Speaker 1: I'm Manny, I'm Noah. This is Devin and this is
Speaker 1: no such thing.
Speaker 2: The show where we settle our dumb arguments and yours
Speaker 2: by actually doing the research. Today's episode is another mail
Speaker 2: bag episode. We're gonna be talking about eggs, sneezes, medicine,
Speaker 2: the twenty four hour day, and whether grape or strawberry
Speaker 2: is the traditional jelly and a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
Speaker 1: No, there's no no such thing, no such thank no touch,
Speaker 1: thank touch, thank touch thank all right, We're starting with
Speaker 1: a question from Fran who is based in London. She says,
Speaker 1: just had a somewhat heated debate last night with my
Speaker 1: flatmates about whether eggs should be kept in our fridge
Speaker 1: or not. Our fridge is small and we only have
Speaker 1: one shelf each, so all three of us having our
Speaker 1: own carton of eggs takes up a lot of space.
Speaker 1: I personally have always grown up with my family keeping
Speaker 1: eggs in the fridge, but one of my flatmates keeps
Speaker 1: harries out on the counter and said we should too.
Speaker 1: Do they last longer if kept in the fridge or
Speaker 1: does it remove any nutritional value? So before we get
Speaker 1: into friend, what do you guys do with regard to eggs.
Speaker 3: Oh, you gotta put your eggs fridge?
Speaker 2: Yeah, I think I put a lot of stuff in
Speaker 2: the fridge that maybe doesn't necessarily need.
Speaker 4: To be in the fridge, but eggs just out of space,
Speaker 4: leaving your milk out here.
Speaker 2: Yeah, I do think it is a US UK divide
Speaker 2: perhaps in my head. It's just like, yeah, it's gonna
Speaker 2: make it last a little bit longer. Yeah, because it's
Speaker 2: colder in there. What do you leave out of the
Speaker 2: fridge that could be refrigerated?
Speaker 4: Do you think I don't put like potatoes and your
Speaker 4: stuff like that the fride?
Speaker 1: Interesting?
Speaker 4: Big?
Speaker 1: Uh?
Speaker 3: No ketchup in the fridge.
Speaker 1: Guy, ever, Now that's no like my ketchup cold.
Speaker 3: I want my ketchup. Ketchup.
Speaker 1: You just have open ketchup in your cabinet.
Speaker 4: It's not Yeah, it's opened as and I used it
Speaker 4: before and then I toasted that.
Speaker 1: Yeah it's open though. Yeah, Yeah, it's not sealed. That's
Speaker 1: what I mean.
Speaker 4: It's it's opened, it's unsealed.
Speaker 3: It doesn't need to be refrigerated, does it say that? Yes?
Speaker 4: Because look we're getting confused here between there's things that
Speaker 4: need to be refrigerated.
Speaker 1: And there's things that they're that's what we're discussed.
Speaker 3: There's things that there's things that they recommend.
Speaker 4: Refrigera ketchup is one of those things that they're like, actually,
Speaker 4: it'll be better if you refrigerated.
Speaker 1: Well, how quickly are you going through ketchup?
Speaker 3: I got a big one from Costco, so it takes
Speaker 3: me a while.
Speaker 4: So I'm only really using it on like if I
Speaker 4: get a if I make burgers or something like that,
Speaker 4: or hot dog.
Speaker 1: So it will last a long while.
Speaker 4: I've had that ketchup. Look, this is not the first
Speaker 4: time in life that I've done it. Actually just opened
Speaker 4: a new, huge thing of it.
Speaker 1: So but by the time you're getting to the bottom
Speaker 1: is you don't notice anything.
Speaker 3: No, that's what I'm saying. I've been through this in
Speaker 3: my life.
Speaker 4: Okay, I'm living that way, not just recommending it and
Speaker 4: not doing it.
Speaker 2: I've got bread in the fridge, all vegetables, including potato, butter.
Speaker 3: And a fridge.
Speaker 4: You put your you put your potatoes in a fridge.
Speaker 1: Yeat that often, but I've never I've never done that.
Speaker 3: No, I don't put them in the fridge. I don't know.
Speaker 1: I try to keep most produce. Well, it depends on
Speaker 1: the produce. I mean, but like if it's not cut
Speaker 1: at all, I'm trying to keep it fresh outside, especially
Speaker 1: like that.
Speaker 3: Yeah, once you cut it, then I put it once
Speaker 3: it's cut.
Speaker 1: Yeah, onions. What about butter for you guys? See, butter
Speaker 1: is interesting because I always grew up butter in the fridge.
Speaker 3: Yeah.
Speaker 1: Yeah, a couple of years ago I got one of
Speaker 1: those butterbell devices. Yeah, it's like a little it's kind
Speaker 1: of like a cover. Yeah, it's like a little contraption.
Speaker 1: You you put water in the bottom and then you
Speaker 1: put butter in kind of the top. Nice you store
Speaker 1: it so it keeps the butter nice and fresh and soft.
Speaker 3: Was the water have to do? It?
Speaker 1: Like helps seal it once it's in there creates a seal.
Speaker 1: So if you're having butter like every day and you're
Speaker 1: gonna actually go through, it's pretty good because it doesn't
Speaker 1: go bad unless it's like sitting for a long time.
Speaker 1: Maybe that's it's nice to have really soft butter.
Speaker 4: Yes, I don't put I don't have a lot of
Speaker 4: bread with butter, only using butter when I'm cooking, I'll
Speaker 4: put it from my eggs and it doesn't really matter.
Speaker 1: But to circle back, I got another fifteen minutes on this.
Speaker 1: All three of us put our eggs in the fridge.
Speaker 1: Why is that.
Speaker 4: I don't know the specifics of it, but I know
Speaker 4: there's a difference between our eggs and UK eggs for
Speaker 4: some reason, like we can't have our eggs outside because
Speaker 4: they'll go bad or something, or we can get I
Speaker 4: don't know, salmon l or something orreas some way that
Speaker 4: they process their eggs in the UK that it's okay
Speaker 4: to keep your eggs on the shelf. That's what I've heard.
Speaker 4: I don't know what the specifics of it are though, Well.
Speaker 2: Just so happens that I do because my wife Mia
Speaker 2: is an executive editor at Business in Cider overseeing health
Speaker 2: in science. She's British, so she also knows about this.
Speaker 1: Wow more importantly British.
Speaker 3: British.
