1 00:00:01,560 --> 00:00:04,720 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff 2 00:00:04,760 --> 00:00:16,280 Speaker 1: works dot com. Hey guys, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:16,320 --> 00:00:18,520 Speaker 1: This is Alison Anom like the Science or how stuff 4 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:20,959 Speaker 1: works dot com. This is Robert Lamb Signs, writer at 5 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:23,880 Speaker 1: how stuffworks dot com. And this week we're talking about 6 00:00:23,920 --> 00:00:28,440 Speaker 1: death by Volcano, which which kind of takes me back 7 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 1: because when I was a kid. Um, I think everybody 8 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:33,120 Speaker 1: had a variation on this game, but me and my 9 00:00:33,159 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: sisters should played this. This game where would be like 10 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: in the living room and suddenly somebody would yell out 11 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:41,159 Speaker 1: everything but the couch is is lava and we'd all 12 00:00:41,159 --> 00:00:43,080 Speaker 1: have to jump on the couch because if you were 13 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:45,600 Speaker 1: stuck on the floor, then you were burned alive by lava. 14 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:47,800 Speaker 1: Sometimes it was never ending pit, but most of the 15 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:50,600 Speaker 1: time I think it was law. Do you guys do that? Um? Yeah, 16 00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:53,840 Speaker 1: occasionally it wasn't. One of our central games were more 17 00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:56,160 Speaker 1: like Ghost in the Graveyard type of crew. I don't 18 00:00:56,200 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: know that one. Oh really goes to the graveyard where 19 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:01,400 Speaker 1: you uh, you're outside, takes place at night and there's 20 00:01:01,480 --> 00:01:05,360 Speaker 1: like somebody who is I guess the ghost and anyway, 21 00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:07,720 Speaker 1: you have to make a lap around a prescribed circuit 22 00:01:07,959 --> 00:01:10,560 Speaker 1: and make it back safely. Well that sounds fun. It's 23 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:12,759 Speaker 1: actually really fun. Yeah, it's a really good summer game. 24 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,919 Speaker 1: But I did we did play the volcano game as well. Okay, well, um, 25 00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:20,160 Speaker 1: well yeah, so basically we're talking about ways since you 26 00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:22,160 Speaker 1: wouldn't you're not actually going to have your living room 27 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:25,800 Speaker 1: suddenly turned into lava and burn you alive. Um, but still, 28 00:01:25,880 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: volcanoes can be pretty deadly. So we're gonna we're gonna 29 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:30,039 Speaker 1: talk about him a little bit here today. If you 30 00:01:30,040 --> 00:01:33,200 Speaker 1: have if you have any personal experience with volcanoes, yeah, 31 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:36,280 Speaker 1: not so much. Um, I've seen some. But the story 32 00:01:36,319 --> 00:01:39,080 Speaker 1: that stuck out to me when we've decided on this 33 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:42,520 Speaker 1: podcast topic was that there was this story in winter 34 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: two thousand and ten about this climber who fell into 35 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:47,880 Speaker 1: the crater at Mount St Allan's. Did you hear about that? No? 36 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: I don't. Yeah, he was a he's a pretty expert climber. 37 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:53,520 Speaker 1: I think he climbed Mount Saint Helen's like to the 38 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:56,600 Speaker 1: tain of almost seventy times, and so you know, he 39 00:01:56,680 --> 00:01:59,200 Speaker 1: was up at the heat, he was at the summit 40 00:01:59,280 --> 00:02:01,960 Speaker 1: and here have just backpack and he took up his 41 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:03,720 Speaker 1: jacket and he was going to pose for a picture. 42 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:07,640 Speaker 1: Why not? Yeah, and he fell into the volcano. Yeah yeah, 43 00:02:07,760 --> 00:02:09,640 Speaker 1: Cornis gave away the great way to go. I mean 44 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:12,880 Speaker 1: that's like, that's like the manliest death ever. Oh I 45 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:15,200 Speaker 1: don't know. I mean I I got to debate that 46 00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:17,680 Speaker 1: because you know, what if you're still living and you know, 47 00:02:17,720 --> 00:02:20,280 Speaker 1: he's at the bottom wherever he fell, and he's wondering 48 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:22,320 Speaker 1: if somebody's going to get to him, or maybe he's 49 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:24,760 Speaker 1: kind of dying, you know, slowly, and he sees help 50 00:02:24,840 --> 00:02:28,600 Speaker 1: because they did actually recover his body. Yeah, but I'm 51 00:02:28,639 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: just thinking, like you know, it's like later, it's like 52 00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:32,919 Speaker 1: they're talking about mountaineers and mountain climbers and they're like, oh, yeah, 53 00:02:32,919 --> 00:02:35,040 Speaker 1: there was old Carl and he h he died in 54 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:37,720 Speaker 1: the old folks home up there, and uh in uh 55 00:02:37,760 --> 00:02:40,440 Speaker 1: in Coffee County. You know. How about about Doug Oh 56 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:43,200 Speaker 1: he uh he sprained his leg real bad. He's still 57 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:45,239 Speaker 1: around Medda and do much. Well. How about what's his 58 00:02:45,320 --> 00:02:47,800 Speaker 1: name is that? Oh? He fell into a volcano. Like 59 00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:50,880 Speaker 1: that's the most awesome death ever. Like people were probably 60 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:53,200 Speaker 1: thinking when I'm premated, I want my nevs, like I 61 