1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960 Speaker 1: Hey, everybody. Before we start today's episode, we wanted to 2 00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:05,120 Speaker 1: let you know that Stuff you Missed in History Class 3 00:00:05,120 --> 00:00:08,479 Speaker 1: has been nominated for a Webby Award this year. We've 4 00:00:08,520 --> 00:00:12,239 Speaker 1: been nominated for Best Writing in the Podcast category. You 5 00:00:12,320 --> 00:00:18,360 Speaker 1: can vote by going to Webby Awards dot com. Welcome 6 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:20,919 Speaker 1: to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of 7 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:29,560 Speaker 1: I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome to 8 00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:32,840 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. 9 00:00:33,479 --> 00:00:37,479 Speaker 1: On the surface, Bacon's Rebellion sounds a little similar to 10 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: the Regulator War that we talked about on the show 11 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,479 Speaker 1: a couple of months ago. Both of them took place 12 00:00:42,560 --> 00:00:46,240 Speaker 1: in England's North American colonies before the Revolutionary War. Although 13 00:00:46,280 --> 00:00:49,440 Speaker 1: Bacon's rebellion was about a century earlier than the other one, 14 00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:53,560 Speaker 1: they both involved some divisions between the less affluent, more 15 00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:57,040 Speaker 1: inland people in the colony and the elite ruling class 16 00:00:57,080 --> 00:00:59,800 Speaker 1: out on the coast, and as was the case with 17 00:00:59,840 --> 00:01:03,520 Speaker 1: the Regulators, for a long time, Bacon's rebellion was primarily 18 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:07,640 Speaker 1: interpreted as a precursor to the Revolutionary War, with patriotic 19 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:11,720 Speaker 1: colonists rising up against the tyranny of the British colonial government. 20 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:15,760 Speaker 1: If you studied this in school up through about the 21 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:19,680 Speaker 1: mid to late twentieth century or maybe even later, that 22 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: might be the version of it that you heard. But 23 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:25,240 Speaker 1: on the other hand, historians writing over the last seventy 24 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:28,319 Speaker 1: five years or so have been focusing on all kinds 25 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:32,000 Speaker 1: of factors, including labor and race, and colonists relationships to 26 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 1: the native tribes and the nations who were already then 27 00:01:34,160 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 1: that part of North America, and the native tribes and 28 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 1: nations own relationships to each other. Although some scholars have 29 00:01:41,959 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 1: tried to find like one central explanation for this whole incident, 30 00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:49,200 Speaker 1: it really seems like the deeper you look into it, 31 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:52,400 Speaker 1: the more complicated it gets, and there was really just 32 00:01:52,520 --> 00:01:55,080 Speaker 1: a lot going on. So we're going to be getting 33 00:01:55,080 --> 00:01:59,040 Speaker 1: into Bacon's rebellion in two episodes. This was an uprising 34 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:03,600 Speaker 1: that involved free farmers and enslaved and indentured people of 35 00:02:03,720 --> 00:02:06,560 Speaker 1: multiple races and nationalities. So today we're going to talk 36 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:10,400 Speaker 1: about how colonial Virginia evolved to look like that in 37 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 1: the first place, and then the next episode we will 38 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:19,800 Speaker 1: get to the actual fighting. Um Tracy decided later in 39 00:02:19,800 --> 00:02:21,600 Speaker 1: the game than you might have expected that this was 40 00:02:21,639 --> 00:02:23,840 Speaker 1: going to be a two parter, but I suspected early 41 00:02:23,919 --> 00:02:27,040 Speaker 1: when she texted me last week and said, I think 42 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,520 Speaker 1: this is the most complicated thing I've tried to untangle. Yeah, 43 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:32,639 Speaker 1: it was like the more I tried to untangle, the 44 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:35,919 Speaker 1: more tangle I found. That's often how it plays out. 45 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:39,040 Speaker 1: So to put it plainly, the Colony of Virginia was 46 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:42,600 Speaker 1: established to make money. There was also some focus on 47 00:02:42,680 --> 00:02:47,040 Speaker 1: converting the Native American population to Christianity, but really turning 48 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:50,480 Speaker 1: a profit was a much bigger priority. To that end, 49 00:02:50,639 --> 00:02:53,440 Speaker 1: the Virginia Company of London was granted a series of 50 00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:56,920 Speaker 1: royal charters to establish and govern the colony, so the 51 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:01,600 Speaker 1: Virginia Company, not the Crown, assumed the fine financial risk. Yeah. 52 00:03:01,639 --> 00:03:04,040 Speaker 1: The sole story is just a lot of people trying 53 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:08,160 Speaker 1: to get something with the minimal expense to themselves as possible. 54 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:12,480 Speaker 1: The Virginia Company's first charter was granted in sixteen o six, 55 00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:15,160 Speaker 1: and at first the colony that it established in sixteen 56 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:18,120 Speaker 1: o seven really struggled. The colony had a shortage of 57 00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:22,640 Speaker 1: everything from supplies to just basic skills. The starving time 58 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:25,760 Speaker 1: of sixteen o nine to sixteen ten was particularly bad, 59 00:03:25,840 --> 00:03:27,800 Speaker 1: and we talked about that on the show back in. 60 00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:31,640 Speaker 1: One of the problems was that at first the colony 61 00:03:31,760 --> 00:03:35,480 Speaker 1: didn't have a profitable export crop. That started to change 62 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: in the sixteen teens after John Rolfe introduced strains of 63 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:43,400 Speaker 1: tobacco from the Caribbean. Virginia already had its own native tobacco, 64 