Speaker 5: Okay, So the question of whether or not you need
Speaker 5: to refrigerate your eggs really depends on where you are.
Speaker 5: So if you're in the US, then yes, you do
Speaker 5: have to refrigerate your eggs, and you don't have an option.
Speaker 5: And that's because commercially sold eggs in the US are
Speaker 5: washed and refrigerated before they're packaged, and that is to
Speaker 5: get rid of any kind of bacteria or dirt that
Speaker 5: could be dangerous, such as salmonella, which is a good thing,
Speaker 5: but the problem with that process is that it removes
Speaker 5: the protective outer layer called the cuticle. So when those
Speaker 5: eggs are shipped and once they make their way to you,
Speaker 5: you need to keep those eggs in the fridge because
Speaker 5: they no longer have the protective layer that would defend
Speaker 5: the egg from bacteria in your kitchen. Something like salmonella
Speaker 5: thrives in warmth, so if your eggs are on the
Speaker 5: kitchen counter, salmonella can permeate the shell and get into
Speaker 5: the egg. If your egg is made in the US,
Speaker 5: it's different if you're in Europe because in Europe they
Speaker 5: don't wash and refrigerate the eggs in processing because their
Speaker 5: goal is to retain the protective outer layer. In Europe
Speaker 5: and in the UK, their priority is to package and
Speaker 5: ship and consume the eggs locally, so you're having them
Speaker 5: very fresh and they're retaining that protective outer layer, so
Speaker 5: there isn't time or opportunity for salmonella to permeate the egg.
Speaker 5: And that's why in Europe, the best by dates are
Speaker 5: also shorter, so you usually on the package it will
Speaker 5: say that you have less than a month to eat
Speaker 5: the egg, whereas in the US, much bigger country, they're
Speaker 5: transporting these eggs much further. That's the benefit of refrigerating them,
Speaker 5: and that's why you usually have like six weeks eight
Speaker 5: weeks to eat those eggs. So t LDR. If you're
Speaker 5: in the US, you have no option. You need to
Speaker 5: keep them in the fridge. In Europe, it's up to you.
Speaker 5: You can keep them in the fridge to preserve freshness,
Speaker 5: but there is perfectly safe outside the fridge as well.
Speaker 1: That made sense in tracks with basically what you were saying.
Speaker 1: I didn't realize exactly what it was. I didn't realize
Speaker 1: it was literally just what was on the outside of
Speaker 1: the show. I assumed it was something more like biological almost. Yeah, like, yes,
Speaker 1: this is actually.
Speaker 3: Much more simple.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's funny how many times washing something is actually
Speaker 2: kind of bad in a way, like the chicken debate
Speaker 2: that we've had that people are still mad at us about.
Speaker 3: Yeah, washing the chicken itself, the raw chicken.
Speaker 2: Spreads the bacteria around, and with the eggs, washing it
Speaker 2: and refrigerating, it kind of removes like a natural protection
Speaker 2: that it has.
Speaker 1: And I believe the questionnaire lives in London but grew
Speaker 1: up in the US. So that's that's why why there's
Speaker 1: confusion and they're arguing with their flatmates, as they say,
Speaker 1: because I was thinking about this, because I was like,
Speaker 1: I don't know. I definitely have seen people keep their eggs,
Speaker 1: like you know, upstate or something, and they buy them
Speaker 1: from the farm next door, and it's like, oh, well
Speaker 1: they're not. Now it makes sense. It's like they're not
Speaker 1: doing this industrialized process of washing them. You just go
Speaker 1: pick it up from the farm and you can keep
Speaker 1: it out. Because I knew it are people who have
Speaker 1: chickens and that sort of thing. They're not keeping them
Speaker 1: in the fridge and they're eating them that day.
Speaker 4: Probably the chickens aren't putting their stuff in the fridge.
Speaker 1: They're talking about.
Speaker 3: They're keeping them more.
Speaker 1: Nobody talks about many.
Speaker 3: Fridge in there.
Speaker 2: We stayed upstate once and there was like a chicken
Speaker 2: coop in the backyard and the owners were like, feel
Speaker 2: free to go back there and pick up any eggs
Speaker 2: that's for cooking. So we did, and that well know,
Speaker 2: actually we didn't. We were about to, and then we
Speaker 2: got an email later being like, oh wait a second,
Speaker 2: these are the fertilized ones.
Speaker 1: And I was like traumatized. If chicken, well, they wouldn't
Speaker 1: have been born.
Speaker 3: It would have been.
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, yeah, the person it was just it was
Speaker 1: just a clumb themselves.
Speaker 2: Sure, sure, sure, I remember during COVID. I don't know
Speaker 2: if this was like a national thing, but certainly in
Speaker 2: our friend group, we just started eating a ship ton
Speaker 2: of eggs because they're just easy to make, you know.
Speaker 3: Yeah.
Speaker 2: I wasn't really cooking all that much until everything shut down.
Speaker 2: So I was eating a ton of eggs. And then
Speaker 2: there was like a lot of discourse on Twitter at
Speaker 2: the time about how that's actually bad. You shouldn't be
Speaker 2: eating that much, that many eggs.
Speaker 1: I could be shooting up here, What do you want
Speaker 1: from me? It's like.
Speaker 3: Eggs, Yeah, shut the hell.
Speaker 4: Up unless you're Unless you do it. It's like, don't
Speaker 4: turn on me if you're eating ten eggs a day.
Speaker 1: Sure, just like anything, Yeah, what's next?
Speaker 3: Next up?
Speaker 1: We're staying on the expiration dates? Okay. Theme This is
Speaker 1: from Steph I'm quoting now. That is in stest's voice. Okay,
Speaker 1: so you know how you buy medicine tail and all prescriptions,
Speaker 1: NIQ will whatever, and there's a date for when it expires.
Speaker 1: Why does it expire? Like I get that cheese goes bad,
Speaker 1: milk spoils, vegetables rot, But what is the actual reason
Speaker 1: why pills or medicine go back. That's a great question
Speaker 1: as this.
Speaker 3: I don't know if they go bad.
Speaker 4: I think they just become less potent, right.
Speaker 1: That's my thought, And I always think about this when
Speaker 1: I go visit my family. There's like the kid's bathroom
Speaker 1: and you open the closet there and it's like kids.
