1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,560 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should know from how Stuff Works 2 00:00:04,600 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: There's Charles w Chuck Bryants. Just the two of us 4 00:00:16,920 --> 00:00:20,840 Speaker 1: batching it today. Yeah, that's what my dad used to 5 00:00:20,840 --> 00:00:22,400 Speaker 1: say if he had to take care of me while 6 00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:25,319 Speaker 1: my mom was working. We're just batching it? Is that? 7 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:28,520 Speaker 1: What was that what he said? Yeah? I thought that 8 00:00:28,560 --> 00:00:31,960 Speaker 1: was a relatively new term. No, I mean at least 9 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:35,720 Speaker 1: the early eighties, right, Maybe my dad was like way 10 00:00:35,760 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: ahead of his time. Why hasn't there been a movie 11 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:41,800 Speaker 1: called batching it? I I don't know. That's actually pretty obvious. 12 00:00:42,479 --> 00:00:44,800 Speaker 1: The fact that it was around as a word in 13 00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:47,199 Speaker 1: the eighties makes me even more surprised that there's not 14 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:51,120 Speaker 1: a movie called batching it that, like the protagonist has 15 00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: to put on like a car wash to save their 16 00:00:53,080 --> 00:00:57,080 Speaker 1: business or something like that. Yeah, Owen Wilson, what did 17 00:00:57,080 --> 00:00:59,600 Speaker 1: he do? Well? He would just be the star batching 18 00:00:59,640 --> 00:01:03,680 Speaker 1: it imagine, right, I guess. So could that guy be 19 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:07,080 Speaker 1: any more charming than he is? He's pretty charming. Speaking 20 00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:12,039 Speaker 1: of charming, Chuck, let me introduce you to a wonderful 21 00:01:12,319 --> 00:01:19,160 Speaker 1: little beast named Ketze Colatus North ropy. Mhm are you 22 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:24,640 Speaker 1: are you familiar? So ketzo colatus is named after the 23 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:30,959 Speaker 1: Aztec flying serpent god quetzal Coat, right, so it makes sense. 24 00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:34,480 Speaker 1: But this guy was a real thing. Not to put 25 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:37,160 Speaker 1: down the Aztecs beliefs or anything like that, but this 26 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:41,520 Speaker 1: is a verifiable beast at one point, particularly in the 27 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,600 Speaker 1: late Cretaceous period, and it's what you would probably call 28 00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:48,720 Speaker 1: a pterodactyl. But if you call it a pterodactyl, you'd 29 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:51,840 Speaker 1: be dead wrong, pal. What it really is is a 30 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:56,400 Speaker 1: terrace sore. And there's a lot of misunderstandings that we're 31 00:01:56,400 --> 00:01:59,360 Speaker 1: going to sort through, but the most important point is 32 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,880 Speaker 1: that this east right here is twenty ft tall, as 33 00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,240 Speaker 1: tall as a giraffe, and it had a wingspan akin 34 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:09,680 Speaker 1: to about an F sixteen fighter jet. And it was 35 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:15,680 Speaker 1: a bad mama jama. That's that for ding. That's good. 36 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:19,520 Speaker 1: I like it. I didn't even use the way back machine, 37 00:02:19,600 --> 00:02:23,120 Speaker 1: just trimmed the fat. Gone, oh you do. You don't 38 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:25,920 Speaker 1: even need that old clunky thing anymore. We just use 39 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: our imaginations. Were not actually in the Cretaceous period like 40 00:02:28,919 --> 00:02:32,000 Speaker 1: we would be if we had used the way back machine. Okay, 41 00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:35,480 Speaker 1: uh yeah, these terra starts with the p of course, 42 00:02:35,480 --> 00:02:40,359 Speaker 1: a silent p um that is from Greek meaning winged lizards. 43 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:45,200 Speaker 1: And that's pretty on point because they were reptiles. They 44 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:50,079 Speaker 1: were not dinosaurs. Yes, big big distinction here. They're close, 45 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:53,560 Speaker 1: it's like a sister to a dinosaur. Perhaps they're from 46 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:56,880 Speaker 1: the same claude, which is arcasaurs, but it's a really 47 00:02:56,919 --> 00:02:58,800 Speaker 1: wide claude. And all that means is that they have 48 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: in the very remote asked some single common ancestor with dinosaurs. Yeah, 49 00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:06,360 Speaker 1: and they were. They were around roughly the same time 50 00:03:06,400 --> 00:03:10,359 Speaker 1: period and definitely and went away in the same fashion. 51 00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,080 Speaker 1: So it's it's normal, i think for people to say, 52 00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:17,720 Speaker 1: look at that pterodactyl, look at that flying dinosaur, even 53 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:21,320 Speaker 1: though neither one of those is necessarily correct. Yeah, So, 54 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: just to get this across one more time, pterosaurs were 55 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:29,560 Speaker 1: not flying dinosaurs. They were flying reptiles, but they weren't dinosaurs. 56 00:03:29,919 --> 00:03:33,280 Speaker 1: They weren't birds either, And to confuse things even further, 57 00:03:33,680 --> 00:03:37,360 Speaker 1: there were birds around at the time of the dinosaurs 58 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:40,320 Speaker 1: and the time of the pterosaurs. And to confuse things 59 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: even further, there were such things as actual flying dinosaurs 60 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 1: we call them velociraptors, right, and these vertebrates. Actually we're 61 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:58,400 Speaker 1: flying long before birds and bats by like millions and 62 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:01,400 Speaker 1: millions of years. Yeah, think this How Stuff Works article. 63 00:04:01,520 --> 00:04:03,520 Speaker 1: This is a good one. I gotta give big ups 64 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:07,640 Speaker 1: to Clint um pump Free. Yeah, pretty good. Yeah, it 65 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:13,000 Speaker 1: sounds like an action how Stuff Works writer chest be Frock. 66 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:17,560 Speaker 1: You know, uh um but he he said, I think 67 00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: eighty million years difference. Eighty million years before. Yeah, I 68 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 1: mean that's that's a lot of years it is. Um. 69 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:27,960 Speaker 1: So there's a lot of like confusing stuff flying around. 70 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:29,880 Speaker 1: And I think there's one other thing we should probably 71 00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:32,599 Speaker 1: address right out of the gate is that you you 72 00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:35,280 Speaker 1: you shouldn't call them pterod actyls, even though a lot 73 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:39,600 Speaker 1: of people do. Pterod Actyls are actually a specific genus 74 00:04:39,640 --> 00:04:44,719 Speaker 1: of pterosaurs. Um, So to call all pterosaurs pterod actyls 75 00:04:44,839 --> 00:04:50,279 Speaker 1: would be incorrect. But you could call all pterod actyls pterosaurs, okay. Yeah. 76 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:53,280 Speaker 1: And and technically, like if you have seen this this 77 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:56,040 Speaker 1: thing in movies a lot that they say that's a pterodactyl, 78 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:59,440 Speaker 1: what you've probably been looking at this whole time is 79 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:03,360 Speaker 1: one of the the species. And there you know, potentially 80 00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:06,600 Speaker 1: up to two hundred of these species right now. I 81 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:11,080 Speaker 1: think they've identified about a hundred hundred thirty ish. But 82 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:16,640 Speaker 1: a tara uh tara no done is how you'd say it. 83 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:21,719 Speaker 1: I that's what I would have gone, like, Tara no 84 00:05:21,839 --> 00:05:25,080 Speaker 1: down right. That's probably what you've been seeing in movies 85 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:27,800 Speaker 1: all this time that you've been saying, that's a pterodactyl. 