00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:48,480 Speaker 1: but British consumers preferred the milder, sweeter Caribbean varieties. Soon 65 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,440 Speaker 1: after John Ralph started experimenting with these seeds, tobacco became 66 00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:56,200 Speaker 1: the foundation of the entire colonial economy and virtually it's 67 00:03:56,280 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: only export. But this led to a couple of new problems. One, 68 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:03,920 Speaker 1: since the colony had all of its eggs in one basket, 69 00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: things like bad weather and fluctuations and tobacco prices and 70 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:11,360 Speaker 1: wars could be really catastrophic to the whole economy and 71 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:14,720 Speaker 1: to the colony needed a much larger workforce than it 72 00:04:14,760 --> 00:04:18,520 Speaker 1: had to keep this new industry running. To assemble this workforce, 73 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:23,000 Speaker 1: investors and planters in seventeenth century Virginia largely turned to 74 00:04:23,040 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: a system of indenture. People signed contracts to work for 75 00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:30,279 Speaker 1: a specific period of time, essentially losing their freedom for 76 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:33,480 Speaker 1: the term of their indenture. In an exchange they were 77 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:37,360 Speaker 1: given passage from Europe to North America. In North America, 78 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:41,320 Speaker 1: they were supposed to be provided food, shelter, clothing, and 79 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:44,760 Speaker 1: usually the tools that they needed to work. Yes, sometimes 80 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:48,000 Speaker 1: people contracting with indentured workers were like, you got to 81 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:51,039 Speaker 1: provide your own tools. It's buried a little bit. But 82 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:54,560 Speaker 1: at the end of this contract, the workers typically received 83 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:57,280 Speaker 1: what was called freedom does and this was usually some 84 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:00,960 Speaker 1: corn and some clothing. Sometimes the people had contracted them 85 00:05:00,960 --> 00:05:03,520 Speaker 1: would give them some tools or some other goods as well, 86 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:06,279 Speaker 1: but this was really more of a custom than a 87 00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:09,119 Speaker 1: legal requirement until way after the events that we're talking 88 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:13,159 Speaker 1: about today, so some people didn't do it. This system 89 00:05:13,279 --> 00:05:15,400 Speaker 1: was based on a model that had existed in parts 90 00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 1: of Europe for centuries, but in general it was implemented 91 00:05:19,320 --> 00:05:23,240 Speaker 1: far more harshly in North America. In England, an apprenticeship 92 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 1: might last for years, since apprentices were meant to be 93 00:05:26,279 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 1: learning a specific trade like blacksmithing or bookbinding. But outside 94 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:34,040 Speaker 1: the apprenticeship system and indenture in England could last for 95 00:05:34,080 --> 00:05:38,240 Speaker 1: as little as a year. In Virginia, though indenture's lasted 96 00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:41,400 Speaker 1: as long as seven years, and it depended on how 97 00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:45,680 Speaker 1: old the person was when they started working. Laws adjusted 98 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:49,640 Speaker 1: the exact length from time to time over the seventeenth century, 99 00:05:49,640 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: but in general, the younger the worker was when they 100 00:05:52,279 --> 00:05:55,920 Speaker 1: signed the indenture, the longer their indenture was for. Also, 101 00:05:56,120 --> 00:05:59,960 Speaker 1: in North America, contract terms were much stricter. Indentured people 102 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 1: had fewer rights and protections, and there were more laws 103 00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:08,200 Speaker 1: specifically governing their activities and behavior. Punishment for breaking these 104 00:06:08,279 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: laws tended to be harsh, and because contract holders had 105 00:06:11,400 --> 00:06:14,560 Speaker 1: a financial incentive to keep their laborers working for free 106 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:18,599 Speaker 1: for as long as possible, punishments also included adding more 107 00:06:18,640 --> 00:06:22,839 Speaker 1: time to a person's indenture. People signed these indentures for 108 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:25,680 Speaker 1: a lot of different reasons and as examples, a person 109 00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:28,520 Speaker 1: might genuinely want to immigrate to North America and just 110 00:06:28,600 --> 00:06:31,480 Speaker 1: have no other way to afford it, or they might 111 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: be in debt in Europe and signing this indenture would 112 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:37,359 Speaker 1: have absolved them of their debt. Or they might have 113 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:39,880 Speaker 1: been convicted of a crime and the indenture was part 114 00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:43,159 Speaker 1: of their punishment. So while there were some people who 115 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:46,440 Speaker 1: signed an indenture freely, for a lot of people it 116 00:06:46,560 --> 00:06:50,440 Speaker 1: was somewhere between being forced and being coerced. Conditions for 117 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: these workers could be truly appalling. Even though an indenture 118 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 1: was supposed to have an end date, a lot of 119 00:06:56,480 --> 00:07:00,839 Speaker 1: people died of disease, malnourishment, or mistreatment before get anywhere 120 00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:03,480 Speaker 1: close to the end of their contract. And of course 121 00:07:03,520 --> 00:07:05,960 Speaker 1: there were people who just refused to let their indentured 122 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:09,280 Speaker 1: workers go or who provided them with no sort of 123 00:07:09,279 --> 00:07:12,760 Speaker 1: freedom dues at all. In spite of that, a lot 124 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:16,240 Speaker 1: of people came to North America and Virginia specifically