Speaker 1: First of all, there's no children living there anymore, so
Speaker 1: it's like kids advil or kids time. Literally it's from
Speaker 1: before I was born. It's from like even before my
Speaker 1: brother was born. I think, like literally stuff from the
Speaker 1: eighties that's in and it's probably if you open it up,
Speaker 1: it's probably just like dusts, yeah, or like not even.
Speaker 1: But then there have been times when I'm looking for
Speaker 1: something and it'll be more recent, but then I'll look
Speaker 1: and it's like expire twenty sixteen. I'm like, oh, it's
Speaker 1: like you know, it creeps up on you. Yeah, I
Speaker 1: don't know.
Speaker 2: I mean I agree with them, and it won't be
Speaker 2: that it goes bad in the sense that if you
Speaker 2: consume it you'll get sick. I've definitely run into this
Speaker 2: because I'm a gas X connoisseur of sorts power us.
Speaker 1: I love using it.
Speaker 2: I think it's probably placebo, but it makes me feel better.
Speaker 2: And they will have expiration dates and I don't know,
Speaker 2: like I'll take I'll have one after the expiration date
Speaker 2: and I'll be like, oh, that one didn't do as
Speaker 2: much as.
Speaker 1: So, Yeah, how long do you think that's?
Speaker 3: Like?
Speaker 1: Typically? Is it like a year?
Speaker 3: Is it? Yeah?
Speaker 2: It's really long because I'll be like fall, I'll be
Speaker 2: just digging through trying to find something. Okay, I think
Speaker 2: the one that I found was like over.
Speaker 3: A year old. You take your normal dosage of it.
Speaker 1: Yeah, so you didn't like double up one one caveat though,
Speaker 1: gas X. I hope they're listening to this.
Speaker 2: Why there's one of the boxes called maximum strength and
Speaker 2: the stronger one is called Ultimate strength. Actually, we already
Speaker 2: passed the maximum so I don't know what I'm doing here.
Speaker 1: Like don Draper took up.
Speaker 2: Maximum, so it could be possible that I did. I
Speaker 2: took the same dosage was just two pills, but that it.
Speaker 1: Was maximum and not ultimate. I don't know what anyway, Yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean, what do you go for in the store,
Speaker 1: like if you were going right, I try to get now.
Speaker 2: That I know ultimate is the strong one. I go
Speaker 2: for Ultimate. Sometimes they don't have it. I don't know why.
Speaker 2: But also it's just a matter of the dosage, like yeah,
Speaker 2: I think two or like three maximums is two ultimates
Speaker 2: or if you do the math. So anyway, all that
Speaker 2: to say, I've dealt with the medicine expiration dates before,
Speaker 2: and I would like to know the answer.
Speaker 4: You know, this reminds me of I recently, for the
Speaker 4: first time I ever saw Wolf of Wall Street Crazy.
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, and they have that scene what they're taking. Yeah.
Speaker 1: Yeah, they're all made in the nine eighties.
Speaker 4: They stopped selling whateveryone and they take a bunch of
Speaker 4: them and they're like, Okay, it's not working, and take
Speaker 4: more and then they find out that like, actually it
Speaker 4: just has a longer release times.
Speaker 1: They're older.
Speaker 3: Oh, they get it extra high. So I'm not sure
Speaker 3: if that's the same with pills.
Speaker 4: I'm not in the issue too. I have this issue
Speaker 4: with pills because I'm not a real pill popper, you know.
Speaker 3: If I'm getting some pills, yeah, I gotta get kind
Speaker 3: of fucked up to take. Like even like an avil.
Speaker 1: You can't you can't swallow it.
Speaker 3: No, I can. I can swallow.
Speaker 1: I don't want to change. You just don't want to.
Speaker 4: I don't like, I don't really get headaches, you know,
Speaker 4: so if I get a little ache and pain, I'm just.
Speaker 3: Taking care of you.
Speaker 1: Well, you don't get hangovers.
Speaker 4: Because right, So it's like I'm taking I'm maybe taking
Speaker 4: an avvil.
Speaker 3: Twice a year of that.
Speaker 4: Wow, but I buy you know, when you buy it,
Speaker 4: you got to buy a big one because it's the
Speaker 4: best for money.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 3: So I'm getting one hundred hundred pails.
Speaker 1: They're like two years old now.
Speaker 3: Yeah, I'm taking four a year.
Speaker 1: It's lasting as long as they're catch up.
Speaker 4: So this is this is a good question of like
Speaker 4: sort of what is happened? I guess I feel like
Speaker 4: with all things, it's like, yeah, it just loses its oppotents.
Speaker 4: I don't know what would be happening now, like chemically, Yeah.
Speaker 2: Is it the case that twenty years after it actually
Speaker 2: does literally nothing to you after you take it.
Speaker 1: Well, luckily, the good people at Harvard, oh, Harvard Medical School,
Speaker 1: to be exact, Okay, those are the people you do
Speaker 1: want to talk to. That that's a good clarification, have
Speaker 1: looked into this. So in nineteen eighty five, the US
Speaker 1: Air Force conducted a study where they gathered a stockpile
Speaker 1: of medications because they you know, countries do have those
Speaker 1: stockpiles for certain things, you know, for emergencies or obviously
Speaker 1: for military et cetera. So they gathered a stockpile of
Speaker 1: medications worth more than a billion dollars that were close
Speaker 1: to or pass their expiration dates. They didn't want to
Speaker 1: just throw them away, so they did studies. They tested
Speaker 1: to see if they're still safe and effective. This is
Speaker 1: the US Food and Drug Administration, the FDA, in other words,
Speaker 1: lets some call them. And the verdict, according to Harvard Retelling,
Speaker 1: this most medications were still good nearly three years past
Speaker 1: their expression. That's nuts. But there are a few caveats
Speaker 1: to keep in mind, they say. So one, those tests
Speaker 1: that we're referring to were from the mid eighties and
Speaker 1: early nineties, so newer medications may not have been tested yet.
Speaker 1: In this way. Only about one hundred types of drugs
Speaker 1: were tested, so and some of them were like things
Speaker 1: that people who are not in the military probably wouldn't
Speaker 1: be using so much like you know, antidotes for chemical
Speaker 1: poisoning or antibiotics from malaria. And some drugs did fail
Speaker 1: the stability test. So liquid antibiotics, Yeah, antibiotics aspirin, nitroglycerin,
Speaker 1: and insulin have found signs of physical decay, so not
Speaker 1: best to use them past the expiration dates. Physical decay. Yeah,
Speaker 1: but it's like the pills cracked. Yeah, and then yeah,
Speaker 1: epipends also held up poorly past the expiration dates. This
Speaker 1: doesn't seem harmful though, it's probably just, like you're saying,
Speaker 1: not as effective.
