1 00:00:01,520 --> 00:00:05,480 Speaker 1: Welcome to Crash Course, a podcast about business, political, and 2 00:00:05,559 --> 00:00:08,879 Speaker 1: social disruption and what we can learn from it. I'm 3 00:00:08,880 --> 00:00:15,720 Speaker 1: Tim O'Brien. Today's crash Course Kenya versus Climate Change. Kenya 4 00:00:15,800 --> 00:00:17,959 Speaker 1: in East Africa is home to some of the planet's 5 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:22,400 Speaker 1: most glorious and most threatened wildlife. Like everything else on Earth, 6 00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:25,760 Speaker 1: the animals that once thrived in this Eden are suffering 7 00:00:25,760 --> 00:00:30,120 Speaker 1: through the cataclysm of climate change. Long droughts interspersed with 8 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:35,480 Speaker 1: violent and irregular flooding have altered migration patterns and essential sustenance. 9 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:40,360 Speaker 1: Climate isn't the only threat. Poachers armed with rifles, machetes 10 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:43,040 Speaker 1: and a market abroad that will pay handsome sums for 11 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:47,400 Speaker 1: say a rhinos horn or an elephant's tusks, are also 12 00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:51,839 Speaker 1: a menace. Others, primarily outsiders from Europe, began encroaching here 13 00:00:51,880 --> 00:00:54,600 Speaker 1: more than one hundred and thirty years ago That led 14 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: to decades of ruthless expropriation and conflicts with local tribespeople. 15 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:02,360 Speaker 1: The ravages of game hunting and the disruption of tribes 16 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:06,840 Speaker 1: more symbiotic relationship with wildlife. Local farmers and semi nomadic 17 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,920 Speaker 1: herders who have lived off these lands for eons are 18 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:14,240 Speaker 1: struggling to preserve their livelihoods. East Africa's droughts, the worse 19 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:18,240 Speaker 1: than at least forty years, have already brought waves of famine. 20 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:21,120 Speaker 1: I'm an outsider too, here to explore all of this 21 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:24,840 Speaker 1: by visiting two of Kenya's jewels, the Leiwa and Mara 22 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: Naboicho conservancies. Leiwa, located on ninety three thousand acres about 23 00:01:30,280 --> 00:01:33,240 Speaker 1: one hundred and seventy two miles northeast of Nairobi, has 24 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:36,039 Speaker 1: been a pioneer in the conservancy movement and has helped 25 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 1: stabilize the decimation of black rhinos. Mara Naboicho, one hundred 26 00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:43,480 Speaker 1: and fifty three miles west of Nairobi, offers a home 27 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:46,600 Speaker 1: for big cats, cape buffalo's elephants, to rafts and wildebees. 28 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 1: And the clock is ticking as increasingly formidable environmental challenges 29 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 1: bear down Spiking temperatures mean that much of what has 30 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:59,760 Speaker 1: made ken Kenya may eventually disappear. I often refer to 31 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:03,400 Speaker 1: Crah course guests as guides, but I'm starting off this 32 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:07,560 Speaker 1: episode in the company of the real thing, tom Unjogu, 33 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:10,359 Speaker 1: the head guide at the Layer. So far he can. 34 00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:21,200 Speaker 2: So technically we are going to walk along this trim 35 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:24,040 Speaker 2: and there is a we might follow the trails here, 36 00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:26,560 Speaker 2: the vehicle trails, but eventually get into an animal trail 37 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:30,600 Speaker 2: and we'll go and stop, continue walking, stop look at 38 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:32,600 Speaker 2: things if we can see any animals. There's a very 39 00:02:32,639 --> 00:02:36,040 Speaker 2: good place for antilopes like kudu or impalas, and it's 40 00:02:36,080 --> 00:02:38,480 Speaker 2: also a place that you can fight the buffaloes. That's 41 00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:40,720 Speaker 2: why we have this arm dranger with us. 42 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: Okay, yeah, it's good to have an armed ranger when 43 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:43,720 Speaker 1: you're walking. 44 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:47,480 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, it's always good because otherwise there'll be dangerous 45 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:51,079 Speaker 2: animal remember animal like keep buffalo like elephants there out here, 46 00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:53,239 Speaker 2: and so with that an arm dranger, you'd be in 47 00:02:53,280 --> 00:02:55,679 Speaker 2: a very very tricky situation that we don't want to 48 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:56,520 Speaker 2: get to now. 49 00:02:57,160 --> 00:03:03,120 Speaker 1: Okay, are you ready then let me start Habari town Sona, 50 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:06,240 Speaker 1: so I get I said, hbari? Actually that's Swahili and 51 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:07,040 Speaker 1: your kikouu? 52 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:07,400 Speaker 3: Yes? 53 00:03:07,639 --> 00:03:09,240 Speaker 1: So what should I actually say to say? Hello? 54 00:03:09,280 --> 00:03:11,040 Speaker 3: Do you in kikuyu? Yes? 55 00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:17,000 Speaker 1: Wem weeler, wem weeler, thank you for your time today, Tom, Yeah, 56 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:17,560 Speaker 1: you're welcome. 57 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:17,919 Speaker 3: Yeah. 58 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:20,720 Speaker 1: Tell our listeners where are we? What are we looking 59 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:22,080 Speaker 1: at right now? What are we seeing. 60 00:03:22,639 --> 00:03:25,559 Speaker 2: This is one of the most beautiful valleys in the Consulvancy. 61 00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 2: It's actually called Hankins Valley after one of the Safari goes. 62 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:33,079 Speaker 2: And the fact that there is a stream down here 63 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:36,400 Speaker 2: that cuts down there is a lot of bushes there, 64 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:39,240 Speaker 2: like these palm trees, and it makes it such a 65 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,680 Speaker 2: good habitat, and especially in dry season like now, so 66 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:44,160 Speaker 2: we might get to see animals down here. 67 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:45,200 Speaker 3: That is a nice place. 68 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:48,320 Speaker 2: You can even just sit here, especially like sometimes when 69 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 2: I want to do my own thing, like just meditation, 70 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:51,680 Speaker 2: I come down here and sit alone. 71 00:03:52,360 --> 00:03:55,120 Speaker 1: So Tom and I have spent about two days together already, 72 00:03:55,640 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: but we've been in a vehicle the entire time, and 73 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:00,920 Speaker 1: we've seen amazing things. We've seen elephant close, we've seen 74 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:07,040 Speaker 1: lineup close, giraffe, zebra, gazelle or x many things that 75 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:09,200 Speaker 1: we've been in a vehicle the whole time. So today 76 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:13,400 Speaker 1: we're walking together and we're protected by our guide and 77 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:15,480 Speaker 1: by these two knowledgeable men who are taking me for 78 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: a walk in a very beautiful place. 79 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, Caribou Bean's. 80 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:24,480 Speaker 1: Welcome, Caribusana, thank you, And now we're walking. 81 00:04:24,839 --> 00:04:27,680 Speaker 3: Yes, and oh, hang on a minute, see what is 82 00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:28,400 Speaker 3: in front of us. 83 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,279 Speaker 1: Oh, the track that is, it's. 84 00:04:32,120 --> 00:04:36,080 Speaker 2: To print a very fresh footprint of a white raino 85 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:39,479 Speaker 2: just sneaking at its size. That tells you is a 86 00:04:39,480 --> 00:04:43,440 Speaker 2: white training and this could be thirty minutes to one 87 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:47,120 Speaker 2: hour ago. Yeah, and it tells you that came down 88 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:49,400 Speaker 2: here to drink water and then went up this way. 89 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:51,760 Speaker 2: So if you look around carefully, we might get to 90 00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:55,000 Speaker 2: see a rhino somewhere under the bush, just resting, hiding 91 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:55,520 Speaker 2: from the sun. 92 00:04:55,600 --> 00:04:58,920 Speaker 1: Now, Alioah is of course known for black right now, 93 00:04:59,040 --> 00:05:01,479 Speaker 1: it's one of the last but for a large concentration 94 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 1: of blackner But the white rhino are much larger, much more. 95 00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:06,760 Speaker 3: Bigger than the black rhino. 96 00:05:07,360 --> 00:05:09,839 Speaker 2: Yeah, but we remember we have both species here, the 97 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:12,800 Speaker 2: black rhino and the white rhino, and they're very very 98 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:15,880 Speaker 2: different in terms of the behavior, the habitat and all that. 99 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:17,839 Speaker 2: But of course they all go down to the stream 100 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:20,720 Speaker 2: to drink water. So you might get to see footprints 101 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 2: of black or the white trainers along this course. 102 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:25,520 Speaker 1: And wherever there's water, you're going to find animals. 103 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:28,239 Speaker 2: Yes, oh yes, because everybody, I mean, what is life 104 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:29,320 Speaker 2: for every other animal? 105 00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:33,240 Speaker 1: So, Tom, how did you decide to become a guide. 106 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:37,720 Speaker 2: Well, this has been a long journey for me, and 107 00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:40,680 Speaker 2: I think it comes from my very very young age. 108 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 2: My village where also brought up is right on the 109 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:47,560 Speaker 2: slopes of Mount Kenya, which means the habitat for a 110 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:51,920 Speaker 2: lot of wildlife and coincidentally, or likeily for me, where 111 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:54,880 Speaker 2: my dad has a piece of fun. He was right 112 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:58,440 Speaker 2: on the migration corridor for elephants, so we would see 113 00:05:58,680 --> 00:06:01,800 Speaker 2: elephants twice a year on their way up to the 114 00:06:01,839 --> 00:06:04,400 Speaker 2: mountains and then on their way back, Like they went 115 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:06,880 Speaker 2: up in June, they came back in July. And I 116 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:10,440 Speaker 2: remember I spent a lot of time out there looking 117 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:12,640 Speaker 2: for my dad's cows and goats, and of course I 118 00:06:12,680 --> 00:06:15,200 Speaker 2: would see wildlife from I don't mean just elephants by 119 00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:18,800 Speaker 2: the giraffs or street and elands and every day, and 120 00:06:18,839 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 2: I developed that big interest to get to know them 121 00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:22,360 Speaker 2: from that age. 122 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:24,599 Speaker 1: I've said you a couple of times on the trip, 123 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: you seem like a teacher to me. Is that part 124 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:28,880 Speaker 1: of the reason too, that you like being a guide? 