as 125 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: indentured workers. This was especially true after sixteen eighteen, when 126 00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:23,280 Speaker 1: the Virginia Company established what was known as the head 127 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:26,840 Speaker 1: Rights System. This was part of a series of incentives 128 00:07:26,840 --> 00:07:30,640 Speaker 1: to try to attract new colonists. The head Right system 129 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:33,680 Speaker 1: granted fifty acres of land to each person who had 130 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 1: either paid their own way to immigrate to North America 131 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 1: or paid someone else's way. So investors and other wealthy 132 00:07:40,600 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: people started paying for big groups of people to immigrate 133 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: as indentured workers, and these investors collected fifty acres of 134 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,240 Speaker 1: land for each person they brought. This gave the Virginia 135 00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: Company access to a large labor force without having to 136 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 1: really pay a lot of money for it, because it 137 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:00,840 Speaker 1: was essentially reimbursing the investors who were doing the paying 138 00:08:00,920 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: with land instead of money. Between sixteen thirty and sixteen eighty, 139 00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: three quarters of all new arrivals in Virginia and neighboring 140 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:12,040 Speaker 1: Maryland were indentured, with as much as half of Virginia's 141 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:16,760 Speaker 1: population being indentured at one time. Most of Virginia's indentured 142 00:08:16,760 --> 00:08:19,960 Speaker 1: workers were from Britain and Ireland, but they were indentured 143 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: workers from other parts of Europe as well. Especially before 144 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: the sixteen eighties, there were also Native American and African 145 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 1: indentured workers. It would be going way too far to 146 00:08:31,160 --> 00:08:34,679 Speaker 1: suggest that all of these workers were treated equally, regardless 147 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:38,720 Speaker 1: of their race or their nationality. Most European workers probably 148 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,640 Speaker 1: thought they were superior to the Native and African workers, 149 00:08:41,720 --> 00:08:44,200 Speaker 1: and there was also something of a hierarchy within the 150 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: workers from different parts of Europe. But overall, until the 151 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:52,680 Speaker 1: mid to late seventeenth century, Virginia's indentured workers tended to 152 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:56,400 Speaker 1: have similar working conditions, granted a lot of times they 153 00:08:56,400 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 1: were similarly terrible, and they also had similar oppert communities. 154 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:03,520 Speaker 1: At the end of their indenture. The contract terms tended 155 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:07,160 Speaker 1: to be less specific and less defined for Native and 156 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:10,280 Speaker 1: African workers. So it really wasn't unheard of for a 157 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: person's indenture never to formally end, even though it was 158 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 1: supposed to be temporary. But there were definitely Africans and 159 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:19,319 Speaker 1: people of African descent who got to the end of 160 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:23,559 Speaker 1: their indenture and regained their freedom and became landowners themselves 161 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:26,800 Speaker 1: with indentured workers of their own. That was starting to 162 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:30,320 Speaker 1: change during the period that we're discussing, and the events 163 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:33,360 Speaker 1: of Bacon's rebellion prompted even more changes, and we're going 164 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:43,000 Speaker 1: to talk about that more after we have a sponsor break. 165 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:47,800 Speaker 1: In the seventeenth century, indentured workers were not the only 166 00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:52,160 Speaker 1: unfree labor in Virginia. There were also enslaved Native Americans 167 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:55,720 Speaker 1: and enslaved Africans. For the first couple of years after 168 00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:58,959 Speaker 1: the founding of Jamestown, most of the unfree native labor 169 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,400 Speaker 1: in the colony was indentured. That started changing after the 170 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:06,640 Speaker 1: First Anglo Powhatan War started in sixteen o nine. This 171 00:10:06,760 --> 00:10:08,840 Speaker 1: was the first of a series of wars between the 172 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:12,440 Speaker 1: English Colony and an alliance of about thirty Algonquin speaking 173 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:16,760 Speaker 1: native peoples. It's known as the Powhatan Confederacy because its leader, 174 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:20,920 Speaker 1: Wahoon Sinacoa, was first introduced to the colonists as Powatin. 175 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:24,920 Speaker 1: Also heard that pronounced a couple of different ways, including 176 00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:30,080 Speaker 1: exactly how the emphasis goes in pot or. I heard 177 00:10:30,080 --> 00:10:32,000 Speaker 1: someone say at polatan and I was like, I never 178 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:34,240 Speaker 1: heard anyone say it that way when I was a child. 