1
00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:04,760
Speaker 1: My La. Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind, the

2
00:00:04,840 --> 00:00:14,159
Speaker 1: production of My Heart Radio. Hey, welcome to Stuff to

3
00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:16,880
Speaker 1: Blow your Mind. My name is Robert Lamb and I'm

4
00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:19,680
Speaker 1: Joe McCormick and Robert. Are we gonna be talking about

5
00:00:19,680 --> 00:00:22,680
Speaker 1: hot lava today? Oh? Yeah, yeah, We're definitely gonna be

6
00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:25,720
Speaker 1: talking about hot lava. Um, this was. This is an

7
00:00:25,720 --> 00:00:29,360
Speaker 1: episode that I was inspired for us to put together

8
00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:32,000
Speaker 1: because I mean, lava is always cool. Was we'll get

9
00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:34,680
Speaker 1: into in a minute. They're like lava, lakes of lava,

10
00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:37,240
Speaker 1: rivers of lava. It pops up in a lot of

11
00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:43,000
Speaker 1: our favorite uh science fiction and fantasy franchises, but of

12
00:00:43,040 --> 00:00:47,400
Speaker 1: course in the real world, it's also incredibly interesting. It's uh,

13
00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:51,160
Speaker 1: it's it's there's something almost kind of holy about being

14
00:00:51,280 --> 00:00:54,040
Speaker 1: either in the presence of lava or being in places

15
00:00:54,040 --> 00:00:58,080
Speaker 1: where lava has recently been And standard terminology insert the

16
00:00:58,200 --> 00:01:01,080
Speaker 1: term for molten rock when it's still bottled up below

17
00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:04,440
Speaker 1: the Earth's surface is magma, and the exact same stuff

18
00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:07,760
Speaker 1: is called lava once it breaches the surface in an eruption.

19
00:01:08,120 --> 00:01:10,320
Speaker 1: So if it's on the surface of the Earth, basically

20
00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:12,520
Speaker 1: if you're looking at it, if you're watching it form

21
00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:15,760
Speaker 1: a river across the black fields of rock. It is

22
00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:20,320
Speaker 1: now lava right, yes, now, I recently had the privilege

23
00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:23,360
Speaker 1: this just was just last weekend. Actually, um, just a

24
00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:25,600
Speaker 1: little over a week ago. I had the privilege of

25
00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:30,320
Speaker 1: getting to hike the Kilauea Ekey Trail in Volcano National

26
00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:34,440
Speaker 1: Park in Hawaii with my family and with some friends. Uh.

27
00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:36,759
Speaker 1: This is a hike that I'd done twenty years ago

28
00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:39,119
Speaker 1: and I always wanted to do again. I always wanted

29
00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:40,800
Speaker 1: to you know, be able to bring my my wife

30
00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:42,319
Speaker 1: on the trip, and then you know, bring my son

31
00:01:42,360 --> 00:01:46,240
Speaker 1: on the trip. And Uh, if anyone out there is

32
00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,960
Speaker 1: considering going to the island of Hawaii, I highly recommend

33
00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:53,640
Speaker 1: this particular walk. It's it's very popular. It's not not

34
00:01:53,720 --> 00:01:56,280
Speaker 1: a trade secret or anything. It's a three point three

35
00:01:56,280 --> 00:02:00,400
Speaker 1: mile loop. It takes you around down and then straight

36
00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:05,120
Speaker 1: across Kilauea Ekey Crater. Uh. Today it just just like

37
00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:07,520
Speaker 1: you know it was twenty years ago. It's this beautiful

38
00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:14,120
Speaker 1: landscape of black cracked volcanic terrain, um with with vegetation. Uh,

39
00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:17,040
Speaker 1: you know at the top. So the hike itself gives

40
00:02:17,080 --> 00:02:19,440
Speaker 1: you this this wonderful transformation. You get to walk through

41
00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:22,480
Speaker 1: almost this kind of rainforest setting. Uh. Then you you know,

42
00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:24,960
Speaker 1: you go down uh the edge of the crater, and

43
00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:26,679
Speaker 1: then you go into the bottom of the crater, where

44
00:02:26,680 --> 00:02:30,320
Speaker 1: it's like another planet. It's it's truly unlike anywhere else

45
00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:33,960
Speaker 1: I've been, just a really unique and beautiful place. One

46
00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:36,160
Speaker 1: of the things I remember that we talked about in

47
00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:41,280
Speaker 1: our episodes on the eruption of Mount Vesuvius was about

48
00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:44,880
Speaker 1: how you can track sort of the length of time

49
00:02:45,040 --> 00:02:48,920
Speaker 1: since the last eruption or or major disturbance by how

50
00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:52,600
Speaker 1: far vegetation has re encroached on the on the volcano

51
00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:55,440
Speaker 1: and that you know, so there's this horrible eruption in

52
00:02:55,560 --> 00:03:00,240
Speaker 1: what was of Vesuvius, and it turned the area there

53
00:03:00,240 --> 00:03:02,920
Speaker 1: and too, I'm sure you know, eliminated most life within

54
00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,040
Speaker 1: a certain radius from the uh from the eruption site.

55
00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:08,800
Speaker 1: But then you get to see just like over the years,

56
00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:12,040
Speaker 1: the trees and all the vegetation just pours back in

57
00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:15,200
Speaker 1: the greening of the of the cone. And and there's

58
00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:17,440
Speaker 1: something I always found beautiful about that because it's like

59
00:03:17,480 --> 00:03:21,440
Speaker 1: the trees don't know, yeah, the tree that it's it's

60
00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:24,200
Speaker 1: always it's it's kind of interesting in both directions. Because

61
00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:29,120
Speaker 1: you see footage of of of the volcanic activity that

62
00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:33,959
Speaker 1: took place in this crater back in nine and you know,

63
00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:35,760
Speaker 1: you see the plant the plants are just hanging out

64
00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:37,800
Speaker 1: that they don't you know, they don't care. They're like,

65
00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:39,680
Speaker 1: I don't know. I'm still doing Okay, I haven't been

66
00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:42,160
Speaker 1: the leaves have not been burnt from me yet, so

67
00:03:42,200 --> 00:03:44,560
Speaker 1: you will sue me in the foreground. And then likewise,

68
00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:47,240
Speaker 1: you go back there today and you see the you know,

69
00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:52,560
Speaker 1: the plants making their comeback. Um, right at the fissure point,

70
00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:56,160
Speaker 1: right at the place where where all of this volcanic

71
00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:59,440
Speaker 1: activity was was happening, where this lava fountain was shooting

72
00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:03,640
Speaker 1: high into the sky. It's beautiful. Yeah. So, like I said,

73
00:04:03,720 --> 00:04:07,280
Speaker 1: if you go to to Ikey Crater today, Kilauea Ekey Crater,

74
00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:09,640
Speaker 1: you can you can walk across it. Uh, you know,

75
00:04:09,680 --> 00:04:14,320
Speaker 1: all perfectly safe. Um, the lava that was underneath your feet,

76
00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:18,000
Speaker 1: it's all completely solid now we're thought to be probably

77
00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:21,080
Speaker 1: has been completely solid since the I think the mid nineties,

78
00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:24,120
Speaker 1: they say, But but all this was different in the past.

79
00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:27,800
Speaker 1: Hawaii is, of course a young island formed from five

80
00:04:27,839 --> 00:04:30,760
Speaker 1: separate shield volcanoes. If you were to travel back in

81
00:04:30,839 --> 00:04:33,720
Speaker 1: time a million years, the island wouldn't be there at all.

82
00:04:34,360 --> 00:04:38,080
Speaker 1: Travel back to the mid nineteen fifties, and this particular

83
00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:42,040
Speaker 1: crater was there, but it contained an entire forest at

84
00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:45,440
Speaker 1: the bottom of it. Um and this would have been

85
00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:48,560
Speaker 1: roughly eight hundred feet or two hundred and forty four

86
00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:53,479
Speaker 1: meters down into the crater. But then in nineteen fifty nine, UH,

87
00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:58,320
Speaker 1: there was this um this eruption event, spectacular eruption from

88
00:04:58,360 --> 00:05:01,600
Speaker 1: a half mile fissure in the crater wall. And then

89
00:05:01,640 --> 00:05:06,279
Speaker 1: in seventeen separate episodes, lava gushed from this event, lasting

90
00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:10,080
Speaker 1: five weeks total, flooding the crater with lava halfway up

91
00:05:10,120 --> 00:05:13,240
Speaker 1: that eight d foot crater wall, so forming the the

92
00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:17,520
Speaker 1: iconic set piece of many wonderful movies and video games,

93
00:05:17,600 --> 00:05:21,359
Speaker 1: especially to the Lake of Lava. That's right, um And

94
00:05:21,360 --> 00:05:24,880
Speaker 1: there's some stunning images of this uh UM. I included

95
00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:28,040
Speaker 1: one in our notes here, Joe. These just come from

96
00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:32,240
Speaker 1: the UH from MPs dot gov. You can you can

97
00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:34,960
Speaker 1: look up all sorts of information there about the eruption

98
00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:39,240
Speaker 1: of Kilauea ekey. UH. There's some great photography. UH. There's

99
00:05:39,279 --> 00:05:42,120
Speaker 1: also some wonderful footage If you go on YouTube and

100
00:05:42,120 --> 00:05:46,160
Speaker 1: you look for the eruption of kilawaa n nineteen sixty.

101
00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:49,960
Speaker 1: This is like a wonderfully old school documentary piece about

102
00:05:50,600 --> 00:05:54,480
Speaker 1: uh this event with all sorts of just glorious unreal

103
00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:58,960
Speaker 1: footage of of of you know, churning lava, spewing lava

104
00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:01,839
Speaker 1: fountains and so for work, which is wonderful to watch

105
00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:05,839
Speaker 1: either before or after you, you know, physically visit the crater.