86 00:05:27,839 --> 00:05:29,920 Speaker 1: Like if you if you look up an image search 87 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:35,280 Speaker 1: of the Torontodon, you'll say that that's a pterodactyl because 88 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:37,359 Speaker 1: I saw it in King Kong. Yeah, it's like this 89 00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:40,160 Speaker 1: giant wing beast with kind of short, stubby legs and 90 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:42,599 Speaker 1: a huge wing span and like a weird crest on 91 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:45,400 Speaker 1: its head in a long pointy beak. A pterodactyl. Everybody 92 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:47,839 Speaker 1: knows what a pterodactyl is. Don't be an idiot. Yeah, 93 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:50,920 Speaker 1: you saw in King Konge. Saw the same thing in 94 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:54,799 Speaker 1: Jurassic Park three in two thousand one. Right, things hadn't 95 00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:57,400 Speaker 1: changed all that much. But in that time span, it's 96 00:05:57,400 --> 00:06:01,640 Speaker 1: actually kind of surprising because our under standing of um 97 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:05,680 Speaker 1: tara stars had increased dramatically, and yet we were still 98 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:09,880 Speaker 1: just basically thinking of them exclusively as pterod actyls, which 99 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:13,120 Speaker 1: isn't the case. Yeah, there was a paleontologist named O. C. 100 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:19,760 Speaker 1: Marsh who, Uh, it's a pretty good name for a paleontologist. Uh. 101 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:24,320 Speaker 1: He collected these first fossils and what is now and 102 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:28,919 Speaker 1: was then Western Kansas in the late eight hundreds, like 103 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:33,200 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy, and they've been well. I was about to say, 104 00:06:33,240 --> 00:06:35,600 Speaker 1: they've been digging up lots of these since then. They 105 00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:39,440 Speaker 1: sort of have, but uh, not nearly as many as 106 00:06:39,480 --> 00:06:44,160 Speaker 1: other types of fossils, because these fossils are really highly 107 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:48,280 Speaker 1: breakable and dissolvable and uh, they're they're tough to get 108 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:51,280 Speaker 1: a hold of and keeping one piece throughout the process. Yeah, 109 00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:53,159 Speaker 1: we should, we should talk about that. Like, one of 110 00:06:53,160 --> 00:06:55,880 Speaker 1: the reasons there is so little understanding of tara stars 111 00:06:55,920 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: is because they don't fossilize very well now because their 112 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:02,800 Speaker 1: bones were not designed to be fossilized. They were designed 113 00:07:02,800 --> 00:07:07,200 Speaker 1: to allow these giant reptiles to fly. They didn't say like, oh, 114 00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:10,240 Speaker 1: we need to be designed to leave our mark later. No, 115 00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: it's like we want to fly right exactly. So early on, 116 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:17,560 Speaker 1: I think the first tarodon or the first terrasaur Um 117 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:21,280 Speaker 1: specimen was found in the late eighteenth century in Germany 118 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:23,640 Speaker 1: Um and by the time O. C. Marsh was digging 119 00:07:23,680 --> 00:07:27,800 Speaker 1: them up a hundred years later in Kansas Um. They've 120 00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:30,120 Speaker 1: they've been discovered, but they'd also just kind of been 121 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: abandoned because there were very few follow up fossils that 122 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:36,960 Speaker 1: were identified, right, So when O. C. Marsh started to 123 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:40,160 Speaker 1: dig him up, this is a big deal. And because 124 00:07:40,160 --> 00:07:43,560 Speaker 1: he was finding virtually all of the same species, the 125 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:50,000 Speaker 1: taranodon um, that became the common conception of the the 126 00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:53,560 Speaker 1: what the terrasaar is. But it was coupled with an 127 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: earlier named Pterodactyl that had been given to the the 128 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:03,000 Speaker 1: entire uh species or the entire group by George Cuvier 129 00:08:03,120 --> 00:08:06,480 Speaker 1: and I think eighteen twelve. Yeah, and that first fossil 130 00:08:06,520 --> 00:08:09,280 Speaker 1: you're talking about, no one knows. No one got credit 131 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,080 Speaker 1: for that, for digging that thing up. But like you said, 132 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: it was in Germany in a lime in limestone, like 133 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:18,320 Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty million year old limestone late in 134 00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:23,360 Speaker 1: the eighteenth century that eventually found its way to a 135 00:08:23,400 --> 00:08:28,920 Speaker 1: man with a great name, uh Cosimo Alessandro Collini. Man. 136 00:08:29,120 --> 00:08:31,320 Speaker 1: When I first came across this in his article, I 137 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:33,360 Speaker 1: was like, I'm looking forward to hearing Chuck say that 138 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: guy's name that's him. He was Italian go figure, and 139 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:40,160 Speaker 1: he was a natural scientist, and he, like many others 140 00:08:40,240 --> 00:08:42,840 Speaker 1: to follow, for a long time, didn't really know what 141 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: it was, since since he they found that in an 142 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:52,320 Speaker 1: ancient lagoon with all kinds of seafaring creatures, he understandably 143 00:08:52,440 --> 00:08:55,360 Speaker 1: thought it was a seafaring creature. Yeah. And some of 144 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:58,240 Speaker 1: the best perverse preserved fossils that we have of these 145 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 1: things are found in things like lagoons where something happened 146 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:06,960 Speaker 1: to them. They died, suddenly quickly fell into a like 147 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,080 Speaker 1: a body of water um which probably broke their fall 148 00:09:10,120 --> 00:09:12,640 Speaker 1: a little bit. They landed at the muck. Then we're 149 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: covered up potentially in some anaerobic um in an anaerobic state, 150 00:09:18,360 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 1: and eventually became fossilized very gently. That's what it takes 151 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:26,600 Speaker 1: to to fossilize a terra star. Yeah. And Cuvier, who 152 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:29,520 Speaker 1: um kind of got it all wrong by calling it 153 00:09:29,559 --> 00:09:32,920 Speaker 1: a pterodactyl for everyone in the future. He was actually 154 00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:35,600 Speaker 1: the same dude though, who did say, actually, I think 155 00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: those are wings, not paddles, and that was, you know, 156 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:41,959 Speaker 1: a big breakthrough. Yeah, And the reason he called them 157 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:46,720 Speaker 1: pterodactyls it means wing finger in the Greek. Right, so 158 00:09:46,840 --> 00:09:51,520 Speaker 1: tara saw means winged lizard and pterodactyl means wing finger 159 00:09:51,559 --> 00:09:55,080 Speaker 1: because as we'll see, the the front edge of the wing, 160 00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: the leading edge of the wing is actually an extraordinarily 161 00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:02,240 Speaker 1: long pinky. Yeah, that's a good way to put it. 162 00:10:02,400 --> 00:10:03,880 Speaker 1: I think so too. It that's a good way to 163 00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: lead up to a break too, don't you think? Agreed? 