Speaker 1: Welcome to Noble Blood, A production of iHeartRadio and Grimm
Speaker 1: and Mild from Aaron Manky listener discretion advised, shall I
Speaker 1: die before I sing Mass in Jerusalem? That was the
Speaker 1: key question that Gerbert of Arelac asked to his unnervingly
Speaker 1: stoic companion. Gerbert was one of the most accomplished scholars
Speaker 1: of his age, a teacher of emperors and a master
Speaker 1: of sciences, yet he was never quite satisfied. His curiosity,
Speaker 1: ambition and Hubrius had pushed him to seek power and
Speaker 1: wealth through the dark arts, and in honing his sinister skills,
Speaker 1: he had built a statue head that could speak. This
Speaker 1: metallic automaton was magically bound to tell the truth and
Speaker 1: could predict the future, but it only responded when asked
Speaker 1: questions and only replied either yes or no. For instance,
Speaker 1: one of Gerbert's first inquiries was will I be Pope?
Speaker 1: His unholy statue prophet said yes. All of that is,
Speaker 1: of course, according to legend, or rather a long history
Speaker 1: of embellished stories that sought to explain and or tarnish
Speaker 1: the unique life and unprecedented rise of a brilliant French
Speaker 1: clergyman across the tenth century and start of the second millennium.
Speaker 1: In some versions of that story, Gerbert consulted a wily
Speaker 1: demon instead of a mechanical oracle. Some chroniclers insisted it
Speaker 1: was a female demon named Murdana. Others were counted how
Speaker 1: Gerbert additionally made a pact with the devil and was
Speaker 1: perhaps even the Antichrist himself. Juicy stuff amid all of
Speaker 1: these vivid rumors, though several evidence backed details have endured,
Speaker 1: as Gerbert's own letters and numerous contemporary accounts from his
Speaker 1: time showed Gerbert was indeed motivated by a passion for knowledge.
Speaker 1: He continually expanded his scientific expertise, and his ambitions did
Speaker 1: very much push him to seek increasingly high posts. Per
Speaker 1: his statue head's alleged prediction, Gerbert did eventually become pope,
Speaker 1: choosing the name Sylvester the Second. Yet in summoning the
Speaker 1: Catholic Church's hierarchical mountain, he and his scientific contributions faced
Speaker 1: mounting disdain and danger. Modern historians disagree with many of
Speaker 1: their centuries earlier counterparts about whether Gerbert's ultimate undoing was
Speaker 1: the result of a complex web of ideological and geopolitical
Speaker 1: factors or punishment for a life of supposed diabolical dealings,
Speaker 1: but just about every account seems to agree that one
Speaker 1: thing of vital importance was, in the words of the
Speaker 1: classic real estate adage, location, location location. As the myth goes,
Speaker 1: Gerbert asked his mythical statue had that crucial question, if
Speaker 1: you would die before singing Mass in Jerusalem. The head
Speaker 1: replied no, easy, then Gerbert would live as long as
Speaker 1: he could put off traveling to the ancient city. But
Speaker 1: in avoiding Jerusalem, Gerbert apparently overlooked a crucial wrinkle. In Rome,
Speaker 1: there was a church commonly called Jerusalem, and by giving
Speaker 1: Mass there on May third, one thousand and three, in
Speaker 1: both legend and reality, he finally sealed his fate. Got
Speaker 1: to pay attention to the fine print. I'm Danas Schwartz
Speaker 1: and this is noble blood. In nine hundred and sixty seven,
Speaker 1: Gerbert made a journey that would change his life. The
Speaker 1: transition from a relatively small monastery in the Kingdom of
Speaker 1: France to the humming metropolis of Barcelona would have been
Speaker 1: enticing to any curious mind. For Gerbert, then a young,
Speaker 1: opportunistic monk with a voracious appetite for knowledge, Spain was
Speaker 1: basically and all you can learn buffet. Herbert was especially
Speaker 1: interested in the four traditional liberal arts known as the quadrivium, arithmetic, geometry, music,
Speaker 1: and astronomy. Along the border of the Muslim ruled region
Speaker 1: of the Iberian Peninsula known as Al Andalus, Gerbert found
Speaker 1: scholarly communities that not only prized learning in those areas,
Speaker 1: but also reportedly showed tremendous levels of tolerance and collaboration
Speaker 1: between Muslim, Christian, and Jewish intellectuals. Gerbert's exact whereabouts during
Speaker 1: his three years in Spain have sparked a fair amount
Speaker 1: of politically fueled controversy among historians of different eras. However,
Speaker 1: it is no stretch to say that, regardless of whether