106
00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:09,960
Speaker 1: I also love the dragnet style department of interior seal

107
00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:13,720
Speaker 1: that appears right at the beginning. Yeah, and the narrator

108
00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:16,160
Speaker 1: reminds me of the narrator from a lot of the

109
00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:19,200
Speaker 1: old Walt Disney Goofy shorts, where like Goofy is doing

110
00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:21,919
Speaker 1: different sports, so you expect Goofy to show up at

111
00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:25,560
Speaker 1: some point as a volcanologist, but he does not gorsh

112
00:06:25,760 --> 00:06:31,479
Speaker 1: that would shore your bones. So anyway, this is a

113
00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:36,200
Speaker 1: spectacular event. A fountain of lava shot nine feet into

114
00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:39,640
Speaker 1: the air, dropping gouts of magna at times the size

115
00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:42,840
Speaker 1: of bathtubs. Are described as being the size of bathtubs,

116
00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,520
Speaker 1: and the resulting like a lava was was most impressive

117
00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:48,560
Speaker 1: I've seen it described in Park literature as a quote

118
00:06:48,880 --> 00:06:52,719
Speaker 1: churning lava lake. Eventually enough lava filled the crater that

119
00:06:52,760 --> 00:06:55,799
Speaker 1: the crack was covered up. Then the molten lava drain

120
00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:58,640
Speaker 1: back into the vent at a speed four times faster

121
00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:02,440
Speaker 1: than it filled. The National Park Service describes this occurrence

122
00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:06,840
Speaker 1: as quote a noisy whirlpool of red hot liquid lava

123
00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:11,560
Speaker 1: and black slabs of solid rock metal. Yeah, I mean,

124
00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:13,840
Speaker 1: it didn't get any more metal than this. Um. And

125
00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:16,920
Speaker 1: there's actually footage in that video I mentioned where you

126
00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:20,520
Speaker 1: get to see a shot of a of a lava

127
00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:24,800
Speaker 1: of vortex um and it's it's it's pretty, it's pretty impressive.

128
00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:27,680
Speaker 1: So even though if you visit this particular location today

129
00:07:27,760 --> 00:07:29,720
Speaker 1: you don't get to um, you know, you don't get

130
00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:33,000
Speaker 1: to see this this impressive lake of lava any greater,

131
00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:35,760
Speaker 1: you can you can imagine it, like the landscape still

132
00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:39,480
Speaker 1: speaks of it. Uh. The landscape looks like the top

133
00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:42,640
Speaker 1: of of of of a sheet of brownies, you know

134
00:07:42,720 --> 00:07:46,160
Speaker 1: that is cooled and has therefore um um you know

135
00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:48,960
Speaker 1: broken as it's kind of collapse, because that's essentially what

136
00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:52,120
Speaker 1: happened with the with the lake of lava as this uh,

137
00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:56,560
Speaker 1: as the surface drops down and cracks open. Uh, it's

138
00:07:56,720 --> 00:08:00,640
Speaker 1: it's just a wonderful, dynamic landscape that that not only

139
00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:03,360
Speaker 1: I mean, on one level it feels like a place

140
00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:05,760
Speaker 1: that is not Earth, But on another level, it's like

141
00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:09,960
Speaker 1: it's this wonderful, almost holy insight into like just how

142
00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:13,840
Speaker 1: dynamic the planet is and how alive our planet is.

143
00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:17,160
Speaker 1: Now to to sort of get to the point of

144
00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:19,640
Speaker 1: the episode, though, I guess, yeah, the idea of a

145
00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:22,080
Speaker 1: lake of lava, a sea of lava, or you know,

146
00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:26,280
Speaker 1: certainly think of any footage you've you've seen of lava

147
00:08:26,360 --> 00:08:31,960
Speaker 1: flows when when rock becomes more or less like a liquid,

148
00:08:32,240 --> 00:08:36,679
Speaker 1: we can't help but imagine the fantastic possibilities, right ships, uh,

149
00:08:36,720 --> 00:08:40,040
Speaker 1: sailing on a sea of lava, boats riding rivers of fire,

150
00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:45,319
Speaker 1: cartoon characters surfing down lava on some sort of fantastic surfboard.

151
00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:49,960
Speaker 1: I think one of the most um you know, obvious

152
00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:53,440
Speaker 1: and perhaps outrageous examples that I can think too, comes

153
00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:56,000
Speaker 1: from the first season of The Mandalorian, the Star Wars

154
00:08:56,200 --> 00:08:59,000
Speaker 1: television series, in which we see our heroes ride a

155
00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:03,680
Speaker 1: droid piloted large down a subterranean canal of lava, which

156
00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:05,520
Speaker 1: I think is also supposed to be part of like

157
00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:08,920
Speaker 1: the sewage system. I'm not sure exactly how this uh,

158
00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,920
Speaker 1: how this planet um is really using. It's it's lava here,

159
00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:15,559
Speaker 1: but it's it's a fun it's a fun steement like

160
00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:18,160
Speaker 1: within the fantasy of the show. It's it's really cool.

161
00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:20,600
Speaker 1: It's very you know, it's very hellish. It's kind of like,

162
00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:24,520
Speaker 1: you know, the river sticks meets lava and and and

163
00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:27,679
Speaker 1: here's here's some sort of a ridiculous droid, you know,

164
00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:30,040
Speaker 1: in the in the back of the barge pushing it along.

165
00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,520
Speaker 1: Um And then I guess this sort of thing happens

166
00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:36,600
Speaker 1: in a lot of video games. I'm thinking, like, surely

167
00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:39,640
Speaker 1: this happens in Mario, right, Oh yeah, yeah, definitely. In

168
00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:43,000
Speaker 1: Super Mario sixty four there's there's at least a couple

169
00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:46,080
Speaker 1: of levels with things floating around in lava, and the

170
00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:48,120
Speaker 1: one for the Super Nintendo I think also when you

171
00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:51,760
Speaker 1: get towards the end, closer to Bowser's Palace, there's there's

172
00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:54,440
Speaker 1: stuff floating around in lava a lot. Yeah, it just

173
00:09:54,480 --> 00:09:56,280
Speaker 1: makes sense. You gotta have your you gotta have your

174
00:09:56,320 --> 00:10:00,880
Speaker 1: lava levels, and just about any video game it's bad stuff. Yeah,

175
00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:02,360
Speaker 1: it's bad, guys said, Yeah, I mean, you look at

176
00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:04,320
Speaker 1: other movies where where does the bad guy build his

177
00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:07,640
Speaker 1: layer and it's in a volcano of course, right. Um.

178
00:10:07,679 --> 00:10:10,600
Speaker 1: We even talked about one recently on the Weird House Cinema.

179
00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:15,120
Speaker 1: There was the Hercules movie where we had we had

180
00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:18,760
Speaker 1: the villain uh using a hideout in a volcano, and

181
00:10:18,760 --> 00:10:21,880
Speaker 1: of course the final showdown takes place within the volcano

182
00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,120
Speaker 1: over a lake of lava. Oh yeah, what was the

183
00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:27,839
Speaker 1: funny thing about the sword there or something? Oh, there

184
00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:30,079
Speaker 1: were multiple funny things going on, but yeah, that they

185
00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:32,560
Speaker 1: had that was where the rainbow sword. You know, he

186
00:10:32,600 --> 00:10:34,440
Speaker 1: had a rainbow sword, and then there was the sword

187
00:10:34,559 --> 00:10:37,440
Speaker 1: that could that was holding the phoenix in place. There

188
00:10:37,480 --> 00:10:39,679
Speaker 1: was a lot going on in that particular volcanic layer.

189
00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:42,079
Speaker 1: Now I was looking around for other examples of this

190
00:10:42,200 --> 00:10:44,520
Speaker 1: sort of trope. I went to TV tropes dot com,

191
00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:47,200
Speaker 1: which is always a fun place to bruse this sort

192
00:10:47,200 --> 00:10:50,480
Speaker 1: of thing. I was reminded that, Um, in The Hobbit

193
00:10:50,640 --> 00:10:53,920
Speaker 1: The Desolation of Smog, this being the second Hobbit film

194
00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:56,920
Speaker 1: from Peter Jackson, there's a scene where Thorn rides a

195
00:10:56,960 --> 00:11:01,080
Speaker 1: wheelbarrow on molten gold um sort of surfing in it.

196
00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:04,320
Speaker 1: I I had completely forgotten about this whole this whole

197
00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:07,600
Speaker 1: sequence in the movie where they add this bit where

198
00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:10,920
Speaker 1: they try to defeed the dragon by um covering him

199
00:11:10,920 --> 00:11:14,400
Speaker 1: with molten gold. Oh, I don't remember that either. I

200
00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:17,000
Speaker 1: did see that movie somehow. Yeah, I just saw it

201
00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:19,480
Speaker 1: last year, and I kind of blanked out on all this,

202
00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:20,920
Speaker 1: But then after I read about it, like, okay, I

203
00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:23,640
Speaker 1: vaguely remember that because it's kind of a pretty scene

204
00:11:23,679 --> 00:11:25,640
Speaker 1: where the dragon gets covered in gold, but then it

205
00:11:26,160 --> 00:11:28,600
Speaker 1: cracks the gold and he's free from the gold. They

206
00:11:28,679 --> 00:11:31,000
Speaker 1: ripped that straight out of the end of Alien three,

207
00:11:31,559 --> 00:11:34,760
Speaker 1: that's right. Yeah, what do they cover liquid lead or something? Yeah, yeah,

208
00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:36,960
Speaker 1: it's the lead works and they covered the alien and

209
00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:39,280
Speaker 1: I guess it's lead. It's some kind of molten metal,

210
00:11:39,360 --> 00:11:40,960
Speaker 1: and then you think it's dead, but then it just

211
00:11:41,040 --> 00:11:44,280
Speaker 1: jumps out. Oh yeah, it certainly wasn't in the book.

212
00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:47,600
Speaker 1: I don't remember that in the Hobbit novel at all. No. Well,

213
00:11:47,640 --> 00:11:50,280
Speaker 1: I also don't remember in the Hobbit novel. In the novel,

214
00:11:50,320 --> 00:11:53,000
Speaker 1: did they like ride barrels down the river? Is that

215
00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:55,160
Speaker 1: in there? Yeah, they did ride barrels. I do remember

216
00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:57,600
Speaker 1: the barrel the row where they rode in barrels. They

217
00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:00,400
Speaker 1: were kind of I think everybody was corrected everybody, but

218
00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:02,520
Speaker 1: the Bilbo was like sealed up and then I think

219
00:12:02,559 --> 00:12:05,160
Speaker 1: they were all, you know, pretty seasick in there. But

220
00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:08,400
Speaker 1: um but I do remember that happening now. I also

221
00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:11,280
Speaker 1: read on TV Tropes that there's a there's a book

222
00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:13,439
Speaker 1: in the Culture series by n In Banks that Look

223
00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:15,760
Speaker 1: to Windward, which is what I have, but I haven't

224
00:12:15,760 --> 00:12:19,040
Speaker 1: read yet. It's apparently mentioned that lava rafting is an

225
00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:23,000
Speaker 1: extreme sport that citizens of the Culture participate in on

226
00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:27,600
Speaker 1: unfinished habitats. So it sounds that sounds on brand with

227
00:12:27,679 --> 00:12:30,160
Speaker 1: the sort of thing that people of the culture would do.