125 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:29,600 Speaker 3: Yeah. 126 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,480 Speaker 2: I like sharing my experiences and my knowledge that I've 127 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:36,479 Speaker 2: gathered along the way. It might not be in a classroom, 128 00:06:36,720 --> 00:06:39,200 Speaker 2: like probably what my dad wanted me to do. But 129 00:06:39,360 --> 00:06:40,159 Speaker 2: I'm still a teacher. 130 00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:42,479 Speaker 1: So how long have you been a guide. 131 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,520 Speaker 3: I've been guiding for the last seventeen years. 132 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: You've spent so long in Lewa. How has it changed 133 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:52,000 Speaker 1: here since you first came What are some of the 134 00:06:52,040 --> 00:06:53,320 Speaker 1: biggest changes you've seen. 135 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:57,440 Speaker 2: One of the biggest changes that I've seen is habitat 136 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:01,600 Speaker 2: is changed so much much in the time that I've 137 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:04,080 Speaker 2: been here and when I came here. Some of the 138 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:06,440 Speaker 2: trails that we've been using when doing game drive, they 139 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:10,000 Speaker 2: used to be big acacia woodland, but they have been 140 00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 2: opened up with time, the impact of the elephants and 141 00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:16,680 Speaker 2: the impact of the climate change. You see, elephants are 142 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:19,600 Speaker 2: the big players. They are the architects of the habitat 143 00:07:19,640 --> 00:07:23,880 Speaker 2: out here. When we have more envy rainfalls, some of 144 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:26,720 Speaker 2: the trees broken down by the elephants who come back. 145 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 2: But now in the recent past, we have had prolonged 146 00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 2: dry seasons. We have had seasons where we miss a 147 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 2: whole rainy season, and so most of these trees broken 148 00:07:35,440 --> 00:07:37,600 Speaker 2: down by the eleves, they don't come back. And so 149 00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:42,240 Speaker 2: what used to be thick akeshia woodland is opening up 150 00:07:42,280 --> 00:07:46,880 Speaker 2: to be open savana grasslands, which is unfortunate because probably 151 00:07:46,920 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 2: it's good to some extent for the grazers, like it's 152 00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 2: buffaloes and zebras that solely depend on grass. But remember 153 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,360 Speaker 2: they also are the animals that are browsers, like the 154 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:58,600 Speaker 2: black rhino, which is our flagship in this project, is 155 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:01,960 Speaker 2: our flagship animal, the black So there is a big, 156 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 2: big change in terms of habitat, and eventually it will 157 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:07,800 Speaker 2: affect the number of animals or the number of species 158 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:09,360 Speaker 2: that can survive in an area like this. 159 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:12,600 Speaker 1: I've remarked a few times to us we've been answer 160 00:08:12,640 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 1: fared together the last two days, that some of the 161 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: landscape almost looks like there's been a wildfire through here. 162 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: The trees are dark black, they don't have leaves. They're 163 00:08:21,880 --> 00:08:26,200 Speaker 1: sticking up, almost like skeletons, out of the ground. And 164 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:30,400 Speaker 1: as you told me, the elephants have traditionally torn some 165 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:33,920 Speaker 1: of the acacias up to make their own habitat. But 166 00:08:33,960 --> 00:08:37,000 Speaker 1: when the rainy season comes, it allows the acacias to 167 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:40,559 Speaker 1: grow again. But now because of drought, they're not regrowing. 168 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:43,600 Speaker 2: They're not regrowing, and it's a sad situation because i've 169 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,400 Speaker 2: seen some eighties that used to be a favorite sports 170 00:08:46,440 --> 00:08:50,120 Speaker 2: for giraffes. Remember a giraffe is another big browser. Some 171 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:52,000 Speaker 2: of the areies that used to be favorite for giraffes, 172 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 2: they're no more because they have been cleared by the elephants. 173 00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:59,160 Speaker 2: What people don't realize is a long time back, when 174 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:03,240 Speaker 2: there was less human population and probably more reliable brain 175 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,880 Speaker 2: scenes or predictable weather, there used to be a balance 176 00:09:06,960 --> 00:09:11,120 Speaker 2: for everybody. But with the explosion of human population, we 177 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:13,760 Speaker 2: have taken more land for settlement. We've taken the more 178 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:16,560 Speaker 2: land for farming, like those wheat farms you so only 179 00:09:16,559 --> 00:09:21,320 Speaker 2: away in the areas that have been left aside before. 180 00:09:21,320 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 2: The wildlife is getting smaller and smaller, and so the 181 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:28,440 Speaker 2: elephant is not like a very, very negatively impacting animal 182 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:30,840 Speaker 2: on the environment. They're doing what they have done for 183 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:34,080 Speaker 2: hundreds and hundreds of years. It's only that we have twousands, 184 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:36,720 Speaker 2: thousands of years. It's actually yeah, So it's just that 185 00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:38,480 Speaker 2: we have taken more land from them, and then we 186 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:42,280 Speaker 2: have pushed them into smaller protected areas. That's why the 187 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 2: impact looks much more negative. 188 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:47,160 Speaker 1: We're trying to put these big, beautiful animals into basically in. 189 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:50,319 Speaker 2: The battles, yeah, which is a sad situation and Actually, 190 00:09:50,360 --> 00:09:53,319 Speaker 2: that's one of the key projects of the Level Worldlife Conservancy. 191 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:55,640 Speaker 2: It's not just protecting the animals that are here in 192 00:09:55,640 --> 00:09:58,040 Speaker 2: the Level, but also trying to keep the elephant and 193 00:09:58,080 --> 00:10:02,560 Speaker 2: other animals migration corridors such that these animals can access 194 00:10:02,559 --> 00:10:04,720 Speaker 2: the areas that they have been before, of what they 195 00:10:04,960 --> 00:10:07,040 Speaker 2: used to roam around and to access so. 196 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:09,360 Speaker 1: They're not trapped by a conservancy. They can move from 197 00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:10,880 Speaker 1: conservancy to conservancy. 198 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:13,720 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, Like in Level we have the migration corridors. 199 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:16,400 Speaker 2: One of them is up into the north where there 200 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 2: is an open gap on the primate fence about that 201 00:10:20,320 --> 00:10:22,400 Speaker 2: meters white gap, and there is a raised wall of 202 00:10:22,520 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 2: rocks about a mid and a half from the ground. 203 00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:28,000 Speaker 2: So all animals from cats like lions and ostrich and 204 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:31,320 Speaker 2: giraffe can climb over, including elephants, but the rhinos with 205 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:33,439 Speaker 2: their short legs, they cannot go over. 206 00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:35,880 Speaker 3: So we have rhinos here full time. 207 00:10:35,679 --> 00:10:38,240 Speaker 2: Because of your security, because it will be probably days 208 00:10:38,280 --> 00:10:40,360 Speaker 2: before they are taken if they are out there. But 209 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:43,080 Speaker 2: everything else goes in and now depending on the season 210 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 2: or the time of the year. 211 00:10:44,679 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 1: Do you feel like the pace of changes speeding up? 212 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:48,480 Speaker 3: It is? 213 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:51,520 Speaker 2: It is speeding up. I mean we're seeing more changes. 214 00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:54,320 Speaker 2: There is a place and remind me when we drive 215 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 2: around probably tomorrow, there's a place that I'll show you 216 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:01,080 Speaker 2: that our research team has been taking pictures once every 217 00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:04,160 Speaker 2: year for the last probably twenty five years. And if 218 00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:07,199 Speaker 2: you look at those pictures, they look so different or 219 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:09,840 Speaker 2: lately looking much more different than it used to be 220 00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:13,280 Speaker 2: ten years ago. I'm in showing you the change of vegetation, 221 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:14,960 Speaker 2: how the ground is opening up. 222 00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:19,000 Speaker 1: So tom let's talk about some of the basics. What 223 00:11:19,200 --> 00:11:21,960 Speaker 1: is a conservancy I. 224 00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 2: Can serve and say, and I'll give an example with 225 00:11:24,280 --> 00:11:26,800 Speaker 2: level because this is where we are. This is a 226 00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:31,320 Speaker 2: project and it's privately owned and ran property. And basically 227 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:34,280 Speaker 2: what has happened is the people who owned this ranch 228 00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:38,960 Speaker 2: devoted or give up to their land into conservation. So 229 00:11:39,160 --> 00:11:41,440 Speaker 2: it is not rent by the government. Remember we have 230 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,560 Speaker 2: national parks and game reserves. National parks are runt by 231 00:11:44,559 --> 00:11:47,600 Speaker 2: the state. Game reserves are rant by the county governments 232 00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:50,520 Speaker 2: of their respective areas. But this one is rain privately 233 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:53,840 Speaker 2: and so it's an entity on its own basically to 234 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 2: take care of the endangered species and try to maintain 235 00:11:57,320 --> 00:11:59,840 Speaker 2: the habitat and migration corridors for the worldlife. 