Speaker 1: Gerbert mostly stayed in Barcelona and at the Santa Maria
Speaker 1: deir Pol monastery, or whether he crossed the border into
Speaker 1: Islamic Spain, he absorbed significant wisdom and expertise that initially
Speaker 1: came from Muslim scholars and Arabic educational centers. For instance,
Speaker 1: the Royal Library in Cordoba, the then capital of l
Speaker 1: and de Luce, was said to house between forty thousand
Speaker 1: and four hundred thousand books, many of which were translated
Speaker 1: from Persian, Indian, Greek, and African languages, and many of
Speaker 1: those books had purportedly come from an acclaimed public academy
Speaker 1: in Baghdad known as the House of Wisdom. So naturally,
Speaker 1: given Gerbert's well documented love of reading and frequent letters
Speaker 1: sent requesting tomes on topics of interest, Gerbert encountered plenty
Speaker 1: of relevant texts and well informed scholars whose ideas had
Speaker 1: originated or flourished in the spirited, incubating environment of Spain's
Speaker 1: Islamic caes, whether or not he physically learned there himself
Speaker 1: or not. Gerbert left for Rome in nine hundred and
Speaker 1: seventy and used his Spanish education to distinguish himself as
Speaker 1: a teacher and scientist. In fact, he impressed the Holy
Speaker 1: Roman Emperor Otto the First so much that the ruler
Speaker 1: hired Gerbert to tutor his son, Otto the Second. Gerbert
Speaker 1: went on to run a cathedral school in Riim, near Paris,
Speaker 1: and he became an extremely popular educator. Accounts from many
Speaker 1: of Gerbert's colleagues and proteges were so glowing that it's
Speaker 1: tempting to picture him as both an esteemed, erudite math
Speaker 1: professor and a hip loves to sit on his chair
Speaker 1: backwards youth pastor to inspire students. Gerbert reportedly infused lessons
Speaker 1: with everything from rousing debates with famed philosophers to explanations
Speaker 1: of fractions that involved showing how finger placement on a
Speaker 1: simple instrument affected a string's vibrations. While teaching, Gerbert also
Speaker 1: continued his own research. It would take too long to
Speaker 1: cover all of his scientific achievements, so here are some highlights.
Speaker 1: Gerbert arguably became Christian Europe's most famed mathematician during his lifetime.
Speaker 1: He did that not so much by coming up with
Speaker 1: entirely original ideas, but by applying concepts in resourceful ways.
Speaker 1: For example, Gerbert became widely known for embracing Arabic numerals
Speaker 1: and showcasing to Latin Europe how they made arithmetic far
Speaker 1: easier than Roman numerals. A chief asset in that mission
Speaker 1: was an upgraded abacus, As anyone who's ever to add, subtract, multiply,
Speaker 1: or divide using the ancient Roman system can attest. Not
Speaker 1: to mention any of us who have struggled to merely
Speaker 1: decode Super Bowl numbers. Long strings of letters make large
Speaker 1: figures unwieldy. By simplifying the counting pieces on an abacus
Speaker 1: so they each held a single digit from one to nine,
Speaker 1: Gerbert constructed a device that allowed him to perform calculations
Speaker 1: with jaw dropping speed. He additionally introduced the concept of
Speaker 1: zero and would reportedly show off by adding and multiplying
Speaker 1: numbers into the octilians. Some writers and scientists point to
Speaker 1: that analog calculator as one of the world's first computers.
Speaker 1: In the field of music, Gerbert helped to fine tune
Speaker 1: an instrument called a water His experimenting led him to
Speaker 1: skillfully design a long tube that ingeniously created air pressure
Speaker 1: by harnessing flowing water, which then allowed the organ's pipes
Speaker 1: to sound without requiring the strenuous labor of operating bellows. Finally,
Speaker 1: when it came to astronomy, Gerbert obsessively observed the skies
Speaker 1: and became exceptionally proficient with several devices. One tool was
Speaker 1: the armillary sphere, an intricate globe with attached rings that
Speaker 1: charted the paths of planet and stars. In Gerbert's time,
Speaker 1: the Earth was at the center of this contraption, with
Speaker 1: other bodies orbiting around it. Despite that inaccurate model, Gerbert
Speaker 1: was still able to use his customized armillary spheres to
Speaker 1: closely track the trajectories of stars and engagingly display astronomy
Speaker 1: concepts to his students. Gerbert's written correspondence also shows that
Speaker 1: he was hugely interested in using astral observations to calculate time.