228
00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:35,080
Speaker 1: It's a moderately extreme sport. Yeah, yeah. Now, one thing

229
00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:37,559
Speaker 1: that's worth pointing out about about these examples and plenty

230
00:12:37,559 --> 00:12:41,280
Speaker 1: of other examples, is that very often, whether you're playing

231
00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:44,280
Speaker 1: a video game or watching a movie, you find something

232
00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:47,720
Speaker 1: kind of interesting about molten lava. In in fiction, molten

233
00:12:47,840 --> 00:12:51,360
Speaker 1: lava only seems dangerous if you come into physical contact

234
00:12:51,440 --> 00:12:54,880
Speaker 1: with it. So if you fall into it or um

235
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:57,960
Speaker 1: or it's poured over you that sort of resinc you know,

236
00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:01,080
Speaker 1: into the lake of lava, then you're oomed. But if

237
00:13:01,120 --> 00:13:04,119
Speaker 1: you're just standing next to it or in close proximity

238
00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:06,480
Speaker 1: to it, you're fine, which of course would not be

239
00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:09,600
Speaker 1: the case because lava is extremely hot, as we'll get

240
00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:13,120
Speaker 1: into in this episode. Yeah, that is funny. So they

241
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:15,719
Speaker 1: treated as like it's like Hollywood acid. It's as if

242
00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:19,200
Speaker 1: it only harms you by direct contact chemical reaction. But

243
00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:21,760
Speaker 1: of course, you know, a real lake of lava or

244
00:13:21,840 --> 00:13:25,800
Speaker 1: river of flowing molten lava that would be so hot

245
00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:29,199
Speaker 1: that it is superheating the air directly above it. So

246
00:13:29,360 --> 00:13:32,000
Speaker 1: like that would be, you know, being above a lake

247
00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:34,040
Speaker 1: of lava. I don't know exactly how hot it would be,

248
00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:36,520
Speaker 1: but it would be to some extent like getting right

249
00:13:36,559 --> 00:13:39,800
Speaker 1: next to a heating element of a broiler. Yeah. Yeah,

250
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,160
Speaker 1: we're talking pretty hot, and we'll bust out some temperatures

251
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:44,440
Speaker 1: here in a bit, but it's it's a fire chive

252
00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,040
Speaker 1: from sort of the floor is lava scenario, whether you're

253
00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:50,880
Speaker 1: talking about the Netflix game show or just the the

254
00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:54,880
Speaker 1: good old fashioned childhood version of this where the floor

255
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,319
Speaker 1: is now we're imagining it is lava, and you can

256
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:00,520
Speaker 1: as long as you don't touch it, you're mine. If

257
00:14:00,559 --> 00:14:03,280
Speaker 1: you make the jump from from the love seat to

258
00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:06,240
Speaker 1: the couch without touching the floor. Then you're fine. I

259
00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:07,880
Speaker 1: think the more act. If you want to play the

260
00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:09,720
Speaker 1: same game, but you want it to be more accurate,

261
00:14:09,720 --> 00:14:12,240
Speaker 1: it should be like the floor is spikes. There you go,

262
00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:14,320
Speaker 1: You know, like spikes. They don't hurt you unless you

263
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:17,040
Speaker 1: actually like get on them and put your weight on them.

264
00:14:17,679 --> 00:14:20,440
Speaker 1: What kind of gory kids are playing the floor is spikes? Though,

265
00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:26,760
Speaker 1: you know somehow it's worse. It's worse. I want my

266
00:14:26,920 --> 00:14:31,560
Speaker 1: kids imagining wholesome charring down to the bone, complete just

267
00:14:31,720 --> 00:14:35,320
Speaker 1: incineration of their flesh turning into a puff of carbon

268
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:37,320
Speaker 1: that goes up into the air. You know. One of

269
00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:39,600
Speaker 1: the weird things about this is that I know that

270
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:42,160
Speaker 1: Flora's Lava is the most popular of the childhood games.

271
00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:44,880
Speaker 1: Did you play Flora's Lava as a child? Oh? Absolutely?

272
00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:48,040
Speaker 1: I mean I don't know if most often we said

273
00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:49,960
Speaker 1: it was lava or we said that it was like,

274
00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:53,720
Speaker 1: you know, swamp water with alligators in it, or or whatever.

275
00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:56,840
Speaker 1: But we definitely played the games of can't touch the floor,

276
00:14:56,920 --> 00:14:58,760
Speaker 1: got to stay on the furniture because it is some

277
00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:01,840
Speaker 1: kind of hazard. See, we would often do and I

278
00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:03,560
Speaker 1: have no idea where we got this. We would do

279
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:05,600
Speaker 1: the floor as an never ending pit. And I'm not

280
00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:07,680
Speaker 1: sure where we got the idea of a never ending

281
00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:11,359
Speaker 1: pit from. I'm trying to think back on well, what

282
00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:13,280
Speaker 1: what would I have been watching at the time, Like

283
00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:16,000
Speaker 1: what movies had a never ending pit in them? And

284
00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:19,640
Speaker 1: I don't really remember what specifically we could be referring

285
00:15:19,640 --> 00:15:21,960
Speaker 1: to their this the version of the game played by

286
00:15:21,960 --> 00:15:25,000
Speaker 1: a philosopher's child, you know, the real threat to them

287
00:15:25,040 --> 00:15:27,080
Speaker 1: is that they'll fall forever and be a left alone

288
00:15:27,080 --> 00:15:29,400
Speaker 1: with their thoughts. Well, I would think about this. Maybe

289
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:31,360
Speaker 1: it had something, you know, maybe it had something to

290
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:34,200
Speaker 1: do with the Masters of the Universe movie, where there's

291
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:36,840
Speaker 1: like a never ending pit underneath Eternea, or it's supposed

292
00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:38,320
Speaker 1: to be a never ending pit. I don't know even

293
00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:40,520
Speaker 1: though if they describe it as such, or maybe I

294
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,640
Speaker 1: just had this idea of a never ending pit in

295
00:15:42,720 --> 00:15:44,920
Speaker 1: my head and just assume that that's what it was.

296
00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:46,880
Speaker 1: You know, we're really getting on a tangent. But I

297
00:15:46,920 --> 00:15:48,640
Speaker 1: will say I think a lot of the terror of

298
00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:51,480
Speaker 1: the idea of a bottomless pit comes at the idea

299
00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:54,440
Speaker 1: of people imagining the very beginning of a fall where

300
00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:58,040
Speaker 1: you're accelerating towards terminal velocity, and it's that feeling of

301
00:15:58,120 --> 00:16:00,280
Speaker 1: you're going faster and faster as you followed out and

302
00:16:00,280 --> 00:16:03,400
Speaker 1: it's really scary. But actually, pretty quickly you hit terminal

303
00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:05,960
Speaker 1: velocity and then you would you would basically equalize, so

304
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:08,640
Speaker 1: the acceleration stops, and then you're just floating in the

305
00:16:08,680 --> 00:16:11,200
Speaker 1: air forever. So it is like a it is like

306
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:13,880
Speaker 1: a sensory deprivation tank that you just get to stay

307
00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:17,080
Speaker 1: in for for the rest of your life. Well, anyway,

308
00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:19,480
Speaker 1: we could keep going on this, but uh, but I

309
00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:21,200
Speaker 1: thought that this all might be a good place to

310
00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,560
Speaker 1: jump off and talk about the idea of lava boats,

311
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:27,920
Speaker 1: both in terms of what we might loosely think of

312
00:16:27,960 --> 00:16:30,120
Speaker 1: as actual lava boats, and we'll break that down a

313
00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:33,440
Speaker 1: little bit, but we'll also even get into some considerations

314
00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:36,680
Speaker 1: of what could be possible if you were just really

315
00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:41,160
Speaker 1: insistent on on creating a human constructed vessel that can

316
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:43,800
Speaker 1: withstand a lake of lava. Well, how might you go

317
00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:52,560
Speaker 1: about that? We'll get into that as well. Thank now, Rob,

318
00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:54,960
Speaker 1: I know that what you have in mind when you

319
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:57,680
Speaker 1: say a lava boat is what we're talking about is

320
00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:00,840
Speaker 1: a boat that can float on lava. But my brain

321
00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:04,239
Speaker 1: went in a different direction with this, which was not

322
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,520
Speaker 1: a boat floating in lava, but a boat made of lava,

323
00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:12,200
Speaker 1: or more specifically, of a type of volcanic rock known

324
00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:15,919
Speaker 1: as pummice. Will you go on this strange journey with me?

325
00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:17,840
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I mean, when you decided to do a

326
00:17:17,840 --> 00:17:20,760
Speaker 1: whole episode about lava boats, you take what you can get.