236 00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:05,000 Speaker 1: And what you nik about Leoa. Among all the conservancies. 237 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:07,200 Speaker 2: Level is unique by the fact that it takes care 238 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:10,400 Speaker 2: of all the endangered species, and as I mentioned earlier, 239 00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:16,199 Speaker 2: more importantly the black rhino that is so endangered, so endangered. 240 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:18,559 Speaker 2: When Lewe was starting, that was back in nineteen eighty 241 00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:21,720 Speaker 2: three black crhino had been pushed to the brink of extinction. 242 00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:25,640 Speaker 2: They were probably just about two hundred animals remaining in 243 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 2: Kenya and black rhinos, and that was down from about 244 00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:32,800 Speaker 2: twenty thousand in the sixties. So for projects like lever 245 00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:34,800 Speaker 2: to start and start taking care of them was very, 246 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:39,520 Speaker 2: very very vital. And today we have seen what conservation 247 00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 2: like this can do Lewer when the black crimes go 248 00:12:43,280 --> 00:12:46,120 Speaker 2: up the population, they do translocate some of them to 249 00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,640 Speaker 2: go and establish some of these other upcoming conservation projects 250 00:12:49,720 --> 00:12:52,160 Speaker 2: and also to some national parks like I think this 251 00:12:52,440 --> 00:12:55,600 Speaker 2: year we're just about to emback on a major translocation. 252 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:58,720 Speaker 2: There is another conservation project that is west from here, 253 00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:02,320 Speaker 2: I would say, about sixty kilometers from here, and we 254 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:04,640 Speaker 2: are about to transrocate part of the rhinos from here 255 00:13:04,679 --> 00:13:07,760 Speaker 2: because we have eight of five of them and we 256 00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:10,800 Speaker 2: are almost getting view never carrying capacity, and so it 257 00:13:10,840 --> 00:13:13,040 Speaker 2: would be very very important to go and establish another 258 00:13:13,080 --> 00:13:16,920 Speaker 2: population there and that way, I mean the population spreads 259 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:19,640 Speaker 2: and is that rescue project to rescue the black rhinow. 260 00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 1: So even amid the challenges of climate change and human habitats, 261 00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:30,680 Speaker 1: Leo is a great success story about essentially rescuing a 262 00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:32,400 Speaker 1: species from the brink of extinction. 263 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:35,680 Speaker 2: Yeah, it is. And Lewa is one of the reading 264 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:38,720 Speaker 2: conservation projects. And the reason I say that is we 265 00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,960 Speaker 2: have had people coming all the way from western Kenya 266 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:44,960 Speaker 2: south in Demara. We have had people coming from Tanzania 267 00:13:44,960 --> 00:13:47,040 Speaker 2: to see what we're doing, what Leo is doing here 268 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:50,320 Speaker 2: and go apply the same concept. So Leo has been 269 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 2: a role model in conservation. And one of the things 270 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:55,280 Speaker 2: I would say is what level has done to involve 271 00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:58,720 Speaker 2: the neighboring community. You know, an effort like this, a 272 00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:02,240 Speaker 2: project like this without the support of the neighboring community 273 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:04,960 Speaker 2: would be an effort in futility. You need the support 274 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,840 Speaker 2: of the neighboring communities for this project to succeed. 275 00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:12,640 Speaker 1: Because if the neighboring communities resent the conservancy or feel 276 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:16,480 Speaker 1: like it's an intrusion, they'll cause problems. Or what's important 277 00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:18,200 Speaker 1: about having the community participate. 278 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:23,720 Speaker 2: Yeah, if the community neighboring this conservation project that doesn't 279 00:14:23,920 --> 00:14:26,560 Speaker 2: reap some benefit, then they will look at it as 280 00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:28,920 Speaker 2: a competitor. They look at it as a very good 281 00:14:29,040 --> 00:14:32,320 Speaker 2: place for keeping their livestock. But then when the area 282 00:14:32,440 --> 00:14:36,000 Speaker 2: is employment there is by size for schools that come 283 00:14:36,120 --> 00:14:39,040 Speaker 2: from the revenue generatory from this place. There is some 284 00:14:39,160 --> 00:14:42,360 Speaker 2: dispensaries that get funding from the revenue generatively from the 285 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:46,760 Speaker 2: conservation project. Then people start looking towards conservation. It's something 286 00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 2: that they can work with rather than looking at the 287 00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:51,000 Speaker 2: animals as a competitor. 288 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:54,240 Speaker 1: Because it's actually part of both a biological ecosystem but 289 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:56,080 Speaker 1: also an economic ecosystem as well. 290 00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:59,080 Speaker 2: Ecosystem yeah, because I mean life is changing every day. 291 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:01,640 Speaker 2: There is a lot of job blessness out here, and 292 00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:05,080 Speaker 2: so one of the things is to offer jobs to 293 00:15:05,320 --> 00:15:07,880 Speaker 2: the young generation that is coming up to have a 294 00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:12,680 Speaker 2: way of earning a living. And that's one key subject 295 00:15:12,720 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 2: that level has focused on and has worked very well. 296 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:23,680 Speaker 1: So, Tom, we've talked about the environmental challenge horder, summer's drought, 297 00:15:24,560 --> 00:15:32,520 Speaker 1: migration patterns, disrupted water disappearing, another big challenge for all 298 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:35,200 Speaker 1: of the wildlife in the community. Here are poachers right. 299 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 2: Yes, yes, yes, purchas is a big threat to wildlife 300 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:41,920 Speaker 2: and we have had a share of that here too. 301 00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,720 Speaker 2: Even though we have one of the best security system 302 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:50,520 Speaker 2: for wildlife here, we have had that challenge because in 303 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 2: a poaching is like just the drug catels. What we 304 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:56,640 Speaker 2: get here is good. The people who do the datu 305 00:15:56,640 --> 00:15:59,040 Speaker 2: wak who come and kill the actual rhino. 306 00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:01,880 Speaker 1: But remember, and for a moment, let's talk about why 307 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,240 Speaker 1: rhino are valuable. It's not for their whole body. It's 308 00:16:05,280 --> 00:16:07,320 Speaker 1: not even for their head. Some of the trophies in 309 00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:09,360 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century the hunters used to put on the 310 00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:12,680 Speaker 1: walls with their homes. Now they're just valued for their horns, 311 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:14,560 Speaker 1: and their horns are cut off of their heads and 312 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:18,240 Speaker 1: they're shipped abroad, largely to Asia to either be the 313 00:16:18,240 --> 00:16:22,400 Speaker 1: handles of daggers or even afrodijias in drinks, which is sad. 314 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:25,360 Speaker 2: Those are the two big markets, and mostly with the 315 00:16:25,560 --> 00:16:28,280 Speaker 2: handle for daggers is more to the Arab wo like 316 00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:31,040 Speaker 2: the Yemen and such. But for the effort dizzey and 317 00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:34,400 Speaker 2: all those other medicine of concoctionis is from the Fi 318 00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:37,240 Speaker 2: East stock of Vietnam and chain On all that. 319 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:41,320 Speaker 1: And the poachers get into the conservancies at night, they 320 00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:43,760 Speaker 1: get around the fencing or into any of the reserves. 321 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:45,560 Speaker 1: Do they come in by vehicle, do they come in 322 00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:47,360 Speaker 1: helicopters or is it largely on foot? 323 00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 3: It's largely by vehicles. 324 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:51,240 Speaker 2: Now we have not had any kids that involved in 325 00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:54,240 Speaker 2: the helicopters, but it's about the vehicles. And what happens 326 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:58,440 Speaker 2: is they get dropped just outside the fence and then 327 00:16:58,560 --> 00:17:01,960 Speaker 2: they wait for the night and probably mostly go underneath 328 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 2: the fence and go in. And they'll go rooming around 329 00:17:05,560 --> 00:17:08,920 Speaker 2: taking chances where they can get the rhinos. I remember 330 00:17:09,080 --> 00:17:12,600 Speaker 2: some years back where we lost quite a number of 331 00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:15,680 Speaker 2: rhinos and eventually realized that there was some inside game, 332 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:18,879 Speaker 2: probably a range of having been compromised with big money, 333 00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:21,600 Speaker 2: so these poachess would get in and they knew exactly 334 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:24,480 Speaker 2: where the rhinos are. But Level has invested so much 335 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:27,239 Speaker 2: in security, and I think that was cracked down. And 336 00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:31,320 Speaker 2: I must say we are one of the most successful 337 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:35,200 Speaker 2: project in protecting rhinos because we lost just about two 338 00:17:35,320 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 2: rhinos in eleven years, and that is quite an achievement. 339 00:17:37,920 --> 00:17:38,600 Speaker 3: In this region. 340 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,520 Speaker 1: Is there any tension between local residents whose tribes or 341 00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:47,440 Speaker 1: families have lived here for eons and conservationists who want 342 00:17:47,480 --> 00:17:51,439 Speaker 1: to protect animals sometimes at the expense of grazing lands 343 00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:55,920 Speaker 1: or farming lands that traditional tribes have used to live 344 00:17:55,920 --> 00:17:58,639 Speaker 1: off the land. Is there any kind of tension between 345 00:17:58,640 --> 00:18:00,880 Speaker 1: the conservationists the locals right now? 346 00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:01,560 Speaker 4: Oh? 347 00:18:01,680 --> 00:18:03,360 Speaker 3: Yeah, that one has been there. 