looking at the periodic table, the fundamental particles.

1240
00:58:57,040 --> 00:58:59,440
Speaker 1: So we're seeing all these patterns that we don't understand

1241
00:59:00,120 --> 00:59:01,840
Speaker 1: to explain them, and wondering if they're made out of

1242
00:59:01,920 --> 00:59:05,120
Speaker 1: some smaller bits that we haven't yet seen, and maybe

1243
00:59:05,160 --> 00:59:07,040
Speaker 1: those bits are made of smaller bits and those bits

1244
00:59:07,040 --> 00:59:09,120
Speaker 1: are made of smaller bits, and maybe there's like one

1245
00:59:09,240 --> 00:59:11,840
Speaker 1: hundred levels between us and the base layer of reality,

1246
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,880
Speaker 1: or maybe just one or two, or maybe there's no bottom.

1247
00:59:16,280 --> 00:59:18,000
Speaker 6: Yeah. I guess it's kind of tricky because at some

1248
00:59:18,200 --> 00:59:21,040
Speaker 6: level you have this standard model and you're seeing these patterns.

1249
00:59:21,120 --> 00:59:23,440
Speaker 6: It maybe hinted something deeper, but at the same time

1250
00:59:23,480 --> 00:59:26,800
Speaker 6: you also know that the standard model is not correct, right,

1251
00:59:26,880 --> 00:59:29,480
Speaker 6: Like you know, they has humongous gaps in in and

1252
00:59:29,680 --> 00:59:31,720
Speaker 6: lots of things missing. Kind of makes you wonder how

1253
00:59:31,760 --> 00:59:34,000
Speaker 6: much you should read into these patterns, or whether even

1254
00:59:34,520 --> 00:59:36,960
Speaker 6: exploring those patterns is going to be useful.

1255
00:59:37,040 --> 00:59:38,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, we don't know what the best way forward is

1256
00:59:38,560 --> 00:59:40,960
Speaker 1: when you read the history of physics, it's written to

1257
00:59:41,040 --> 00:59:42,800
Speaker 1: sound kind of linear, like we did this, and then

1258
00:59:42,840 --> 00:59:44,520
Speaker 1: we figured that out, then we figured this other thing out.

1259
00:59:44,560 --> 00:59:46,360
Speaker 1: But remember that at the same time, there were lots

1260
00:59:46,360 --> 00:59:49,360
Speaker 1: of other branches people were exploring other crazy ideas which

1261
00:59:49,440 --> 00:59:51,800
Speaker 1: made sense to them at the time when they were

1262
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:54,640
Speaker 1: at the forefront of human knowledge. But we mostly erased

1263
00:59:54,720 --> 00:59:57,800
Speaker 1: those other zigzags and those other branches from our history

1264
00:59:57,840 --> 01:00:00,200
Speaker 1: of physics to give you a description of sort of

1265
01:00:00,240 --> 01:00:03,040
Speaker 1: the theory we ended up at. But now we're here

1266
01:00:03,200 --> 01:00:05,480
Speaker 1: at the forefront of human knowledge. Right now, we just

1267
01:00:05,600 --> 01:00:07,920
Speaker 1: don't know what is the right way forward. Should it

1268
01:00:07,960 --> 01:00:10,240
Speaker 1: be quantum gravity, should it be anti matter, Should it

1269
01:00:10,280 --> 01:00:13,000
Speaker 1: be magnetic monopoles, Should it be cracking open the electron

1270
01:00:13,080 --> 01:00:15,880
Speaker 1: to see what's inside. We don't know what's going to

1271
01:00:15,960 --> 01:00:18,240
Speaker 1: yield some inside, so we're all just sort of like

1272
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:21,200
Speaker 1: being curious and exploring and hoping to figure something out.

1273
01:00:21,480 --> 01:00:23,520
Speaker 6: So the basic answer is that we've given you all

1274
01:00:23,560 --> 01:00:25,919
Speaker 6: this money and still a wide open question.

1275
01:00:26,960 --> 01:00:30,000
Speaker 1: It's still a wide open question, which makes for a wonderful,

1276
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:33,240
Speaker 1: mysterious universe that we get to keep talking about on

1277
01:00:33,360 --> 01:00:33,920
Speaker 1: the podcast.