327
00:17:21,320 --> 00:17:22,720
Speaker 1: This is kind of this is kind of the This

328
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:28,040
Speaker 1: American Life, um uh principle of podcasting. You know, you

329
00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:30,960
Speaker 1: know an American and This American Life. You know, they're

330
00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:33,000
Speaker 1: gonna have a certain theme, and not every segment of

331
00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:35,879
Speaker 1: the episode is going to really match up with whatever

332
00:17:35,880 --> 00:17:38,960
Speaker 1: that theme happens to be. But but you know, it's

333
00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,320
Speaker 1: a it's a guiding principle for the episode. Well, I

334
00:17:41,320 --> 00:17:43,480
Speaker 1: think this one puts us in places that are that

335
00:17:43,520 --> 00:17:45,960
Speaker 1: are just as awesome and weird as looking at the

336
00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:48,919
Speaker 1: lake of lava and imagining floating on it. Let's do it,

337
00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:53,399
Speaker 1: Let's go there. Okay. So pummis is a very unique

338
00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:57,600
Speaker 1: and interesting rock which has the strange distinction of being

339
00:17:57,720 --> 00:18:01,640
Speaker 1: so low in density that it can often actually float

340
00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:04,280
Speaker 1: on the surface of water. If you you may have

341
00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:07,400
Speaker 1: observed this yourself, if you ever had like a pumice

342
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:10,080
Speaker 1: stone in the bathtub or something. But if you've never

343
00:18:10,119 --> 00:18:11,840
Speaker 1: seen this, you can look up plenty of video. It

344
00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:14,720
Speaker 1: exists all over the internet. Or you can even try

345
00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:17,040
Speaker 1: it for yourself. You can get a handful of pumice stones,

346
00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:20,040
Speaker 1: throw them into a bathtub or you know, tub of water,

347
00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:22,800
Speaker 1: sink full of water, and there's a very good chance

348
00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,240
Speaker 1: that they will float like styrofoam, though you may get

349
00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:28,960
Speaker 1: some duds. I think not all pumice stones float, but

350
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:33,760
Speaker 1: a lot do. Now quite famously, almost all rocks sink

351
00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:36,480
Speaker 1: in water. So how why is this one different? How

352
00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:38,960
Speaker 1: does this rock end up being the one that is

353
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:43,159
Speaker 1: able to float on the water surface. Well, pummice is

354
00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:46,959
Speaker 1: a type of igneous rock, igneous meaning formed in fire.

355
00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:50,280
Speaker 1: So this is a rock that's usually a byproduct of

356
00:18:50,680 --> 00:18:54,760
Speaker 1: violent or explosive volcanic eruptions. And I say violent or

357
00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:59,840
Speaker 1: explosive as opposed to the slower, more gentle volcanic eruptions

358
00:19:00,119 --> 00:19:02,639
Speaker 1: that you would typically see producing the things we've been

359
00:19:02,640 --> 00:19:05,000
Speaker 1: talking about, you know, the rivers of molten lava on

360
00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:07,680
Speaker 1: the surface, or the stuff you'd see in the famous

361
00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:10,160
Speaker 1: lava lake footage from Hawaii. A lot of the Hawaiian

362
00:19:10,240 --> 00:19:13,760
Speaker 1: eruptions we picture are are the more gentle types of eruptions,

363
00:19:14,280 --> 00:19:17,719
Speaker 1: but more explosive or violent volcanic eruptions, which those are

364
00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:19,800
Speaker 1: the ones you'll typically see producing more of a kind

365
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:23,160
Speaker 1: of uh an ash cloud like a column rising into

366
00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:27,439
Speaker 1: the sky. Very sudden eruptions um these are more likely

367
00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:30,920
Speaker 1: to release a lot of pummice. I think. Another characteristic

368
00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:34,200
Speaker 1: of pumice forming eruptions is that they tend to happen

369
00:19:34,680 --> 00:19:38,600
Speaker 1: in places where the magma is richer in silica, which

370
00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:41,080
Speaker 1: tends to make it more viscous. So you can think

371
00:19:41,119 --> 00:19:44,359
Speaker 1: about the different kinds of magma here. The magma that

372
00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:48,119
Speaker 1: leads to a highly pummus forming eruption is usually going

373
00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:52,479
Speaker 1: to be thicker or stickier magma. But how does it

374
00:19:52,520 --> 00:19:56,320
Speaker 1: turn into a rock that can float? So if you

375
00:19:56,359 --> 00:20:00,760
Speaker 1: imagine molten rock trapped underneath the Earth's surface, this magma

376
00:20:00,800 --> 00:20:04,840
Speaker 1: down there is actually not just composed of melted rock.

377
00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:09,800
Speaker 1: It also contains various fluids in solution, so it might

378
00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:13,639
Speaker 1: contain dissolved water, vapor or c O two sometimes I

379
00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:19,320
Speaker 1: think sulfur dioxide, and these gases are are all kept

380
00:20:19,359 --> 00:20:23,000
Speaker 1: dissolved in the magma because the magma is under very

381
00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:26,200
Speaker 1: high pressure. It's underneath the ground. So you can think

382
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:28,960
Speaker 1: about the way that the CEO two dissolved in a

383
00:20:29,080 --> 00:20:33,560
Speaker 1: carbonated beverage stays in solution until the can or the

384
00:20:33,600 --> 00:20:37,280
Speaker 1: bottle is opened, and then the release of pressure allows

385
00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:40,080
Speaker 1: some of that CEO too to start coming out of solution,

386
00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,320
Speaker 1: turning back into gas, and to start, you know, it

387
00:20:43,359 --> 00:20:45,159
Speaker 1: starts floating to the top of the drink in the

388
00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:48,760
Speaker 1: form of bubbles. That's because you have undone the pressure

389
00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:51,560
Speaker 1: of the closed container. And it turns out that the

390
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,440
Speaker 1: process leading to the formation of pumus during a volcanic

391
00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:57,439
Speaker 1: eruption is actually pretty similar to what happens when you

392
00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,960
Speaker 1: open a carbonated beverage, except it involves an extra step,

393
00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:05,400
Speaker 1: which is sort of the freezing of that that frothing

394
00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,760
Speaker 1: foamy product. So the process goes like this. You've got

395
00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:11,760
Speaker 1: magma trapped beneath the earth surface and it's got all

396
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,480
Speaker 1: this gas dissolved in it, and the gas again is

397
00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:17,320
Speaker 1: kept in solution by high pressure, and then there is

398
00:21:17,359 --> 00:21:20,720
Speaker 1: a volcanic eruption in effect that the soda can is opened,

399
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,000
Speaker 1: the magma rushes to the surface where there is rapid

400
00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:28,320
Speaker 1: depressurre ization. And now because the pressure is lower, the

401
00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:32,720
Speaker 1: dissolved CO two and water and other gases they bolt

402
00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:35,800
Speaker 1: from solution and they start wanting to turn into gas,

403
00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:39,040
Speaker 1: forming into bubbles. But at the very same time that

404
00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:41,479
Speaker 1: the pressure is relieved and the gas wants to come

405
00:21:41,480 --> 00:21:44,399
Speaker 1: out of solution and turn into bubbles, the magma is

406
00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:48,760
Speaker 1: also cooling really rapidly. In effect, it is freezing the

407
00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:51,840
Speaker 1: rock in place, and so what you end up with

408
00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:55,800
Speaker 1: is a rock that is filled with what geologists called vesicles.

409
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,760
Speaker 1: These are little bubbles and hollows created by the deep

410
00:21:59,760 --> 00:22:03,200
Speaker 1: pre surized to gases that are sort of locked into

411
00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:07,040
Speaker 1: crystal and form because the rock was cooling rapidly at

412
00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:09,919
Speaker 1: the same time that all these bubbles were forming. And

413
00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:11,840
Speaker 1: what you get is a rock that's sort of the

414
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:15,159
Speaker 1: rock equivalent of if you took the foamy head of

415
00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:17,959
Speaker 1: a beer and froze it. Yeah, and you know this

416
00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:21,880
Speaker 1: is this is something you can actually if you were

417
00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:25,520
Speaker 1: to pick up various lava rocks, you'll find that they

418
00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:28,479
Speaker 1: are lighter than you might think for this very reason,

419
00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:31,320
Speaker 1: because they have all of these little little hollow pockets

420
00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:33,960
Speaker 1: in them. Uh, you know, there were essentially you know,

421
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:36,760
Speaker 1: little pockets of gas. Yes, though though of course you

422
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,240
Speaker 1: can end up with very different kinds of lava rock,

423
00:22:39,359 --> 00:22:41,000
Speaker 1: but a lot of them are like this, yeah, that

424
00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:44,040
Speaker 1: they they've got this this lower density than other types

425
00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:46,360
Speaker 1: of rock, I think, But it depends on a lot

426
00:22:46,359 --> 00:22:48,680
Speaker 1: of It depends on like the composition of the magma,

427
00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:53,600
Speaker 1: the conditions under which the lava cooled once it was

428
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,639
Speaker 1: on the surface, and things like that. So so you

429
00:22:55,680 --> 00:22:58,000
Speaker 1: can end up with a lot of different products. But

430
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,280
Speaker 1: pummus is one of these, and pummice is is very

431
00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:03,800
Speaker 1: low density, so you can end up with this very

432
00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:06,440
Speaker 1: low density rock that it's that's full of these little

433
00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:08,760
Speaker 1: vesicles that allow it to float on the surface of

434
00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:11,760
Speaker 1: the water. Uh though though I do think over time

435
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,560
Speaker 1: pummice tends to get water logged and lose its buoyancy,

436
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:17,280
Speaker 1: but that can take a long time, so you can

437
00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:20,320
Speaker 1: get a pummice rock that you know, it remains buoyant

438
00:23:20,359 --> 00:23:23,840
Speaker 1: for for years after after the time it's created. But anyway,

439
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,480
Speaker 1: coming back around to the idea of lava boats, I

440
00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:30,680
Speaker 1: think the really amazing thing about the ability of pummice

441
00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:34,840
Speaker 1: to float is that when large masses of pummice are

442
00:23:34,840 --> 00:23:39,080
Speaker 1: all formed together, they can all float together, leading to

443
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:44,200
Speaker 1: a phenomenon known as pummice rafts. So as one example

444
00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:46,560
Speaker 1: of this, I was looking at a BBC article from

445
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:53,160
Speaker 1: twenty nineteen called vast pummice raft found drifting through Pacific Ocean. Yeah,

446
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,639
Speaker 1: this is really incredibly includes footage that is also quite

447
00:23:57,359 --> 00:23:59,560
Speaker 1: quite fascinating. Oh yeah, well we'll get to that in

448
00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:02,720
Speaker 1: a second. So in August of twenty nineteen, there were

449
00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:07,440
Speaker 1: some Australian sailors that reported the discovery of a gigantic

450
00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:12,359
Speaker 1: raft of floating pummice stones in the Pacific Ocean. This

451
00:24:12,480 --> 00:24:16,120
Speaker 1: was out on the open sea east of Fiji, and

452
00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:18,760
Speaker 1: the story is that it was a couple of Australian

453
00:24:18,840 --> 00:24:23,119
Speaker 1: sailors who were traveling between islands in a catamaran and

454
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:27,800
Speaker 1: they accidentally piloted into this field of floating stones in

455
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:29,719
Speaker 1: the middle of the night. So I think that they

456
00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:32,320
Speaker 1: didn't see what they were getting into, but then they

457
00:24:32,359 --> 00:24:36,400
Speaker 1: realized something was up and the raft of stones apparently

458
00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:40,120
Speaker 1: slowed the vessel down and greatly reduced the wave action

459
00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:44,160
Speaker 1: on the surface of the water. And the sailors investigated.