Speaker 3: Yeah.
Speaker 1: So one, it kind of depends how serious the medication
Speaker 1: is or the what you're trying to fix. You know,
Speaker 1: you can probably take an allergy medication a month past
Speaker 1: the expiration date, but a heart rhythm medication is going
Speaker 1: to be riskier. Yes, Yeah, so you want to make
Speaker 1: sure that's gonna help you.
Speaker 2: So pretty much like the over the counter stuff that's
Speaker 2: not gonna be life or death, Yes, spring gas X
Speaker 2: that kind of thing.
Speaker 1: Something like that. Yeah, it might not do the trick
Speaker 1: that you needed to do, but it's not gonna hurt.
Speaker 1: This also says that generally they keep the expiration dates
Speaker 1: on the more conservative side exactly for this reason, which
Speaker 1: makes sense and I agree with as a practice. Yeah. Yeah,
Speaker 1: And drug makers say that extensive testing for drug stability
Speaker 1: over prolonged periods of times would be ideal, but it's
Speaker 1: too expensive. And yeah. Also in this study, the military
Speaker 1: study found that by keeping these expired medicines is saved
Speaker 1: about two hundred and sixty million dollars from the one billion,
Speaker 1: so it's pretty significant. Yeah, it showed that there was
Speaker 1: a lot of useful There are a lot of medicine
Speaker 1: that was still useful. So basically, expiration dates in the US,
Speaker 1: after a law in nineteen seventy nine, drug manufacturers have
Speaker 1: to stamp an expiration date on their products. So that's
Speaker 1: like where they can guarantee full potency and safety. It's
Speaker 1: not necessarily means it's gonna not work after that, which
Speaker 1: makes sense. It's just like a regulation. So it's true
Speaker 1: that effectiveness of a drug may decrease over time, but
Speaker 1: much of the original potency still remains even the decade
Speaker 1: after the expiration date. Placing a medication in a cool place,
Speaker 1: such as a refrigerator, will help the drug remain potent
Speaker 1: for many years. That's a good question, right from the
Speaker 1: previous question. I also put my dequill in stuff in
Speaker 1: the fridge, do you guys? No, keep it outside in
Speaker 1: the closet.
Speaker 3: Yeah, I don't.
Speaker 4: I'm really only getting that when I have Once again,
Speaker 4: I don't really take that stuff, so.
Speaker 1: I always just have it in the fridge.
Speaker 2: Not for any real reason, but that's all you taking.
Speaker 2: I mean only when I get sick, but like it
Speaker 2: lasts for during that period.
Speaker 3: In the fridge.
Speaker 4: Yeah, yeah, No, I don't keep it in the fridge.
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, it looks like babies.
Speaker 2: Actually they have one for babies and it says four babies.
Speaker 2: I got the liquid one for Yeah. Yeah, prefer when
Speaker 2: I'm like out, Like back when we used to work
Speaker 2: in an office every day, I would bring pills with me.
Speaker 2: If I'm at home, I'm like a little something to
Speaker 2: sip on is nice. All right, After the break, we're
Speaker 2: gonna answer some questions about sneezing behaviors, the twenty four
Speaker 2: hour day, and peanut butter and jelly sandwiches or We'll
Speaker 2: be right.
Speaker 1: Back all right, next up? Hi, Have y'all ever argued
Speaker 1: about why some people sneeze loudly? Is it a learned behavior,
Speaker 1: maybe to mimic a parent or get attention or clear
Speaker 1: nasal passages more comfortably or effectively. Or is it biological
Speaker 1: maybe based on lung size or muscular strength or age.
Speaker 1: Can a louder soft sneeze to become softer loud, respectively?
Speaker 1: Or is that dynamic range of sneezes actually small and
Speaker 1: its variations in hearing sensitivity that we should be arguing over.
Speaker 1: Please get to the bottom of this. My doctor has
Speaker 1: stopped answering my question.
Speaker 2: Can I just say, real quick, I love our listeners
Speaker 2: because we get the funniest fucking questions I've ever heard
Speaker 2: of the very behavioral.
Speaker 1: Science of sneeze loudness. So well, first of all, what
Speaker 1: what how would you all to describe your individual sneeze styles.
Speaker 1: I'm pretty controlled, I think, Yeah, I try to keep
Speaker 1: it on the covers, yeah, like and that same at home. Yeah.
Speaker 2: But you know, I'm sure we all have you know,
Speaker 2: are the classic the dad loud home, shaking the frames
Speaker 2: on the wall kind of sneeze? So my dad one
Speaker 2: of the loudest sneezers around the house.
Speaker 4: My dad had really bad allergies too, and his sneeze
Speaker 4: was so like the cat would run a wind up.
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, and you know, and then yeah,
Speaker 3: and then there's usually a couple in a row.
Speaker 1: Yeah.
Speaker 4: That's my other question, and then there's yeah afterwards it's like.
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah.
Speaker 1: My follow up bonus question is why the sneeze is
Speaker 1: coming multiple It's because there's some people who always three.
Speaker 1: It's not a loud sneeze. It will be like always
Speaker 1: doing three or more in a string. I'll have maybe
Speaker 1: one or two I do. I do pretty loud ones.
Speaker 1: I'll say, Okay, I can control it here, yeah yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: but if I'm home, yeah, letting it.
Speaker 3: I will say. When I do let a loud one off,
Speaker 3: it feels good.
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like I'm not holding back, you know, and
Speaker 1: go for real.
Speaker 3: Because sometimes you try to get a low yeah, and.
Speaker 1: Then you got it's like it's like plug but myself up.
Speaker 3: Ye, try to keep yeah.
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's not it doesn't it's not satisfying. It's
Speaker 1: like when you when you try to stifle a cough. Yes,
Speaker 1: that's like the worst feeling in the world. You have
Speaker 1: to cough in the movies or something, and then you
Speaker 1: let it go, but then it's still there. Yeah, I
Speaker 1: have to go to the right Yeah, try to or
Speaker 1: then I'll try like, okay, maybe I'll choose choose some
Speaker 1: gum or something like something I was happening here. Maybe
Speaker 1: I can wait.