348 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,200 Speaker 2: And probably the first thing to mention is the question 349 00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:08,879 Speaker 2: of land in Kenya is very, very sensitive and it 350 00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:12,360 Speaker 2: has been made worse by politicians. 351 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:12,960 Speaker 3: I must say. 352 00:18:13,160 --> 00:18:16,840 Speaker 2: You know, politics is a whole different game, and there 353 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:22,359 Speaker 2: have been people inciting other peoples. Again, it's conservation and 354 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:25,280 Speaker 2: most of the time what happens is probably those big 355 00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 2: shots they've been benefit as much as they dealt with 356 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:31,520 Speaker 2: the conservation project and they look at that piece of 357 00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:34,560 Speaker 2: land or that land is something that it can put 358 00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:39,320 Speaker 2: into other better use for themselves rather than how it 359 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,359 Speaker 2: is being used now that it benefits big numbers of people, 360 00:18:42,480 --> 00:18:45,879 Speaker 2: like communities. So they have been those cammashes, and I 361 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:51,840 Speaker 2: think the bottom line is making the conservation benefits the 362 00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:54,520 Speaker 2: people that are around there because one of the things, 363 00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:56,120 Speaker 2: and there is a mistake that have been done by 364 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:56,680 Speaker 2: many people. 365 00:18:57,480 --> 00:18:59,880 Speaker 3: And it's sad to say that some. 366 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:04,480 Speaker 2: People has implied that conservation has come with the Europeans 367 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:08,000 Speaker 2: and the negatives are regarded as purchers and hunters, which 368 00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:10,920 Speaker 2: is very wrong because one thing people needed to understand 369 00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:15,320 Speaker 2: is when people out here went hunting, they would take 370 00:19:15,359 --> 00:19:17,920 Speaker 2: one empower and that is for food that would take 371 00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:19,280 Speaker 2: a whole family for a whole week. 372 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:21,919 Speaker 1: But when they'd use every part of the empower, they 373 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:24,159 Speaker 1: use the hide, the bones, the meat. 374 00:19:24,119 --> 00:19:25,800 Speaker 2: Every bit of it, and you just kill one and 375 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:27,560 Speaker 2: you go back home. You set for one whole week. 376 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,439 Speaker 2: But then when people started doing it like sport hunting, 377 00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:33,760 Speaker 2: somebody comes with the rifle and one day he can 378 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:38,439 Speaker 2: kill five rhinos. It's changed the whole game. And so 379 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:41,440 Speaker 2: the point I'm trying to bring is the locals are 380 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:45,000 Speaker 2: very good conservations. They were the custodians of the same wildlife. 381 00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:49,280 Speaker 2: As long as they reap a benefit from that conservation project, 382 00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:50,800 Speaker 2: everything will work very well. 383 00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: So they can live in harmony if conservationists respect the 384 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:58,360 Speaker 1: needs of local tribes and local residents exactly. 385 00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:00,440 Speaker 2: And we have seen it work, not just Lever, but 386 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,960 Speaker 2: the other conservation projects up there that have bought the 387 00:20:04,119 --> 00:20:07,120 Speaker 2: idea from this project, and it works. Any people leave 388 00:20:07,160 --> 00:20:09,879 Speaker 2: in harmony in peace. And one thing that happened, I 389 00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:12,399 Speaker 2: must say this, which was one very good example some 390 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:15,360 Speaker 2: years back. You can't remember how many years ago. One 391 00:20:15,359 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 2: of the guys that you used to connect with the 392 00:20:17,560 --> 00:20:22,040 Speaker 2: poachers and sell information from the villages was apprehended by 393 00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:27,200 Speaker 2: the villagers and they said, hey, look that conservation project. 394 00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:31,960 Speaker 2: Those rhinos are providing basardies for our kids, is providing 395 00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,840 Speaker 2: medicine in our dispensary. We can keep you here to 396 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:38,880 Speaker 2: kill those rhinos when that is a source of water 397 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:41,879 Speaker 2: for our medicine and everything. So he was apprehended and 398 00:20:41,960 --> 00:20:44,639 Speaker 2: taken to the authorities and iviated up a hide bus. 399 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:46,600 Speaker 3: So that was a very. 400 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:49,439 Speaker 2: Strong message telling you that as long as they know 401 00:20:49,520 --> 00:20:53,720 Speaker 2: the benefit the people here, the communities are very okay 402 00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,840 Speaker 2: with the conservation project. And I think that's the only 403 00:20:55,920 --> 00:20:58,840 Speaker 2: way to go. It's the way forward, Tim. 404 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:00,760 Speaker 1: I'm going to take it to slightly break here right 405 00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:02,720 Speaker 1: now so we can hear from one of our sponsors 406 00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:05,359 Speaker 1: back in the United States, and then we'll continue our 407 00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:13,159 Speaker 1: walk and we'll pick it up in a minute. So 408 00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:18,120 Speaker 1: I'm back with tom My guide here in Leiwa, and 409 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 1: we're now walking uphill after having walked across a plane 410 00:21:22,840 --> 00:21:26,040 Speaker 1: in a little bit downhill, Tom, where are we headed now? 411 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:29,400 Speaker 2: We covered quite some distance and as you can see 412 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,720 Speaker 2: further ahead of that, this is much thicker bushes in 413 00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,359 Speaker 2: the valley, and this is kind of a perfect spot 414 00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:37,919 Speaker 2: full of buffalo and one of the animals you need 415 00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:41,320 Speaker 2: to avoid when you're walking in Africa, it's African kip buffalo. 416 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,040 Speaker 2: So we kind of changing our course a little bit 417 00:21:44,119 --> 00:21:46,560 Speaker 2: to go uphill where we can see a little bit 418 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:49,640 Speaker 2: higher and further ahead, and it's much more clear from there, so. 419 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:51,479 Speaker 1: We can see the buffalo but not have to compete 420 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:52,040 Speaker 1: with the buffalo. 421 00:21:52,119 --> 00:21:54,240 Speaker 3: Oh yeah, yeah, we don't want to compete with the buffalo. 422 00:21:54,560 --> 00:22:01,880 Speaker 1: Okay, I'll follow you up definitely bushwalking here. 423 00:22:05,119 --> 00:22:07,679 Speaker 2: From this point because we are much more higher ground. 424 00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:09,879 Speaker 2: If a buffalo was down there, I would get to 425 00:22:09,880 --> 00:22:12,600 Speaker 2: see it much faster, and of course it's difficult for 426 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:14,480 Speaker 2: them to climb up here, so we'll be in a 427 00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:15,600 Speaker 2: much saber position. 428 00:22:16,680 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 1: We talked a little bit more about climate change and 429 00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:24,920 Speaker 1: how it changed the landscape here since you first came here. 430 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,760 Speaker 1: What else do you see around you in terms of 431 00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:33,639 Speaker 1: the land, How climate change has really transformed the land here. 432 00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:36,960 Speaker 3: The signs are all over and it's very, very evident. 433 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,880 Speaker 2: Actually gets surprised when some people don't believe on climate change, 434 00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 2: for example, my kids, that I'll go back all the 435 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:46,399 Speaker 2: way back when I was a young boy, as I 436 00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:48,560 Speaker 2: told you, I was brought up right on the slopes 437 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:52,679 Speaker 2: of Mount Kenya, right by the equator, and say, we 438 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,000 Speaker 2: used to see snow, big snow at the at the 439 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,639 Speaker 2: top of mountain, at the peaks of Mount Kenya, huge, 440 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:02,600 Speaker 2: huge snow. I mean every season, every season. Right now, 441 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:05,320 Speaker 2: there's so little that you can see up there. 442 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:08,560 Speaker 1: It's so little, and the snow is more than merely 443 00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:12,159 Speaker 1: a beautiful cap on the mountaintop. The valleys below, the 444 00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:14,080 Speaker 1: lamb below depends on run off from the top of 445 00:23:14,119 --> 00:23:14,919 Speaker 1: the mountain exactly. 446 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:16,280 Speaker 3: And that's what I was coming back to. 447 00:23:16,920 --> 00:23:18,760 Speaker 2: When I was young, we used to spend time out 448 00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:21,160 Speaker 2: grazing cows and sheep. For the better part of the day. 449 00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:24,040 Speaker 2: We would go to the river to swim, like is 450 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:26,600 Speaker 2: Alas ten when we take the cows down to good 451 00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:30,240 Speaker 2: drink water. I went there just the other day. I mean, 452 00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:31,719 Speaker 2: when I go back to the village that I just 453 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:33,480 Speaker 2: want to go back in time and I went to 454 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,200 Speaker 2: the same river that we used to swim the water 455 00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:39,959 Speaker 2: can beery, get beard your ankle. And the boys now 456 00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:42,480 Speaker 2: at least they'll have nowhere to swim. Actually most of 457 00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:45,080 Speaker 2: them don't know how to swim. Now there is less 458 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:48,000 Speaker 2: and less water because the snows has melted. One of 459 00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:50,399 Speaker 2: the big impacts I've seen in the village. Live it 460 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:52,600 Speaker 2: on here in a conservation project like this with all 461 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:55,560 Speaker 2: the wildlife back in our home. We lucky we have 462 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:57,880 Speaker 2: piped water. And that's what my parents have been using 463 00:23:57,880 --> 00:24:00,919 Speaker 2: for irrigation. And if they could do no peace and 464 00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:04,400 Speaker 2: French beans and potatoes and all that using the water. 