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:55,239 Speaker 1: want my ashes to go into a volcano. Like, that's 62 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:58,000 Speaker 1: just so epic. And this guy that's how he died 63 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:00,480 Speaker 1: and that's I mean, if you have to tick away, 64 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 1: it's pretty fantastic. Right, So that's one way to uh, 65 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:07,000 Speaker 1: to die by way of a volcano. Um. And what 66 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:10,120 Speaker 1: are volcanoes again? In case you guys need a quick review, 67 00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:13,680 Speaker 1: I'm happy to provide such review to you. Yeah. Well, 68 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:15,280 Speaker 1: you know, most of the time we do think about 69 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:17,160 Speaker 1: like Mountain St. Helm's we think of or we think 70 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:19,760 Speaker 1: of a big fiery mountain, you know, like the kind 71 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:22,239 Speaker 1: of place where a dark lord might board some sort 72 00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:26,360 Speaker 1: of horribly powerful ring to enslave the population of a 73 00:03:26,360 --> 00:03:28,880 Speaker 1: fantasy world. But but but they can be a little 74 00:03:28,880 --> 00:03:32,959 Speaker 1: more than that. Um. Generally speaking, a volcano was any 75 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:35,640 Speaker 1: place on a planet where some material from the inside 76 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:39,760 Speaker 1: of the planet makes its way through to the planet's surface. Um. 77 00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:41,480 Speaker 1: And you know, it's like, you know, sort of like 78 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:45,400 Speaker 1: a pimple or something, you know, except more geologic terms, right. 79 00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:48,320 Speaker 1: And the geologic terms would be lava, ash and gases 80 00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:52,760 Speaker 1: right right. And the layers wouldn't be skin, muscle, et cetera. 81 00:03:52,800 --> 00:03:55,680 Speaker 1: They would be core, mantle, and outer crust. So magma 82 00:03:55,720 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 1: can rise where two plates meet. That's right, right. So 83 00:03:58,560 --> 00:04:00,320 Speaker 1: you remember the crust of the Earth is about it 84 00:04:00,360 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: into you know, about twelve different plates, right yeah, and right, 85 00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: like you were saying, Robert doing a fun job, magma 86 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:08,600 Speaker 1: can rise up for the two places. It's like the 87 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:10,280 Speaker 1: ring of fire all that stuff. You know, It's like 88 00:04:10,320 --> 00:04:13,800 Speaker 1: wherever they meet. Um, you basically have this this rift 89 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:18,160 Speaker 1: where magma can rise. Um. But it can. Magma can 90 00:04:18,200 --> 00:04:20,640 Speaker 1: also push up, push up under the middle of a plate. 91 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:26,120 Speaker 1: It's much less common, but this is the interplate interplate 92 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:30,039 Speaker 1: volcanic activity is casban an unusually hot mantel material forming 93 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:33,680 Speaker 1: in the lower mantle, then pushing up into the upper mantle, right, 94 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 1: and then this uh, this wells up and uh and 95 00:04:37,839 --> 00:04:40,320 Speaker 1: it basically creates a hot spot, okay, And it's not 96 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:42,240 Speaker 1: just some tiny hot spot. It's a hot spot that's 97 00:04:42,279 --> 00:04:45,599 Speaker 1: you know, hundreds to maybe even a thousand kilometers wide. 98 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:47,720 Speaker 1: We're talking a huge hot spot. And due to the 99 00:04:47,760 --> 00:04:50,799 Speaker 1: unusual heat of the mantel material, it melts, forming magma 100 00:04:50,839 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 1: just under the Earth's crust, all right, and then that 101 00:04:53,760 --> 00:04:57,000 Speaker 1: burst up and you have a volcano. Um. But it 102 00:04:57,080 --> 00:04:58,880 Speaker 1: is a since the this is kind of interesting though, 103 00:04:58,880 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 1: Since a continental plate move is over this spot, the 104 00:05:01,560 --> 00:05:04,719 Speaker 1: magma will create a string of volcanoes which die out 105 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:06,800 Speaker 1: once the plate moves past the hot spot. So you 106 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:10,279 Speaker 1: have situations like the volcanoes in a white uh, which 107 00:05:10,680 --> 00:05:13,320 Speaker 1: which were created by the spot forming this volcano. And 108 00:05:13,320 --> 00:05:18,160 Speaker 1: then this is like an assembly line of of geologic strife, 109 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:22,240 Speaker 1: if you will. Yeah, I mean speaking of geologic strife, 110 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 1: I mean the ring of fire has to take the kick. 111 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:29,320 Speaker 1: And incidentally Indonesia has the most oh yeah yeah in 112 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:31,360 Speaker 1: the US. I feel like Mount St. Helens gets a 113 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:33,640 Speaker 1: gets a lot of credit, gets a lot of volcanic credit. 114 00:05:33,680 --> 00:05:36,560 Speaker 1: But really they're a hundred sixty nine active volcanoes in 115 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:38,479 Speaker 1: the US. Did you know that, Robert I did not 116 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:40,360 Speaker 1: have that figure of floating around my head. Of course, 117 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:43,120 Speaker 1: we have Haaii too, and they have they have they 118 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:45,840 Speaker 1: have some awesome volcanic activity there as well, which I 119 00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 1: got to see firsthand several years back. Did you know 120 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:53,120 Speaker 1: you've been yeah no, no, uh no, we did not 121 00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:57,960 Speaker 1: did my honeymoon to Mexico. But this was like during 122 00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,280 Speaker 1: a time when I didn't know what I was doing. 