Speaker 1: Rudimentary clocks like sundials had been around for thousands of years,
Speaker 1: but Gerbert wanted to be able to more accurately track
Speaker 1: time by day and night, and to find a more
Speaker 1: comprehensive model to explain the fluctuations of daylight hours across
Speaker 1: the seasons. Although none of Gerbert's favored timekeeping devices seemed
Speaker 1: to have survived, references by a Prince bishop contemporary point
Speaker 1: to Gerbert constructing an intricate nightclock that likely borrowed features
Speaker 1: from ancient devices like astrolabes and noctoralabes. Some modern historians
Speaker 1: have argued that Gerbert's linking of calculable time with heavenly
Speaker 1: movements helped spawn the medieval field of mathematical astronomy in
Speaker 1: Christian Europe, at the very least, given accounts that he
Speaker 1: wowed kings and noble courts by predicting eclipses, Gerbert must
Speaker 1: have made quite the party guest. Gerbert's rising fame created
Speaker 1: additional employment opportunities, both within the Catholic Church and the
Speaker 1: highest royal houses. The involved machinations are fairly complicated, but
Speaker 1: in broad strokes, Gerbert kept up strong ties with the
Speaker 1: Ottoman dynasty, to the point that he completed something of
Speaker 1: a fully Roman hat trick by eventually mentoring Otto the Third.
Speaker 1: Gerbert's third time educating a royal auto proved to be
Speaker 1: quite the charm in terms of his own ecclesiastical career.
Speaker 1: In nine hundred and ninety nine, Gerbert's close relationship with
Speaker 1: the young emperor helped him become pope. He chose the
Speaker 1: name Sylvester the Second, signaling his admiration for Pope Sylvester
Speaker 1: the First, who had advised Emperor Constantine in the fourth century. Accordingly,
Speaker 1: Gerbert hoped to help Otto the Third reunite Constantinople and
Speaker 1: Rome into one realm and usher in a new golden
Speaker 1: age built on law, tolerance, and learning. Unfortunately, for Gerbert
Speaker 1: and arguably portions of Europe, fate or universal randomness, God
Speaker 1: or the Devil had other plans before delving into Gerbert's
Speaker 1: fraught time as pope and the ensuing macabre legends. It's
Speaker 1: worth adding some quick context and clarification regarding a few
Speaker 1: core elements. First, despite later scholars coining erroneous and reductive
Speaker 1: term like the Dark Ages and the Enlightenment, Gerbert did
Speaker 1: not live in a time of intellectual darkness. Numerous empires
Speaker 1: and cultures across the globe continually innovated, and while some
Speaker 1: of the European hubs in which Gerbert lived initially resisted
Speaker 1: certain concepts, these realms were not wholly overwhelmed by ignorant,
Speaker 1: superstitious thought. For example, Gerbert's written correspondence with other academic
Speaker 1: show that they knew the Earth was round, whereas later
Speaker 1: supposedly enlightened figures, including a few early humanists, continued to
Speaker 1: spread theories that Earth was flat. In addition, it can
Speaker 1: sometimes be difficult to avoid viewing the relationship between religion
Speaker 1: and science through a modern lens, considering all the periods
Speaker 1: of fraud history there. But in Gerbert's day, religion and
Speaker 1: science weren't really thought of as separate fields or subjects
Speaker 1: supported by warring communities were often the opposite was the case.
Speaker 1: Many who served the church were also researchers who sought
Speaker 1: scientific inquiry as a means to reveal and revel in
Speaker 1: God's work. Finally, though some of the traditions and trappings
Speaker 1: shown in recent papal news coverage and in films like
Speaker 1: Conclave were still present in the early thousands, the position
Speaker 1: of pope was different. Back then. Those doing the job
Speaker 1: were tremendously hampered by coups, forced exiles, excommunications, and the
Speaker 1: presence of the occasional anti popes. Numerous popes also simply
Speaker 1: died soon into their reigns, which obviously was very inconvenient
Speaker 1: for any of the long term ambitions they might have had.