465 00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:08,400 Speaker 2: Right now, that source of water is not supplying enough 466 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:11,159 Speaker 2: water to the farms. And now what has came up 467 00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:14,760 Speaker 2: is watationing. So there's village gets water on Monday, the 468 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:17,720 Speaker 2: next one getting on Tuesday, and so let's get back 469 00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 2: to your village like three four days later, which is 470 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:22,760 Speaker 2: not enough for farming. And so a good example is 471 00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:24,480 Speaker 2: my dad. Now he used to be a very good farmer, 472 00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 2: not anymore because there is not enough. I mean, the 473 00:24:27,119 --> 00:24:29,040 Speaker 2: pieces of land and now he can farm is just 474 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:31,679 Speaker 2: basically for him and my mom does it. So he 475 00:24:31,760 --> 00:24:35,919 Speaker 2: has no capacity to farm for force that supplus product 476 00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 2: that he can sell, and we used to have elephants 477 00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:42,359 Speaker 2: much longer here, like they would come right after the 478 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 2: rains because there will be more and more shrubs and 479 00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:49,679 Speaker 2: flowers blooming, which is basically food for the elephants. Right now, 480 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:51,280 Speaker 2: they will come, but they spent just a little bit 481 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:54,399 Speaker 2: of time and that food is finished because it is 482 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:56,720 Speaker 2: not enough. And then what happens. They have to go 483 00:24:56,880 --> 00:25:00,239 Speaker 2: up into Mount Kenga because it's much more cooler, much 484 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:04,240 Speaker 2: more vegetation. So the migration is happening more often now 485 00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,280 Speaker 2: than they used to be because the food gets finished, 486 00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:09,119 Speaker 2: they have to go to Mount Kenya and back. And 487 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:13,440 Speaker 2: remember what this means is they have to walk through 488 00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:16,080 Speaker 2: some of the community lands to Mount Caina forests. 489 00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:17,720 Speaker 3: And that is actually. 490 00:25:17,359 --> 00:25:21,000 Speaker 2: As has brought most of the incidences we have had 491 00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:23,880 Speaker 2: with the human world life conflict, because these elephants are 492 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:25,719 Speaker 2: trying to get back to the places they know there 493 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:27,639 Speaker 2: is good pasture, there is a spring where they can 494 00:25:27,720 --> 00:25:30,159 Speaker 2: get water. Some of them have dried up, some of 495 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:32,639 Speaker 2: them has been fenced off for farming, and what we 496 00:25:32,720 --> 00:25:35,560 Speaker 2: have nowadays is animals getting into people's farms and then 497 00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:38,920 Speaker 2: some of them end up getting killed what level has 498 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:41,800 Speaker 2: done one of the main key things in conservation that 499 00:25:41,880 --> 00:25:44,679 Speaker 2: happened between them and the neighboring communities. Here as you 500 00:25:44,720 --> 00:25:47,919 Speaker 2: look towards the south towards Mount Kenya, there is a 501 00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:50,479 Speaker 2: highway that comes from Nairobi. There's a lot of farms, 502 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:53,159 Speaker 2: which is a human development that have cut off the 503 00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:57,560 Speaker 2: migration corridors for wildlife. What level another conservation mind, people 504 00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 2: has done have dug a under pass under the high 505 00:26:00,400 --> 00:26:03,879 Speaker 2: put big colverts and then on the other side people 506 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:07,320 Speaker 2: has contributed land to build a corridor. And so elephants 507 00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:10,040 Speaker 2: now from Lewa or from further north, they can come 508 00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:12,679 Speaker 2: into Lea spread some time go under the underpass. I 509 00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:17,320 Speaker 2: mean they are big trucks driving overhead. And these elephants 510 00:26:17,359 --> 00:26:20,159 Speaker 2: can now again access Mountain of for us. And it 511 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:22,960 Speaker 2: means that the populations that have been stuck up there 512 00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 2: and the populaies that have been stuck down here they 513 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:27,160 Speaker 2: can intermingle again and the spirit of the gin Pool again, 514 00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 2: which is healthy for the gin Pool. 515 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:31,240 Speaker 1: What an image that we've had to save the elephants 516 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:34,880 Speaker 1: by building corridors for them beneath human made highways. 517 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:37,359 Speaker 2: Yeah, and I think it tells you that this teal 518 00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:41,560 Speaker 2: more that human can do to make life easier and 519 00:26:41,640 --> 00:26:44,640 Speaker 2: rescue some of these species. We just need to accept 520 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:47,280 Speaker 2: that the world has changed the climate to see with us. 521 00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:49,880 Speaker 2: We need to allow these animals to access more land, 522 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:52,440 Speaker 2: to get back to adias that they have been accessing 523 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:53,119 Speaker 2: ever since. 524 00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:04,399 Speaker 3: Heard those birds. There were hornbills up on this a case. 525 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:06,639 Speaker 2: You treat the one ahead of us, and that is 526 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:08,879 Speaker 2: a duet between a male and a female. So the 527 00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:11,200 Speaker 2: male is singing for the female and she is responding. 528 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:13,679 Speaker 1: Yeah, birds are just like humans. 529 00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:17,520 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, yeah, a lot of that happens is here. 530 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:21,000 Speaker 2: It's pretty much the same that happens with all eyesias. Actually, 531 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:22,560 Speaker 2: when you go out of there on a game driving 532 00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:25,879 Speaker 2: sometimes you just feature over your vehicle and stay and 533 00:27:25,960 --> 00:27:28,359 Speaker 2: up sub animals. You can see so much that is 534 00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:29,440 Speaker 2: so common to us. 535 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:32,600 Speaker 1: Earlier, you and I sat for maybe fifteen minutes and 536 00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:35,440 Speaker 1: watch the male ostrich try to court a female ostridge. 537 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:37,080 Speaker 3: Yeah, that was interesting. 538 00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:38,040 Speaker 1: It was interesting. 539 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:41,040 Speaker 2: And like you saw the case today, that male was 540 00:27:41,119 --> 00:27:44,879 Speaker 2: just dancing and the female was probably not interested, and 541 00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:47,760 Speaker 2: she was just walking away. And eventually when the male 542 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:50,760 Speaker 2: realized I mean he turned off, and I mean when 543 00:27:50,840 --> 00:27:52,679 Speaker 2: running away probably embarrassed. 544 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:59,960 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's totally embarrassed. So Tom, do you have any thoughts? 545 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:04,520 Speaker 1: It's about solutions for climate change in this world that 546 00:28:04,560 --> 00:28:09,439 Speaker 1: you live in. Here are there good steps either local 547 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:15,880 Speaker 1: residents or local businesses or the government or conservationists could 548 00:28:15,920 --> 00:28:19,120 Speaker 1: take that they're not taking right now that would help 549 00:28:19,160 --> 00:28:21,880 Speaker 1: with the environment and with climate change. 550 00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:25,240 Speaker 2: There's been a lot of discussion on that path, and 551 00:28:25,320 --> 00:28:29,119 Speaker 2: I think the thing is we need to eduquate people 552 00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:33,320 Speaker 2: more and make them realize that the little step you 553 00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 2: do contributes to the wholding eventually, because like I know 554 00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:41,600 Speaker 2: here in Leva there is two vehicles now that are 555 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:46,320 Speaker 2: electric vehicles, and that's one of the trial projects see 556 00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:49,720 Speaker 2: whether we can have electric vehicles. Do game drive. It's 557 00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:52,320 Speaker 2: been quite interesting to watch them because I think animals 558 00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:56,320 Speaker 2: like elephants have been used to vehicles with the sound, 559 00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:59,880 Speaker 2: and so when these vehicles approach slowly and silent, elephants 560 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,760 Speaker 2: getting spooked. But we hope with the time they will 561 00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:07,560 Speaker 2: get used to that. Generally, what we need to focus 562 00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,760 Speaker 2: on is to get more of the green energy. I 563 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,560 Speaker 2: think you so by the camp where we are, most 564 00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:15,800 Speaker 2: of that water that people are using is solar heated. 565 00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:18,280 Speaker 2: Back at the stuff. What does we use solar panels? 