123 00:05:59,360 --> 00:06:01,679 Speaker 1: But a friend of mine and uh J P. Collen 124 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:05,640 Speaker 1: if he's listening. Um. Moved out to Honolulu. He had 125 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:08,280 Speaker 1: an architect job out there, so he's like, Hey, everybody 126 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:10,160 Speaker 1: wants to come visit me. You got a fruit place 127 00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:11,680 Speaker 1: to stay in? Why So I went out there and 128 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: visited him for as long as he put up with 129 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: me to see it was awesome, got to see the 130 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:19,080 Speaker 1: volcano is a beautiful place. Yeah. I was a big 131 00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:22,440 Speaker 1: fan of Hawaii. Only been to twice though. Oh yeah, 132 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:24,960 Speaker 1: well you can pretty much any of those islands are great, 133 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 1: even the leaper ones so or the Leopard one, it's 134 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,919 Speaker 1: just the one. So death by lava. Yeah, while I 135 00:06:31,960 --> 00:06:33,440 Speaker 1: was in a way, I saw a guy get hit 136 00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:35,479 Speaker 1: by a bus, But I did not see anybody killed 137 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:38,600 Speaker 1: by a lava flow. Um, and that's what we're gonna 138 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:40,320 Speaker 1: talk about here. Did you really see a guy hit 139 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:41,920 Speaker 1: by a bus? Well, I didn't see it happened, but 140 00:06:41,960 --> 00:06:43,360 Speaker 1: I like, I went in to get a coffee and 141 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:45,480 Speaker 1: came out and I'm like, huh, what are they doing 142 00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:46,840 Speaker 1: over there in front of that bus as parked in 143 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:48,440 Speaker 1: the middle of the road, and it's like some guy 144 00:06:49,040 --> 00:06:55,000 Speaker 1: with a lay on had been hit by a bus. Yea. Anyway, 145 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:57,880 Speaker 1: back to the back to the lava. All right, so 146 00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:00,800 Speaker 1: lava flows or streams of malt and rock that poor 147 00:07:00,920 --> 00:07:03,240 Speaker 1: oo's out of an erupting vent, all right. Now, this 148 00:07:03,279 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: can come out explosively, uh, you know, like an eruption 149 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,240 Speaker 1: lava fountains, like you know we're used to seeing, well, 150 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:14,480 Speaker 1: we're used to seeing images of anyway. Um, but it 151 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:18,400 Speaker 1: can also occur non explosively, where it just seeps out 152 00:07:18,240 --> 00:07:22,160 Speaker 1: a slower rate. Um. The speed that at which lava 153 00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:24,640 Speaker 1: moves depends on several different factors. It depends on the 154 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: type of lava erupted. It's viscosity, uh, the steepness of 155 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:31,600 Speaker 1: the ground over over which it travels. You know, like 156 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: you know, if you're uphill from the lava, you know, 157 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:35,880 Speaker 1: you're a lot safer than you are if you're you know, 158 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: if you're looking up at it on a mountain peak. Um. Also, 159 00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:42,480 Speaker 1: whether the lava flows in a broadsheet or it's confined 160 00:07:42,520 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 1: to a channel down a lava tube, et cetera. It's 161 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 1: kind of the difference between putting a kink in the hose. 162 00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: You know, water moves faster through the kink. Lava is 163 00:07:49,240 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: going to move faster through a confined space fluid The 164 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:55,920 Speaker 1: salt flows can extend tens of kilometers from an erupting vent. 165 00:07:56,040 --> 00:07:59,040 Speaker 1: All right, the leading edges of these flows can travel 166 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: it's mass fast, six miles per hour, ten kilometers per 167 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:05,120 Speaker 1: hour on steep slopes. Um, when they're confined to a 168 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:08,000 Speaker 1: channel or something, they can they can hit like nineteen 169 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:10,400 Speaker 1: miles per hour. Okay. So I wasn't really thinking that 170 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:13,200 Speaker 1: death by lava flow was Um, it was a real 171 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:14,960 Speaker 1: certainty for a lot of us who can who can 172 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: move quickly. But now that you're getting into some of 173 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:19,520 Speaker 1: these faster speeds than you know, it seems like it's 174 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:22,440 Speaker 1: posing more of an issue. Yeah, one of the one 175 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: one of the things is reading them. Basically, it's still 176 00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:28,040 Speaker 1: moves slow enough that most of the time the lava 177 00:08:28,120 --> 00:08:31,920 Speaker 1: itself is not a risk because generally you're gonna see 178 00:08:32,360 --> 00:08:34,360 Speaker 1: you know, you can Hey, oh the mountain is now 179 00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:37,080 Speaker 1: spewing fire and ash into the air and it just 180 00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 1: became like pitch dark. You know, So maybe