164 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:22,240 Speaker 1: Let's go. Well, now we're on the road, driving in 165 00:10:22,280 --> 00:10:25,200 Speaker 1: your truck. Want to learn a thing or two from 166 00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: Josh can chuck. It's stuff you should know. All right, Okay, 167 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:35,920 Speaker 1: we're back. I feel like we kind of jumbled things 168 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:39,200 Speaker 1: up like a bunch of terra star bones. Sure, so 169 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:42,839 Speaker 1: let's reset here, shall we? Should we reset with the 170 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:49,840 Speaker 1: head let's the head crests. If you've seen a movie 171 00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:53,240 Speaker 1: like Jurassic Park, and you saw what you thought was 172 00:10:53,240 --> 00:10:56,839 Speaker 1: a pterodactyl and that and he had that beautiful looking 173 00:10:57,160 --> 00:10:59,760 Speaker 1: he or she, well maybe maybe he, because now they 174 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:05,680 Speaker 1: think maybe only the males. But these head crests, uh, 175 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:08,880 Speaker 1: these things were sort of one of the staples of 176 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:11,439 Speaker 1: of many, if not all, of these species. But they 177 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:16,280 Speaker 1: were all really different and some fantastic looking, and they're 178 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:18,720 Speaker 1: not exactly sure. There's still a lot of debate over 179 00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 1: what they use these big crests for. Yeah, they thought 180 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:25,439 Speaker 1: maybe they use them as a rudder in the air 181 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:29,559 Speaker 1: to steer with and the flying around. It does make sense, um. 182 00:11:29,640 --> 00:11:32,000 Speaker 1: Some people thought that they may be used them as 183 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:34,800 Speaker 1: a marine rudder. Maybe they used them for defense because 184 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:38,319 Speaker 1: they were like made of horn and bone covered with skin, 185 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:41,320 Speaker 1: and they think possibly they had coloring to them, maybe 186 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:44,440 Speaker 1: they had feathers or light for They're not quite sure. 187 00:11:44,800 --> 00:11:47,760 Speaker 1: But because there's just such a lack of understanding, and 188 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:51,000 Speaker 1: because tara saur fossils are so few and far between, 189 00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:54,160 Speaker 1: it's still basically anybody's guess what they were used for. 190 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:57,440 Speaker 1: But then I think in Germany, I'm not exactly certain 191 00:11:57,480 --> 00:12:02,600 Speaker 1: when this was discovered, but a email TerraSAR was discovered 192 00:12:03,080 --> 00:12:06,840 Speaker 1: um a and it had a or I should say 193 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:10,920 Speaker 1: she had an egg in her um overducts. Still, so 194 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:14,240 Speaker 1: it was the only terra star to ever be positively 195 00:12:14,360 --> 00:12:18,360 Speaker 1: identified by sex um in the history of the world. 196 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:22,640 Speaker 1: And she lacked that headcrest, so it really lent support 197 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:25,200 Speaker 1: to the idea that it was males only, kind of 198 00:12:25,240 --> 00:12:27,960 Speaker 1: like how a peacock has the very bright feathers and 199 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,120 Speaker 1: the p hen does not. They think that maybe it's 200 00:12:31,160 --> 00:12:34,520 Speaker 1: the same thing or more kin to like antlers in 201 00:12:34,640 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: Dear or Moose. They're males are the ones that have 202 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:38,679 Speaker 1: the antlers, and they think they use it maybe a 203 00:12:38,720 --> 00:12:41,640 Speaker 1: little bit for defense, but mostly to say, hey, I'm 204 00:12:41,640 --> 00:12:44,679 Speaker 1: a dude and I'm looking for some action. Check out 205 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:47,280 Speaker 1: the sides of my antlers. They think it was probably 206 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:50,920 Speaker 1: the same with Tira sars now. Yeah, and these things, like, uh, 207 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:52,920 Speaker 1: it's amazing when you look up these pictures. Some of 208 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:56,520 Speaker 1: them are just really fantastically colored. Some of them are 209 00:12:56,559 --> 00:13:02,400 Speaker 1: really big, like that Tapahara imperator. Yeah, if you look 210 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:06,560 Speaker 1: up one terrace are during this episode, make it this guy. Yeah, 211 00:13:06,559 --> 00:13:08,800 Speaker 1: this is cool. This thing looks like it literally has 212 00:13:08,840 --> 00:13:11,880 Speaker 1: a sailboat sail on top of its head. It's and 213 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:15,240 Speaker 1: like if the coloring is anywhere remotely like what the 214 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:19,640 Speaker 1: artist's conceptions are, it just must have been something to see. Yeah, 215 00:13:19,640 --> 00:13:24,360 Speaker 1: that nicktosaurus is pretty interesting too. Um, this this one 216 00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,200 Speaker 1: didn't seem to have any sort of it looked like 217 00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:32,720 Speaker 1: a sail, uh without the sail, Like, what do you 218 00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:34,720 Speaker 1: call the frame of the sail. I'm sure there's some 219 00:13:34,760 --> 00:13:38,920 Speaker 1: great name for it, the uh the timber, the timber, sure, 220 00:13:40,679 --> 00:13:43,920 Speaker 1: but these I mean it's they liken it in this article. Uh, 221 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: the pump does two television into a and they are 222 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: really big and look only clunky to me. Yeah, I 223 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:56,000 Speaker 1: mean it would be good for skewering, I guess, but 224 00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:57,920 Speaker 1: it could also be terrible for screwing. Like if you 225 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,080 Speaker 1: were hunting or spearing fish with it, you could probably 226 00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:02,599 Speaker 1: catch a lot of fish, but you couldn't get the 227 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:05,400 Speaker 1: fish off because it's they're just these antenna We're just 228 00:14:05,440 --> 00:14:08,439 Speaker 1: way too tall and long. Yeah. And then this terra 229 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:10,480 Speaker 1: dusto is really um, you should look at that one 230 00:14:10,559 --> 00:14:15,400 Speaker 1: up to it's pretty amazing. This one looks like this 231 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:20,840 Speaker 1: one looks like if a dinosaur mated with a pelican 232 00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:25,280 Speaker 1: and a toothbrush. Yeah. I saw one person described it 233 00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: as a toothbrush with wings. Yeah. The like the lower 234 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:32,160 Speaker 1: jaw has like a thousand really long small needle like teeth, 235 00:14:33,280 --> 00:14:36,480 Speaker 1: and it looks like this big toothbrushy underbyte. Yeah, and 236 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 1: it does. Like when you look at it, you're like, oh, 237 00:14:38,240 --> 00:14:41,120 Speaker 1: it's clearly gotta be related to a pelican. Again, it's not. 238 00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:44,239 Speaker 1: Pelicans and birden birds are around during the time of dinosaurs, 239 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,640 Speaker 1: and if birds are anything, they're actually the real flying dinosaurs. 