460
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:46,320
Speaker 1: They looked out in the moonlight and they shine their

461
00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:49,359
Speaker 1: spotlight to try to see what was going on, and

462
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:53,359
Speaker 1: saw this rock field in the water that extended as

463
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,959
Speaker 1: far as they could see. And at first the pummice

464
00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:59,119
Speaker 1: jammed their rudder, so it made it hard for them

465
00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:01,119
Speaker 1: to steer, and they thought there might be stuck. But

466
00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:03,720
Speaker 1: eventually they were able to get out of the raft zone.

467
00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:06,840
Speaker 1: And when you hear the dimensions of this thing, and

468
00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:10,560
Speaker 1: especially when you see what a giant pumice raft looks like,

469
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:14,600
Speaker 1: you can imagine how strange and frightening of an experience

470
00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:17,800
Speaker 1: this might have been. So at the time of the article,

471
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:20,679
Speaker 1: it was estimated that this pumice raft was about a

472
00:25:20,720 --> 00:25:25,160
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty square kilometers or fifty eight square miles,

473
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,959
Speaker 1: which the article says is roughly equivalent to twenty thousand

474
00:25:29,040 --> 00:25:32,439
Speaker 1: football fields. Though this is BBC, so I think that

475
00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:35,320
Speaker 1: is what we would we would call soccer, not football.

476
00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:40,479
Speaker 1: It's still soccer fields and amazing. I was looking up

477
00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:44,800
Speaker 1: countries by land area for comparison, and so this raft

478
00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:46,800
Speaker 1: would indeed be larger than a bunch of the world's

479
00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:50,960
Speaker 1: smallest countries. It's roughly the same area as the British

480
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:57,399
Speaker 1: Virgin Islands or Lichtenstein, but There are various videos you

481
00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:00,680
Speaker 1: can look up taken from people on boats who have

482
00:26:00,760 --> 00:26:02,600
Speaker 1: gotten into one of these rafts, and by the way,

483
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:05,119
Speaker 1: that is not recommended. Multiple sources I was looking at

484
00:26:05,160 --> 00:26:08,800
Speaker 1: were saying that sailing into a pumus raft area can

485
00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:11,560
Speaker 1: be dangerous and advising people not to try it. But

486
00:26:11,880 --> 00:26:15,560
Speaker 1: people had taken video of this, and it's almost too

487
00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:18,520
Speaker 1: weird to describe. One video I found that was, you know,

488
00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:22,440
Speaker 1: relinked all over the internet. It looks like the ship

489
00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:27,560
Speaker 1: is sitting in an enormous desert or gravel parking lot,

490
00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:31,040
Speaker 1: except the parking lot extends all the way to the

491
00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:36,040
Speaker 1: horizon and it is undulating with waves like the ocean,

492
00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:41,640
Speaker 1: because it is the ocean. Just absolutely hallucinogenic apocalyptic imagery.

493
00:26:41,640 --> 00:26:45,320
Speaker 1: If you can just imagine a moving, rippling parking lot

494
00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:48,399
Speaker 1: that goes as far as you can see. Yeah, I mean,

495
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:50,720
Speaker 1: it's almost it's like they sailed into a tool video

496
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,879
Speaker 1: or something. It's and it does seem to stretch to

497
00:26:53,880 --> 00:26:56,120
Speaker 1: the horizon. It's just yeah, it's like it's it's if

498
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:58,760
Speaker 1: you can imagine the sun coming up and you find

499
00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:01,320
Speaker 1: yourself in this boat on such a sea, It's like

500
00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:03,680
Speaker 1: something out of a rhyme of the ancient mariner. Oh

501
00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:06,080
Speaker 1: totally like, yeah, you just want to get out of here,

502
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:09,760
Speaker 1: unhand me gray beard loon um. But according to this

503
00:27:09,880 --> 00:27:13,679
Speaker 1: BBC report, the geoscientists that they consulted said that the

504
00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:18,600
Speaker 1: pumice raft discovered in August nineteen was probably created by

505
00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:23,919
Speaker 1: the eruption of an underwater volcano near Tonga earlier that month,

506
00:27:24,880 --> 00:27:28,119
Speaker 1: and the rocks in this raft very greatly in size.

507
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:30,439
Speaker 1: A lot of them appear to be sort of marble

508
00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:33,480
Speaker 1: or pebble sized, but others are big, you know, the

509
00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:36,840
Speaker 1: size of basketballs. And another weird thing is that this

510
00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:41,000
Speaker 1: is apparently not even that unusual. The article sitesay professor

511
00:27:41,080 --> 00:27:45,760
Speaker 1: named Scott Brian of the Queensland University of Technology saying

512
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:49,720
Speaker 1: that big pummice rafts like this appear roughly once every

513
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,639
Speaker 1: five years or so in the area due to volcanic eruptions,

514
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:59,800
Speaker 1: and he interestingly links pumice rafts to historical reports of

515
00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:04,080
Speaker 1: islands in the ocean that people spot on one journey,

516
00:28:04,119 --> 00:28:06,240
Speaker 1: but then later say they can't find again when they

517
00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:09,320
Speaker 1: returned to the same place, So possibly some of these

518
00:28:09,359 --> 00:28:13,360
Speaker 1: observations were actually not land but floating rafts of low

519
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:17,399
Speaker 1: density rock. That's fascinating because we we've discussed on past

520
00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:22,720
Speaker 1: in past episodes about how various mirages and optical effects

521
00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:27,400
Speaker 1: can can lead to the mis identification of of islands

522
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:30,879
Speaker 1: where there are no islands. But but here's another possibility,

523
00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:33,199
Speaker 1: at least for for some reasons of the world, right,

524
00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:37,600
Speaker 1: especially in the Pacific, and like these these volcanic chain areas. Yeah, now,

525
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:41,400
Speaker 1: these rafts don't last forever. They disintegrate over time. They

526
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:44,800
Speaker 1: probably break up into smaller and smaller clusters and then

527
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:49,360
Speaker 1: end up either sinking or being deposited on shores. But yeah,

528
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:54,800
Speaker 1: it's a truly stunning active planet Earth to to see

529
00:28:54,840 --> 00:28:57,680
Speaker 1: these things. And I know what you're all wondering. And

530
00:28:57,760 --> 00:28:59,920
Speaker 1: I know you're thinking, Okay, since we're on the subject

531
00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:04,120
Speaker 1: of lava boats, you're thinking, could a pumice raft function

532
00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:07,440
Speaker 1: as an actual raft function as a boat? For me? Like?

533
00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:09,880
Speaker 1: Could I walk on it? Could I travel on it?

534
00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:14,160
Speaker 1: And I think generally like that would be the It

535
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:17,880
Speaker 1: seems like they're the perfect scenario, right right, So from

536
00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:20,280
Speaker 1: everything I can tell, the answer to this is almost

537
00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:25,160
Speaker 1: always no. I did find a few pictures of scientists,

538
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:28,680
Speaker 1: uh the sort of appearing to trudge around on a

539
00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: pumice raft and what looks like very shallow water, but

540
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,240
Speaker 1: I couldn't tell what was going on. There may be

541
00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:37,120
Speaker 1: some kind of special condition involved in this one scenario.

542
00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:40,560
Speaker 1: In general, I think most pumice rafts will no more

543
00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:43,800
Speaker 1: support your weight than would a floating clump of cheetos

544
00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:46,120
Speaker 1: on the surface of a swimming pool. It's just like

545
00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:48,120
Speaker 1: you just go right through it, so don't try it.

546
00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:50,920
Speaker 1: I think what would really be necessary in order for

547
00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:52,800
Speaker 1: it to support you would be some way for it

548
00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:55,640
Speaker 1: to like all be held together into a single mass.

549
00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:58,960
Speaker 1: But this is like, you know, it's like floating packing peanuts.

550
00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:01,720
Speaker 1: It's just like there's nothing to like form a solid

551
00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:04,959
Speaker 1: floor for you. M yeah, you'd have to somehow like

552
00:30:04,960 --> 00:30:08,040
Speaker 1: like lash it all together. I guess, right. Yeah, And well,

553
00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:09,760
Speaker 1: even if you were able to do that, I might

554
00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:14,680
Speaker 1: worry that it's not rigid enough, so like it could

555
00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:16,880
Speaker 1: turn into like a death trap, like you just jump

556
00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:19,120
Speaker 1: into a tarp that's on the water surface and it

557
00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:23,640
Speaker 1: closes around you. Yeah that sounds that sounds horrifying. But

558
00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:26,800
Speaker 1: but but just because the raft won't support anything the

559
00:30:26,840 --> 00:30:30,240
Speaker 1: size and density of a human being doesn't mean that

560
00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:34,280
Speaker 1: these don't carry other biological passengers. And in fact, there

561
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,680
Speaker 1: is plenty of evidence that pumice rafts do exactly that,

562
00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:42,120
Speaker 1: that they may serve as a fast dispersal mechanism for

563
00:30:42,280 --> 00:30:46,880
Speaker 1: many kinds of smaller life forms, especially marine life, spreading

564
00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,640
Speaker 1: between different zones of the ocean and UH from coastal

565
00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:53,760
Speaker 1: regions to other coastal regions, sort of island to island.

566
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:57,120
Speaker 1: For example. I was looking at one paper by Brian

567
00:30:57,200 --> 00:30:59,080
Speaker 1: at All. I think this is actually Scott Bran, the

568
00:30:59,120 --> 00:31:01,880
Speaker 1: same research u who was cited in that BBC article,

569
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,760
Speaker 1: but a bunch of other authors published in pl Os

570
00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:11,480
Speaker 1: one in called rapid long distance dispersal by pumice rafting.

571
00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:16,240
Speaker 1: And here the authors note that actually pumice rafts make

572
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:21,680
Speaker 1: a wonderful agent for transporting a big variety of marine

573
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,360
Speaker 1: organisms from one place to another, uh for a number

574
00:31:25,360 --> 00:31:27,920
Speaker 1: of reasons. I mean, they've got these little vesicles in them, all,

575
00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:31,200
Speaker 1: these little hollows and holes and bubbles which make a

576
00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:34,760
Speaker 1: great place for tiny organisms and larvae of of larger

577
00:31:34,880 --> 00:31:39,560
Speaker 1: organisms to hide from predators while they're being transported across

578
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:43,360
Speaker 1: the water. But anyway, they write, quote here we report

579
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:47,400
Speaker 1: on a significant recent pumice rafting and long distance dispersal

580
00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:50,440
Speaker 1: event that occurred across the southwest Pacific following the two

581
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:55,680
Speaker 1: thousand six explosive eruption of home Reef Volcano in Tonga Uh.