I should 181 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:41,400 Speaker 1: run away, right, But maybe you're in the middle of 182 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:43,920 Speaker 1: a very you know, serious text, you know, to your 183 00:08:44,040 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 1: to your partner, girlfriend, boyfriend. You're not paying attention, You're texting, Hey, Um, 184 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:52,040 Speaker 1: I don't know what the the shortcuts for this would 185 00:08:52,040 --> 00:08:55,160 Speaker 1: be like, hey, volcano just erupted, I'm gonna go get 186 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,400 Speaker 1: a picture of it and send you Gonna get a 187 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:59,000 Speaker 1: picture of my iPhone and send you a picture. So 188 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 1: they run out to the law going to get a 189 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:04,559 Speaker 1: picture of it and then get burned alive. UM. That 190 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:07,160 Speaker 1: that is actually the more the more common form of 191 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:10,679 Speaker 1: people getting killed by lava or like getting out around 192 00:09:10,720 --> 00:09:12,840 Speaker 1: it and sudding suddenly getting cut off from their escape 193 00:09:12,840 --> 00:09:16,040 Speaker 1: by the flow of lava or UM one thing that 194 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: they have to be real careful with. UM. On the 195 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:22,040 Speaker 1: Big Highland in Hawaii, UM at the Volcanic National Park, 196 00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:23,880 Speaker 1: we actually when I was there, I got to actually 197 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:25,480 Speaker 1: go down and walk on the lava flows and get 198 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:29,040 Speaker 1: really close to lava where people were being really disrespectful, 199 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:31,080 Speaker 1: like like like I don't know, I thought it was 200 00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:34,079 Speaker 1: disrespectful to bring marshmallows so you could get your picture 201 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:38,000 Speaker 1: made with a marshmallow over the lava flow. The marshmallows 202 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:41,160 Speaker 1: were tasty. I don't know, but it's like likezz so people, 203 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:43,319 Speaker 1: you know, you get tourists down there around lava and 204 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:45,760 Speaker 1: it's a wonder they don't lose. Just people every day 205 00:09:45,800 --> 00:09:48,000 Speaker 1: because one of the things about this particular area this 206 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:49,960 Speaker 1: is that where it's flowing out towards the water and 207 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:52,720 Speaker 1: you can walk on where it's you know, it's it's 208 00:09:52,720 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 1: become rock. But a lot of times there's there's lava. 209 00:09:55,640 --> 00:09:59,120 Speaker 1: I mean, there's a you know, there's there's molten rock 210 00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: right underneath there. So if you don't know what you're doing, 211 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:05,600 Speaker 1: you could easily walk out into an area where there's 212 00:10:05,600 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: not all that much rock. It's like walking out into 213 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:11,600 Speaker 1: thin ice um. You killed that way. So so yeah, 214 00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:14,120 Speaker 1: generally you're you're gonna be pretty safe from the lava 215 00:10:14,200 --> 00:10:20,040 Speaker 1: unless you're you're stupid or slow. So the next method 216 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 1: is perhaps not as exciting as a lava flow. It's 217 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:25,280 Speaker 1: a vogue And no, I did not say fog, I 218 00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: said vogue. Yeah, so let's take you. Let's take you 219 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:34,960 Speaker 1: into the vogue um. In June of New Zealand's Mount Ruapa, 220 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:41,480 Speaker 1: who erupted violently. It had an ash cloud blotting out 221 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:45,000 Speaker 1: the sun for miles, and that ash cloud climbed almost 222 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:49,720 Speaker 1: about th fet into the atmosphere. It is a classic 223 00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:53,000 Speaker 1: example of the erupting volcano fire mountain ash all the 224 00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:55,440 Speaker 1: all the bells and whistles you'd expect. Yeah, we're talking 225 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:58,960 Speaker 1: seven million tons of rock and ash rejected. But good news. 226 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:02,600 Speaker 1: Nobody was killed, at least initially, and at least not 227 00:11:02,679 --> 00:11:05,360 Speaker 1: within sixty miles of the volcano. In the cities of 228 00:11:05,400 --> 00:11:08,400 Speaker 1: Auckland and Hamilton's, however, which I located hundreds of miles 229 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:12,440 Speaker 1: from Ruape, who something strange started to happen. There are 230 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,320 Speaker 1: no warnings sounded, and the skies mostly appeared normal. But um, 231 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:19,480 Speaker 1: a lot of people started showing up at hospitals, and 232 00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:23,160 Speaker 1: a lot of them started dying of aggravated respiratory diseases. 