566 00:29:18,440 --> 00:29:21,360 Speaker 2: We have a backup generator, but probably we need to 567 00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:24,719 Speaker 2: encourage people to use more green energy. There's some steps 568 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:26,840 Speaker 2: that have been taken by the country. I must say, 569 00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:30,120 Speaker 2: like I did two years ago, Kenya opened up the 570 00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:34,840 Speaker 2: largest wind power project in Africa is north of here. 571 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 2: But again, other than that, what I think most is 572 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:41,960 Speaker 2: even to protect the environment that we have now. 573 00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:44,080 Speaker 3: Before it gets too bad. 574 00:29:45,360 --> 00:29:47,640 Speaker 2: One of the things that I look at myself is 575 00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:51,320 Speaker 2: when I see the result, Now, can you have some 576 00:29:51,360 --> 00:29:54,800 Speaker 2: oil projects I mean coming up which I think we 577 00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:59,120 Speaker 2: should invest more on greenergy. Like I said, I mean 578 00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:04,200 Speaker 2: we have seven days of powerful sunshine like four seasons, 579 00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:06,160 Speaker 2: which would mean that it would be a big, big, big, 580 00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:09,000 Speaker 2: big big catch if we managed to trap that and 581 00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:12,640 Speaker 2: also talk to people of the as I said, the 582 00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 2: habitat that we have. There's so much damage happening on 583 00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:17,680 Speaker 2: the environment that we already have, and I mean that 584 00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:20,120 Speaker 2: comes from probably like the farms, which adapts into the 585 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:22,719 Speaker 2: rivers and eventually ad up into oceans. I know there 586 00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:26,640 Speaker 2: are some projects that people are trying to fast our 587 00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:29,720 Speaker 2: country band the Polyadeen papers, which I think was a big, big, 588 00:30:29,760 --> 00:30:30,520 Speaker 2: big step. 589 00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:33,080 Speaker 1: This is paper production in the politic environment. 590 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:36,840 Speaker 2: Is that destroys the environment completely completely, Because to me, 591 00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:39,880 Speaker 2: I think it's not just the climate, but also the 592 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 2: environment that we have today. Protect what we have now 593 00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:46,720 Speaker 2: before it gets even destroyed the further. And I sometimes 594 00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:49,080 Speaker 2: I look at the paper that is out there and 595 00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:51,760 Speaker 2: in the oceans and in the rivers, and one of 596 00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:54,760 Speaker 2: the key issues I think is people get strict on 597 00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 2: the polyaden paper because to me, I think that was 598 00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:01,479 Speaker 2: the worst invention that human human rights is done. Forget 599 00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:04,280 Speaker 2: about the chemicals, but the polity is so damaging, and 600 00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,560 Speaker 2: luckily the community is taking step. It's not successful yet, 601 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,720 Speaker 2: but it's taking some steps. I think that people should 602 00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:11,760 Speaker 2: take care of much much more better protect what we 603 00:31:11,840 --> 00:31:15,240 Speaker 2: have before we get into climate change with the carbon 604 00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:16,400 Speaker 2: pollution and all that. 605 00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:19,600 Speaker 1: We always ask anyone who's a guest on our show 606 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:23,000 Speaker 1: to tell our audience what they've learned, what a core 607 00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:26,280 Speaker 1: thing they've learned in their own life and their own work. 608 00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:29,920 Speaker 1: You've been a Safari guide for a long time, what 609 00:31:29,960 --> 00:31:31,480 Speaker 1: if you learned along the way. 610 00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,400 Speaker 2: The world is changing, and it has already changed. The 611 00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:39,760 Speaker 2: future is in our hands. It's about us to act, 612 00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:43,320 Speaker 2: and to act now, Otherwise if we don't, it'll be 613 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:46,680 Speaker 2: too late. We need to make changes. We need to 614 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,560 Speaker 2: emphasize those people who know and accept that there is 615 00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:52,840 Speaker 2: climate change. We need to act more and put more 616 00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:56,040 Speaker 2: effort and try as much as we can, and educated 617 00:31:56,080 --> 00:31:59,840 Speaker 2: people and tell everybody to act. Now, take the step 618 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:03,400 Speaker 2: that you can. HOWA a small. 619 00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:05,680 Speaker 1: Tom and Jogu is the head guide at Lewis Safari 620 00:32:05,760 --> 00:32:09,080 Speaker 1: Camp and he is an incredible teacher and guide. Thank 621 00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:12,000 Speaker 1: you Tom, thank you, it's good talking to you. We're 622 00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:13,960 Speaker 1: going to take another break to hear from a sponsor, 623 00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:16,240 Speaker 1: and then I want to take you to another and 624 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:25,960 Speaker 1: very different conservancy. The Maara Nabushow Conservancy is adjacent to 625 00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:29,080 Speaker 1: the Masai Mara National Reserve, a five hundred and eighty 626 00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:32,760 Speaker 1: square mile haven for one of Earth's great spectacles, the 627 00:32:32,760 --> 00:32:37,640 Speaker 1: post rainy season migration of myriad species from Tanzania into 628 00:32:37,720 --> 00:32:41,560 Speaker 1: Kenya via the Maara River. The entire Mara has suffered 629 00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,880 Speaker 1: through a series of failed rainy seasons, leaving huge numbers 630 00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:48,800 Speaker 1: of people contending with extreme hunger. Humans and animals increasingly 631 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:52,320 Speaker 1: find themselves battling for a shrinking pool of resources. I'm 632 00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:55,400 Speaker 1: lucky to have Dixon Correto, a veteran guide with the 633 00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:59,600 Speaker 1: Encounter Mara camp and a Masai tribesman joining me here 634 00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:04,040 Speaker 1: to talk about climates. Amslat Jumbo Jumbo Dixon. 635 00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:06,560 Speaker 4: Jumbo Jumbo dem So Dixon. 636 00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:08,360 Speaker 1: Tell me how long have you been a guide. 637 00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:11,280 Speaker 4: I've been a guide to the last fifteen years. 638 00:33:11,040 --> 00:33:14,200 Speaker 1: Now, entirely in the Maara or elsewhere. 639 00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:17,560 Speaker 4: I have only walked in the Mara, And of course. 640 00:33:17,320 --> 00:33:19,320 Speaker 1: We're here in the Mara today. Tell me what we 641 00:33:19,360 --> 00:33:22,200 Speaker 1: are looking out at right now? We run a beautiful 642 00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:26,480 Speaker 1: deck outside the Encounter Mara camp. Tell me what we see. 643 00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:30,360 Speaker 4: So we are overlooking a salt lick area where it's 644 00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:32,640 Speaker 4: a very famous place for animals to come and lick 645 00:33:32,640 --> 00:33:35,800 Speaker 4: the soil for mineral. A lot of times we see elephant, 646 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:39,000 Speaker 4: girave Cebra's wilderbitus all come down here for the salt 647 00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:40,720 Speaker 4: lake and also to have a drink. 648 00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:45,000 Speaker 1: Now, the salt lake also looks like it's exposed because 649 00:33:45,040 --> 00:33:48,000 Speaker 1: the river that runs past here is dry. Is that 650 00:33:48,080 --> 00:33:48,680 Speaker 1: the case too? 651 00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:52,640 Speaker 4: That's true because we haven't had enough rain for the 652 00:33:52,720 --> 00:33:56,360 Speaker 4: last almost three years now. We've had some rain in between, 653 00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,280 Speaker 4: and this river has been in a dry for quite 654 00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:02,360 Speaker 4: a while. Now, and that's why this solely is quite exposed. 655 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:06,320 Speaker 1: So you and I have been on safari for a 656 00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:09,160 Speaker 1: couple of days together. Now you've been an amazing guide. 657 00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:14,320 Speaker 1: We've seen so many beautiful things traveling together through this area. 658 00:34:14,920 --> 00:34:18,359 Speaker 1: And you've a few times referred to the Mara as 659 00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,640 Speaker 1: your office in the greatest ways that you have one 660 00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:24,480 Speaker 1: of the world's best offices because the entire Mara is 661 00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:28,120 Speaker 1: where you do your work. How has the landscape changed 662 00:34:28,160 --> 00:34:31,400 Speaker 1: here during your years as a guide? Like what ways 663 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:35,120 Speaker 1: have you witnessed climate change alter what you see around you? 664 00:34:36,160 --> 00:34:39,480 Speaker 4: So you indeed write, I call this my office because 665 00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:42,040 Speaker 4: I was born here, I grew up here, and I 666 00:34:42,120 --> 00:34:45,160 Speaker 4: have always worked here, so been here my entire life. 667 00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:47,359 Speaker 4: And over the last fifteen years that I've been working 668 00:34:47,360 --> 00:34:49,880 Speaker 4: as a guide, I have noticed a lot of changes 669 00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:54,000 Speaker 4: to do with land and also to do with wildlife population, 670 00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:56,600 Speaker 4: and also to do with the way people live here. 671 00:34:57,360 --> 00:35:00,560 Speaker 4: We've had a lot of negative effect on climate change, 672 00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:03,520 Speaker 4: Like for the last fifteen years, we've had years that 673 00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:06,760 Speaker 4: we don't get rain at all, and that has affected 674 00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:08,879 Speaker 4: the way people live and has also affected the way 675 00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:13,279 Speaker 4: wildlife roam around here, especially the local people. If you 676 00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:15,960 Speaker 4: go back to the villages. A lot of people in 677 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,680 Speaker 4: the villages use domestic animals as a source of livelihood, 678 00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:22,359 Speaker 4: and because of lack of rain a lot of time, 679 00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:25,040 Speaker 4: the animals are looking very skinny, so that means they 680 00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:28,120 Speaker 4: don't give people enough money. They don't give people enough meat, 681 00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:31,080 Speaker 4: and they don't give people enough milk, and people are 682 00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:34,080 Speaker 4: really struggling and a lot of time that has really 683 00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:36,680 Speaker 4: created hard times for the people in the village and 684 00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:39,120 Speaker 4: even for the wild animal Because of lack of rain, 685 00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:42,600 Speaker 4: most of our rivers have been very dry, and what 686 00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:45,400 Speaker 4: means animals will have to move to other places to 687 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:47,680 Speaker 4: try and look for water. And if there is one 688 00:35:47,719 --> 00:35:50,560 Speaker 4: place within a conservacy like Nabushal Conservatis that has water, 689 00:35:51,040 --> 00:35:53,560 Speaker 4: you will find a big concentration of animals, and what 690 00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,560 Speaker 4: that means is that there will be overgracing in those areas, 691 00:35:56,880 --> 00:35:59,680 Speaker 4: which has really affected the behavior of wild animals around 692 00:35:59,680 --> 00:35:59,920 Speaker 4: the matter. 