240 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,080 Speaker 1: But it does look a lot like it, and it 241 00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:53,720 Speaker 1: makes sense that it would because from what we're learning 242 00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:56,720 Speaker 1: about Tera saurs now these days, is that a lot 243 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,360 Speaker 1: of them were ocean going, that they had the goods 244 00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:02,360 Speaker 1: to fly across an entire ocean over the course of 245 00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: a few days, like maybe an albatross would um, and 246 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:08,320 Speaker 1: that they would fly low, some of them and skim 247 00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:12,720 Speaker 1: the surface of these ancient oceans in on Earth and 248 00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:15,480 Speaker 1: scoop up marine life with their with their jaws, with 249 00:15:15,560 --> 00:15:18,920 Speaker 1: their lower jaw, just like a pelican would um. So 250 00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,520 Speaker 1: what's what's even more interesting about that, besides the idea 251 00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,160 Speaker 1: that this is going on a hundred million years ago, 252 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:29,840 Speaker 1: is that pelicans are not related to these things, so 253 00:15:29,880 --> 00:15:34,320 Speaker 1: that this this trait, this behavior, this characteristic evolved more 254 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:37,160 Speaker 1: than one time. You know what I'm saying. I find 255 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:40,720 Speaker 1: that fascinating Rather than saying, oh, pelicans descended from that, 256 00:15:40,880 --> 00:15:43,960 Speaker 1: Actually they didn't. That's just two different branches of the 257 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:48,640 Speaker 1: same tree developing into something very similar. And what they 258 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:56,560 Speaker 1: call it um yeah or no convert convergent evolution. I 259 00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,160 Speaker 1: think yes, it is it's conversion evolution, when like a 260 00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:04,000 Speaker 1: trait or behave of your characteristic develops separately among different 261 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:07,400 Speaker 1: branches of the tree, rather than developing once and then 262 00:16:07,640 --> 00:16:11,200 Speaker 1: descendants all have that same trait. Yeah. And although they 263 00:16:11,240 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: did certainly love a good seafood meal, uh, they used 264 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: to think that was sort of all they ate, and 265 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:21,960 Speaker 1: now new research suggests that they do eat or did eat, uh, 266 00:16:22,040 --> 00:16:26,440 Speaker 1: all kinds of things, even tiny dinosaurs. Yeah. The way 267 00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:28,400 Speaker 1: that they're they describe them now is that it's just 268 00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:30,880 Speaker 1: like birds. Right, You've got birds that eat all sorts 269 00:16:30,920 --> 00:16:34,560 Speaker 1: of different things that fill all sorts of different ecological niches. 270 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:38,320 Speaker 1: That's what they're coming to to the conclusion about with terasaurs, 271 00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:40,880 Speaker 1: Which I mean, Chuck, this is like a huge sea 272 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,760 Speaker 1: change from what it was even back in the nineteen 273 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:46,480 Speaker 1: fifties or sixties or seventies, and we thought there were 274 00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:49,040 Speaker 1: just a few species, and it turns out there were 275 00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:51,720 Speaker 1: a ton of different ones and a lot of variety 276 00:16:51,760 --> 00:16:54,400 Speaker 1: and a lot of diversity. And now we're starting to 277 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:56,880 Speaker 1: kind of get a handle on that. Yeah, and they 278 00:16:56,960 --> 00:16:59,880 Speaker 1: think they were probably able after they hatched to fly 279 00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:05,520 Speaker 1: pretty quickly to take care of themselves pretty quickly. Um and, 280 00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:09,960 Speaker 1: like you mentioned, they're flying they believe now? Was they 281 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,879 Speaker 1: were kind of built for the long haul. Um did. 282 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:16,120 Speaker 1: Weren't super fast, but could you know, like a long 283 00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:21,080 Speaker 1: distance jet liner? Right? But some of them there were small, 284 00:17:21,119 --> 00:17:23,600 Speaker 1: Some of them were smallest songbirds, and I imagine they 285 00:17:23,600 --> 00:17:25,800 Speaker 1: were flitty. Yeah. I can't remember the name of one, 286 00:17:25,840 --> 00:17:28,600 Speaker 1: but there was one that was extremely tiny, a very tiny, 287 00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:33,760 Speaker 1: little little flying pterosaur. Could you imagine anything more frightening 288 00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:36,520 Speaker 1: than what you would call a pterodactyl the size of 289 00:17:36,560 --> 00:17:40,960 Speaker 1: a robin? Yeah? I imagine a hundred of those, or 290 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,399 Speaker 1: it could look kind of cool like the little UFOs 291 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,919 Speaker 1: and batteries not included, remember those. I didn't see that movie. 292 00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:49,840 Speaker 1: Do you remember like the ads or anything from it? Though? No? 293 00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:54,640 Speaker 1: It was basically Cocoon, but set in a tenement and 294 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:59,840 Speaker 1: um and with UFOs rather than the actual aliens. Okay, 295 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:03,159 Speaker 1: it was very similar though, huh. I think Donna Michi 296 00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:07,280 Speaker 1: was in both. Maybe why not? He had that market cornered. 297 00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:09,480 Speaker 1: If you can get your hands on Donna Michi, you 298 00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:14,200 Speaker 1: put him in your movie, buddy, Yeah for sure. So okay, 299 00:18:15,359 --> 00:18:18,040 Speaker 1: where are we at, Chuck? Well? I think we can 300 00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:21,840 Speaker 1: go we can hop over to um the fact that 301 00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:25,720 Speaker 1: for many years people thought we've already mentioned birds, but 302 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:28,800 Speaker 1: bats was the other thing that people confused them with. 303 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:33,760 Speaker 1: There was a an anatoby professor named Samuel Thomas von Summering, 304 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:38,160 Speaker 1: and in the eighteen hundreds he incorrectly suggested that these 305 00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:43,000 Speaker 1: were bats. Another paleon Teller's named Harry Seeley even wrote 306 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:46,480 Speaker 1: a book called Dragons of the Sky in which he 307 00:18:46,520 --> 00:18:49,840 Speaker 1: said birds were the descendants of these uh. And it's 308 00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,600 Speaker 1: a it's understandable why these dudes were wrong. They were 309 00:18:52,640 --> 00:18:55,520 Speaker 1: doing the best they could. And when you look at 310 00:18:55,600 --> 00:19:00,080 Speaker 1: those wings, uh, it looks you know, that membrane, it 311 00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:02,320 Speaker 1: looks like it would be a bat swing. But there 312 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 1: are there are some differences. Yeah, there's some big differences. 313 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,040 Speaker 1: And you like a bat in particular, I could see 314 00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:12,040 Speaker 1: confusing it with right, like an ancient bat, because with 315 00:19:12,119 --> 00:19:16,760 Speaker 1: a bat, you have four digits, and three of those 316 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,080 Speaker 1: digits form the bones in the wing, and you've got 317 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:22,960 Speaker 1: one little digit wiggling free, so a bat can climb 318 00:19:23,040 --> 00:19:26,600 Speaker 1: around with its index fingers. Right, with a terra star, 319 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:30,320 Speaker 1: you have three digits that are free and then the pinky. 