233 00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:27,080 Speaker 1: In fact, about sixty nine people in the two cities 234 00:11:27,160 --> 00:11:31,000 Speaker 1: died from unexplained respiratory illness that July, according to public 235 00:11:31,080 --> 00:11:33,920 Speaker 1: health statistics. So you could have surmised that perhaps it 236 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:37,800 Speaker 1: was undiagnosed flu or something else, But a bunch of 237 00:11:37,840 --> 00:11:40,840 Speaker 1: researchers that just published a study in the journal Atmospheric 238 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:44,679 Speaker 1: Environment I think no. They think it was invisible particles 239 00:11:44,720 --> 00:11:48,560 Speaker 1: of acid coated volcanic ash wafting into the cities. I mean, 240 00:11:48,559 --> 00:11:51,680 Speaker 1: you don't want that stuff in your lungs. Over in Hawaii, 241 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:54,880 Speaker 1: Kilauea has been erupting since nineteen eighty three, using streams 242 00:11:54,880 --> 00:11:58,120 Speaker 1: of lava in you know, relatively peaceful volcanic way. And 243 00:11:58,160 --> 00:11:59,880 Speaker 1: this is where we get this is where we get 244 00:11:59,880 --> 00:12:03,880 Speaker 1: the term vog, right, because it's volcanic fog or fog. 245 00:12:04,080 --> 00:12:08,079 Speaker 1: Little portmanteau going on there, right. I wonder how Hawaiians 246 00:12:08,120 --> 00:12:10,400 Speaker 1: feel about their vog versus you know, the Los Angeles 247 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:13,480 Speaker 1: folks with their fog. Which would you rather have Los 248 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:21,439 Speaker 1: Angeles fog smog? Oh? Right, right, right? Los Angeles have smog. 249 00:12:21,520 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: San Franciscans have fog, and Hawaiians have vog. Yeah, I 250 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:29,679 Speaker 1: think vog is definitely more exciting. Yeah, vog is pretty 251 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:32,640 Speaker 1: much more exciting. So, like I said, Kilauea has been 252 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: erupting since but these are, you know, pretty mellow eruptions 253 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:39,680 Speaker 1: as far as eruptions go, and the gas from the 254 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:43,040 Speaker 1: eruption is rich and sulfur. Diack said. What happens is 255 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:46,120 Speaker 1: that trade winds regularly waffed it towards small communities on 256 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,360 Speaker 1: the southern part of the island. Along the way, some 257 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:53,760 Speaker 1: of the gas can morph into these hazy sulfate particles, 258 00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:57,440 Speaker 1: and together this is what makes up Hawaii's much maligned 259 00:12:57,559 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: volcanic smock a k talk and they looked at they 260 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:05,520 Speaker 1: started looking at it was affecting people. Between two thousand 261 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:07,000 Speaker 1: and four and two thousand nine, they found that the 262 00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:10,200 Speaker 1: high exposure to VOG nearly doubled the risk of coming 263 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:12,760 Speaker 1: down with sore throat or asthma attack. Uh. And it 264 00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:17,960 Speaker 1: also elevated bronchitis risk and adults by actually yeah, and 265 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,400 Speaker 1: of course children proved pretty susceptible to VOG related diseases, 266 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: with risks of upper respiratory infections nearly doubling, and the 267 00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:28,079 Speaker 1: likelihood of an asthma attack rose by a factor of five. 268 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:31,599 Speaker 1: And also bronchitis, as you just were talking about, the 269 00:13:31,679 --> 00:13:35,160 Speaker 1: risk for bronchitis was six times higher. So vo poses 270 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:38,960 Speaker 1: a serious public health threat. Yeah, and they've started, they've 271 00:13:38,960 --> 00:13:40,640 Speaker 1: gotten to where they're they're doing a lot more real 272 00:13:40,640 --> 00:13:43,160 Speaker 1: time air quality monitoring. Just make sure that they're on 273 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 1: top of it. And yeah, they're aware of this situation. Yeah. 274 00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:49,839 Speaker 1: And it's a sparsely populated area by the name of 275 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:54,560 Speaker 1: Ku that's by far the most grievously affected. Yeah, I guess, 276 00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:57,120 Speaker 1: I guess. We drove through Ku when we were when 277 00:13:57,160 --> 00:14:00,160 Speaker 1: we were there, did you did you know that? Um who? 278 00:14:00,160 --> 00:14:03,319 Speaker 1: I also boast the niest place on Earth. I seem 279 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:04,720 Speaker 1: like I have hear that. Well, that's why the they 280 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: have so many rainbows and thens. You know they have 281 00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:10,679 Speaker 1: the rainbow and the license plate at all. M Yeah, 282 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:13,240 Speaker 1: it's amazing. You go to vote the Volcano National Parking. 283 00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:16,520 Speaker 1: You can see complete rainbows inside a crater. Like I 284 00:14:16,559 --> 00:14:18,520 Speaker 1: walked under a rainbow and then look back and saw it. 285 00:14:19,520 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 1: And at one point we're on top looking down into 286 00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:24,360 Speaker 1: a crater looking down complete rainbow underneath this. It's crazy. 287 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:27,480 Speaker 1: I didn't even think it's possible. Um. So yeah, our 288 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:30,960 Speaker 1: next method that a volcano might use to a tempera 289 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:33,400 Speaker 1: kill you. Um, it's actually this is a kind of 290 00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 1: a double pyrocrasts pyroclastic flows and lahars. All right, these 291 00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:42,920 Speaker 1: are pretty pretty awesome unless you're, you know, in their path. 292 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 1: A pyroclastic flow is a cloud of hot volcanic gas, ash, 293 00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:50,800 Speaker 1: and volcanic bombs that sweet down the volcano sides and 294 00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:54,800 Speaker 1: other steep hills. It speeds approaching a hundred miles. That's fast. 295 00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:58,520 Speaker 1: That's