693 00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:05,640 Speaker 1: In fact, fewer animals are migrating now in the Kenya 694 00:36:05,680 --> 00:36:08,839 Speaker 1: from Tanzania and they stay for shorter periods of time 695 00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:12,600 Speaker 1: because the resources have been tapped. Not entirely dry, but 696 00:36:12,719 --> 00:36:15,920 Speaker 1: certainly strained to a breaking point. Isn't that correct. 697 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:18,920 Speaker 4: That's very correct. Climate change, like I said, Dahlia has 698 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:21,920 Speaker 4: changed animal behavior. Like when you go back to the 699 00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:25,279 Speaker 4: migration that happened between Kenya and Tanzania, there has been 700 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:28,680 Speaker 4: a lot of changes in terms of timing. Sometimes they 701 00:36:28,680 --> 00:36:30,600 Speaker 4: come into the Mara a little bit late, and this 702 00:36:30,640 --> 00:36:34,000 Speaker 4: is because of the climate change. And sometimes we don't 703 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,400 Speaker 4: even get the right numbers because it just means that 704 00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:38,920 Speaker 4: there's no enough grass and enough water for them to 705 00:36:38,960 --> 00:36:41,719 Speaker 4: migrate into the mass and Maara. And we've actually seen 706 00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:44,480 Speaker 4: that paton over the last few years. Sometimes they come late, 707 00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:46,799 Speaker 4: sometimes they come ali, and this is all because of 708 00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:47,600 Speaker 4: the change in the weather. 709 00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:50,920 Speaker 1: You refer to this earlier, But there's almost like a 710 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:55,200 Speaker 1: vicious cycle here, isn't there Because of climate change. Herbivores 711 00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:58,640 Speaker 1: now come into areas where they once didn't graze, and 712 00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:02,360 Speaker 1: then carnivores like lying follow them on to that land, 713 00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:06,920 Speaker 1: and then the lions sometimes attack farmers cattle because they're hungry, 714 00:37:07,320 --> 00:37:10,880 Speaker 1: and then the farmers, to defend their cattle, kill the lions. 715 00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:15,719 Speaker 1: And it's all because these species and human beings that 716 00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:19,120 Speaker 1: once lived together no longer can live together in perfect 717 00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:21,560 Speaker 1: harmony because climate change is forcing them to do things 718 00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:22,360 Speaker 1: they didn't once do. 719 00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:25,600 Speaker 4: That's true. So what actually happened now that we've been 720 00:37:25,680 --> 00:37:29,800 Speaker 4: having this effect of climate change, It happened that wild 721 00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:33,040 Speaker 4: animals and domestic animals have been forced to sort of 722 00:37:33,320 --> 00:37:36,200 Speaker 4: head toward one area where they can all find water 723 00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:38,919 Speaker 4: and grass. And once you have all that before stare 724 00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:42,120 Speaker 4: obviously that attracts a good number of cats. And once 725 00:37:42,160 --> 00:37:44,360 Speaker 4: that happened and there's domestic animals to get with the 726 00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,440 Speaker 4: people there, you start having a conflict, in a wildlife 727 00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:50,680 Speaker 4: human conflict. And this is because there's only one resource 728 00:37:50,719 --> 00:37:54,239 Speaker 4: for all these wild animals and domestic animals. You find 729 00:37:54,280 --> 00:37:57,759 Speaker 4: that if you look around and counter American, there's very 730 00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,360 Speaker 4: long grass here, so that means animal so have not 731 00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:03,000 Speaker 4: been here for a while. And what happened because it's 732 00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:04,920 Speaker 4: the only place they can find some water, because we 733 00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:07,520 Speaker 4: are near one of the rivers that Almo can find. 734 00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:10,000 Speaker 4: What I in a bush of conservacy, it will attract 735 00:38:10,040 --> 00:38:12,480 Speaker 4: a lot of hyboos to come down here, and then 736 00:38:12,719 --> 00:38:15,160 Speaker 4: that means also cats will be attracted to come here. 737 00:38:15,640 --> 00:38:17,600 Speaker 4: And then at the same time, because within a bush 738 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:20,000 Speaker 4: of conservacy, the local people are out to bring their 739 00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,960 Speaker 4: cows in for water and grass, and what that means 740 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:26,960 Speaker 4: you end up having wild animal cards and domestic animals 741 00:38:26,960 --> 00:38:28,839 Speaker 4: and the people all in the same area, and that 742 00:38:28,920 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 4: creates a conflict between them because then the lands will 743 00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:34,840 Speaker 4: start eating the local people cows, and then in return, 744 00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:37,040 Speaker 4: the local people will try and defend their cows, and 745 00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:39,680 Speaker 4: that really end up creating a lot of contently between 746 00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:40,759 Speaker 4: humans and wildlife. 747 00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:44,120 Speaker 1: As you mentioned earlier, you grew up here. Tell me 748 00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:47,680 Speaker 1: what your childhood was like where you lived and how 749 00:38:47,719 --> 00:38:50,480 Speaker 1: that's changed as well, not really the animals as much, 750 00:38:50,480 --> 00:38:51,920 Speaker 1: but how it to affected people. 751 00:38:52,960 --> 00:38:55,120 Speaker 4: If I try to think of the life back when 752 00:38:55,160 --> 00:38:57,439 Speaker 4: I was young and the life now, thing has changed 753 00:38:57,440 --> 00:38:59,799 Speaker 4: a lot, because to begin with, when I was young, 754 00:39:00,080 --> 00:39:02,680 Speaker 4: massive tribe that I come from used to move from 755 00:39:02,719 --> 00:39:05,719 Speaker 4: one place to another place instead of grass and water 756 00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,560 Speaker 4: for their animals. But a few years down the line, 757 00:39:08,640 --> 00:39:12,480 Speaker 4: the land has been subdivided. I'm talking about twenty years ago, 758 00:39:12,719 --> 00:39:15,040 Speaker 4: and once that happened, it just means that every land 759 00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:18,520 Speaker 4: here belonged to an individual family and that movement of 760 00:39:18,560 --> 00:39:21,040 Speaker 4: people from one place to the other is no longer 761 00:39:21,040 --> 00:39:23,279 Speaker 4: happening anymore. And that's a little bit difficult for the 762 00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,360 Speaker 4: massive people because that's what I used to, and because 763 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:29,200 Speaker 4: the land now belonged to people and lands are privately 764 00:39:29,320 --> 00:39:31,399 Speaker 4: or now if you have to move from your land 765 00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,600 Speaker 4: to another somebody's lands, you have to seek permission, which 766 00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:36,320 Speaker 4: is something that the massive people are not used to 767 00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:39,600 Speaker 4: because it's new, and that has really affected the way 768 00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:43,080 Speaker 4: the massive people want to have big hearts of cows 769 00:39:43,880 --> 00:39:46,200 Speaker 4: and also affected the fact that people want to have 770 00:39:46,239 --> 00:39:49,760 Speaker 4: big families. But because the land is not getting bigger anymore, 771 00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:51,759 Speaker 4: you need to be careful how big your family is 772 00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,480 Speaker 4: going to be. And that's really affect the way the 773 00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:57,880 Speaker 4: massive people should live compared to what happened in the past. 774 00:39:58,120 --> 00:40:00,279 Speaker 4: So if I look, you know back when I was 775 00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:03,680 Speaker 4: young and now, a lot has really changed in terms 776 00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:05,759 Speaker 4: of how people live and how people prefer to live 777 00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:06,680 Speaker 4: as as a tribe. 778 00:40:07,320 --> 00:40:11,320 Speaker 1: Farming makes up about a third of Kenya's economy. Tourism 779 00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:13,560 Speaker 1: fueled by folks like me, is only about ten percent. 780 00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:18,280 Speaker 1: I think agriculture employs about forty percent of the country's 781 00:40:18,320 --> 00:40:22,720 Speaker 1: total population, and in rural areas, I think almost seventy percent. 782 00:40:23,239 --> 00:40:27,959 Speaker 1: So farming is still this vitally important trade, not only 783 00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,360 Speaker 1: to the people who practice it, but to the broader country. 784 00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:34,160 Speaker 1: As well, you know, and now you've got climate bearing 785 00:40:34,320 --> 00:40:38,279 Speaker 1: down on farming in the most ruthless of ways. Is 786 00:40:38,320 --> 00:40:41,160 Speaker 1: this something that everyone you speak with in your tribe 787 00:40:41,160 --> 00:40:43,680 Speaker 1: and elsewhere is aware of, the talks about all the time. 788 00:40:43,880 --> 00:40:48,440 Speaker 4: That's correct, although farming here is actually based on domestic animals, 789 00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:51,839 Speaker 4: which include cause gods and cheap But in other part 790 00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:54,480 Speaker 4: of the country you find people growing crops, but that 791 00:40:54,520 --> 00:40:57,319 Speaker 4: has not been possible here because of the fact that 792 00:40:57,320 --> 00:40:59,719 Speaker 4: this is an area that has a high number of 793 00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:04,200 Speaker 4: anymore particularity, elephants, and growing cropsy means that you're attracting 794 00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:07,200 Speaker 4: elephants who come and live with you, and that eventually 795 00:41:07,239 --> 00:41:09,400 Speaker 4: will cause a lot of conflute between you and the elephants. 796 00:41:09,760 --> 00:41:12,319 Speaker 1: But that's why it's easier to herd cattle than to 797 00:41:12,360 --> 00:41:13,520 Speaker 1: grow a crop here, right. 798 00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:15,759 Speaker 4: That's right, and that's why a lot of people here 799 00:41:15,920 --> 00:41:20,520 Speaker 4: are farming animals. And like I mention earlier, now that 800 00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:24,400 Speaker 4: the land has been subdivided and it's privately owned, people 801 00:41:24,520 --> 00:41:27,360 Speaker 4: have not been able to have big herds of cows 802 00:41:27,360 --> 00:41:29,960 Speaker 4: as they should because in our culture, if you have 803 00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,240 Speaker 4: a big number of cows, you become famous, You become 804 00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:36,160 Speaker 4: very well known, and it just means that if you 805 00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,480 Speaker 4: don't have a good number of cows, you can have 806 00:41:38,520 --> 00:41:41,400 Speaker 4: a big family, and you can also be able to 807 00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:43,959 Speaker 4: look after other people, because massive people are people who 808 00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:46,680 Speaker 4: actually try to look after each other even though you 809 00:41:46,719 --> 00:41:49,080 Speaker 4: belong to different families. And the only time you can 810 00:41:49,120 --> 00:41:50,920 Speaker 4: do that if you have a good number of cows 811 00:41:50,920 --> 00:41:53,399 Speaker 4: that you can actually share with other people. And that's 812 00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:56,759 Speaker 4: really affected the way people. Massive people want to kind 813 00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:58,680 Speaker 4: of interact with each other and live together and be 814 00:41:58,760 --> 00:42:00,759 Speaker 4: social as it should be according to our culture. 