1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:08,760 Speaker 1: events in history. On with the show. Hi, I'm Eves, 3 00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:12,480 Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, a show 4 00:00:12,640 --> 00:00:24,480 Speaker 1: that un covers a little bit more about history every day. 5 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:33,200 Speaker 1: The day was January nine. Soviet forces finally arrived at Aushpitz, 6 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:37,519 Speaker 1: the complex of Nazi concentration camps in Poland, after liberating 7 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:43,120 Speaker 1: Warsaw and crack Out earlier in January. We ran up 8 00:00:43,159 --> 00:00:45,879 Speaker 1: to them and they gave us hugs, cookies and chocolate. 9 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: Survivor Eva Cores said later she was just ten years 10 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,880 Speaker 1: old when the camps were liberated. We were not only 11 00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:56,360 Speaker 1: starved for food, but we were starved for human kindness, 12 00:00:56,840 --> 00:00:59,840 Speaker 1: and the Soviet Army did provide some of that. Eva course, 13 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:05,480 Speaker 1: it Auschwitz was actually a network of concentration, death and 14 00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:10,160 Speaker 1: labor camps. There was Auschwitz one, the main camp, Auschwitz 15 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: to birkenw and Auschwitz three Mono Bits originally designed for 16 00:01:16,120 --> 00:01:19,560 Speaker 1: prisoners of war Burken now evolved into a death camp 17 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:24,119 Speaker 1: for Jewish rominy and gay people and anyone else deemed subhuman. 18 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:28,320 Speaker 1: The majority of people who died at Auschwitz took their 19 00:01:28,400 --> 00:01:32,160 Speaker 1: last breaths at Birkenw So when the Red Army arrived 20 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:35,840 Speaker 1: at Auschwitz it was a victory, but the reality was 21 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:38,040 Speaker 1: the troops were still at a place where over one 22 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 1: million people died at the hands of the Nazis and 23 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:45,960 Speaker 1: their nationalist racist policies. More than six hundred corpses laying 24 00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:49,200 Speaker 1: pals around the camp, and over seven thousand survivors were 25 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:54,080 Speaker 1: left behind. But the Nazis had already left. You see, 26 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:57,440 Speaker 1: the end of the Second World War was nearing an 27 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,800 Speaker 1: Allied troops were closing in on the Nazi camps, so 28 00:02:00,880 --> 00:02:04,000 Speaker 1: before the Soviets got to Auschwitz, the Nazis at the 29 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:06,320 Speaker 1: camps focus their efforts on getting rid of all the 30 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:13,480 Speaker 1: evidence of their crimes. At s s leader Hinrich Hemmler's orders, 31 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:16,720 Speaker 1: the Nazis destroyed part of the gas chambers at Auschwitz 32 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: Berkenal in late nineteen forty four. Well they did it. 33 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:24,400 Speaker 1: They actually forced the Saunder commando or prisoners assigned to 34 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: manage the gas chambers to take apart the crematory of 35 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:31,040 Speaker 1: peace by peace, and in January of nineteen forty five, 36 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: the Nazis blew up and set on fire the rest 37 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:36,440 Speaker 1: of the buildings and even burned documents in the streets 38 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 1: as part of their last ditch attempt to cover up 39 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:41,720 Speaker 1: their tracks and carry out the mandate of creating a 40 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:44,680 Speaker 1: so called Arian race. The s S called for the 41 00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:49,240 Speaker 1: abandonment of Auschwitz. As Soviet forces got closer. In mid 42 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:54,520 Speaker 1: January nineteen the s S sixty thousand prisoners west away 43 00:02:54,520 --> 00:02:57,160 Speaker 1: from approaching troops and into the heart of the crumbling 44 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:01,639 Speaker 1: German Reich. What's the s s u smistically called evacuation 45 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:05,160 Speaker 1: was really what prisoners more appropriately called a death march. 46 00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:10,400 Speaker 1: Remember it was winter in Poland. Sick and starving adults 47 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:15,399 Speaker 1: and children alike walked mouths through snow, mud, ice, and blizzards, 48 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: wearing their thin prison uniforms, only to end up another 49 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:24,480 Speaker 1: concentration camp or die on the way there. People who 50 00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:27,600 Speaker 1: couldn't keep up were beaten and murdered, and many died 51 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:32,960 Speaker 1: from exhaustion or freezing. It's not known exactly how many 52 00:03:32,960 --> 00:03:36,440 Speaker 1: people died on the death marches from Auschwitz, but some 53 00:03:36,560 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: estimates put the toll at as many as fifteen thousand people. 