Speaker 1: In short, things were nuanced and complex, and so was Gerbert.
Speaker 1: He sought to foster ties between kingdoms and kept up
Speaker 1: a vast scholarly network, but he also had his own
Speaker 1: ego and academic beliefs, and he could get prickly with
Speaker 1: authority figures. Eventually he even had to flee Rome when
Speaker 1: the nobility revolted. Then Emperor Otto the Third suddenly died,
Speaker 1: which essentially destroyed Gerbert's hope of uniting East and West
Speaker 1: to foster a new Golden Age. Through this time, Gerbert's
Speaker 1: uncompromising leadership style and political alignments prompted his enemies to
Speaker 1: occasionally brand him a dark sorcerer or the Antichrist. That said,
Speaker 1: it's helpful to bear in mind that for centuries, if
Speaker 1: not millennia, insults in that vain were commonly tossed at
Speaker 1: those in power. Interestingly, the most salacious and lasting legends
Speaker 1: about Gerbert surfaced after his death, and their iterations reveal
Speaker 1: much about the predilections of their storytellers. For example, toward
Speaker 1: the end of the eleventh century, decades after Gerbert's death,
Speaker 1: a cardinal named Beno wanted to replace the sitting pope
Speaker 1: who was trying to increase his papal powers. So Cardinal
Speaker 1: Beno wrote a diatribe alleging that that pope had been
Speaker 1: schooled by the dark wizard Gerbert and his disciples. In
Speaker 1: his writing, Beno explained how Gerbert, who had come from
Speaker 1: humble peasant beginnings, had found success by making a deal
Speaker 1: with the devil. Similar notes of elitism and possible professional
Speaker 1: jealousy seemed to waft from many other storytellers and Detractor's
Speaker 1: accounts that also claim a diabolical pact as the only
Speaker 1: possible explanation for the fame and wisdom that humbleborn Gerbert attained.
Speaker 1: Twelfth century English writer Walter Mapp went further. He leaned
Speaker 1: into the idea that Gerbert reached a sinful agreement with
Speaker 1: a beautiful, all knowing demon named Maradiana. He also asserted
Speaker 1: that Gerbert successfully repented at the end of his life,
Speaker 1: thus proffering a parable that tracks with Mapp's background as
Speaker 1: a bishop and iterant justice. According to some modern historians,
Speaker 1: maps fanciful retelling of Gerbert's life also fits with Mapp's
Speaker 1: preference for covering stories with fantastical, romantic, and even satirical elements.
Speaker 1: Fun fact, Walter Mapp was reportedly one of the first
Speaker 1: writers in England to record and start to popularize stories
Speaker 1: of vampires. William of Malmsbury, an English monk and notable historian,
Speaker 1: possibly added the most vivid detail of all in his
Speaker 1: twelfth century chronicle of Gerbert's life. As some critics have asserted,
Speaker 1: the style in which he describes Gerbert cavorting around in
Speaker 1: Spain with beautiful women and Arab wizards sometimes reads more
Speaker 1: like the folk tales in One thousand and One Nights
Speaker 1: than that of a will substantiated biography. William also largely
Speaker 1: promoted the legend about Gerbert using what he allegedly learned
Speaker 1: in Muslim al Andalous to create his oracle statue head
Speaker 1: in Rome. Once again, the ti and ideological leanings of
Speaker 1: these records are significant following the rising cultural conflicts at
Speaker 1: the heart of the Great Schism in ten fifty four
Speaker 1: and the First Crusade in ten ninety six. William, linking
Speaker 1: Gerbert's purported sins to knowledge he ostensibly learned from Spain's
Speaker 1: Islamic Caliphate, mirrored a move by many influential Christian figures
Speaker 1: to decry any wisdom gained from sources outside of Latin Europe.
Speaker 1: There are also many graphic legends about Gerbert's death. Most
Speaker 1: begin similarly with his sins catching up with him once
Speaker 1: he attended Mass in the Church of the Holy Cross
Speaker 1: of Jerusalem, which again was located in Rome. From there
Speaker 1: the tall tales begin to branch out. Some claim he
Speaker 1: fell ill and tried to re pent by asking his
Speaker 1: cardinals to cut off his limbs, tongue, and or hands,
Speaker 1: and then to scatter his pieces across the city. Others
Speaker 1: claim that the devil showed up in the church to
Speaker 1: personally beat and mutilate Gerbert. One impish iteration specified that
Speaker 1: the devil gouged out Gerbert's eyeballs so that his demons
Speaker 1: could play with them. Regardless of these rumored antics, Gerbert
Speaker 1: was duly buried at the Saint John Lateran Cathedral in Rome.