179 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,360 Speaker 1: There was not really a legal framework to do this 180 00:10:39,520 --> 00:10:43,640 Speaker 1: at first, but the English colonists started treating native prisoners 181 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:47,000 Speaker 1: of war from this conflict as slaves. A lot of 182 00:10:47,040 --> 00:10:50,840 Speaker 1: North America's native tribes were already practicing some form of 183 00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:55,240 Speaker 1: slavery before Europeans got there. Often this involved enslaving prisoners 184 00:10:55,240 --> 00:11:00,000 Speaker 1: of war. So the colonists established alliances and trading relationship 185 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:03,200 Speaker 1: ships with the tribes in the area, and as they 186 00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: did this, they started trading weapons and supplies with their 187 00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: native allies in exchange for their native allies prisoners of war. 188 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:14,160 Speaker 1: The enslavement of native people became a bigger part of 189 00:11:14,200 --> 00:11:17,600 Speaker 1: the Virginia Colony and more legally formalized in the middle 190 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 1: of the seventeenth century. In October of sixteen forty six, 191 00:11:21,520 --> 00:11:24,960 Speaker 1: a treaty and did the Third Anglo Powhetan War and 192 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:28,080 Speaker 1: This treaty made the remaining tribes of the Powhetan Confederacy 193 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:32,359 Speaker 1: tributaries and subject to English rule. One of the provisions 194 00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:34,800 Speaker 1: of the treaty was that Native children under the age 195 00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:39,400 Speaker 1: of twelve could voluntarily come to live in English households. 196 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:42,960 Speaker 1: So the colonists claimed that what they would be doing 197 00:11:43,120 --> 00:11:46,120 Speaker 1: was providing these children was shelter and an education and 198 00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:49,839 Speaker 1: converting them to Christianity, but in reality they were more 199 00:11:49,920 --> 00:11:53,760 Speaker 1: like hostages. This provision had been built into the treaty 200 00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:57,840 Speaker 1: to try to force the Native people to comply with it. Basically, 201 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:02,680 Speaker 1: we're taking your children into our homes, so you better 202 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:06,280 Speaker 1: do what we say because we have your kids. In 203 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:09,040 Speaker 1: addition to being treated as hostages, many of these Native 204 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:12,760 Speaker 1: children were also forced to work as servants. The colony's 205 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:16,320 Speaker 1: General Assembly passed a series of laws prohibiting the capture 206 00:12:16,640 --> 00:12:20,040 Speaker 1: and sale of Native children as slaves starting in sixteen 207 00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:24,319 Speaker 1: fifty five, but these laws were largely ignored by the colonists, 208 00:12:24,360 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: and in some cases colonial administrators encouraged breaking the law. Then, 209 00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:32,560 Speaker 1: in sixteen sixty the General Assembly passed a law that 210 00:12:32,679 --> 00:12:36,319 Speaker 1: permitted the enslavement of Native prisoners of war, and there 211 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:40,760 Speaker 1: were also mass enslavements and retribution for attacks on colonial settlements. 212 00:12:40,840 --> 00:12:44,120 Speaker 1: So if a tribe attacked a settlement and retaliation, the 213 00:12:44,160 --> 00:12:49,000 Speaker 1: colonists would enslave huge numbers of people from that tribe. And, 214 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:52,040 Speaker 1: as was the case in Africa with the trans Atlantic 215 00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:56,280 Speaker 1: slave trade, England's willingness to trade guns for people led 216 00:12:56,320 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 1: to increase warfare among the native tribes, as some of 217 00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:02,880 Speaker 1: them saw more prisoners of war to sell, and others 218 00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:07,439 Speaker 1: just tried to keep from becoming enslaved themselves. In sixteen seventy, 219 00:13:07,679 --> 00:13:11,040 Speaker 1: the General Assembly passed a new law that mandated that 220 00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:14,440 Speaker 1: native prisoners of war be indentured rather than enslaved, but 221 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:18,000 Speaker 1: as had happened with the laws that prohibited enslaving native children, 222 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:20,880 Speaker 1: a lot of people just ignored this. The treatment of 223 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:25,000 Speaker 1: Africans in Virginia followed a somewhat similar trajectory from indenture 224 00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:29,120 Speaker 1: to enslavement. The first Africans in Virginia are generally noted 225 00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:31,600 Speaker 1: as having arrived on a ship called the White Lion 226 00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:34,959 Speaker 1: in August of sixteen nineteen, although there may have been 227 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,480 Speaker 1: a small number of other Africans before that point. The 228 00:13:38,520 --> 00:13:41,680 Speaker 1: White Lion was an English privateer and its crew had 229 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:45,119 Speaker 1: taken a group of Africans prisoner after capturing a Portuguese 230 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,079 Speaker 1: vessel bound for Mexico. So the crew of the White 231 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:51,560 Speaker 1: Lion traded these people for food and supplies. But it's 232 00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:54,920 Speaker 1: not really clear from the historical record whether the colonists 233 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:59,520 Speaker 1: treated them as indentured or enslaved. It may have varied 234 00:13:59,559 --> 00:14:02,319 Speaker 1: among all of them. They were described as twenty and odd, 235 00:14:02,440 --> 00:14:06,600 Speaker 1: so a couple of dozen people chattel. Slavery was really 236 00:14:06,640 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 1: well established in Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch colonies by this point, 237 00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:14,520 Speaker 1: but British colonies were a little slower to adopt the practice. 238 00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:18,320 Speaker 1: So in sixteen nineteen, when the ship arrived in dentures 239 00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:22,080 Speaker 1: were really encoded in Virginia law, but slavery was not 240 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,240 Speaker 1: mentioned at all. Regardless of the question of the people 241 00:14:25,320 --> 00:14:29,120 Speaker 1: sold from the White Lion, there were definitely indentured Africans 242 00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:32,640 Speaker 1: in Virginia in the early to mid seventeenth century, although 243 00:14:32,680 --> 00:14:35,800 Speaker 1: over time more Africans started to be held in lifelong 244 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: bondage and the legal status of slavery in Virginia also 245 00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:44,720 Speaker 1: started shifting around sixteen forty. That year, three indentured workers 246 00:14:44,720 --> 00:14:48,400 Speaker 1: who were contracted to a man named Hugh Gwin fled 247 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: from where they were living into Maryland. They were captured 248 00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:55,840 Speaker 1: and returned to Virginia, where all three of them were whipped. 