320 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,399 Speaker 1: The fourth digit is the one that forms that long 321 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:41,440 Speaker 1: sometimes ten long bone that's the front ende of the wing. 322 00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:46,000 Speaker 1: But they had three uh, they had three fingers free. 323 00:19:46,560 --> 00:19:49,879 Speaker 1: And this is really significant because before they used to 324 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:51,880 Speaker 1: think and if you go back and you look at 325 00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:55,199 Speaker 1: how pterodactyls were drawn in like the middle of the 326 00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:59,240 Speaker 1: twentieth century, UM, when they weren't in flight, they're probably 327 00:19:59,320 --> 00:20:03,600 Speaker 1: standing on their back legs, and they realized that this 328 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:09,480 Speaker 1: is probably not how terasaurs stood that instead, because the 329 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:12,800 Speaker 1: the the their foe arms were far more powerful than 330 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:16,760 Speaker 1: their back legs, they were probably quadrupeds, which meant that 331 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:21,200 Speaker 1: they um walked on all four legs using putting most 332 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:24,080 Speaker 1: of their weight on their front way legs with their 333 00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:27,920 Speaker 1: front floor arms, with their three free digits, and their 334 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:32,280 Speaker 1: their wings tucked off to the side. Um. And they 335 00:20:32,359 --> 00:20:35,600 Speaker 1: look kind of like like a cartoon bulldog walks, is 336 00:20:36,040 --> 00:20:38,560 Speaker 1: what I'm seeing. That's what they think now, Like a 337 00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:42,320 Speaker 1: cartoon bulldog, not a real one. Right, well, I mean 338 00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:45,160 Speaker 1: a real bulldog doesn't walk quite like a cartoon bulldog. 339 00:20:45,320 --> 00:20:48,720 Speaker 1: Cartoon bulldogs more exaggerated and pronounced. You know what I mean, 340 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,479 Speaker 1: It's a cartoon. Should we take another break? All right, 341 00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:54,119 Speaker 1: we'll do that, and then we'll talk a little bit 342 00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:57,840 Speaker 1: about how they fly and and other good stuff. Right 343 00:20:57,880 --> 00:21:15,040 Speaker 1: after this terrasaurs, Well, now we're on the road driving 344 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: in your truck. Want to learn a thing or two 345 00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:24,200 Speaker 1: from Josh can chuck. It's stuff you should know, all right, 346 00:21:26,720 --> 00:21:32,920 Speaker 1: all right, So you mentioned they were quadrupedal mhm, four footed, 347 00:21:33,119 --> 00:21:37,600 Speaker 1: four footed, and initially they thought that they would like 348 00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,760 Speaker 1: birds because we see birds do it, and it's probably 349 00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:44,920 Speaker 1: especially back in the eighteen hundreds, it was, uh, maybe 350 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:49,640 Speaker 1: they're all working off the notion of the easiest solution 351 00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:53,280 Speaker 1: is probably correct because they would see a bird hop 352 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:56,080 Speaker 1: off those back legs and think, well, this is clearly 353 00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,880 Speaker 1: what ptero dactyls did. Yeah, yeah, and I never thought 354 00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:00,880 Speaker 1: about that, But that's like exctuly what a bird does. 355 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:03,200 Speaker 1: It jumps up in the air from its back legs 356 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,239 Speaker 1: and flaps its wings and then provides lift from that 357 00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:09,680 Speaker 1: point on using its wings. Yeah. I'd never really thought 358 00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:12,520 Speaker 1: about that, but that's how birds fly. Yeah, they hop 359 00:22:12,560 --> 00:22:14,679 Speaker 1: around and if they want to. And and it's funny. 360 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:17,399 Speaker 1: One of the other articles you sent, uh, one of 361 00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:20,760 Speaker 1: those guys believed the palion Tallers believes that it even 362 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:23,919 Speaker 1: evolved into flying that they used to hop around on 363 00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: four legs, and eventually they started jumping higher and higher 364 00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:31,159 Speaker 1: and then started flapping and then before you knew what 365 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:34,480 Speaker 1: they were flying. Yeah, maybe they went from leaping to 366 00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:39,320 Speaker 1: gliding to flying. Um, And they don't know. Again, they 367 00:22:39,359 --> 00:22:42,800 Speaker 1: haven't found what you would call a proto um terrace 368 00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:48,560 Speaker 1: star like whatever was the link between ancient reptiles and terrasaurs. 369 00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:51,160 Speaker 1: But um, that's kind of the current guess right now 370 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:53,959 Speaker 1: is that they evolved from some small light lizard that 371 00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:57,119 Speaker 1: was good at jumping. Yeah, and there they one of 372 00:22:57,119 --> 00:22:59,440 Speaker 1: the big keys and finding out and I don't think 373 00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: you said this how strong their arms were. Yeah, that 374 00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:05,959 Speaker 1: that sort of was a big breakthrough because when you 375 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:10,639 Speaker 1: think of like, you think it all comes from the 376 00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:15,000 Speaker 1: legs because they're jumping. But because they found more fossils, 377 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: they realized they were a quadrupedal and they said, man, 378 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:21,440 Speaker 1: they actually have incredibly strong arms and shoulders and these 379 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:25,520 Speaker 1: little tiny feet. So not only are the quadrupedal, but 380 00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:29,160 Speaker 1: a lot of that initial hopping lift may come from 381 00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 1: the arms and not the legs at all. So they think, 382 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:35,639 Speaker 1: now what they do is so it's just basically pushed 383 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:38,600 Speaker 1: themselves off their front arms and legs to an extent, 384 00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:41,600 Speaker 1: and it just basically hop up into the air and 385 00:23:41,640 --> 00:23:44,800 Speaker 1: then start flapping their wings rather than like a bird 386 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:47,440 Speaker 1: jumping off of their back legs. Is that what you mean? Yeah? 387 00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:50,360 Speaker 1: And then but most of that comes from the from 388 00:23:50,359 --> 00:23:53,080 Speaker 1: the arms and shoulders rather than the feet, and the 389 00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:57,120 Speaker 1: feet I think just sort of drag behind. Uh and 390 00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:00,480 Speaker 1: perhaps maybe helped with steering, Is that right? Uh? Yeah? 391 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,800 Speaker 1: And they so there you can actually divide terosaurs into 392 00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:07,240 Speaker 1: two groups depending on when they they were around. One 393 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:10,240 Speaker 1: started around a hundred and fifty million years ago, and 394 00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:13,720 Speaker 1: then one came later. And the first groups had long tails. 395 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,600 Speaker 1: So if you look at old drawings of pterot actyls, 396 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:19,439 Speaker 1: you'll frequently see with kind of like a long forked 397 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:23,960 Speaker 1: devil's tail, you know, and that it's actually kind of accurate. 