Speaker 2: You're like waiting for the loud scene of the movie
Speaker 2: to come, literally, like, okay, there's a car crash coming up.
Speaker 1: Let's lessen that.
Speaker 2: But it's a great question because you know, if it
Speaker 2: were behavioral, you would think that you would have a
Speaker 2: similar sneak to your parents. But that's not the case
Speaker 2: for me.
Speaker 4: No, Well, it's almost it's almost behavioral on the opposite
Speaker 4: way that you witness you know that women.
Speaker 1: Can do to a fan.
Speaker 4: Yeah, you've seen the loud sneeze and now you don't
Speaker 4: want to repeat that.
Speaker 1: Yeah, traumas the cycle ends here. Yeah, but I mean,
Speaker 1: dear kid, is gonna be like I hate how my
Speaker 1: dad always Yeah, quite a little. It's like a kind
Speaker 1: of an edible thing.
Speaker 3: Yeah, watch this.
Speaker 1: Luckily for us our friends at Popular Science magazine, someone
Speaker 1: I've answered this.
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, oh my god.
Speaker 1: They did separate articles for both of those questions. So
Speaker 1: why do people sneeze aloud? And the multiples? I was like, wow,
Speaker 1: the ones.
Speaker 2: I'm really fascinated by the multiples. I know someone who
Speaker 2: always goes too, and that's it the next time.
Speaker 1: So this is from doctor Takashima from the Department of
Speaker 1: Oto Laryngology. Wow, had a neck and surgery at Houston
Speaker 1: Methodist Academic Institute. This is a quote from Popular Science. Yes,
Speaker 1: not on him, insider knows, is a tight mesh of
Speaker 1: epithelial cells, tiny hairs, and thick mucus. These elements quotes
Speaker 1: trap particulates so that the lungs can be protected. When
Speaker 1: those build up, they need to be flushed out. So
Speaker 1: tiny hairs, that makes sense, tiny hair is mucus whatever,
Speaker 1: all this stuff out.
Speaker 3: Yeah, they don't want you. They don't want that stuff
Speaker 3: in the lungs.
Speaker 1: Yes, and it needs to be flushed out. In your
Speaker 1: body knows this. It gets triggered somehow, like enough piles
Speaker 1: up so that really I do think there was a scene.
Speaker 1: I think Bill Murray sneezes. Yes, yes, everyone flies out,
Speaker 1: hit all the pressure valves.
Speaker 3: They're about to blow this scene.
Speaker 1: Great movie, yeah, which you watched that the key to
Speaker 1: sneezing volume lies in the structure of our respiratory system.
Speaker 1: The first step of the sneeze reflex involves deep inhalation.
Speaker 1: You need that air to be able to expel everything out.
Speaker 1: While air is sucked into our lungs, our vocal cords
Speaker 1: closed tightly. Once enough pressure has built up in our lungs,
Speaker 1: all the air is expelled. It's that gush of air
Speaker 1: that's pushing through the vocal cords that creates the sound
Speaker 1: of the sneeze The shape and floppiness of our vocal
Speaker 1: cords and other soft tissue at the back of the
Speaker 1: throat influence whether or not we have a quiet or
Speaker 1: booming sneeze. Lung volume also determines how much air enters
Speaker 1: and leaves our chests during a sneeze, meaning no single
Speaker 1: physical measurement will predict sneeze volume, So vocal cords, other tissue,
Speaker 1: lung volume. Some people with big lung volumes have very
Speaker 1: patigue sneezes HM, so this article also has how to
Speaker 1: sneez quietly. Takashima points out that in Japan there's a
Speaker 1: heavy cultural emphasis on not inconveniencing others and people manage
Speaker 1: to suppress their sneezes. So this is what the question
Speaker 1: asker was asking too about. Is that, you know, kind
Speaker 1: of a cultural or learned behavior.
Speaker 3: Yeah, oh for sure.
Speaker 1: So the key here is to minimize the amount of
Speaker 1: resonant energy flowing through your oral cavity closing your mouth.
Speaker 1: This will produce the volume of your sneeze.
Speaker 3: It doesn't feel as good though.
Speaker 1: No hold on, look at the medical literature suggests that
Speaker 1: sneeze suppression may be a surprisingly bad idea. Oh for sure.
Speaker 4: You ever try to hold in your whole body of things,
Speaker 4: your eyes are gonna You're gonna.
Speaker 1: Your eyes blood, my eyes.
Speaker 3: Head out of my head.
Speaker 1: You want to be if you want to sneeze.
Speaker 3: I don't know that.
Speaker 4: If anybody sneezing as hard as they can into their elbow, it's.
Speaker 3: Gonna be that loud.
Speaker 1: Ye let me practice like that was That was bad?
Speaker 1: That's not out loud. I don't know if I've been
Speaker 1: peeking on that.
Speaker 4: You know, like you're gonna, I'm gonna hear it if
Speaker 4: you're trying to sneeze in a way, if you don't
Speaker 4: know you're sneezing.
Speaker 3: Not gonna do that.
Speaker 1: You're not. You're not really you know, the cat's not
Speaker 1: gonna run it. Yeah, no, exactly, or the cat needs
Speaker 1: a tough enough yeah, frankly, all right, So that answers
Speaker 1: the main basically the bonus about the multiples, Why does
Speaker 1: that happen? Because that's stranger, that's weird. You can't get
Speaker 1: it out in one go. So it has to do
Speaker 1: with the power behind your noses blows.
Speaker 3: If you got a weak ass nose, you got to
Speaker 3: do more.
Speaker 1: You need to work that out. It's funny they talk
Speaker 1: to all different people for this article. Yeah, this is
Speaker 1: still popular science, yep. So basically, the if the irtint
Speaker 1: is still lingering after a sneeze, your nose is going
Speaker 1: to give it another go. So typically a second sneeze
Speaker 1: means that your first knees didn't do its job.
Speaker 3: Yes.
Speaker 1: As for the mega sneezer, the person who always seems
Speaker 1: to sneeze fifteen times in a row, it may mean
Speaker 1: his or her sneezes just don't pack the same punch's ears.
Speaker 1: Depending on how her nerves are hardwired, it may mean
Speaker 1: her sneezes are not as forceful to expel whatever is
Speaker 1: irritating her. If that's the case. Try to rub your
Speaker 1: nose or plug your nose. That way you can manually
Speaker 1: remove the allergen.