a heck of a lot faster in this one 296 00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:00,360 Speaker 1: is really more of a far are more of a 297 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:03,600 Speaker 1: killer than than just lava flows. When a volcano erupts finolently, 298 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,480 Speaker 1: it's coming for large volumes of rock to just pulverize 299 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:09,240 Speaker 1: in the explosion, and they were reduced to these tiny particles, 300 00:15:09,560 --> 00:15:12,600 Speaker 1: and these mixed with high temperature gases ash larger pieces 301 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 1: of rock and it all forms together into this big 302 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:18,560 Speaker 1: hot cloud. Um. Like imagine like opening your you know, 303 00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:20,640 Speaker 1: when you open your oven, check on the cookies or whatever, 304 00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:23,680 Speaker 1: and that blast comes out, like you just imagine that 305 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:27,320 Speaker 1: just a huge blasts like that, except just intensely hot um. 306 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:29,440 Speaker 1: And it doesn't smell like cookies, right, does not smell 307 00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:32,320 Speaker 1: like cookies though, and none of your cooking pork. I 308 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: guess you know that might be accurate because of all 309 00:15:34,920 --> 00:15:39,880 Speaker 1: the burning flesh. Because this is a great example. Well 310 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,040 Speaker 1: we're talking about ways it would kill you. Um. So 311 00:15:42,960 --> 00:15:46,280 Speaker 1: like the classic example is this is when Mount Vesuvius 312 00:15:46,320 --> 00:15:51,680 Speaker 1: erupted in Italy back August seventy nine. It was on 313 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:54,520 Speaker 1: the twenty five though, that the pyroclastic flow came down 314 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 1: and hit Pompeii. So it damaged the walls of the buildings, 315 00:15:57,880 --> 00:16:00,640 Speaker 1: it ripped roofs off, and it killed every in their path. 316 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:04,120 Speaker 1: They found about two thousand bodies UM in the in 317 00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:08,280 Speaker 1: the later when they were excavated the site. And and 318 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:12,480 Speaker 1: this is what's really weird and grotesque is that they 319 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:17,280 Speaker 1: discovered all these fractured skulls among the Pompeian dead signs 320 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:21,200 Speaker 1: of basically the pyroclastic flow like heated them up so 321 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,040 Speaker 1: fast that it boiled their brains and their skull and 322 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:27,760 Speaker 1: shattered their heads like eggshells. Again a very nice image. 323 00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:32,920 Speaker 1: The the other um thing to worry about is the lahar, 324 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:36,240 Speaker 1: all right, and this is this is actually caused by 325 00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:40,960 Speaker 1: the pyroclastic flow. UM. When the pyroclastic flow mixes with water, 326 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: then the ashtional water mix can form into a type 327 00:16:43,720 --> 00:16:47,200 Speaker 1: of mud. It sets like concrete. The incident stops, so 328 00:16:47,360 --> 00:16:50,000 Speaker 1: think of it as like a pyroclastic mud flow. Really, 329 00:16:50,680 --> 00:16:53,520 Speaker 1: this happened with Mountain St. Helen's pyroclastic flow melted the 330 00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:55,640 Speaker 1: snow and the ice and the upper slopes and it 331 00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:58,160 Speaker 1: formed this All this fast flowing mud swept down the 332 00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:02,840 Speaker 1: mountain uh into the river and UH and and instantly 333 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:06,159 Speaker 1: heated the river up. The mud flows UM and you 334 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:09,000 Speaker 1: ended up going through houses, picked up trucks, cars, et cetera. 335 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:12,119 Speaker 1: And they once it settled into into into place, it 336 00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:15,160 Speaker 1: just sets. Yeah, it's like a moment in time of destruction, 337 00:17:15,240 --> 00:17:18,080 Speaker 1: just frozen forever. Like when when Mount Vesuvius went off, 338 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:23,480 Speaker 1: the town of Herculaneum was hit by the lahar and 339 00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:27,359 Speaker 1: so they've been digging around in that for for a 340 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:29,639 Speaker 1: while now. It's just you know, everything was just sealed 341 00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:32,080 Speaker 1: up in it, in this concrete. So this is one 342 00:17:32,080 --> 00:17:34,320 Speaker 1: of those ways to die that if you're looking to 343 00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,159 Speaker 1: die fast stuff, I would think that this would be 344 00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 1: the way to go. Yeah. The pyroclastic flows definitely gonna 345 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:43,879 Speaker 1: hit you hard. Um, just instant death. Yeah. So the 346 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,640 Speaker 1: next one is a volcanic winter. Do you've ever sat 347 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:49,640 Speaker 1: the campfire, and I know you guys probably have. Um, 348 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,119 Speaker 1: you've probably noticed the smoke and the bits of ash 349 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:55,280 Speaker 1: that are rising from the flames. These are the product 350 00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:58,040 Speaker 1: of combustion. The smoke you see it sending out of 351 00:17:58,040 --> 00:18:01,280 Speaker 1: an erupting volcano, on the other hand, and consists mostly 352 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:04,480 Speaker 1: of these tiny mineral particles formed by the explosive release 353 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:09,840 Speaker 1: of gases. One's volcanic ashes airborne. Three factors determine how 354 00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:12,000 Speaker 1: far it will travel before falling back to the Earth. 