582
00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:58,520
Speaker 1: And they say according to their their research, they found

583
00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:02,760
Speaker 1: more than eighty species ease and a substantial biomass underwent

584
00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:06,120
Speaker 1: a more than five thousand kilometer journey in seven to

585
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,720
Speaker 1: eight months by by way of this pumice raft. And

586
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,920
Speaker 1: so that they include like some photos of pieces of

587
00:32:12,920 --> 00:32:16,880
Speaker 1: pumice salvage from from some of these floating rafts. And

588
00:32:17,040 --> 00:32:20,040
Speaker 1: it's funny how much life that they're just coated with

589
00:32:20,160 --> 00:32:22,560
Speaker 1: by the end. Like, so they have these photos where

590
00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:25,440
Speaker 1: they identify all the different life forms that are clinging

591
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:36,240
Speaker 1: to these floating rocks. They've got braz Owen's anemones, mollusks, goose, barnacles, corals, cyanobacteria, macroalgae, uh,

592
00:32:36,760 --> 00:32:39,200
Speaker 1: some other things. I don't even know how to pronounce it.

593
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,680
Speaker 1: Like these can become sort of these these rafts of

594
00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:46,080
Speaker 1: life going from place to place. Yeah, these are these

595
00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:49,520
Speaker 1: are impressive, Like all this just acreated life on the rock.

596
00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:53,400
Speaker 1: And I found another interesting relationship. This one just hypothetical,

597
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:55,600
Speaker 1: I mean the previous like, it is clear that these

598
00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:59,120
Speaker 1: pumice rafts actually do harbor plenty of life forms and

599
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:03,240
Speaker 1: transport them around in the ocean. But another interesting hypothesis

600
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:07,280
Speaker 1: is that floating rafts of pumice could possibly have been

601
00:33:07,840 --> 00:33:12,720
Speaker 1: a good environment for the the origins of life on Earth.

602
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,000
Speaker 1: This has argued, for example, in a paper I was

603
00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:19,520
Speaker 1: looking at from the journal Astrobiology by Martin D. Brazier.

604
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:24,080
Speaker 1: At All Brazier, I think, is a professor at Oxford University,

605
00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:27,720
Speaker 1: and the paper is called pummics as a Remarkable substrate

606
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,160
Speaker 1: for the Origin of life, And essentially the authors here

607
00:33:30,240 --> 00:33:32,880
Speaker 1: argue that floating rafts of pumice actually meet a lot

608
00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:35,840
Speaker 1: of the criteria that we would expect for the place

609
00:33:35,880 --> 00:33:39,240
Speaker 1: for life to first evolve on Earth. Uh. They give

610
00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:42,560
Speaker 1: a number of reasons, they say, uh related to the

611
00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:46,600
Speaker 1: physical properties of pummice itself. So just reading from their abstract,

612
00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:50,120
Speaker 1: they give four reasons. They say, first, during eruption, it

613
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:54,120
Speaker 1: develops the highest surface area to volume ratio for any

614
00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:57,640
Speaker 1: rock type. Second, it is the only known rock type

615
00:33:57,680 --> 00:34:00,360
Speaker 1: that floats as rafts on the air water inner face

616
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:03,320
Speaker 1: and then becomes beached in the title zone for long

617
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,920
Speaker 1: periods of time. Third, it is exposed to an unusually

618
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:12,400
Speaker 1: wide variety of conditions, including dehydration. Finally, from rafting to burial,

619
00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:16,319
Speaker 1: it has a remarkable ability to add sorb metals, organics,

620
00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:19,839
Speaker 1: and phosphates, as well as to host organic catalysts such

621
00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:23,359
Speaker 1: as zeolites and titanium oxides. And then they say these

622
00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:26,239
Speaker 1: remarkable properties now deserve to be rigorously explored in the

623
00:34:26,280 --> 00:34:29,600
Speaker 1: laboratory and the early rock record. So this would sort

624
00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:32,319
Speaker 1: of match with some of the other interesting ideas we've

625
00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:35,680
Speaker 1: talked about how um a lot of researchers are thinking

626
00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:39,560
Speaker 1: good candidate areas for the origins of life on Earth

627
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:43,960
Speaker 1: would be like areas that repeatedly got wet and dry

628
00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:47,319
Speaker 1: in cycles, or areas that were right at the interface

629
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:51,960
Speaker 1: of water and dry land, because that that kind of change,

630
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:57,480
Speaker 1: like hydration and dehydration of of sort of gatherings of

631
00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:02,120
Speaker 1: organic molecules could have triggered some of the chemical evolution

632
00:35:02,280 --> 00:35:05,680
Speaker 1: that gave rise to you know, the organic molecules you're

633
00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:08,360
Speaker 1: looking for for the origins of life and possibly for

634
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:12,680
Speaker 1: the structural formations of cells themselves. Yeah, and if and

635
00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:14,480
Speaker 1: if this, if this were the case too. This would

636
00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:18,320
Speaker 1: be another example of volcanoes being both you know, creator

637
00:35:18,320 --> 00:35:22,000
Speaker 1: and destroyer. You know, known for their their very destructive properties,

638
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,319
Speaker 1: but also we have numerous examples of how they bring

639
00:35:25,360 --> 00:35:28,600
Speaker 1: new things into being being be at the creation of

640
00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:32,120
Speaker 1: of whole island chains or uh you know, creating more

641
00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:36,600
Speaker 1: land on existing volcanic islands, or just creating fertile soil

642
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:41,920
Speaker 1: from which you know, all sorts of of plants can grow. Totally. Yeah,

643
00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:44,160
Speaker 1: So anyway, I like this idea. Maybe in the future

644
00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:47,319
Speaker 1: will come back to more more of the relationship or

645
00:35:47,360 --> 00:35:57,879
Speaker 1: the possible relationship between pumus and the origins of life. Now,

646
00:35:58,200 --> 00:36:02,400
Speaker 1: another example of of what we might call lava boats

647
00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,240
Speaker 1: or or lava rafts are sometimes referred to as such. Uh.

648
00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:10,000
Speaker 1: You can also find in the in the real world. UM.

649
00:36:10,040 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 1: And there's there's actually some fabulous footage of this of

650
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:18,320
Speaker 1: this phenomenon that that came out in in recent years, UM,

651
00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:23,520
Speaker 1: particularly in regard to two thousand eighteen UH volcanic activity

652
00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:27,640
Speaker 1: at Kilauea. Uh. What we're talking about here with lava boats,

653
00:36:27,719 --> 00:36:32,279
Speaker 1: lava rafts are simply a created lava masses that move

654
00:36:32,440 --> 00:36:36,239
Speaker 1: downstream and lava flows. Uh. They look sort of like

655
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,000
Speaker 1: rafts or boats um and as they move more lava

656
00:36:40,040 --> 00:36:43,880
Speaker 1: can adhere to them, and they accreed into bigger lava balls.

657
00:36:44,120 --> 00:36:46,600
Speaker 1: And to be clear, the official terminology here is not

658
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,040
Speaker 1: lava boats or lava rafts. It is lava balls or

659
00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:54,640
Speaker 1: accretionary balls. But lava boats kind of took social media

660
00:36:54,680 --> 00:36:57,600
Speaker 1: by storm, especially uh in regard to some of the

661
00:36:57,640 --> 00:36:59,720
Speaker 1: footage that was making the rounds, which is quite impressive.

662
00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:02,960
Speaker 1: It looks like this big black sort of star destroyer

663
00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:07,359
Speaker 1: type shape in the lava flow making its way sort

664
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:10,320
Speaker 1: of towards the camera. You're wanting to recreate your Revenge

665
00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:13,280
Speaker 1: of the Sixth scene, this is exactly what you're looking for, yeah,

666
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,040
Speaker 1: or you can you can imagine like a burning skeleton

667
00:37:16,280 --> 00:37:19,640
Speaker 1: like jamming on a metal guitar like this standing on

668
00:37:19,719 --> 00:37:23,000
Speaker 1: top of this thing. It's it's very impressive. It should

669
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:27,319
Speaker 1: have its own due warrior. Yeah. So this is this

670
00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:29,480
Speaker 1: is awesome footage. You know, definitely try to look it

671
00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:31,920
Speaker 1: up if you're you're interested. And it also can help

672
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:35,160
Speaker 1: sort of illustrate what sometimes we sometimes encounter with lava

673
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:39,480
Speaker 1: fields in which an upper rigid crust rests or you

674
00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:42,480
Speaker 1: could even say floats on a layer of fluid lava.