249 00:14:56,280 --> 00:14:59,520 Speaker 1: The two European men of these three were sentenced to 250 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:03,040 Speaker 1: in a sational four years of servitude, but the third man, 251 00:15:03,160 --> 00:15:06,080 Speaker 1: who was an African man known as John Punch, was 252 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:09,080 Speaker 1: sentenced to servitude for the rest of his life, and 253 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:12,480 Speaker 1: that was the first incidence of the lifelong servitude of 254 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: an African in Virginia's legal system. Lifetime enslavement of Africans 255 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:21,160 Speaker 1: formally became part of Virginia law in sixteen sixty one, 256 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:24,440 Speaker 1: and then in sixteen sixty two. The law also specified 257 00:15:24,480 --> 00:15:28,120 Speaker 1: that quote Negro women's children to serve according to the 258 00:15:28,160 --> 00:15:32,160 Speaker 1: condition of the mother, so slavery was basically passed down 259 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:37,480 Speaker 1: from mothers to their children. So Bacon's rebellion started in 260 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:41,239 Speaker 1: sixteen seventy six, at which point chattel slavery was relatively 261 00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:44,280 Speaker 1: new in Virginia, especially in terms of it's having some 262 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:47,920 Speaker 1: kind of legal framework, and it was unlawful to enslave 263 00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: Native prisoners of war for life, but that law was 264 00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:54,480 Speaker 1: often being ignored, so looking at it a little bit 265 00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:57,640 Speaker 1: more broadly, in sixteen seventy six, the Colony of Virginia 266 00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:00,880 Speaker 1: had a population of free people, some of whom had 267 00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: previously been indentured, and these free people were of multiple 268 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: races and nationalities. Virginia also had a very large number 269 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:12,720 Speaker 1: of indentured workers who were also of multiple races and nationalities, 270 00:16:13,240 --> 00:16:16,640 Speaker 1: and the colony had a much smaller number of enslaved people, 271 00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:22,160 Speaker 1: which included enslaved Africans and enslaved Native Americans. So regardless, 272 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:26,240 Speaker 1: the vast majority of Virginia's labor was not free, and 273 00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:30,320 Speaker 1: the majority of Virginia's unfree labor at this time was indentured. 274 00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:33,840 Speaker 1: But all of this was changing. Another thing that was 275 00:16:33,840 --> 00:16:36,760 Speaker 1: shifting was how the Europeans in this society thought of 276 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:41,440 Speaker 1: themselves in relation to everyone else. The idea that European 277 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:45,160 Speaker 1: Christians were collectively one group, that group being white people, 278 00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:48,680 Speaker 1: was fairly new. It was more common for people of 279 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:51,200 Speaker 1: European descent to think of their neighbors in terms of 280 00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:55,080 Speaker 1: their specific nationality or in terms of their religion. So 281 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,960 Speaker 1: the people living in Virginia at this time, really we're 282 00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:00,800 Speaker 1: thinking of things in terms of Christians and on Christians, 283 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:04,919 Speaker 1: Native Americans and Africans were considered non Christians unless they 284 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:07,679 Speaker 1: could prove that they had been baptized. And this was 285 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:11,879 Speaker 1: also connected to how people understood slavery, because before the 286 00:17:11,920 --> 00:17:15,080 Speaker 1: mid sixteen hundreds, it was only considered acceptable to hold 287 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:18,080 Speaker 1: non Christians in bondage. This was part of the core 288 00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:21,600 Speaker 1: definition of slavery, and this meant that in some parts 289 00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:25,359 Speaker 1: of the colony people were freed after being baptized. In 290 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:28,760 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty seven, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act 291 00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:33,320 Speaker 1: specifying that baptizing an enslaved person did not free them 292 00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:36,959 Speaker 1: from bondage. We should also note that non Christians didn't 293 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:39,760 Speaker 1: really include Jews at this point because there were very 294 00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 1: few Jewish people in North America aside from a very 295 00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:47,040 Speaker 1: few individual people. The first known group of Jewish colonists 296 00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:50,600 Speaker 1: arrived in New York as refugees from Brazil in sixteen 297 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,200 Speaker 1: fifty four. Yeah, later on there were definitely more specific 298 00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:57,640 Speaker 1: references to Jewish people, but at this time there were 299 00:17:57,720 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: so few that it was just not a big part 300 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:03,680 Speaker 1: of the law or people's social understanding to some. All 301 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:07,440 Speaker 1: of this up Bacon's rebellion united a lot of parts 302 00:18:07,440 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: of the society, including