355 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: Can you guess one of the factors particles, right, The 356 00:18:15,080 --> 00:18:17,080 Speaker 1: larger the particle, the closer it's going to fall to 357 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:20,399 Speaker 1: the volcano. Smaller the particle, the farther the winds are 358 00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:23,080 Speaker 1: gonna be able to carry it and drift it into 359 00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 1: a town near you. Another factor that determines how far 360 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:27,280 Speaker 1: it's going to fall from the volcano is the wind 361 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:29,359 Speaker 1: speed in direction you know, I mean, what kind of 362 00:18:29,359 --> 00:18:31,000 Speaker 1: winds do we have blowing. If if it's just a 363 00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: strong direct wind, then it's just the volcanic ash is 364 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:36,000 Speaker 1: going to blow in a relatively straight line. But for 365 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:39,199 Speaker 1: some storm type winds into the mix, and they're going 366 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:41,600 Speaker 1: to be much more effective at distributing volcanic ash in 367 00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:45,359 Speaker 1: many different directions. Eruption type also determines how far away 368 00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 1: the ash is going to fall um and there are 369 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:51,160 Speaker 1: several different kinds of volcanic eruptions, and their severity plays 370 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:53,520 Speaker 1: into both of the above factors. So if you have 371 00:18:53,840 --> 00:18:57,040 Speaker 1: um a particularly powerful eruption, then that's going to be 372 00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:59,840 Speaker 1: able to blast particles perhaps into the upper levels of 373 00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:03,400 Speaker 1: the planet's atmosphere. If you have kind of a nondescript 374 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:06,680 Speaker 1: front of the mill explosion, then you know, the volcanic 375 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:09,000 Speaker 1: ash won't be blasted quite as high into the atmosphere. 376 00:19:09,520 --> 00:19:11,879 Speaker 1: So once in the air, the volcanic ash kind of 377 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:14,679 Speaker 1: mills around and it joins other dush particles, and UH, 378 00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:20,320 Speaker 1: it forms what's called condensation nuclei, which water vapor condenses 379 00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: around form clouds. Some violent eruptions can even add volcanic 380 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:26,800 Speaker 1: ash cloud cover to the atmosphere to drop global temperatures 381 00:19:26,800 --> 00:19:28,679 Speaker 1: by several degrees. So this is sort of like your 382 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:33,760 Speaker 1: nuclear winter. UM. So back in three the eruption of 383 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:37,840 Speaker 1: Krakatoa lowered global temperatures by two point two degrees fahrenheit. 384 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:41,080 Speaker 1: And in fact, some of these are cases that scientists 385 00:19:41,119 --> 00:19:45,800 Speaker 1: point to UM when making arguments and calculations about nuclear winter. 386 00:19:46,119 --> 00:19:49,640 Speaker 1: So there's one theory called the Turba catastrophe theory UM 387 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:55,800 Speaker 1: so named for Lake Tobin, Indonesia. And according to this theory, UM, 388 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:59,320 Speaker 1: modern human evolution was affected by a recent large volcanic event. 389 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,159 Speaker 1: That's the thought, and by recently means seventy to seventy 390 00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:07,000 Speaker 1: five thousand years ago, but it's still pretty recent geologic terms. UH, 391 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:09,080 Speaker 1: and the event that they point to they think there's 392 00:20:09,119 --> 00:20:12,120 Speaker 1: a category eight or what's called the Mega colossal eruption 393 00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:16,640 Speaker 1: on the Volcanic Explicitty Index. Yeah, this was a six 394 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:19,679 Speaker 1: year A six year long volcanic winner followed this, and 395 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,600 Speaker 1: that was followed by an estimated thousand year long instant 396 00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:26,600 Speaker 1: ice age. Yeah, and of course also followed by a 397 00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:31,120 Speaker 1: decimation of humanity. Yeah. And by recent we mean seventy 398 00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: to seventy five thousand years ago. Yeah, the Toba Caldera 399 00:20:35,560 --> 00:20:39,439 Speaker 1: in Indonesia underwent a category eight UM eruption on the 400 00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:43,080 Speaker 1: Volcanic Explicity Index. So this is the mega the mega colossal, 401 00:20:43,119 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: as so dubbed. That's the actual term. No wonder what's over? 402 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:52,560 Speaker 1: Is it like like mega awesome? After that? Um, And 403 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:56,439 Speaker 1: there's some pretty serious ramifications after this particular eruption. There 404 00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:59,840 Speaker 1: was a six year long volcanic winter and pretty much 405 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,400 Speaker 1: in a thousand year long instant ice age that followed 406 00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:06,840 Speaker 1: Mount Toba's eruption, and of course modern man uh was decimated. 