815 00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:05,120 Speaker 1: So are farmers and herders organizing Are they trying to 816 00:42:06,080 --> 00:42:10,000 Speaker 1: jointly come up with a response to both climate change 817 00:42:10,160 --> 00:42:12,680 Speaker 1: and some of the other forces that are disrupting their lives. 818 00:42:13,120 --> 00:42:15,600 Speaker 4: Well, people are trying to do quite a number of things. 819 00:42:15,680 --> 00:42:18,480 Speaker 4: First of all, it's no longer about quantity, but it's 820 00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:22,080 Speaker 4: about quality. Now that you only have a limited size 821 00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:25,080 Speaker 4: of land, people are now trying to improve the quality 822 00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:28,160 Speaker 4: of the animals and actually introduce the numbers so you 823 00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:30,279 Speaker 4: improve the quality, and then you take the numbers down 824 00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:32,719 Speaker 4: so that the number of cours that you have will 825 00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:34,920 Speaker 4: be actually equiferling to the size of land you have. 826 00:42:35,239 --> 00:42:37,120 Speaker 4: And that's one of the messaons that people are trying 827 00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:40,360 Speaker 4: to take they can try and deal with their climate change. 828 00:42:40,640 --> 00:42:43,360 Speaker 4: People are also trying to create sources of water. People 829 00:42:43,360 --> 00:42:46,279 Speaker 4: are digging wells to try and store water. Like when 830 00:42:46,280 --> 00:42:48,400 Speaker 4: we happen to have good rain, you have a place 831 00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:50,920 Speaker 4: to store water in times that you know when it 832 00:42:51,040 --> 00:42:53,239 Speaker 4: doesn't rain, and it can actually have water for your 833 00:42:53,239 --> 00:42:55,640 Speaker 4: animals and for your family as well. 834 00:42:55,760 --> 00:43:00,160 Speaker 1: Dixon, is there a solution to climate change in Kenya? 835 00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:03,040 Speaker 1: Is this a problem can you can solve on its own? 836 00:43:04,560 --> 00:43:08,799 Speaker 4: I personally have a strong feeling that whatever thing that 837 00:43:08,920 --> 00:43:12,520 Speaker 4: is happening or whatever thing that you folk around climate 838 00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,560 Speaker 4: change has nothing to do with us as Kenyans, and 839 00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,280 Speaker 4: if it has, it has to be very little. Unfortunately, 840 00:43:20,360 --> 00:43:23,799 Speaker 4: what messed up the weather and the climate change is 841 00:43:23,840 --> 00:43:27,759 Speaker 4: what happened elsewhere. And I think that the only way 842 00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:30,560 Speaker 4: we can have a solution to this problem is if 843 00:43:30,560 --> 00:43:33,960 Speaker 4: the whole world unite and listen to each other, and 844 00:43:34,120 --> 00:43:37,759 Speaker 4: also we all get focused to try and eliminate the 845 00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:40,480 Speaker 4: kind of things that were doing as humans that really 846 00:43:40,480 --> 00:43:43,120 Speaker 4: affected the weather and bring up the issue of global 847 00:43:43,160 --> 00:43:47,080 Speaker 4: warming and climate change. Otherwise, as as Kenyans, I think 848 00:43:47,080 --> 00:43:48,799 Speaker 4: there's very little we can do. I mean, there's a 849 00:43:48,840 --> 00:43:51,319 Speaker 4: part that we can play as a country, but we 850 00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:53,120 Speaker 4: need people to join us, and we need to join 851 00:43:53,160 --> 00:43:55,960 Speaker 4: other forces to be able to bring this solution to 852 00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:56,640 Speaker 4: be realized. 853 00:43:57,320 --> 00:44:00,239 Speaker 1: Are you optimistic about that? Are you pessimistic? How do 854 00:44:00,280 --> 00:44:02,920 Speaker 1: you think about it when you think about your country's future, 855 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,360 Speaker 1: your own future, and how the world's currently responding to 856 00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:07,280 Speaker 1: climate change? 857 00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:10,520 Speaker 4: Well, personally, to be honest with you, I'm afraid. I'm 858 00:44:10,560 --> 00:44:12,279 Speaker 4: just hoping that one day we'll be able to get 859 00:44:12,280 --> 00:44:14,279 Speaker 4: a solution, but I think it will take a little 860 00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:16,279 Speaker 4: bit of time, and it just scares me. 861 00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:18,520 Speaker 1: Why do you think it will take time? 862 00:44:19,280 --> 00:44:21,120 Speaker 4: The reason why I think it will take time is 863 00:44:21,160 --> 00:44:23,840 Speaker 4: because it's something that we cannot do as a country, 864 00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:28,720 Speaker 4: and we really have to convince other nations to agree 865 00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:32,440 Speaker 4: with us. We have to convince other nation to partner 866 00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:35,400 Speaker 4: with us and work with us to bring about change 867 00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:36,960 Speaker 4: on this climate change. 868 00:44:37,320 --> 00:44:40,640 Speaker 1: Because the world's largest carbon matters aren't in Kenya, they're 869 00:44:40,680 --> 00:44:43,320 Speaker 1: in China, they're in India, they're in the US, and 870 00:44:43,360 --> 00:44:44,320 Speaker 1: they're in Western Europe. 871 00:44:44,480 --> 00:44:44,760 Speaker 3: True. 872 00:44:45,120 --> 00:44:48,680 Speaker 4: Yeah, That's why I'm saying we cannot do much as 873 00:44:48,680 --> 00:44:53,040 Speaker 4: a country. We need other people to join us. And 874 00:44:53,080 --> 00:44:56,200 Speaker 4: we need other people to listen to us, and we 875 00:44:56,239 --> 00:44:58,600 Speaker 4: need other people to work with us so that we 876 00:44:58,640 --> 00:45:03,879 Speaker 4: can bring about this change. Otherwise, like I said, Dahlia, unfortunately, 877 00:45:03,920 --> 00:45:06,160 Speaker 4: some of the things that I've led into the climate 878 00:45:06,239 --> 00:45:10,000 Speaker 4: change are not happening in Kenya then not probably even 879 00:45:10,040 --> 00:45:12,720 Speaker 4: not happening in the continent of Africa, but it's happening 880 00:45:12,800 --> 00:45:17,200 Speaker 4: outside Africa. And unless and until they realize that that's 881 00:45:17,239 --> 00:45:20,560 Speaker 4: where the problem is and agree with us to solve 882 00:45:20,560 --> 00:45:23,719 Speaker 4: the problem in working together as a team, I don't 883 00:45:23,719 --> 00:45:25,000 Speaker 4: think it's going to happen very soon. 884 00:45:26,040 --> 00:45:28,040 Speaker 1: I always like to ask guests on the show what 885 00:45:28,120 --> 00:45:31,480 Speaker 1: they've learned. You've been a guide for a long time. 886 00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:34,480 Speaker 1: You're a veteran guide. When you look back to the 887 00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:36,520 Speaker 1: point in time when you started doing what you do 888 00:45:36,640 --> 00:45:39,799 Speaker 1: so well now to who you are now, what's the 889 00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:41,160 Speaker 1: most important thing you've learned? 890 00:45:42,680 --> 00:45:45,920 Speaker 4: First of all, I've learned that working together is what 891 00:45:46,080 --> 00:45:50,120 Speaker 4: brings about change, because when I think about myself as 892 00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:53,640 Speaker 4: a Kenyan and the things that happened around this country 893 00:45:53,719 --> 00:45:57,520 Speaker 4: and the things that happened around my environment, it just 894 00:45:57,600 --> 00:45:59,960 Speaker 4: reminds me the fact that I have to be gone 895 00:46:00,000 --> 00:46:03,040 Speaker 4: connected with other people, not just necessarily within Kenya, but 896 00:46:03,080 --> 00:46:06,000 Speaker 4: outside Kenya, so that we can try to change things 897 00:46:06,040 --> 00:46:09,440 Speaker 4: around for the better feature of our children. But you know, 898 00:46:09,520 --> 00:46:11,839 Speaker 4: before I work as a guide, I didn't know that, 899 00:46:11,960 --> 00:46:13,680 Speaker 4: but I came to realize that there's so much that 900 00:46:13,760 --> 00:46:16,480 Speaker 4: happened outside there that affect the life and affect the 901 00:46:16,560 --> 00:46:20,000 Speaker 4: environment here. And then number two, I have also been 902 00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:24,040 Speaker 4: able to learn so much about wildlife and learn so 903 00:46:24,120 --> 00:46:28,600 Speaker 4: much about climate change. Climate change is not only felt 904 00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:31,040 Speaker 4: in Kenya and in Africa, but it's also felt in 905 00:46:31,080 --> 00:46:34,560 Speaker 4: other countries. Before I meet people and start talking to 906 00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:37,319 Speaker 4: them about climate change, I thought this was only a 907 00:46:37,320 --> 00:46:39,680 Speaker 4: problem for Africa and a problem for Kenya. But I 908 00:46:39,719 --> 00:46:41,920 Speaker 4: came to land that it's not just for Kenya, it's 909 00:46:41,960 --> 00:46:44,320 Speaker 4: not just for Africa, but it's for the whole world. 910 00:46:44,840 --> 00:46:46,799 Speaker 4: And that just gives me a little bit of hope 911 00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:51,160 Speaker 4: because if it's being felt in the US or in China, 912 00:46:51,760 --> 00:46:53,920 Speaker 4: then I have a feeling that one day, one time, 913 00:46:54,320 --> 00:46:57,040 Speaker 4: will come into a common reasoning and look for solution. 914 00:46:58,719 --> 00:47:01,440 Speaker 1: Texting Kreto is a very in guide at the Encounter 915 00:47:01,560 --> 00:47:05,200 Speaker 1: Mara camp in Kenya, and he's a wonderful man and 916 00:47:05,239 --> 00:47:07,879 Speaker 1: it was great having you join us here today. Yeah. 917 00:47:07,880 --> 00:47:11,319 Speaker 4: Absolutely, I'm happy to have had this opportunity to join you, 918 00:47:11,360 --> 00:47:13,440 Speaker 4: and I'm happy to be part of this interview. And 919 00:47:13,440 --> 00:47:16,000 Speaker 4: I'm also happy to be part of climate change solution. 920 00:47:16,880 --> 00:47:21,400 Speaker 1: Thank you Dixon, Thank you too. Here at Crash Course, 921 00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:25,799 Speaker 1: we believe the collisions can be messy, impressive, challenging, surprising 922 00:47:26,080 --> 00:47:30,279 Speaker 1: and always instructive. In today's Crash Course, I learned that 923 00:47:30,360 --> 00:47:34,360 Speaker 1: no country, especially Kenya, but the United States as well, 924 00:47:34,880 --> 00:47:37,440 Speaker 1: is going to beat back the climate change threat on 925 00:47:37,480 --> 00:47:40,399 Speaker 1: its own. What did you learn? We'd love to hear 926 00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:43,200 Speaker 1: from you. You can tweet at the Bloomberg Opinion handle 927 00:47:43,360 --> 00:47:47,400 Speaker 1: at Opinion or me at Tim O'Brien using the hashtag 928 00:47:47,560 --> 00:47:51,120 Speaker 1: Bloomberg Crash Course. You can also subscribe to our show 929 00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:54,280 Speaker 1: wherever you're listening right now and leave us a review. 930 00:47:54,680 --> 00:47:58,080 Speaker 1: It helps more people find the show. A special thanks 931 00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:01,879 Speaker 1: to the team at Expert Africa, especially Lindsay Marris, who 932 00:48:01,880 --> 00:48:05,320 Speaker 1: helped arrange but did not pay for my visit to Kenya. 933 00:48:06,120 --> 00:48:10,320 Speaker 1: This episode was produced by the indispensable Anamazarakas, Moses On 934 00:48:10,480 --> 00:48:14,400 Speaker 1: Daum and me, our supervising producers Margus Hendrickson, and we 935 00:48:14,440 --> 00:48:18,480 Speaker 1: had editing help from Sagebauman, Katie Boys, Jeff Grocott, Mike 936 00:48:18,560 --> 00:48:22,439 Speaker 1: Nitza and Christine Vanden Bilart. Blake Maple says, our sound 937 00:48:22,480 --> 00:48:26,759 Speaker 1: engineering and our original theme song was composed by Luis Gara. 938 00:48:27,160 --> 00:48:30,200 Speaker 1: I'm Tim O'Brien. We'll be back next week with another 939 00:48:30,239 --> 00:48:30,880 Speaker 1: Crash course