Speaker 1: Over the next few centuries, though additional myths abounded that
Speaker 1: his marble tomb routinely sweated and that his bones rattled
Speaker 1: to foretell the death of successive popes. When it comes
Speaker 1: to more solidly corroborated historical evidence, most accounts do point
Speaker 1: to Gerbert f falling ill after attending Mass at the
Speaker 1: church known as Jerusalem on May third, one thousand and three,
Speaker 1: and then dying shortly after on May twelfth. Historians are
Speaker 1: unsure of the exact cause of death, but some maintain
Speaker 1: that it was probably a disease such as malaria, which
Speaker 1: had a track record of killing many rulers and popes
Speaker 1: in Rome. As scientists later learned, those with Northern European
Speaker 1: roots were especially susceptible since they lacked genetically transferred protection.
Speaker 1: So once again, location was a critical element of Gerbert's life.
Speaker 1: But while Gerbert's personal and professional battles were over, the
Speaker 1: fight over his legacy would continue for centuries. To this day,
Speaker 1: Gerbert remained the only professional mathematician to become pope, although coincidentally,
Speaker 1: the very newly elected Pope Leo the fourteenth did get
Speaker 1: a math degree. After Gerbert's death, certain partisan historians chose
Speaker 1: to primarily call him Gerbert rather than Pope Sylvester the Second,
Speaker 1: as an attempted rebuke. This actually seems fitting, however, since
Speaker 1: he did not have the longest or most productive rain
Speaker 1: as pope, and in my mind, calling him Gerbert feels
Speaker 1: truer to his larger identity and legacy. So if you
Speaker 1: thought that I was doing it as some larger political statement,
Speaker 1: not really. In addition to helping to revolutionize the fields
Speaker 1: of math and astronomy in Christian Europe, much of Gerbert's
Speaker 1: lasting impact was as a teacher, since he instructed many
Speaker 1: clergymen who went on to make important scientific discoveries and
Speaker 1: contributions of their own. In more recent history, numerous mathematicians
Speaker 1: and mathematical societies have honored Gerbert, and, especially during spikes
Speaker 1: of widespread Islamophobia, praised his tolerant, collaborative nature and appreciation
Speaker 1: for the work of Muslim intellectuals. Likewise, modern popes and
Speaker 1: religious figures have lauded Gerbert's contributions as a scientist and
Speaker 1: man of God, and in spite of all its supposed
Speaker 1: sweating and rattling, Gerbert's preserved tombstone still hangs in the
Speaker 1: latterin church. Gerbert's likeness has also lived on, since he
Speaker 1: has been commemorated with everything from statues to frescoes to
Speaker 1: postage stamps. The renowned scientist pope also inspired many works
Speaker 1: of non fiction and fiction, including serving as a scheming
Speaker 1: antagonist in Deborah Harkness's Discovery of Witches book and TV series.
Speaker 1: Although Gerbert's life was harshly maligned for long periods, to
Speaker 1: some degree the vilifying legends may still have helped to
Speaker 1: spread his principles and immortalize his persona On a basic level.