free farmers and indentured workers and 303 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:17,040 Speaker 1: enslaved Africans all against a perceived Native American threat. And 304 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:20,359 Speaker 1: then they turned their attention against the colonial government. And 305 00:18:20,359 --> 00:18:22,560 Speaker 1: we will get to why people were so frustrated with 306 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:33,199 Speaker 1: the government after a sponsored break. Before the break, we 307 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:36,159 Speaker 1: talked about the enslavement of Native Americans and Africans in 308 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,960 Speaker 1: Virginia from the earliest years of the colony up through 309 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,840 Speaker 1: the sixteen seventies, and now we need to rewind just 310 00:18:41,960 --> 00:18:45,200 Speaker 1: a little bit to talk about how the colonial government developed, 311 00:18:45,240 --> 00:18:47,760 Speaker 1: because that was a big source of frustration leading into 312 00:18:47,760 --> 00:18:50,600 Speaker 1: Bacon's rebellion. At the top of the show, we talked 313 00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,880 Speaker 1: about how the Virginia Company established the colony at Jamestown 314 00:18:53,880 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: in sixteen o seven. In sixteen eighteen, the company drafted 315 00:18:58,040 --> 00:19:02,879 Speaker 1: a set of instructions for newly appointed governor, Sir George Yeardley. 316 00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,120 Speaker 1: These instructions were called the Great Charter, and they included 317 00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 1: the head right system that we talked about earlier. The 318 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:13,359 Speaker 1: Great Charter also included instructions about the colony's governance. The 319 00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:16,960 Speaker 1: company decided to establish an elected body of representatives so 320 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:19,320 Speaker 1: that the colonists could have some say in the government. 321 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:23,720 Speaker 1: While the colony stayed in the company's control. These representatives 322 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:26,480 Speaker 1: were known as burgesses, and they were elected to represent 323 00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,919 Speaker 1: each settlement. Together, the Burgesses, the Governor's Council, and the 324 00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 1: Governor formed a unicameral body that was the General Assembly 325 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 1: that has come up a couple of times in this episode. 326 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: But in spite of ongoing reforms through these decades and 327 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:44,040 Speaker 1: all these instructions that were detailed in the Great Charter, 328 00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:48,360 Speaker 1: the colony still just was not thriving. The Virginia Company 329 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:51,240 Speaker 1: never managed to get out of debt, even though it 330 00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:54,720 Speaker 1: was not paying the vast majority of its labor. By 331 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:58,080 Speaker 1: the sixteen twenties, critics were also raising serious questions about 332 00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:00,320 Speaker 1: the company and how it was running things. So in 333 00:20:00,359 --> 00:20:04,240 Speaker 1: sixteen twenty four, after a year long investigation, the Crown 334 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:08,400 Speaker 1: revoked the company's charter and took direct control of the colony, 335 00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:12,280 Speaker 1: appointing a royal governor and other officials. This was a 336 00:20:12,320 --> 00:20:15,640 Speaker 1: massive change for the colonists, especially because for the first 337 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:20,159 Speaker 1: several years the General Assembly had no formal recognition. The 338 00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,840 Speaker 1: colonists were frustrated and angry over the situation, since they 339 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,760 Speaker 1: had gone from being at least somewhat self governing with 340 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,760 Speaker 1: an elected assembly to being under the control of a 341 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 1: governor who was appointed by the monarch. The crown did 342 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,400 Speaker 1: eventually recognize the assembly, and then in sixteen forty three, 343 00:20:37,560 --> 00:20:41,520 Speaker 1: Governor Sir William Berkeley split the Burgesses off into their 344 00:20:41,520 --> 00:20:44,000 Speaker 1: own house of the government, and so this turned the 345 00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:48,800 Speaker 1: colony's unicameral legislature into a bicameral one. His goal in 346 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:50,639 Speaker 1: doing this was part of a plan to try to 347 00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:53,800 Speaker 1: create a stable central government for the colony. But a 348 00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:56,720 Speaker 1: side effect of splitting the Burgesses into their own house 349 00:20:57,359 --> 00:21:00,080 Speaker 1: was that the Burgesses, who had always been mostly it 350 00:21:00,160 --> 00:21:03,119 Speaker 1: up of the colony's gentry, they became increasingly focused on 351 00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:05,760 Speaker 1: their own needs and the needs of other rich colonists, 352 00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:09,600 Speaker 1: so the colonies less affluent people really felt like they 353 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: didn't have a voice in the government anymore. Throughout all 354 00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:16,840 Speaker 1: this time, tobacco continued to be the foundation of Virginia's economy. 355 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:20,760 Speaker 1: Tobacco prices had started to drop around the sixteen twenties 356 00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:24,240 Speaker 1: as exports from North America and the Caribbean flooded the 357 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:27,640 Speaker 1: British market. The Dutch also bought a lot of tobacco 358 00:21:27,720 --> 00:21:30,800 Speaker 1: from Virginia, and that revenue was cut off completely during 359 00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,480 Speaker 1: the First Anglo Dutch War, which started in sixteen fifty two. 360 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:38,600 Speaker 1: Then in sixteen sixty, Parliament passed the Navigation Acts, which 361 00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:42,359 Speaker 1: required Virginia's exports to be sent through English ports on 362 00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:46,919 Speaker 1: English ships. That once again up ended Virginia's tobacco trade 363 00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 1: with the Dutch Republic, since the colony could no longer 364 00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:52,879 Speaker 1: sell directly to the Dutch yea. Once the war was 365 00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:55,399 Speaker 1: over they had resumed that trade, and then the Navigation 366 00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:57,239 Speaker 1: actiments that they could not do it anymore. And then, 367 00:21:57,240 --> 00:21:59,639 Speaker 1: of course, because it was a war, we are also 368 00:21:59,760 --> 00:22:03,240 Speaker 1: all the other wartime effects, including the colony being directly attacked. 