398 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,680 Speaker 1: They think that the original ones had longer tails to 399 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:29,760 Speaker 1: learn to steer in the air. But then as they 400 00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:34,760 Speaker 1: got more and more UM adapted to flying gracefully, they 401 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,040 Speaker 1: lost their tails. So the later ones, the ones that 402 00:24:37,119 --> 00:24:42,320 Speaker 1: were around UM when the Cretaceous period ended suddenly UM 403 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:45,840 Speaker 1: mostly called oz dar kids, which is not an easy 404 00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:50,119 Speaker 1: word to pronounce um that that they had they had 405 00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:53,359 Speaker 1: lost their tails because they had developed other methods of 406 00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:59,159 Speaker 1: of changing how they fly midflight. So like they because 407 00:24:59,240 --> 00:25:01,720 Speaker 1: the wing member rain was connected to their ankle from 408 00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:06,000 Speaker 1: their shoulder um with their finger uh kind of providing 409 00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:09,679 Speaker 1: the front of the wing, if they altered the angle 410 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: of their wristbone where they moved their ankle in and out, 411 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:16,280 Speaker 1: it would change the actual dynamics of their wing and 412 00:25:16,280 --> 00:25:18,560 Speaker 1: they could dive and lift and do all sorts of 413 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,480 Speaker 1: other things. Which is this is a big sea change 414 00:25:21,480 --> 00:25:24,479 Speaker 1: in our understanding of terasaurs too, because they used to 415 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:26,480 Speaker 1: think that they basically had to run and jump off 416 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:31,040 Speaker 1: of a cliff to gain flight. Yeah, because they were 417 00:25:31,119 --> 00:25:36,800 Speaker 1: so weird looking and so weirdly um developed in different ways, 418 00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:41,920 Speaker 1: huge heads, enormous beaks, big head crests, small, puny, little 419 00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:46,199 Speaker 1: withered feet, you know, like um like um Mr Burne's 420 00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:50,399 Speaker 1: hands or yeah, that's a good one, or um David 421 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:56,440 Speaker 1: Cross and the Titanica uh segment on Mr Show like that, right, 422 00:25:56,480 --> 00:26:00,920 Speaker 1: that's like a terrastaur's leg. So it didn't make any 423 00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:03,359 Speaker 1: sense how they flew. But now that we're starting to 424 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:05,280 Speaker 1: learn more and more about them, we're like, oh, actually 425 00:26:05,359 --> 00:26:08,920 Speaker 1: they had a lot of really really interesting adaptations, um, 426 00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 1: not the least of which was their bones. Yeah, I 427 00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:15,040 Speaker 1: mean are all of their bones hollow or just those 428 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:17,720 Speaker 1: wing bones all of them? Wow? I mean that made 429 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:21,080 Speaker 1: them incredibly light obviously, but that also ended up being 430 00:26:21,119 --> 00:26:23,920 Speaker 1: one of the problems and trying to get fossils of 431 00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:29,680 Speaker 1: these guys, because they just they were very highly uh destructible, 432 00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:35,240 Speaker 1: non fossilizeable, non fossilizable. Do you remember a fossil episode 433 00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:37,119 Speaker 1: that was like one of the better old ones if 434 00:26:37,119 --> 00:26:39,680 Speaker 1: you ask me, Yeah, I agree, I learned, I learned 435 00:26:39,680 --> 00:26:42,560 Speaker 1: a lot on that. Yeah, we should trot that out 436 00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,480 Speaker 1: in the selects soon. That's a great idea, would be 437 00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:47,399 Speaker 1: a good one. Um. They also thought if they were 438 00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:50,080 Speaker 1: on water, uh, like they had just had a little 439 00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:53,040 Speaker 1: snack on a on a lake, that they would use 440 00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:56,080 Speaker 1: those wings as paddles and just get going that way, 441 00:26:56,119 --> 00:26:58,640 Speaker 1: pushing off the surface and then flapping until they were, 442 00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:02,560 Speaker 1: you know, shaking it off above the above the water, right, 443 00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:07,080 Speaker 1: exactly a lot like marine birds do today. Right. So 444 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,000 Speaker 1: those bones, um, like you you kind of hit it 445 00:27:10,040 --> 00:27:13,720 Speaker 1: on the head. They are extor they were extremely light, right, 446 00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,080 Speaker 1: They they were about a millimeter thick, something like the 447 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:21,600 Speaker 1: thickness of a playing card I saw. But it is 448 00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:24,640 Speaker 1: super nuts, especially considering that these things were holding up 449 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:27,160 Speaker 1: like a bird that was up to twenty ft tall, right, 450 00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:32,240 Speaker 1: or not a bird, a TerraSAR man. I just averted 451 00:27:32,320 --> 00:27:36,680 Speaker 1: so much email chuck, Uh, like a millimeter thick bone wall. 452 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:40,000 Speaker 1: But the way that their bones were made, they were 453 00:27:40,119 --> 00:27:44,760 Speaker 1: made of cross sections of basically like plywood, so they 454 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:47,919 Speaker 1: were really strong. And then if you cut their bone 455 00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,000 Speaker 1: in two and looked down the hollow tube, you would 456 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:54,680 Speaker 1: see that there are little struts criss crossing to provide 457 00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:59,000 Speaker 1: even more internal support for those bones. So you could 458 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:03,480 Speaker 1: have a twenty foot tall uh terra Star that could 459 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:06,680 Speaker 1: actually fly because it was that light. I saw one 460 00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:10,600 Speaker 1: um one of the as dark kids. Uh was it 461 00:28:10,720 --> 00:28:14,199 Speaker 1: was something like had a twenty foot wingspan, but it 462 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:17,960 Speaker 1: probably didn't weigh any more than twenty pounds. Yeah. And 463 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,040 Speaker 1: some of these, I mean, what were the largest ones 464 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:25,200 Speaker 1: liket in wingspan? Yeah, so about like ten to fifteen 465 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:30,200 Speaker 1: meters in wingspan. Um, like the size of like a 466 00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:33,600 Speaker 1: jet plane, like a fighter jet. I just flew in 467 00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:38,400 Speaker 1: my first private jet. Oh yeah, how was it? Uh? 468 00:28:38,440 --> 00:28:40,880 Speaker 1: You know, what. First of all, I've always wanted to 469 00:28:40,920 --> 00:28:44,160 Speaker 1: fly on a private jet, but never thought I would 470 00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:49,280 Speaker 1: have cause to um, because you know, unless you're extremely wealthy, 471 00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:51,959 Speaker 1: you only do that if you get invited to for 472 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:55,600 Speaker 1: some strange reason, Like you don't just book it. You 473 00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:58,080 Speaker 1: you should be on high alert if you're some wealthy 474 00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:01,440 Speaker 1: person invites you on the private jet. Uh. And it 475 00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:04,320 Speaker 1: was awesome. It was as awesome as you think, And 476 00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:08,360 Speaker 1: the most awesome part of it was the just the 477 00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:12,320 Speaker 1: sheer lack of hassle. Yeah, like you Like, I parked 478 00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:15,280 Speaker 1: my car at the little tiny airport here in De 479 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:18,880 Speaker 1: Cabb County. Uh, walked across the parking lot and into 480 00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: the lobby and there's literally a guy standing there, a captain, 481 00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:25,560 Speaker 1: and he was like, are you Chuck, And I said yes, 482 00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: and he said right this way, and he walked out 483 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:32,520 Speaker 1: the back door and there's a plane and they say 484 00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:34,560 Speaker 1: watch your head. You get on it. And he says, 485 00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,560 Speaker 1: you're ready to go. That's was it just you? No, no, no, 486 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:42,120 Speaker 1: that was like uh five of us on an eight seater. 