675
00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:44,960
Speaker 1: But this would be, you know, an even more stark

676
00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:49,839
Speaker 1: example of that of that that situation. Now, from here,

677
00:37:49,880 --> 00:37:52,239
Speaker 1: I thought we might move on into the discussion of

678
00:37:52,320 --> 00:37:55,640
Speaker 1: sort of I guess, speculative lava boats and you you

679
00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:58,480
Speaker 1: mean boats more literally? Now, Yes, now we're getting into

680
00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:02,240
Speaker 1: the idea of like a a vessel that humans made,

681
00:38:02,719 --> 00:38:05,480
Speaker 1: and in this case, that humans make and then like

682
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:09,240
Speaker 1: set adrift in a lake of lava and then attempt

683
00:38:09,320 --> 00:38:12,400
Speaker 1: to climb into said vessel and maybe make a voyage

684
00:38:12,560 --> 00:38:15,719
Speaker 1: halfway across the lake. Take me there, Yeah, perhaps to

685
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:19,799
Speaker 1: defeat Bowser or something. I don't know. But so, if

686
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:22,399
Speaker 1: you haven't watched the two thousand and sixteen documentary Into

687
00:38:22,440 --> 00:38:25,880
Speaker 1: the Inferno, I think we we we both would highly

688
00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:28,520
Speaker 1: recommend this. It's It was written and directed by Werner

689
00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:34,000
Speaker 1: Herzog and featured British volcanologists Clive Oppenheimer. Both of these

690
00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:36,160
Speaker 1: gentlemen were guests on our show back And I believe

691
00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:40,600
Speaker 1: this was like late in promotion of their documentary Fireball

692
00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:44,560
Speaker 1: Visitors from Darker Worlds. Yeah, I think, uh, Into the

693
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:47,839
Speaker 1: Inferno was the documentary they had done right before this one,

694
00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:52,520
Speaker 1: right yeah, dealing with with the volcanoes and uh, it's

695
00:38:52,560 --> 00:38:55,040
Speaker 1: it's it's wonderful. If you get a chance to watch it,

696
00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:58,200
Speaker 1: you definitely should if you're interested in volcanoes or you know,

697
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:01,040
Speaker 1: it's the work of Verna Herzog. Uh, you know, definitely

698
00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,960
Speaker 1: worth picking. Picking up Um Into the Inferno features footage

699
00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:09,719
Speaker 1: of volcanologist Maurice and Kadia Kraft Uh, French husband and

700
00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:14,320
Speaker 1: wife duo. The Crafts were pioneers in the film documentation

701
00:39:14,360 --> 00:39:18,120
Speaker 1: of volcanoes, notable for there's sometimes very you know, close

702
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:22,719
Speaker 1: proximity UM filming of lava flows, a lot of very

703
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:26,799
Speaker 1: dangerous at times looking footage. Uh and Saturday they did

704
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:32,240
Speaker 1: both perish in a pyroclastic flow on mountains and in Japan.

705
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,120
Speaker 1: But these were these were this was a couple that

706
00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:38,600
Speaker 1: that loved volcanoes, and I was reading a little bit

707
00:39:38,640 --> 00:39:42,000
Speaker 1: about them in Fire in the Earth, Fire in the Soul.

708
00:39:42,080 --> 00:39:45,440
Speaker 1: The Final Moments of Maurice and Katia Craft by John

709
00:39:45,920 --> 00:39:50,840
Speaker 1: uh Caldarazzo, published in Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment

710
00:39:51,120 --> 00:39:56,200
Speaker 1: in and In this the the author notes the following

711
00:39:56,560 --> 00:39:59,680
Speaker 1: quote and this is speaking of Maurice here he loved

712
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:02,279
Speaker 1: to say how fantastic. It would be to one day

713
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:06,200
Speaker 1: build a special boat, a kind of titanium arc to

714
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:09,799
Speaker 1: put in on a lava flow off. They'd ride down

715
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:13,759
Speaker 1: a steaming mountain, flying the French flag and waving to

716
00:40:13,840 --> 00:40:17,320
Speaker 1: all their friends as they rode a glowing river into

717
00:40:17,360 --> 00:40:20,000
Speaker 1: the sea. Well, on one hand, that's beautiful, but I'm

718
00:40:20,040 --> 00:40:23,640
Speaker 1: also amused by the though the addition of the French flag.

719
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:27,960
Speaker 1: Well you know they were French, why not. But now

720
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:29,719
Speaker 1: I don't think we're supposed to to take this quick

721
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:34,479
Speaker 1: claim this lava for France. Um vegan is you've gotta

722
00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:36,720
Speaker 1: get on. It's literally getting on on the ground floor

723
00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:41,399
Speaker 1: of new uh of of New Land. Now, I don't

724
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:43,719
Speaker 1: think we're meant to take this, you know, real seriously,

725
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:48,759
Speaker 1: these were two individuals who simply loved volcanoes, loved volcanic activity.

726
00:40:49,040 --> 00:40:53,240
Speaker 1: They lived for volcanoes. Uh Caldaraso quotes them is saying

727
00:40:53,280 --> 00:40:56,759
Speaker 1: that volcanoes were like are like blind wild animals that

728
00:40:56,880 --> 00:41:00,800
Speaker 1: one must observe, like a quote mad witch doctor. I

729
00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,040
Speaker 1: think the idea is like it's it's got indigestion. You

730
00:41:03,080 --> 00:41:04,719
Speaker 1: need to watch it for a very long time to

731
00:41:04,760 --> 00:41:08,200
Speaker 1: see what what's what's going on with it? Um. They

732
00:41:08,239 --> 00:41:11,960
Speaker 1: also talked about how normal mountains are dead and that

733
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:15,359
Speaker 1: they prefer the living mountains of volcanoes. When you love

734
00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:20,040
Speaker 1: volcanoes so much, you have to slag normal mountains, right, So,

735
00:41:20,239 --> 00:41:21,640
Speaker 1: you know, I think it's safe to, you know, to

736
00:41:21,680 --> 00:41:23,359
Speaker 1: say that they could just be you know, they're being

737
00:41:23,360 --> 00:41:26,400
Speaker 1: a little poetic, like we love volcano so much that

738
00:41:26,440 --> 00:41:28,160
Speaker 1: if we could ride a ship on the on the

739
00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:30,719
Speaker 1: flow of lava, we would. But at the same time,

740
00:41:30,719 --> 00:41:33,479
Speaker 1: it's still a terrific vision. Uh, you know, this high

741
00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:37,279
Speaker 1: tech vessel sailing across lava. I was looking around. I

742
00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:41,160
Speaker 1: imagine somebody has has explored this more in science fiction,

743
00:41:41,239 --> 00:41:44,400
Speaker 1: especially like pulp science fiction of the old days, Like

744
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:46,840
Speaker 1: there has to be some story about like a uh,

745
00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:49,200
Speaker 1: you know, a volcanic planet and there being some sort

746
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:52,239
Speaker 1: of a volcanic ship. I would be shocked if this

747
00:41:52,320 --> 00:41:54,879
Speaker 1: is not shown, if this neess not appeared in uh

748
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,480
Speaker 1: in Doctor Who at some point or another. So so

749
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:00,880
Speaker 1: if if you're wondering what could this exists? Could we

750
00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:04,560
Speaker 1: make something like this? Well? Luckily, volcanologist and science writer

751
00:42:04,719 --> 00:42:08,200
Speaker 1: Robin Andrews chimed in on this very topic for a

752
00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:12,200
Speaker 1: seventeen Forbes dot Com article titled Here's how to make

753
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:15,480
Speaker 1: a boat to sail over deadly lava and and he

754
00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:19,800
Speaker 1: he uses, uh, the dreams of the crafts of particularly

755
00:42:19,840 --> 00:42:21,880
Speaker 1: Maurice Craft is kind of the jumping off point for

756
00:42:21,920 --> 00:42:25,759
Speaker 1: this as well. Okay, what's his plan here? Okay, so, um,

757
00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,040
Speaker 1: he points out, there's, first of all, you've got to

758
00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,000
Speaker 1: take into account those temperatures, like like first and foremost.

759
00:42:31,239 --> 00:42:33,680
Speaker 1: They may ignore the temperatures in the movies, but you

760
00:42:33,719 --> 00:42:35,879
Speaker 1: need to be aware of them. Uh. First of all,

761
00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:39,480
Speaker 1: he writes that lava flows tend to run one thousand

762
00:42:39,520 --> 00:42:43,200
Speaker 1: degrees celsius or one thousand, eight hundred thirty two degrees

763
00:42:43,200 --> 00:42:46,840
Speaker 1: fahrenheit on average, and lava lakes can exceed that to

764
00:42:46,880 --> 00:42:51,080
Speaker 1: a max of of of of somewhere around eleven hundred

765
00:42:51,120 --> 00:42:55,080
Speaker 1: degrees celsius or two thousand and twelve degrees fahrenheit. So

766
00:42:55,120 --> 00:42:58,520
Speaker 1: it's it's really hot. You can if you're gonna be

767
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:01,880
Speaker 1: anywhere anywhere close to at for you, certainly for a

768
00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:04,279
Speaker 1: boat ride. If you're gonna build a boat, you have

769
00:43:04,320 --> 00:43:07,759
Speaker 1: to take into account that, Um, it's gonna be that hot.

770
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:10,399
Speaker 1: You're gonna need physical protection, You're also going to need

771
00:43:10,440 --> 00:43:13,760
Speaker 1: some sort of containment suit or uh, you know, oxygen

772
00:43:13,880 --> 00:43:16,400
Speaker 1: just supply so that you're not just breathing in toxic

773
00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:19,520
Speaker 1: gases that are either going to kill you dead out

774
00:43:19,560 --> 00:43:23,319
Speaker 1: there on the lake or just like permanently damage your body.

775
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:25,720
Speaker 1: So he says, Okay, if you're gonna build this boat,

776
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:28,919
Speaker 1: it probably needs to be steel, as steel melts at

777
00:43:29,560 --> 00:43:32,920
Speaker 1: one thousand, three seventy degrees celsius or two thousand, five

778
00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:35,680
Speaker 1: hundred degrees fahrenheit. So you know, you don't want to

779
00:43:35,719 --> 00:43:38,000
Speaker 1: be in a boat that melts in the lava lake.

780
00:43:38,320 --> 00:43:40,720
Speaker 1: You want to be in a boat that that doesn't

781
00:43:40,760 --> 00:43:46,000
Speaker 1: quite melt and almost well, yes, by the way, so

782
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:48,920
Speaker 1: some of this may may sound from like familiar territory.

783
00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:51,239
Speaker 1: Of of course, we did an episode on the one

784
00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:54,560
Speaker 1: Ring from from the Lord of the Rings discussing just

785
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:57,040
Speaker 1: what sort of metal would melt or be destroyed in

786
00:43:57,160 --> 00:44:00,040
Speaker 1: Mount Doom but would not melt or be destroyed in

787
00:44:00,080 --> 00:44:03,719
Speaker 1: a medieval forge. So if you want more metallurgy, uh,

788
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:06,839
Speaker 1: that's that's episode to go back to. Okay, all right,

789
00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:09,799
Speaker 1: but going back here to the work of Robin Andrews. Next,

790
00:44:09,840 --> 00:44:12,200
Speaker 1: he points out that you need an interior lining in

791
00:44:12,239 --> 00:44:15,680
Speaker 1: that boat that's non flammable and also highly heat resistant.