54 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:45,840 Speaker 1: But even after all of the Nazis destruction, evidence of 55 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:50,480 Speaker 1: the brutality and magnitude of death at Auschwitz remained s 56 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:53,680 Speaker 1: S Commander Ernst Mauser had ordered everybody left behind to 57 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:57,920 Speaker 1: be killed, but guards had deserted the camp, and about 58 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 1: seven thousand people who hit during the evact cuation or 59 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:04,120 Speaker 1: were deemed unable to make the brutal trip to Germany 60 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:08,320 Speaker 1: were at Auschwitz when the Soviets arrived, covered in waste 61 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:14,600 Speaker 1: and emaciated. Among the ruins, the army found over a 62 00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:18,520 Speaker 1: hundred thousand women's coats, tens of thousands of pairs of shoes, 63 00:04:19,279 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 1: more than three hundred thousand men's suits, and nearly eight 64 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:28,920 Speaker 1: tons of human hair. Hundreds of Soviet soldiers died liberating 65 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:35,599 Speaker 1: the camps. Auschwitz prisoners had made many attempts, successful and unsuccessful, 66 00:04:35,920 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 1: to resist and escape Nazi tyranny, but on January, people 67 00:04:40,920 --> 00:04:44,120 Speaker 1: at the camps were finally able to envision a future 68 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: beyond slavery, cruel medical experimentation, and being poisoned to death. 69 00:04:49,760 --> 00:04:54,600 Speaker 1: But liberation didn't mean immediate freedom. Some people quickly left 70 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: the camps, and most children who left went to children's 71 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:02,320 Speaker 1: homes and orphanages. Those m did find their parents, but 72 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: other former prisoners were incredibly exhausted and sick, and many 73 00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: died despite being fed and given medical assistance, many Jewish 74 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:14,760 Speaker 1: people didn't have homes to go to or face the 75 00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:18,599 Speaker 1: threat of violent anti Semitism back at home, and even 76 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,720 Speaker 1: after physical liberation, the mental and emotional effects of imprisonment 77 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:28,600 Speaker 1: at Auschwitz remained. In two thousand five, the United Nations 78 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: declared January International Holocaust Rememberance Day. I'm Eve jeffco and 79 00:05:35,200 --> 00:05:37,960 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 80 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:41,200 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. You can subscribe to This Day in 81 00:05:41,279 --> 00:05:44,360 Speaker 1: History class on Apple Podcasts, the I Heart Radio app, 82 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:47,720 Speaker 1: or wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks to Taylor Mays 83 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:56,719 Speaker 1: for all his production help. We'll see you tomorrow. Hey, 84 00:05:56,880 --> 00:06:00,479 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and you're listening to This Day in History US, 85 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:03,360 Speaker 1: a podcast where we bring you a slice of history 86 00:06:03,520 --> 00:06:19,160 Speaker 1: every day. The day was January nineteen twelve. Norwegian philosopher 87 00:06:19,520 --> 00:06:24,039 Speaker 1: Arna Deccia eyed Ness was born. Ness was known for 88 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,480 Speaker 1: being an influential figure in the environmental movement, in coining 89 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:31,480 Speaker 1: the term deep ecology. Ness was born in slim Doll 90 00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:36,000 Speaker 1: near Oslo, Norway, to a wealthy family. His father, Ragnar, 91 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:40,320 Speaker 1: died before he turned one year old. Arna found an 92 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:44,000 Speaker 1: early interest in nature and philosophy. By the time he 93 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:47,400 Speaker 1: was a teenager, he had already become an adept mountaineer. 94 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:53,640 Speaker 1: He also began attending university lectures. Ness did undergraduate work 95 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:56,960 Speaker 1: at the Sorbonne in Paris and graduate work at the 96 00:06:57,040 --> 00:07:01,120 Speaker 1: University of Vienna and the University of California YEA. Berkeley. 