487 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:44,800 Speaker 1: Everybody was waiting for you. Uh. Yeah. I was the 488 00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:47,000 Speaker 1: last person to get there, and I was a little stressed. 489 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:48,640 Speaker 1: But then I thought, wait a minute, that's the other 490 00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:51,920 Speaker 1: perk is they don't leave you yea, like there. I 491 00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:56,400 Speaker 1: mean there's a schedule, but it's really late. But it 492 00:29:56,480 --> 00:29:58,120 Speaker 1: was cool. I mean they're the one we were on. 493 00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:01,280 Speaker 1: Was I mean, it's not roomy, so it's not like 494 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,080 Speaker 1: Air Force one or anything, like you feel like you 495 00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:07,800 Speaker 1: can just walk around. But like when I was standing, 496 00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:12,000 Speaker 1: I'm five ft ten and if I said completely straight, 497 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:15,440 Speaker 1: my head would brush the ceiling a little bit. Mhm. 498 00:30:15,920 --> 00:30:19,680 Speaker 1: But uh, and you're just like private but no t 499 00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:23,760 Speaker 1: s A like you just you just walk on. They 500 00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:26,800 Speaker 1: fly you there and then you get off and you're 501 00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:28,920 Speaker 1: right there. It's like this just the lack of hassle, 502 00:30:29,680 --> 00:30:31,280 Speaker 1: and all I could think of was like, man, it 503 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:35,360 Speaker 1: must be great to be a billionaire sure and never 504 00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:38,360 Speaker 1: have to deal with an airport again. Yeah, but yeah, 505 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:39,800 Speaker 1: it was kind of cool. But then also once you're 506 00:30:39,840 --> 00:30:42,320 Speaker 1: up there, you're kind of like, well, you know, it's 507 00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:45,240 Speaker 1: it's it's not like life changing. Yeah you you me, 508 00:30:45,360 --> 00:30:47,520 Speaker 1: Actually I've never flown on one. You me flew on 509 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:50,000 Speaker 1: one and you said basically the exact same thing you 510 00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:53,040 Speaker 1: did that. Just the the lack of hassle and how 511 00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:58,280 Speaker 1: fast you get somewhere. Yeah, Um, is just just beyond amazing. Yeah. 512 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:01,560 Speaker 1: I mean it takes away hours and hours of airport crap. 513 00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:05,320 Speaker 1: I know, you start to develop like that terrible sensation 514 00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:07,840 Speaker 1: where your eyes hurt for some weird reason to even 515 00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:10,440 Speaker 1: know you haven't even gotten on the plane yet. Like 516 00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:12,200 Speaker 1: there's a lot of stuff that I'd be happy to 517 00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:15,840 Speaker 1: leave behind. Yeah. And it also when you're going to 518 00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:19,600 Speaker 1: take off, because just because it's small, it feels like 519 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:21,520 Speaker 1: you're going as fast as you're going, whereas in a 520 00:31:21,720 --> 00:31:23,960 Speaker 1: in a jumbo jet, it really doesn't right, Like I 521 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:28,440 Speaker 1: was kind of like, man, we're going fast. So oh hey, 522 00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:31,760 Speaker 1: so um, speaking of you, me and flying, I have 523 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:35,480 Speaker 1: an update. Okay, do you remember the story about the 524 00:31:35,560 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 1: Russia visas that we failed to get? I told her 525 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:41,280 Speaker 1: that I told that story and she was like, you said, 526 00:31:41,320 --> 00:31:43,640 Speaker 1: we we forgot And I was like, yeah, we did, right, 527 00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: and she's like, no, we asked like five different people, 528 00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:49,920 Speaker 1: five different times, and we're told we didn't need visas. 529 00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:52,560 Speaker 1: So I wanted to let you know, Chuck, that we 530 00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:55,120 Speaker 1: actually are as buttoned up as you think. We were 531 00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:58,360 Speaker 1: just misinformed. We got that great email from a new 532 00:31:58,400 --> 00:32:01,640 Speaker 1: listener that was like, listen to some dumb story about 533 00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:04,560 Speaker 1: some guy, and it's dumb visa. I was like, oh, 534 00:32:04,640 --> 00:32:09,360 Speaker 1: welcome to the show, brother, Yeah you should probably door. 535 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:13,560 Speaker 1: Was that that guy? That one guy? Okay, yeah, he's 536 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,200 Speaker 1: very turned off by your side about your visa story. 537 00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:20,520 Speaker 1: Yeah whatever, So anyway, thanks for indulging the private jet convo. Yeah, 538 00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:23,520 Speaker 1: I'll bet that guy loved the private jet. It'll probably 539 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:25,840 Speaker 1: never happen again. But it was basically like writing around 540 00:32:25,840 --> 00:32:28,720 Speaker 1: on a on a tarrasaur. So that's how I wedged 541 00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:33,600 Speaker 1: it in there. Nice work, that's nice. So, um, I'm 542 00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 1: trying to think of what else, Like Tara Saurs kind 543 00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:37,920 Speaker 1: of bring out the little entertain year old to me. 544 00:32:37,960 --> 00:32:40,479 Speaker 1: I don't know if you've noticed, but I'm wearing my 545 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:45,400 Speaker 1: um little outdoor archaeologist boots. I see that white white 546 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:49,360 Speaker 1: pull up cruise socks, and I'm just a total little nerd. 547 00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:52,160 Speaker 1: You keep dusting everything in here too. I'm not even 548 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:54,840 Speaker 1: like one of those dinosaur nerds, but some just getting 549 00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:57,720 Speaker 1: into researching dinosaurs. Does it do that to YouTube? Just 550 00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,520 Speaker 1: kind of draws out like the little kid? I think so, 551 00:33:00,560 --> 00:33:03,680 Speaker 1: And I think probably because at least when I was 552 00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:05,240 Speaker 1: in you and I were growing up. I feel like 553 00:33:05,240 --> 00:33:08,400 Speaker 1: public schools just like did such a poor job of 554 00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:12,960 Speaker 1: talking about these periods. Oh yeah, you know, yeah I 555 00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:15,320 Speaker 1: remember that. But I also remember dinosaurs being kind of 556 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:20,320 Speaker 1: huge in the eighties. Uh yeah, at least they were 557 00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:23,880 Speaker 1: in Ohio. M does that an Ohio thing? I don't know, 558 00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:27,520 Speaker 1: I'm trying to remember. I mean, Jurassic Park obviously changed 559 00:33:27,560 