Speaker 3: Okay, you do some work help it out.
Speaker 1: Of course, a foreign irritant may not be triggering your
Speaker 1: sneeze at all. For about eighteen to twenty percent of
Speaker 1: the population, staring at bright lights can cause uncontrollable sneezing.
Speaker 1: What the It's a genetic condition called a photic sneeze
Speaker 1: reflects phot I see, and its mechanisms aren't very well understood.
Speaker 1: Some researchers believe that rapid pupil constriction may trigger the
Speaker 1: nerves related to sneezing, but no one knows for sure. Oh,
Speaker 1: because your eyes do that when you're allergic to something.
Speaker 1: So if you seem to be sneezing over and over
Speaker 1: while enjoying the great outdoors, maybe avert your gaze from
Speaker 1: the sun for a little while. That's a cliffhanger to
Speaker 1: end on eighteen to twenty percent of the I mean
Speaker 1: almost someone in this room, which one of us I
Speaker 1: start lights all the time.
Speaker 3: I don't.
Speaker 1: It doesn't really travel right now.
Speaker 3: They gotta start putting some of those warnings.
Speaker 1: It's obviously in my head now, but I feel a
Speaker 1: little bit more tensional. Yeah, I'm not gonna sneeze, but
Speaker 1: I see it.
Speaker 3: It's a division.
Speaker 2: Next time I have to sneeze, I'm going to try
Speaker 2: to make it as loud as possible. I don't think
Speaker 2: I've ever really tried to be try to have a.
Speaker 1: Loud primal scream. Yeah, it might be. It might feel good.
Speaker 1: All right, what's what's next? This is a real kind
Speaker 1: of bomb rip, sort of one from Blake. Why are
Speaker 1: there twenty four hours in a day?
Speaker 3: That's all he said?
Speaker 1: Any ideas.
Speaker 4: Well?
Speaker 2: I mean, just like I guess the basic necessity of
Speaker 2: like measuring, I don't know why they landed on twenty
Speaker 2: four You would think it'd be something shorter.
Speaker 3: I don't know.
Speaker 4: Well, I might just say there's twelve hours, but the
Speaker 4: hours or two hours long or so?
Speaker 2: Yeah maybe yeah, that's where, Yeah, I would do a
Speaker 2: longer segment.
Speaker 1: Do you think I'm just talking shit? Yeah?
Speaker 3: Well, you know obviously the twenty four hours.
Speaker 1: You know what a day is? Yes, is a day,
Speaker 1: but that's one day?
Speaker 3: But why what is a day is when the sun
Speaker 3: goes around you know? And yeah, because the summer, Yeah,
Speaker 3: and we're flat we're flat.
Speaker 1: Yeah, flat earth. So as soon as the sun the sun.
Speaker 3: Yeah, and then at night it's underneath.
Speaker 1: Us, it's under its over China. The sun went to sleep.
Speaker 1: It's gone. Now it's gone the man. Yeah, so it's
Speaker 1: one cycle.
Speaker 3: Now it's one rotation.
Speaker 1: Seriously, ye serious, guys, let's not cho.
Speaker 3: You know, flatter enough.
Speaker 1: So one rotation of the earth.
Speaker 4: Yeah, one rotation of the earth. The sun is not rotating.
Speaker 4: We're evolving around. That's a year. It's one revolution around
Speaker 4: the sun. So one day is one revolution of there.
Speaker 1: So we all agree on that. Yeah, now how do
Speaker 1: you break that up?
Speaker 3: That's the best idea. That's where we get into. Yeah,
Speaker 3: the specifics here, Yeah.
Speaker 1: I mean that's it's great. It may it makes me
Speaker 1: think it's probably it's religious.
Speaker 3: Why sixty minutes right, like.
Speaker 1: The twelve hours?
Speaker 3: I don't know.
Speaker 1: It feels like why does that number come from somewhere?
Speaker 3: Yeah?
Speaker 1: Great question. Well, luckily our friends at ABC Science I
Speaker 1: believe this is the Australian Broadcasting Company.
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, they're real different ABC.
Speaker 1: Oh yeah yeah.
Speaker 2: My guess is twenty four or twenty four or twelve
Speaker 2: like has to do with some kind of religious thing,
Speaker 2: some ancient religious thing.
Speaker 1: Let's see what ABC science. That's just say it always
Speaker 1: goes back to them. What are you about to say
Speaker 1: it's always them? Is from doctor Nick Lom, Consultant curator
Speaker 1: of astronomy from the Sydney Observatory. All right, I trust
Speaker 1: trust observatories. Our twenty four hour day comes from the
Speaker 1: ancient Egyptians who died them, who divided daytime into ten hours.
Speaker 1: They measured with devices such as shadow clocks. Yeah, and
Speaker 1: added the twilight hour at the beginning and another one
Speaker 1: at the end of the day time. Oh so that
Speaker 1: makes They started with ten and then kind of added
Speaker 1: on an hour an hour, so it's filling for kind
Speaker 1: of nighttime. Wow. And then because ten is a natural number, Yeah,
Speaker 1: but it just feels like, Yeah, nighttime was divided into
Speaker 1: twelve hours based on observations of stars. So there's so
Speaker 1: there we have ten hours during the day, yeah, plus
Speaker 1: two more twelve for night preor night when you're looking
Speaker 1: at the stars. Egyptians had a system of thirty six
Speaker 1: star groups called decans d E C A N S
Speaker 1: maybe dickcans deacons deacons chosen so that on any night,
Speaker 1: one decan rose forty minutes after the previous one. Wow,
Speaker 1: these guys were nuts.
Speaker 3: Tables.
Speaker 1: I guess they didn't have anything else to do. Tables
Speaker 1: were produced to help people to determine the Yeah, it's
Speaker 1: like oversee some pyramids being built, or figure.
Speaker 3: Out the time.
Speaker 4: What I would be doing if if China wasn't keeping
Speaker 4: me on TikTok, you'd.
Speaker 1: Be building, You'd be coming up with a whole new wisdom.
Speaker 1: You count time.
Speaker 3: For the one rat.
Speaker 4: Every time it's rat passes, that's about four hours.