97 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:04,760 Speaker 1: In Vienna, he worked with the Vienna Circle, the school 98 00:07:04,839 --> 00:07:09,800 Speaker 1: of philosophers who developed the movement of logical positivism. Nest 99 00:07:09,920 --> 00:07:13,120 Speaker 1: got his doctorate in philosophy from the University of Oslo 100 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:16,560 Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty eight. Nest finished building a hut in 101 00:07:16,560 --> 00:07:19,520 Speaker 1: the halling Scott of the Mountains he called the hut 102 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:22,840 Speaker 1: Te Verdergastein, and for much of his life he lived 103 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:28,200 Speaker 1: and spent time here developing his philosophical ideas. Soon after graduating, 104 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: he became the youngest ever professor of philosophy at the 105 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:34,800 Speaker 1: University of Oslo. He was also the only professor of 106 00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: philosophy in Norway at the time. Once appointed, he made 107 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:42,720 Speaker 1: the history of ideas a prerequisite for all academic fields 108 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,200 Speaker 1: in his book Truth as Conceived by Those who Are 109 00:07:46,200 --> 00:07:49,760 Speaker 1: Not Professional Philosophers. Ness was one of the first people 110 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:54,600 Speaker 1: to use statistical methods and questionnaires to survey philosophical beliefs. 111 00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: But Nazi Germany invaded Norway in nineteen forty. Influenced by 112 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:03,960 Speaker 1: Guy these active non violent resistance, Ness advocated for the same. 113 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:07,640 Speaker 1: He stayed on the faculty at the University of Oslo, 114 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:11,240 Speaker 1: but he was not passive. He worked for the Norwegian 115 00:08:11,280 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: intelligence agency XU during the occupation and he collaborated with 116 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 1: members of the resistance. After the war. He even mediated 117 00:08:21,080 --> 00:08:26,760 Speaker 1: conversations between torturers and the families of torture victims. Ness 118 00:08:26,800 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 1: was also influenced by the work of Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, 119 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:35,320 Speaker 1: a prominent rationalist in the seventeenth century. After the war, 120 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:39,920 Speaker 1: Nest continued to work on language and communication and published 121 00:08:39,960 --> 00:08:44,000 Speaker 1: more works. Yunesco invited him to lead a project to 122 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:48,320 Speaker 1: explore controversies between the East and West over the terms 123 00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:53,960 Speaker 1: democracy and freedom. He also founded the journal Inquiry about Philosophy, 124 00:08:54,160 --> 00:08:59,760 Speaker 1: Science and Society. Ness led the first expedition up tirich Mur, 125 00:09:00,200 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: the highest mountain in the Hindu Kush Range, in nineteen 126 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:07,560 Speaker 1: fifty four. Nest was influenced by Rachel Carson's nineteen sixty 127 00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:11,960 Speaker 1: two book Silent Spring, about the environmental effects of pesticides. 128 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:17,040 Speaker 1: Norway's culture is also deeply rooted in nature. Nest became 129 00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:21,520 Speaker 1: heavily involved in environmental activism in the nineteen sixties. He 130 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,920 Speaker 1: remained an avid mountaineer. He retired from his professorship in 131 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:29,599 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, and he coined the terms deep ecology 132 00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:33,520 Speaker 1: movement and acostophe in the nineteen seventy three article The 133 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:37,800 Speaker 1: Shallow and the Deep Long Range Ecology Movement a summary. 134 00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:42,280 Speaker 1: In his view, the shallow ecology movement provided short term 135 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:48,040 Speaker 1: technological solutions to environmental issues. Deep ecology stressed the importance 136 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: of changing norms, values and practices and environmental decision making. 137 00:09:53,600 --> 00:09:57,240 Speaker 1: And acosophy is a personal philosophy or wisdom grounded in 138 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:00,320 Speaker 1: attention to the Earth that guides a person's act sans 139 00:10:00,400 --> 00:10:04,360 Speaker 1: toward and beliefs about nature and human beings. Nest called 140 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:07,920 Speaker 1: his acosta f t the T standing for to Vergustein, 141 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:11,480 Speaker 1: and he traveled around the world encouraging others to develop 142 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: their own acosta fees. Nest went on to run for 143 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:18,280 Speaker 1: office with the Norwegian Green Party and became the first 144 00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:22,480 Speaker 1: chairman of Green Peace Norway. He died in Oslo in 145 00:10:22,520 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: two thousand nine. I'm each Jeff Cote and hopefully you 146 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:29,760 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 147 00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:34,079 Speaker 1: You can find us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at 148 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:39,560 Speaker 1: t d i h C Podcast. We also accept electronic 149 00:10:39,679 --> 00:10:44,280 Speaker 1: letters at this Day at I heart media dot com. 150 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:47,640 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening, and have a fantastic twenty four 151 00:10:47,720 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: hours until we see you again.