407 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:10,160 Speaker 1: The population of modern man just you know, plummeted. Yeah, 408 00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:12,640 Speaker 1: I felt it. They think to around ten thousand adults 409 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 1: between and this was between fifty and a hundred thousand 410 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:18,960 Speaker 1: years ago. The survivors they think would have found a 411 00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:24,680 Speaker 1: refuge in isolated tropical pockets mainly in equatorial Africa. Meanwhile, 412 00:21:24,720 --> 00:21:27,359 Speaker 1: populations living in Europe and northern China would have been 413 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:32,160 Speaker 1: basically wiped out. Um, So just a twelve twelve degree 414 00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:36,080 Speaker 1: change in temperature can have just catastrophic effects. Right, So 415 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:37,960 Speaker 1: that's volcanic winter. Why don't you talk to us about 416 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:42,480 Speaker 1: tsunamis and earthquakes? Yeah, well, earthquake earthquakes are related to 417 00:21:42,560 --> 00:21:48,119 Speaker 1: volcanic activity. Can produce hazards which include ground cracks, ground deformation, 418 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:52,040 Speaker 1: and and damage demand made structures. Obviously, um. And there 419 00:21:52,040 --> 00:21:56,359 Speaker 1: are two categories of volcanic earthquakes volcano tectonic earthquakes and 420 00:21:56,480 --> 00:22:01,920 Speaker 1: long period earthquakes. Alright, volcanic earthquakes there are pretty pretty 421 00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:05,959 Speaker 1: simple to imagine. Um Right, Volcano volcano erupts, and this 422 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:08,560 Speaker 1: creates all these stress changes in the solid rock due 423 00:22:08,560 --> 00:22:12,280 Speaker 1: to either the injection or withdrawal of magma. So you 424 00:22:12,320 --> 00:22:15,760 Speaker 1: have like all this liquid rock moving around. Suddenly there's uh, 425 00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:18,240 Speaker 1: it's you know, areas that used to have you know, 426 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:21,440 Speaker 1: rock under them, um end up falling in other areas, 427 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:27,520 Speaker 1: blast out, um and produce all these large ground groundcracks. 428 00:22:27,920 --> 00:22:30,480 Speaker 1: The earthquake can occur as rock is moving in to 429 00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:33,399 Speaker 1: fill the spaces where magma is no longer present. Um 430 00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:35,960 Speaker 1: and uh, and then they just happened. They're just a 431 00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:40,360 Speaker 1: part of the volcanic eruption. The other category are long 432 00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,000 Speaker 1: period earthquakes, and these are produced by the injection of 433 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:45,680 Speaker 1: magma into the surrounding rock. All right. These are are 434 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:49,000 Speaker 1: the result of pressure changes during the unsteady transport of magma. 435 00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:50,880 Speaker 1: So this is the type of These are the type 436 00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:55,439 Speaker 1: of seismic activities that scientists will study and sit and 437 00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:57,240 Speaker 1: and and be able to say, like, oh, well, this 438 00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:00,320 Speaker 1: the seismic activity is increasing around this particular of polcano 439 00:23:01,359 --> 00:23:04,280 Speaker 1: eruption exactly, yeah, whereas the other type just is a 440 00:23:04,320 --> 00:23:06,680 Speaker 1: part of the eruption and like a byproduct of the 441 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:10,800 Speaker 1: eruption see yeah. And then of course, um, if volcano 442 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:15,200 Speaker 1: volcanoes are producing seismic waves, this can also um produce tsunamis, 443 00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:17,840 Speaker 1: especially in the case mainly in the case with like 444 00:23:17,880 --> 00:23:22,880 Speaker 1: sub submarine volcanoes. UM it quickly collapsed downwards few fourth 445 00:23:22,960 --> 00:23:25,920 Speaker 1: lava which heats the surrounding water quickly, which generates these 446 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:31,760 Speaker 1: massive waves which which can be catastrophic so Krakatoa. The 447 00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:35,800 Speaker 1: explosion in um actually had a pretty large impact on 448 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:39,240 Speaker 1: the population due to a crazy tsunami um. The tsunami 449 00:23:39,280 --> 00:23:43,080 Speaker 1: in that instance killed about thirty people. So yeah, I 450 00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:45,199 Speaker 1: think out of all the ones that we've mentioned, I 451 00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:47,399 Speaker 1: think the way to go is falling off of the 452 00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:51,679 Speaker 1: mountain into a volcano. No, I disagree. I think that 453 00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:53,400 Speaker 1: I would much rather be gone in one of those 454 00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,960 Speaker 1: paraclastic flows instantly. You'd rather your skull explode? Yeah, yeah, 455 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:58,600 Speaker 1: I would rabber. That's what I want to go, I think. 456 00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:00,480 Speaker 1: All right. If you want to find out more about 457 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:04,800 Speaker 1: volcanoes and other topics, you can also check out our blogs, 458 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,480 Speaker 1: which you can reach via the homepage. You can send 459 00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 1: us some email and tell us about your volcanic experiences 460 00:24:10,119 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 1: at science stuff at how stuff works dot com. For 461 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:21,840 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, is a 462 00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:25,280 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot Com. Want more how stuff works, 463 00:24:25,560 --> 00:24:27,720 Speaker 1: check out our blogs on the house stuff works dot 464 00:24:27,760 --> 00:24:34,920 Speaker 1: com homepage.