Speaker 1: I liked it. Tables were produced to help people to
Speaker 1: determine time at night by observing them. Amazingly, such tables
Speaker 1: have been found inside the lids of coffins, presumably so
Speaker 1: that the dead could also tell the time. Wow, that's nice,
Speaker 1: all right, nice, and then put that in the coffin.
Speaker 1: In the Egyptian system, the length of the daytime and
Speaker 1: nighttime hours. I don't know what time it is, you did.
Speaker 1: The length of the daytime and nighttime hours were unequal
Speaker 1: and varied with the seasons. Oh so it kind of
Speaker 1: adjusted base on everything. Yes, of course, so in summer
Speaker 1: daytime hours were longer than nighttime hours. Well, in the
Speaker 1: winter it was flipped ancient Babylonians broke everything up into
Speaker 1: sixty for hours and minutes. They just like the base
Speaker 1: number sixty. It seems like, so subdivision of hours and
Speaker 1: then sixty minutes per hour. So I kind of then
Speaker 1: just kind of calibrating to what they are from the
Speaker 1: Egyptian those hours further basically, which is probably when it
Speaker 1: got a little bit more standardized.
Speaker 2: That's now, see, we got we have twelve hours, that's
Speaker 2: what I said. Sixty minutes was why isn't it like
Speaker 2: one hundred minutes?
Speaker 1: So we got three hundred and sixty degrees in a
Speaker 1: circle from the Babylonians. Oh wow, they just liked sixty.
Speaker 1: Babylonians were interested in three sixty because that was their
Speaker 1: estimate for the number of days in a year.
Speaker 3: Oh damn.
Speaker 4: Then they had GYBT to be asking either to get
Speaker 4: it wrong.
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you got GPT, it'd be like, yeah, this
Speaker 1: is three hundred sixty days, close enough, thirty six days.
Speaker 2: That's impressive that you already knew that. But was it
Speaker 2: the case that the Egyptians kind of came up with
Speaker 2: the framework of time. Yeah, it seems like so before
Speaker 2: that they were just I mean, I'm sure there were
Speaker 2: little ways to measure here and there, but they were
Speaker 2: mostly just viobally. Yeah, I think generally it was that
Speaker 2: and then slowly kind of this where okay, and then
Speaker 2: I'm sure once there's a international order, there's more consensus
Speaker 2: for you know, we have to have the same time
Speaker 2: if you're traveling this way.
Speaker 1: Yep, all right, but I think that about answers it well.
Speaker 1: It makes it makes sense that like, all right, you
Speaker 1: want to count the hours in a day, like before
Speaker 1: the sun goes away. Yeah, and back then you're like, okay,
Speaker 1: I have ten fingers. That's how we're going to count this.
Speaker 3: Yeah.
Speaker 1: But then they just started amending it from me, and
Speaker 1: then they're like, all right, well we need to figure
Speaker 1: this out because the stars are doing this. So we
Speaker 1: got two extra hours, so twelve and twelve all right.
Speaker 2: I like amazing stuff. But one of my favorite concision too.
Speaker 2: I used to watch all those Ancient Aliens shows on
Speaker 2: History or whatever, and the the big takeaway at the
Speaker 2: end of every episode is like, how did the Egyptians
Speaker 2: know that the earth was blue? Like they have some
Speaker 2: of these higher glyphs, oh, and they're like painted. It's
Speaker 2: kind of has nothing to do with time. But you know,
Speaker 2: we don't give just because it's like, look, there's a
Speaker 2: big as it's a shame that.
Speaker 1: You know, we don't really give them their flowers.
Speaker 3: No, we don't. Aliens, Yeah, we can't.
Speaker 4: They can't possibly be smart then idiots running around the
Speaker 4: build it couldn't do anything, have any ideas.
Speaker 2: Because if they were so smart back then it must
Speaker 2: mean that we're not that smart. And that's why I
Speaker 2: feel like, actually they have.
Speaker 1: And it just it's it's also just like Egypt isn't
Speaker 1: that powerful of the nation now, so I don't think
Speaker 1: there's international push to do it, whereas if this was
Speaker 1: you know, if this happened in the United States and
Speaker 1: you never forget we need that you know other places too.
Speaker 1: But yeah, just put some respect justice for Egypt.
Speaker 2: Even the Mayans they got incredible like the astronomy innovations.
Speaker 3: We just can't.
Speaker 1: But we just can't be like, wow, they were so smart.
Speaker 3: We have to say some Aliens stuff.
Speaker 2: Well you know what we who we are going to
Speaker 2: get flower too. The Egyptians for coming up with the
Speaker 2: twenty four hour clock. Thank you, Thank you Egyptians.
Speaker 1: All rights as all right.
Speaker 2: Our final question comes from Kaylee.
Speaker 6: Hi, Manny Noah Devin as the No Such Thing Team.
Speaker 6: My name is Kaylee, and my boyfriend was at a
Speaker 6: bar and the bartender suggested that he do a peanut
Speaker 6: butter tequila shot, and the suggested chaser was some sort
Speaker 6: of like fruity selter thing. He doesn't remember the exact flavor,
Speaker 6: but he then begins to complain to some friends that
Speaker 6: the chaser was not great flavored, because then it would
Speaker 6: have been like a peanut butter and jelly shot and chaser.
Speaker 6: He den steeds to get in an argument with a stranger,
Speaker 6: a woman about what is the proper flavor of jelly
Speaker 6: to use in a peanut butter and jelly She believed
Speaker 6: it with strawberry, and he believes it's great. So we
Speaker 6: want to know your opinion. What is the default jelly
Speaker 6: to put on a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Is
Speaker 6: it grape, is it strawberry? Or is it like a
Speaker 6: third flavor? Thank you so much for answering my question.
Speaker 6: Dig Sana the trow have a good one.
Speaker 3: Thanks.
Speaker 1: Kayley is here. Yeah, I guess first, let's answer it. Yeah,
Speaker 1: let's go around.
Speaker 2: Cake would be that I prefer the jelly to be strawberry.
Speaker 2: But I also acknowledge that grape is the traditional peanut
Speaker 2: butter and jet.
Speaker 1: I mean, I probably prefer grape still most cases. But yeah,
Speaker 1: I think you can have your own preference for what
Speaker 1: jelly you want. But yeah, the default is great, it's great.
Speaker 1: It's Devin.
Speaker 4: See this is tough for me, hm, because I'm not
Speaker 4: a peanut butter and jelly guy.