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: everything as far but when was that nineties? Yeah? Early nineties. Yeah, 560 00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:34,560 Speaker 1: but I feel like dinosaurs are pretty popular among the 561 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:37,000 Speaker 1: kids before that. Maybe maybe I'm wrong, Maybe I hit 562 00:33:37,040 --> 00:33:39,160 Speaker 1: my head and don't realize it. I don't know. I 563 00:33:39,160 --> 00:33:41,360 Speaker 1: know kids. I mean, my daughter loves dinosaurs, So it's 564 00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:44,680 Speaker 1: a thing. Yeah, it definitely is a thing. Um, and 565 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:47,000 Speaker 1: it's getting to be even more of a thing the 566 00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:50,560 Speaker 1: more we learn about terrasaurs too. It was just somebody 567 00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:54,520 Speaker 1: called that the twenty one century the golden age of 568 00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:59,440 Speaker 1: terrasaur research. So they're expecting big things from the field. Yeah, 569 00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:02,800 Speaker 1: and like you said, hopefully they can find that proto 570 00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:07,440 Speaker 1: terroristaur and that's when the community really gets all excited 571 00:34:07,480 --> 00:34:10,440 Speaker 1: when they can make those links. Hey, you know, it's 572 00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:14,400 Speaker 1: speaking of the community. I read this article in National 573 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:17,879 Speaker 1: geographic and God bless him. I can't remember the guy 574 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,680 Speaker 1: who wrote it, but it's called white Terrasaurs were the 575 00:34:20,719 --> 00:34:25,399 Speaker 1: Weirdest Wonders on Wings. It's a great article, and um, 576 00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:28,640 Speaker 1: the guy basically just got into all like the dirty 577 00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:33,319 Speaker 1: laundry of the terrastar paleontology community. And apparently they're very 578 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:37,560 Speaker 1: well known among paleontologists for just despising each other. Like 579 00:34:37,640 --> 00:34:42,319 Speaker 1: the terrastaur paleontologists don't like each other, talk smack about 580 00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:45,880 Speaker 1: each other publicly, and just snipe at one another a lot, 581 00:34:46,160 --> 00:34:48,719 Speaker 1: which just makes the whole thing even that much more fascinating, 582 00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:54,080 Speaker 1: you know, Like they're real competitive and real backbity interesting. Yeah, 583 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,520 Speaker 1: and in this case that's a good thing, Yeah, because 584 00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:02,160 Speaker 1: they keep pushing one another. Agreed, You got anything else? Now? 585 00:35:02,440 --> 00:35:06,799 Speaker 1: Are we done with terrasaurs? I don't have anything else, 586 00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:09,880 Speaker 1: I don't think. Okay, Well, if you want to know 587 00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:13,040 Speaker 1: more about tarasaurs, go to your local natural history history 588 00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:16,439 Speaker 1: museum and say, hey, tell me about that pterodactyl. See 589 00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:19,480 Speaker 1: if you can stump them. Uh. And since I said stump, 590 00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:24,359 Speaker 1: it's time for listener mail. I'm gonna call this one. 591 00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:30,200 Speaker 1: Which one is this one? Oh? Um foot binding. I 592 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:33,759 Speaker 1: believe we did this in a select episode. It was 593 00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:36,040 Speaker 1: it's one of our older ones, but a really good one. 594 00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:39,239 Speaker 1: I think I agreed, and this goes like this. Hey guys, 595 00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:44,320 Speaker 1: I'm assumed to be grad student from uh Guangdong, China 596 00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:46,960 Speaker 1: and have been a listener for a couple of years now. 597 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:49,160 Speaker 1: This is my first time writing in and it's about 598 00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:52,480 Speaker 1: foot binding. I talked to my grandmother after listening, remembering 599 00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:54,880 Speaker 1: she told me that her grandmother had bound her feet. 600 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:59,520 Speaker 1: I asked if great great Grandma had trouble walking, and 601 00:35:59,560 --> 00:36:01,960 Speaker 1: she said she had never even wobbled a little bit. 602 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,720 Speaker 1: Because it turns out she never made her own little shoes. 603 00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:13,160 Speaker 1: She just bought toddler shoes for herself. That's called making lemons. No, 604 00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:16,240 Speaker 1: that's called making lemonade out of lemons with your feet. 605 00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:18,960 Speaker 1: That's right, she said. Great great Grandma came from a 606 00:36:18,960 --> 00:36:21,560 Speaker 1: wealthy family, and bound feet were more of a symbol 607 00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,440 Speaker 1: of your family wealth, meaning you don't have to do 608 00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:27,440 Speaker 1: farming chores and catering to the male foot fetish at 609 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:30,160 Speaker 1: that time. We are not exactly sure when she was born, 610 00:36:30,160 --> 00:36:32,920 Speaker 1: but we do know that when her daughter, my great grandmother, 611 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:35,400 Speaker 1: was born in nineteen fourteen. She made sure that her 612 00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:38,160 Speaker 1: feet were never bound. She also put all of her 613 00:36:38,239 --> 00:36:40,680 Speaker 1: kids through high school, which is very remarkable back then. 614 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,719 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, footbinding is certainly not something that I am 615 00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:46,360 Speaker 1: proud of. To think that I'm just five generations away 616 00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:48,720 Speaker 1: from having to get my own feet bound. That's supposed 617 00:36:48,719 --> 00:36:50,839 Speaker 1: to sitting here writing you guys right now, it just 618 00:36:50,840 --> 00:36:53,520 Speaker 1: says uh to me, how far we've gone. Thanks for 619 00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:56,440 Speaker 1: the show. By the way, in the Draft podcast, Josh 620 00:36:56,440 --> 00:37:01,640 Speaker 1: was having trouble pronouncing Q I n G honesty. Q 621 00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:06,360 Speaker 1: may be roughly pronounced as t S, not exactly the same, 622 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:10,759 Speaker 1: So just say sing next time, that would do. I didn't. 623 00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:12,680 Speaker 1: I don't even think I tried that one. I tried 624 00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:16,160 Speaker 1: every other phoneyme except for sing uh. And this is 625 00:37:16,320 --> 00:37:21,120 Speaker 1: best regards from Ruoi. Thank you very much. Ruoi. That's 626 00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:25,000 Speaker 1: pretty cool and like nice sense of perspective to um. 627 00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:26,719 Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch with us with 628 00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:29,680 Speaker 1: an awesome story like Ruoe did, you can catch up 629 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:32,280 Speaker 1: with us on social media. Just go to our website 630 00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:34,520 Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know dot com uh and you will 631 00:37:34,560 --> 00:37:36,839 Speaker 1: find all of our social media links there. And if 632 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:38,760 Speaker 1: you want to send us a good old fashioned email, 633 00:37:39,080 --> 00:37:41,399 Speaker 1: Wrap it up, smack it on the bottom, and send 634 00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:49,879 Speaker 1: it off to Stuff podcast at how stuff works dot com. 635 00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:52,360 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, is 636 00:37:52,360 --> 00:38:00,920 Speaker 1: it how stuff works dot com.