369 00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 1: Also in sixteen sixty, Sir William Berkeley was appointed the 370 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:10,679 Speaker 1: Governor of Virginia for a second time. His separation of 371 00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:13,160 Speaker 1: the Burgesses into their own house and the government had 372 00:22:13,160 --> 00:22:16,240 Speaker 1: happened during his first term. That first term lasted from 373 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:19,360 Speaker 1: sixteen forty one to sixteen fifty two, and it largely 374 00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:23,760 Speaker 1: took place during the English Civil War. Berkeley himself was 375 00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: a Royalist, so when that side lost the war, he 376 00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:31,240 Speaker 1: naturally lost his position as governor. Not long afterward, Charles 377 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:34,120 Speaker 1: the Second was restored to the throne in sixteen sixty 378 00:22:34,359 --> 00:22:36,920 Speaker 1: and Berkeley's first term as governor had gone well enough 379 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:40,199 Speaker 1: that the king restored him to the position, but the 380 00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:43,480 Speaker 1: second term did not go nearly as well. In his 381 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:46,960 Speaker 1: first term, Berkeley had encouraged Virginia farmers and planters to 382 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: diversify their crops so the colonial economy wouldn't be so 383 00:22:50,560 --> 00:22:55,000 Speaker 1: susceptible to everything from whether to wars. Charles the second 384 00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:58,960 Speaker 1: approved a formal plan to do this during Berkeley's second term, 385 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:01,920 Speaker 1: but Berkeley's attempt to carry it out just didn't go well. 386 00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:06,000 Speaker 1: Taxes were increased to fund the diversification effort, which meant 387 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,680 Speaker 1: that planters felt like they were being taxed in order 388 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:10,560 Speaker 1: to make a change that they didn't even want to 389 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:14,240 Speaker 1: make in the first place. The diversification effort fizzled, and 390 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: tobacco remained as the primary export crop, so when the 391 00:23:17,960 --> 00:23:21,800 Speaker 1: Second Anglo Dutch War started in sixteen sixty five, planters 392 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:26,320 Speaker 1: incomes once again plummeted. Planters were also becoming frustrated because 393 00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:28,800 Speaker 1: of some of the consequences of the head right system 394 00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:32,040 Speaker 1: that we talked about earlier. The land that was granted 395 00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 1: to people under that system was not the most fertile 396 00:23:35,040 --> 00:23:38,640 Speaker 1: farmable land out in the tide Water area of the colony. 397 00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:41,560 Speaker 1: It was farther inland, where it was a lot rockier, 398 00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:44,040 Speaker 1: the soil was not as rich. Some of it was 399 00:23:44,119 --> 00:23:46,160 Speaker 1: on the other side of the fall line, which made 400 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:49,359 Speaker 1: it harder to transport goods out to the coast. And 401 00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: the more people moved into this territory, the more frustrated 402 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:56,000 Speaker 1: they were about this disparity between the people out on 403 00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:58,720 Speaker 1: the tide Water and people in the inner coastal plane. 404 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:02,720 Speaker 1: Governor Keley was also really fond of granting some of 405 00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 1: the best land so people that he liked as rewards, 406 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,280 Speaker 1: and that meant that that extra good land was not 407 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:12,080 Speaker 1: available to sell to anyone else. Those earlier issues with 408 00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:16,040 Speaker 1: colonists feeling like they weren't represented in the government resurfaced 409 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:19,880 Speaker 1: in sixteen seventy when the Assembly adopted legislation that restricted 410 00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:23,679 Speaker 1: the right to vote only to people who owned taxable land. 411 00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:29,080 Speaker 1: This disenfranchised a lot of previously eligible voters. On top 412 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:31,080 Speaker 1: of that, there hadn't been a new election for the 413 00:24:31,080 --> 00:24:34,920 Speaker 1: Assembly in eight years, so only the wealthiest and most 414 00:24:34,920 --> 00:24:37,720 Speaker 1: elite people in the colony felt represented in the government, 415 00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:40,880 Speaker 1: since they were the ones connected to the burgesses who 416 00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:43,960 Speaker 1: had been serving all that time. As if that was 417 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:46,680 Speaker 1: not enough. On top of all of this, in sixteen 418 00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:50,800 Speaker 1: seventy two, Charles the Second granted all of Virginia's revenues 419 00:24:50,920 --> 00:24:54,600 Speaker 1: to the Lords Arlington and Culpepper, and this led the 420 00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:57,760 Speaker 1: Governor of Virginia to raise taxes again both try to 421 00:24:57,840 --> 00:25:01,160 Speaker 1: offset that loss of revenue and pay for an appeal 422 00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:04,320 Speaker 1: to try to get the