Speaker 3: I'm just a peanut butter guy.
Speaker 1: Yeah.
Speaker 4: So I didn't really have peanut butter and jelly almost ever.
Speaker 1: Preconception of this. You're a good person to think back
Speaker 1: to your cartoon.
Speaker 4: Yeah, let me say this, peanut butter and jelly was
Speaker 4: consumed in my home, all right, so there be around it.
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, I've been. I'm trying to sure. I'm now
Speaker 3: trying to transport myself.
Speaker 1: Take yourself back back to my child, opening your child.
Speaker 3: I'm looking at the side.
Speaker 1: This is what therapies look.
Speaker 3: Yeah, this is what you do.
Speaker 4: They tell you close your eyes, and I'm seeing my
Speaker 4: mom make a peanut butter.
Speaker 1: I said, don't put Jolie on the Would you just
Speaker 1: have peanut butter, just peanut butter?
Speaker 2: Yeah, Harry, I guess if your peanut butter is more organic.
Speaker 3: It was.
Speaker 4: It's the process probably, but I can't even open your mouth. Yeah,
Speaker 4: so in my mind it was a grape jelly. It
Speaker 4: was a more purple welch is Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1: I guess.
Speaker 2: I just imagine, like you were saying, Noah in a cartoon,
Speaker 2: the grape color. Remember the thing the otters that, Yeah,
Speaker 2: there were names were, Yeah.
Speaker 1: There we go. There isn't one of them purple or something.
Speaker 3: I actually don't I don't remember what color. I don't
Speaker 3: see color, so I don't know what color they were. Oh, yeah,
Speaker 3: I remember that show. That was a good show.
Speaker 1: Was that their names on Disney.
Speaker 3: It was p B Right.
Speaker 2: I guess I'm curious because it seemed to be such
Speaker 2: a debate at that bar from the question or at
Speaker 2: least that like, where does this idea that strawberry is
Speaker 2: the default?
Speaker 1: From? My guess is they grew up and that was
Speaker 1: just what their parents made for them. Had to be.
Speaker 1: Were these people living under a rock? Yeah, we'll do this.
Speaker 1: Look up who invented the PBJ beer. National Peanut Board
Speaker 1: has a article about who invented the PB and J
Speaker 1: Okay sandwich. In the case of the Quintessential American PBNJ sandwich.
Speaker 1: The most important person in this part of the story
Speaker 1: is a man named Paul Welch. We know his work.
Speaker 1: In nineteen seventeen, Welch secured patent for puring grapes and
Speaker 1: turning them into jelly. He developed and advertised grape a
Speaker 1: laid rhymes with mar armalade, marmalade, marmala from concord grapes.
Speaker 1: It was popular with the troops in World War One,
Speaker 1: so it was popular to spread grape a laid on
Speaker 1: bread when the soldiers came home after the war. Wow,
Speaker 1: finally there's peanut butter. We know doctor George Washington Carver invented.
Speaker 3: That black Man.
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. As grape a laid and pre sliced
Speaker 1: bread became popular, another happened with peanut butter. Commercial brands
Speaker 1: found a way to create creamy or peanut butter that
Speaker 1: didn't stick to the roof of the mouth so easily.
Speaker 1: During the Great Depression of the nineteen thirties, families discovered
Speaker 1: peanut butter provided a satisfying, high protein, less expensive meal. Okay,
Speaker 1: World War Two is the major event that took peanut
Speaker 1: butter and jelly sandwiches over the top sandwich on the
Speaker 1: US military ration menus in World War Two. Peanut butter
Speaker 1: was a high protein, shelf stable ingredient and easily portable
Speaker 1: on long marches. Grape blaide had already accompanied soldiers in
Speaker 1: the First World War and added the sweetness of the sandwich.
Speaker 1: Pre sliced bread was so easy to use. So the
Speaker 1: natural inclination was to combine these three things. And PBNJ
Speaker 1: was part of the American soldier's life.
Speaker 3: Wow.
Speaker 1: And then those guys came home from the war, kids
Speaker 1: loved it, parents loved it, and the rest is history.
Speaker 1: So yeah, I mean, i'd have to say, the default then,
Speaker 1: is the grape elaide or grape jelly, Yeah, variants, Yeah,
Speaker 1: and I think center.
Speaker 2: Dear listener, if you ever hear someone saying strawberry is
Speaker 2: the default, you have to tell them that there's absolutely
Speaker 2: zero evidence to back that up.
Speaker 1: They're lying.
Speaker 2: Now, I like it more than greate for my PB
Speaker 2: and JS, or if I'm just having like a piece
Speaker 2: of toast. But I would never say that that that
Speaker 2: was the traditional original.
Speaker 1: Recipe, like like raspberry preserves. Oh you like preserves? I guess,
Speaker 1: I don't know. I don't get to eat in the
Speaker 1: weeds like that. But I like the little bone Mama.
Speaker 4: As a sort of final word on this, I just
Speaker 4: opened up Wikipedia. I command aft Strawberry zero zero, get
Speaker 4: a few hits, Sarah, they are consider this.
Speaker 1: One's not even mentioned once on the It doesn't even
Speaker 1: have a line like some people like this, not even.
Speaker 3: Not even a hint of there's another kind.
Speaker 2: Of scary nothing in the pop culture reference a section
Speaker 2: of strawberry Damn.
Speaker 1: It's like it doesn't even exist.
Speaker 3: Really, that settles it.
Speaker 2: Final word, Thanks for listening to No Such Thing, which
Speaker 2: is a production of Kaleidoscope Content. Our executive producers are
Speaker 2: Kate Osborne and mangesh Hati Cador. The show was created
Speaker 2: by Manny Fidel, Noah Friedman, and Devin Joseph. The theme
Speaker 2: and credit songs are by me Manny. This episode was
Speaker 2: mixed by Pran Bandy. Thank you to everyone who sent
Speaker 2: their mailbag questions in. We didn't get to all of them,
Speaker 2: but we hope to get to more of them in
Speaker 2: a future mail bag, and please keep sending these questions
Speaker 2: in by either emailing us at Manny Noah Devin at
Speaker 2: gmail dot com or by calling the number in the
Speaker 2: show notes and leaving a voicemail that only works if
Speaker 2: you're in the US, and if you like what you hear,
Speaker 2: please leave us a five star review wherever you're listening
Speaker 2: to this, See you next week.
Speaker 6: Things