Speaker 1: The myths obviously provide an enticing entry point for those
Speaker 1: unfamiliar with his life and work. In a broader and
Speaker 1: more ironic way, we may actually have Gerbert's detractors to
Speaker 1: think for the fact that historians are able to analyze
Speaker 1: and credit many of his accomplishments. This is because in
Speaker 1: fearing that many rivals might try to discredit him, the
Speaker 1: forward thinking Gerbert intentionally preserved many of his letters in
Speaker 1: the hopes of defending himself and his ideas. Fascinatingly, according
Speaker 1: to modern scholarship, even the heightened myths told about Gerbert
Speaker 1: showcase a clear progression of scientific understanding and acceptance. For instance,
Speaker 1: William of Malmesbury's account of Gerbert's life delineates knowledge seen
Speaker 1: as permissible and as impermissible. He claims that in Muslim Spain,
Speaker 1: Gerbert learned the impermissible skills of necromancy and animal augury,
Speaker 1: like seeing omens in bird's flight patterns. But William asserted
Speaker 1: that Gerbert was specifically able to make his talking head
Speaker 1: statue using knowledge gained by studying heavenly bodies. In his view,
Speaker 1: celestial divination was permissible since astronomy was part of the
Speaker 1: accepted quadrivium. In other words, William condemned Gerbert for learning
Speaker 1: dark arts in Spain, but as opposed to earlier Detroy dictors,
Speaker 1: he explained that Gerbert's predictive abilities via magic statue head
Speaker 1: came from a more acceptable astral science rather than demonic magic,
Speaker 1: whether that was intentional on William's part or not, that's
Speaker 1: some progress. Accounts like that helped to further validate astronomy
Speaker 1: in Latin Europe, thus setting the stage for subsequent breakthroughs
Speaker 1: by the likes of Copernicus and Galileo. Arguably, the lengthy
Speaker 1: fixation with Gerbert's prophetic head also stands out as an
Speaker 1: intriguing example of humanity's fascination with artificial intelligence. Although posthumous
Speaker 1: portrayals of Gerbert's clearly got absurd, Perhaps if the renowned
Speaker 1: scientist had been able to gain knowledge of the future,
Speaker 1: he would have been amused to know he would become
Speaker 1: a sub object of science fiction, hundreds of years before
Speaker 1: that term was widely used. Ultimately, the Catholic world may
Speaker 1: never again see a scientist pope quite like Sylvester the Second,
Speaker 1: and the science world may never again see a religious
Speaker 1: mathematician of Gerbert's ilk. Funnily enough, while many bitterly equated
Speaker 1: Gerbert's singular success with devilish deal making, a closer look
Speaker 1: at his life reveals how much of his true power
Speaker 1: came from his knack for collaborating and for sharing and inspiring.
Speaker 1: From peasant to polymath to pope, the math obsessed Gerbert
Speaker 1: of Aurlac never stopped finding strength in numbers. That's the
Speaker 1: story of Gerbert, but stick around after a brief sponsor
Speaker 1: break to hear another reason why any assumption that the
Speaker 1: famed mathematician lived in a total dark age doesn't add
Speaker 1: up when recalling milestones that tested a society's ability to
Speaker 1: balance logic and superstition. Hy two K was a pretty
Speaker 1: memorable one. The approach of the year two thousand prompted
Speaker 1: fears about widespread computer errors and infrastructure issues, as well
Speaker 1: as conspiracy theories and end of the world predictions. The
Speaker 1: digital element of the millennial transition was new, the prognosticating
Speaker 1: was not. Why one K saw plenty of similar panic,
Speaker 1: or at least that's the narrative that many later writers pushed,
Speaker 1: often trying to paint prior eras as more primitive and
Speaker 1: ignorant than their own. Again, the accounts of many who
Speaker 1: were alive in the lead up to the year one
Speaker 1: thousand tells a more nuanced tale. There was still fear mongering.
Speaker 1: One tenth century chronicler documented supposed signs of the nearing
Speaker 1: apocalypse that included quote rains of blood wolves in churches
Speaker 1: and unusually large whales. But the Christian world was not
Speaker 1: entirely gripped by existential terror. For one thing, the Anno
Speaker 1: Domini dating system was not yet universally accepted among record keepers,
Speaker 1: which muddled rumors that the world would end one thousand
Speaker 1: years after the birth of Jesus Christ. For another thing,
Speaker 1: those who were following the ad calendar system and feeling
Speaker 1: a wee bit anxious, they had a practical minded religious
Speaker 1: leader to turn to. As a pope and scientist, Gerbert
Speaker 1: was uniquely positioned to be a calm voice of reason,
Speaker 1: and judging by many accounts, he was so. Perhaps the
Speaker 1: modern and enlightened, yet occasionally angsty folks are not so
Speaker 1: different from our millennia crossing counterparts, or at least those
Speaker 1: who paid attention to their mathematician pope. Nobel Blood is
Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey.
Speaker 1: Noble Blood is hosted by me Dana Schwartz, with additional
Speaker 1: writing and research by Hannah Johnston, Hannaswick, Courtney Sender, Amy
Speaker 1: Hit and Julia Milaney. The show is edited and produced
Speaker 1: by Jesse Funk, with supervising producer rima il KLi and
Speaker 1: executive producers Aaron Mankey, Trevor Young, and Matt Fret. For
Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.