792
00:44:15,920 --> 00:44:18,640
Speaker 1: Otherwise the boat would just simply cook you. I think

793
00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:22,399
Speaker 1: you your skin would stick to it, which is which

794
00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:25,440
Speaker 1: sounds horrifying. Yeah, even if the boat didn't melt, it

795
00:44:25,440 --> 00:44:28,280
Speaker 1: would essentially turn into a frying pan. Right, you're writing

796
00:44:28,320 --> 00:44:31,960
Speaker 1: in a frying pan on the heating element. Yes, So

797
00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:36,040
Speaker 1: he writes the following about possible lining options here. Quote,

798
00:44:36,440 --> 00:44:38,600
Speaker 1: there are a variety of plastics you can use, and

799
00:44:38,640 --> 00:44:42,680
Speaker 1: if you aren't worried about fire started by rogue lava blebs,

800
00:44:43,120 --> 00:44:46,319
Speaker 1: you could even use wet wood. If you want to

801
00:44:46,320 --> 00:44:50,480
Speaker 1: be particularly high tech, grab some halfneum carbide with a

802
00:44:50,520 --> 00:44:53,920
Speaker 1: melting point of around four thousand degrees celsius seven thousand

803
00:44:53,960 --> 00:44:59,000
Speaker 1: two trees fahrenheit and very high thermal resistance. These would

804
00:44:59,080 --> 00:45:02,000
Speaker 1: ensure you don't get a little sizzled inside your boat.

805
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:05,200
Speaker 1: You could even use half carbide to make the boat,

806
00:45:05,560 --> 00:45:09,640
Speaker 1: but seeing as it's unfathomably expensive, steals a far cheaper

807
00:45:09,680 --> 00:45:12,520
Speaker 1: option here, just looked it up. Half neum carbide is

808
00:45:12,520 --> 00:45:15,880
Speaker 1: said to have a melting point of thirty degrees celsius,

809
00:45:15,920 --> 00:45:20,480
Speaker 1: So you're really good to go there. Yeah, and he

810
00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:22,920
Speaker 1: also mentioned that you'd probably need to paddle with similar

811
00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,880
Speaker 1: material you know you'd have you'd have to make your

812
00:45:24,880 --> 00:45:27,719
Speaker 1: paddle or your your your pole out of that as well.

813
00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:29,759
Speaker 1: I guess it depends on how ambitious you are. You're

814
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:33,480
Speaker 1: just happy to be floating um on or down the

815
00:45:33,719 --> 00:45:35,640
Speaker 1: you know, the lake or flow of lava, or do

816
00:45:35,719 --> 00:45:37,800
Speaker 1: you do you feel like you need to actually build

817
00:45:37,840 --> 00:45:40,440
Speaker 1: up speed? Where do you end up? Does this mean

818
00:45:40,480 --> 00:45:42,520
Speaker 1: you just ride this thing until it dumps you out

819
00:45:42,560 --> 00:45:45,160
Speaker 1: into the ocean? Um? Well, I guess it depends. I mean,

820
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:47,640
Speaker 1: if you're just in a lake of of of lava,

821
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:52,000
Speaker 1: like in a crater like um kilaueaikey, then you might

822
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:54,640
Speaker 1: just be floating out there until the like the vortex

823
00:45:54,680 --> 00:45:57,920
Speaker 1: sucks you down or until or if it's if there's

824
00:45:57,960 --> 00:46:00,360
Speaker 1: a fountain of of lava going on and told like

825
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:02,759
Speaker 1: that burns you up or or drops a bunch of

826
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:07,279
Speaker 1: bathtub sized blobs of lava on top of you. Or

827
00:46:07,560 --> 00:46:09,360
Speaker 1: yeah it's a flow going into the ocean. Maybe you

828
00:46:09,480 --> 00:46:11,719
Speaker 1: ride that out, but that's gonna be there. There's gonna

829
00:46:11,719 --> 00:46:14,399
Speaker 1: be some rapids in there. Well. Another hazard we haven't

830
00:46:14,440 --> 00:46:17,160
Speaker 1: even mentioned yet is that if you actually do ride

831
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:19,640
Speaker 1: this all the way down to the water's edge, and

832
00:46:19,640 --> 00:46:22,960
Speaker 1: then you plunge into the water where the molten lava

833
00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:25,600
Speaker 1: is hitting the water. Uh. You need to be careful

834
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:29,000
Speaker 1: there because another totally separate thing I was reading about

835
00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:31,120
Speaker 1: that we haven't even gotten to yet is this stuff

836
00:46:31,160 --> 00:46:33,720
Speaker 1: called las If you have you've read about this rob

837
00:46:33,840 --> 00:46:36,959
Speaker 1: the so called lava haze, No, no, tell me about

838
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:41,000
Speaker 1: the lays. Well. Unfortunately this has actually led to at

839
00:46:41,040 --> 00:46:43,200
Speaker 1: least a few human deaths in the past. But it's

840
00:46:43,239 --> 00:46:46,640
Speaker 1: this type of steam or haze or mist that billows

841
00:46:46,719 --> 00:46:50,520
Speaker 1: up when molten lava falls into the ocean. I think

842
00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:53,000
Speaker 1: I was reading about it directly in connection with Kilauea.

843
00:46:53,040 --> 00:46:57,800
Speaker 1: Actually it's dangerous for multiple reasons. Number one that these clouds,

844
00:46:57,800 --> 00:47:00,880
Speaker 1: because of some kind of chemical reaction that happens, the

845
00:47:00,960 --> 00:47:04,840
Speaker 1: clouds are full of hydrochloric acid, is like stomach acid,

846
00:47:04,880 --> 00:47:07,560
Speaker 1: which you don't want getting into your lungs. But I

847
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,960
Speaker 1: think it may also have like other types of highly

848
00:47:10,960 --> 00:47:15,400
Speaker 1: corrosive acids, hydrofluoric acid. Of course, lots of carbon dioxide.

849
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:18,200
Speaker 1: But then the another part is that it's full of

850
00:47:18,640 --> 00:47:23,920
Speaker 1: tons of extremely tiny little shards of volcanic glass. That

851
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:27,200
Speaker 1: get carried up in the steam. So basically, you don't

852
00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:28,879
Speaker 1: want to get anywhere near this stuff. If you ever

853
00:47:28,880 --> 00:47:32,320
Speaker 1: see lava dripping into the water, it's beautiful to observe

854
00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:34,680
Speaker 1: from a distance, but you don't want to go near it.

855
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:38,359
Speaker 1: So if you're listening to this episode and you're you're

856
00:47:38,440 --> 00:47:40,120
Speaker 1: if you're thinking, well, I could do this, I could

857
00:47:40,120 --> 00:47:42,280
Speaker 1: pull this off. Now, do not, please do not attempt

858
00:47:42,360 --> 00:47:46,359
Speaker 1: this at home, or or or in Volcano National Park,

859
00:47:46,480 --> 00:47:49,080
Speaker 1: or anywhere near any volcano you have you happen to

860
00:47:49,120 --> 00:47:52,319
Speaker 1: be visiting. Please keep a respectful distance. And that's just

861
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:56,640
Speaker 1: respecting yourself, right right though, Certainly, if you have a

862
00:47:56,719 --> 00:48:00,520
Speaker 1: chance to to to get within a safe distance of

863
00:48:00,560 --> 00:48:03,440
Speaker 1: any kind of volcanic activity to visit you know, Volcano

864
00:48:03,520 --> 00:48:07,920
Speaker 1: National Park or really any any volcanic location, uh, definitely

865
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:10,600
Speaker 1: check it out. I mean, these these are the living mountains,

866
00:48:10,640 --> 00:48:12,680
Speaker 1: These are these are amazing places. And even if you're

867
00:48:12,719 --> 00:48:16,759
Speaker 1: visiting a place that's not quite alive anymore, uh, you know,

868
00:48:16,960 --> 00:48:21,839
Speaker 1: sort of recently dead mountains like that alone haunted by

869
00:48:21,840 --> 00:48:24,799
Speaker 1: a particular energy that you just don't necessarily encounter it.

870
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:27,920
Speaker 1: Uh in in other parts of the world, totally yea,

871
00:48:28,280 --> 00:48:30,719
Speaker 1: but obviously we'd love to hear from everyone out there. Um,

872
00:48:30,760 --> 00:48:35,239
Speaker 1: have you visited some volcanic locations and you have additional

873
00:48:35,320 --> 00:48:38,080
Speaker 1: sightings you would like to share if you seen anything, uh,

874
00:48:38,160 --> 00:48:41,560
Speaker 1: you know, like these these the floating pumas or these

875
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:45,080
Speaker 1: uh or these these lava balls? Uh, let us know,

876
00:48:45,840 --> 00:48:48,719
Speaker 1: you know, what are some volcanic terrains that you've explored,

877
00:48:49,239 --> 00:48:53,640
Speaker 1: And likewise, what are some volcanic situations you've explored in

878
00:48:54,120 --> 00:48:56,839
Speaker 1: fantasy and fiction that match up with what we've been

879
00:48:56,840 --> 00:48:58,640
Speaker 1: talking about. What are we missing out there in the

880
00:48:58,680 --> 00:49:04,080
Speaker 1: world the why the wide wild world of sci fi exploration?

881
00:49:04,160 --> 00:49:06,920
Speaker 1: If there are some some tremendous scenes of ships sailing

882
00:49:06,920 --> 00:49:09,719
Speaker 1: on a sea of lava and so forth, right in

883
00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:11,400
Speaker 1: and let us know. We'd love to hear from you.

884
00:49:11,840 --> 00:49:15,080
Speaker 1: Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio producer Seth

885
00:49:15,160 --> 00:49:17,680
Speaker 1: Nicholas Johnson. If you would like to get in touch

886
00:49:17,719 --> 00:49:19,920
Speaker 1: with us with feedback on this episode or any other,

887
00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:22,319
Speaker 1: to suggest topic for the future, to tell us about

888
00:49:22,400 --> 00:49:25,719
Speaker 1: your love about fantasies, or just to say hello, you

889
00:49:25,760 --> 00:49:28,399
Speaker 1: can email us at contact at stuff to Blow Your

890
00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:38,800
Speaker 1: Mind dot com. Stuff to Blow Your Mind. It's production

891
00:49:38,840 --> 00:49:41,239
Speaker 1: of I Heart radio for more podcasts, for my heart

892
00:49:41,320 --> 00:49:44,480
Speaker 1: Radio because the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever

893
00:49:44,480 --> 00:50:01,400
Speaker 1: you're listening to your favorite shows. I D had a

894
00:50:01,480 --> 00:50:03,560
Speaker 1: time about about movie