grant reversed. All of these 423 00:25:04,359 --> 00:25:06,560 Speaker 1: things that we've talked about today led to the British 424 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:10,399 Speaker 1: colonies first violent uprising among its colonists, and we were 425 00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:13,639 Speaker 1: going to talk about that on our next show. I 426 00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:16,280 Speaker 1: have a little bit of listener mails to close us out, 427 00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:19,080 Speaker 1: and this is about our not that long ago episode 428 00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:22,359 Speaker 1: on Raphael Limpkin and the Genocide Convention. It is from Nate. 429 00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:26,359 Speaker 1: Nate says, Hello, Tracy and Holly. I just wanted to 430 00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,040 Speaker 1: add a note to your episode on Raphael Limpkin and 431 00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:34,520 Speaker 1: the Genocide Convention. You mentioned that Limpkins studied law at LVOV, Poland, 432 00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:37,639 Speaker 1: which is now in Ukraine and called Liviv. While Limpkin 433 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:41,120 Speaker 1: was working to define genocide as a crime, the related 434 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:44,600 Speaker 1: but distinct legal concept of crimes against humanity was being 435 00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:47,679 Speaker 1: developed by Hirsch louder Pact, who had studied law at 436 00:25:47,720 --> 00:25:51,080 Speaker 1: the same university. The parallels between the two continued at 437 00:25:51,080 --> 00:25:54,199 Speaker 1: the Nuremberg trial, where louder Part was an advisor to 438 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:58,240 Speaker 1: the British prosecutors while Limpkin was an advisor to the Americans. 439 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:00,639 Speaker 1: Both men lost relatives in the Hall a cost and 440 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:03,200 Speaker 1: at Nuremberg they came face to face with a defendant 441 00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:07,280 Speaker 1: most directly responsible for these deaths, Hans Frank, the Nazi 442 00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:09,879 Speaker 1: governor of Poland. I learned this and more in a 443 00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:13,600 Speaker 1: fascinating book called East West Street by Philips Sands, which 444 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:17,320 Speaker 1: I highly recommend. Keep up the good work, Nate. Thank you, Nate. 445 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:19,560 Speaker 1: I wanted to read this email for two reasons. One 446 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,760 Speaker 1: to include that tidbit about Loder Pact and the idea 447 00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:26,840 Speaker 1: of crimes against humanity, because that did come up in 448 00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:29,040 Speaker 1: my research and was not something that we really got 449 00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:34,359 Speaker 1: into in the episode as much. Um One of Lincoln's 450 00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:38,240 Speaker 1: sources of frustration was that it seemed like sometimes there 451 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:40,880 Speaker 1: was more focused on this idea of crimes against humanity, 452 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:42,600 Speaker 1: and he really felt like there needed to be a 453 00:26:42,680 --> 00:26:46,880 Speaker 1: legal focus on the idea of genocide and on preventing 454 00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:50,400 Speaker 1: and prosecuting genocide. And then I also wanted to clarify 455 00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:52,879 Speaker 1: because I don't think I said that he had studied 456 00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:57,840 Speaker 1: law in love Poland. I'm not sure what gave that impression. 457 00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,800 Speaker 1: What I did say that was definitely confus using, or 458 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:03,200 Speaker 1: what I did right that was definitely confusing. I don't 459 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:05,480 Speaker 1: remember which of us said it in the actual episode. 460 00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:10,760 Speaker 1: Is that um I made it sound like the University 461 00:27:11,119 --> 00:27:16,360 Speaker 1: of Heidelberg and Levov which is now Lviv, was one place. 462 00:27:16,920 --> 00:27:21,280 Speaker 1: Those are in fact two different universities, and limpken Uh 463 00:27:21,520 --> 00:27:24,399 Speaker 1: studied at both of those universities at different times. So 464 00:27:24,440 --> 00:27:27,040 Speaker 1: if anybody got the impression that there used to be 465 00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:30,760 Speaker 1: a university that was called the University of Heidelberg and Liviv, 466 00:27:30,840 --> 00:27:34,040 Speaker 1: that it's two different places and Liviv yes is in 467 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:38,719 Speaker 1: Ukraine now. Uh So, thank you Nate for letting me 468 00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:40,359 Speaker 1: share that. If you would like to write to us 469 00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:42,679 Speaker 1: about this or any other podcasts, we are a history 470 00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:45,439 Speaker 1: podcast at how stuff works dot com. There we're all 471 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:51,000 Speaker 1: over social media at missed in History. We are at Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 472 00:27:51,040 --> 00:27:53,560 Speaker 1: and Instagram as missed in History, and then you can 473 00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:55,520 Speaker 1: come to our website which is missed in history dot 474 00:27:55,560 --> 00:27:57,920 Speaker 1: com and find a searchable archive of all the episodes 475 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:00,000 Speaker 1: you've ever done and the show notes for the episode 476 00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:02,560 Speaker 1: Holly and I have worked on together, and you can 477 00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:05,920 Speaker 1: subscribe to our show on Apple podcast i heart Radio app, 478 00:28:05,960 --> 00:28:13,120 Speaker 1: but anywhere else you get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed 479 00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:15,479 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I Heart Radio's 480 00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:18,440 Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for my heart Radio, 481 00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,520 Speaker 1: visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 482 00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:23,040 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.