1278
01:00:34,280 --> 01:00:36,400
Speaker 6: Sounds like, maybe the answer to getting are great as

1279
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:39,840
Speaker 6: a species in the giant physics exam of the universe

1280
01:00:40,040 --> 01:00:44,160
Speaker 6: is to ask for an extension. Danniel, what's your policy

1281
01:00:44,200 --> 01:00:45,480
Speaker 6: and given students extensions?

1282
01:00:45,640 --> 01:00:47,800
Speaker 1: I'm pretty lenient. Actually, yeah, I'm pretty lenient.

1283
01:00:47,840 --> 01:00:49,400
Speaker 6: What if they come to you say, hey, instead of

1284
01:00:49,480 --> 01:00:51,920
Speaker 6: doing physics, I've been spending all my money making Marvel

1285
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,400
Speaker 6: movies and creating Netflix. Can I get an extension?

1286
01:00:57,040 --> 01:00:59,240
Speaker 1: We're like, yeah, sure, can I get some free tickets?

1287
01:00:59,440 --> 01:01:02,680
Speaker 6: I see you're open to being bribed as a greater.

1288
01:01:05,600 --> 01:01:05,640
Speaker 7: No.

1289
01:01:05,760 --> 01:01:07,520
Speaker 1: I think people should go out there and explore their

1290
01:01:07,560 --> 01:01:10,320
Speaker 1: passions and discover who they are, and everybody can contribute

1291
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:13,240
Speaker 1: in some way to this incredible journey we call life

1292
01:01:13,360 --> 01:01:14,560
Speaker 1: and the exploration of the.

1293
01:01:14,680 --> 01:01:18,320
Speaker 6: Universe sounds like a standard answer, Daniel. Well, stay tuned

1294
01:01:18,360 --> 01:01:21,400
Speaker 6: as we keep exploring the universe and discovering more about

1295
01:01:21,440 --> 01:01:24,000
Speaker 6: what we know and what we don't know about this

1296
01:01:24,160 --> 01:01:27,720
Speaker 6: amazing cosmos. We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us,

1297
01:01:28,720 --> 01:01:29,360
Speaker 6: See you next time.

1298
01:01:37,240 --> 01:01:40,000
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1299
01:01:40,080 --> 01:01:44,040
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1300
01:01:44,080 --> 01:01:48,640
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever

1301
01:01:48,800 --> 01:02:02,280
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1302
01:02:02,320 --> 01:02:04,600
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1303
01:02:04,680 --> 01:02:07,560
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy

1304
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:10,720
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1305
01:02:10,800 --> 01:02:13,800
Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1306
01:02:13,920 --> 01:02:17,760
Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US dairy tackling

1307
01:02:17,840 --> 01:02:21,560
Speaker 1: greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the

1308
01:02:21,640 --> 01:02:25,840
Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

1309
01:02:26,040 --> 01:02:29,320
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last

1310
01:02:29,320 --> 01:02:30,880
Speaker 1: Sustainability to learn more.

1311
01:02:31,600 --> 01:02:34,160
Speaker 2: As a United Explorer card member, you can earn fifty

1312
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:38,040
Speaker 2: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

1313
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:40,680
Speaker 2: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

1314
01:02:40,800 --> 01:02:43,400
Speaker 2: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

1315
01:02:43,520 --> 01:02:46,800
Speaker 2: at hotels. Become an Explorer and seek out unforgettable places

1316
01:02:46,840 --> 01:02:50,240
Speaker 2: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

1317
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:53,960
Speaker 2: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval

1318
01:02:54,120 --> 01:02:55,360
Speaker 2: offer subject to change.

1319
01:02:55,520 --> 01:02:56,240
Speaker 11: Terms apply.

1320
01:02:57,560 --> 01:03:01,000
Speaker 5: There are children, friends and families walking, riding on paths

1321
01:03:01,040 --> 01:03:03,480
Speaker 5: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

1322
01:03:03,520 --> 01:03:05,680
Speaker 5: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

1323
01:03:05,720 --> 01:03:09,240
Speaker 5: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely, California

1324
01:03:09,280 --> 01:03:11,520
Speaker 5: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans