1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, A production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly 3 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:17,800 Speaker 1: Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So when we did 4 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:21,279 Speaker 1: our episode on Albert Beerstott a little while back, not 5 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:26,320 Speaker 1: that long ago, I mentioned that Fitzhugh Ludlow, whose wife 6 00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:30,280 Speaker 1: Beerstott fell in love with and ultimately stole away, you 7 00:00:30,280 --> 00:00:32,559 Speaker 1: could say, was going to be his own episode, and 8 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:37,960 Speaker 1: today's the day. So Fitzhugh Ludlow's fame as a writer 9 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:40,400 Speaker 1: came very quickly when he was very young, and it 10 00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:44,000 Speaker 1: was directly tied to his drug use initially. So no 11 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:46,960 Speaker 1: upfront that a lot of this episode is going to 12 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:51,279 Speaker 1: talk about that, because he was a writer and a 13 00:00:51,400 --> 00:00:54,400 Speaker 1: highly productive one. We have a lot of examples of 14 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: that writing included, and some of it does kind of 15 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,320 Speaker 1: wax rahapsodic about that drug use, not all of it. 16 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 1: Some of it is on the other side of that equation. 17 00:01:02,840 --> 00:01:05,120 Speaker 1: So if you listen, though with younger history buffs, you 18 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:07,840 Speaker 1: might want to pre screen this or even skip it entirely. 19 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:11,160 Speaker 1: I would not say that this is a particularly happy topic. 20 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:16,200 Speaker 1: Ludlow lived a lot in a very short life, but 21 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:18,480 Speaker 1: he's really really interesting to me, and the reason I 22 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:21,160 Speaker 1: wanted to give him his own episode is because in 23 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:26,959 Speaker 1: his final years his advocacy for true compassionate treatment and 24 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:31,800 Speaker 1: destigmatization of the illness of addiction was so far ahead 25 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:35,959 Speaker 1: of its time and used language that has really only 26 00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:40,360 Speaker 1: become the accepted or preferred way to discuss those things 27 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: in like the last decade, and he was writing about 28 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: it in the eighteen sixties. So that is why I 29 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:53,000 Speaker 1: think he merits a little discussion. When I was reading 30 00:01:53,040 --> 00:01:54,840 Speaker 1: through this that it reminded me a little bit of 31 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:59,280 Speaker 1: when we were reading about all the self experimentation with 32 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:03,400 Speaker 1: nitrous oxs, yeah, and like reading people's accounts of what 33 00:02:03,440 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: it felt like to be on that, And there's some 34 00:02:06,520 --> 00:02:10,960 Speaker 1: of this in this episode too, although about other substances 35 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 1: not nitrous oxide. Fitz Hugh Ludlow was born in New 36 00:02:16,560 --> 00:02:20,120 Speaker 1: York on September eleventh, eighteen thirty six, and born into 37 00:02:20,240 --> 00:02:26,880 Speaker 1: a deeply abolitionist family. His father, the Reverend Henry Gilbert Ludlow, 38 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,240 Speaker 1: was known for making impassioned speeches about the issue of 39 00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: slavery and was an early advocate for the acceptance of 40 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:38,400 Speaker 1: interracial marriage. Fitz Hugh later wrote as a journalist about 41 00:02:38,400 --> 00:02:42,840 Speaker 1: how his family was treated by people who opposed these views. 42 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:45,840 Speaker 1: He relayed the story of a night before he was 43 00:02:45,919 --> 00:02:49,760 Speaker 1: born when quote, my father, mother, and sister were driven 44 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:53,079 Speaker 1: from their house in New York by a furious mob. 45 00:02:53,760 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 1: When they came cautiously back, their home was quiet as 46 00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,480 Speaker 1: a fortress the day after it has been blown up. 47 00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:04,040 Speaker 1: The front parlor was full of paving stones, the carpets 48 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:07,640 Speaker 1: were cut to pieces. The furniture and the chandelier lay 49 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:11,000 Speaker 1: in one common wreck, and the walls were covered with 50 00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:16,079 Speaker 1: inscriptions of mingled insult and glory over the mantelpiece had 51 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:21,960 Speaker 1: been charcoaled, Rascal over the pier table. Abolitionist Henry Ludlow 52 00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,320 Speaker 1: was also sometimes attacked on the street and pelted with eggs. Yeah, 53 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:28,600 Speaker 1: this was not the only time the home was attacked. 54 00:03:28,639 --> 00:03:30,800 Speaker 1: At one point a rumor had gotten out that he 55 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:34,840 Speaker 1: had performed a marriage ceremony for an interracial couple, and 56 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:38,080 Speaker 1: it sparked like this huge attack on the family. And 57 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:40,800 Speaker 1: this is what he grew up in. That sister that 58 00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:44,360 Speaker 1: Fitzhugh mentioned in that account was his older sister Mary. 59 00:03:44,920 --> 00:03:47,600 Speaker 1: She had actually died several months before he was born. 60 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 1: The Ludlows had another daughter, Helen, who was born three 61 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:55,160 Speaker 1: years after fitz Hugh, and their father, Henry Ludlow, was 62 00:03:55,240 --> 00:03:59,120 Speaker 1: so deeply affected by his first daughter's death that he 63 00:03:59,160 --> 00:04:02,240 Speaker 1: actually wrote about not being able to love his other 64 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:06,320 Speaker 1: children as deeply as he had loved Mary. Per his 65 00:04:06,520 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 1: own account, Fitzhugh was told stories about abolitionists from his 66 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 1: earliest days. He noted that quote, I was four years 67 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:18,440 Speaker 1: old when I learned that my father combined the two 68 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:22,440 Speaker 1: functions of preaching in a New England college town and 69 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: ticket agency on the underground railroad. Although he took that 70 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:29,359 Speaker 1: literally as a lot of kids do, to mean that 71 00:04:29,440 --> 00:04:33,479 Speaker 1: there was an actual railroad that had a station in 72 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:37,000 Speaker 1: the family's basement. Yeah, there are stories of him as 73 00:04:37,040 --> 00:04:39,000 Speaker 1: a little kid trying to go down and see where 74 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: the trains came in, which is quite charming. He was 75 00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: a very smart kid. His father boasted that Fitzhugh had 76 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:49,760 Speaker 1: taught himself to read by the age of five, but 77 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: he was also sickly as a child. He described himself 78 00:04:53,160 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: in his writings as having quote a feeble childhood, and 79 00:04:57,360 --> 00:04:59,960 Speaker 1: he notes that this feebleness led him to explore the 80 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:03,359 Speaker 1: world from the comfort of a couch, becoming engrossed in 81 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:07,200 Speaker 1: books and his thoughts. The one exception to this was 82 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:10,760 Speaker 1: in venturing out on the water, which he clearly loved 83 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:14,039 Speaker 1: and described in his writing quote. The only exception to 84 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,159 Speaker 1: this state of imaginative indolence were the hours spent in 85 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:20,880 Speaker 1: rowing or sailing upon the most glorious river of the world. 86 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: And the consciousness that the Hudson rolled at my own 87 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:27,520 Speaker 1: door only contributed to settle the conviction that there was 88 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: no need of going abroad to find beauties in which 89 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: the soul might wrap itself as in a garment of delight. 90 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:36,800 Speaker 1: Even at these seasons, exercise was not so much the 91 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:40,720 Speaker 1: aim as musing. Many a time, with the handles of 92 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:43,600 Speaker 1: my skulls thrust under the side girders and the blades 93 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:46,520 Speaker 1: turned full to the wind, have I sat and drifted 94 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:50,400 Speaker 1: for hours through mountain shadows and passed glimpses of light 95 00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:53,440 Speaker 1: that flooded the woody gorges with a sense of dreamy 96 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:56,919 Speaker 1: ecstasy which all the novelties of a new world could 97 00:05:56,920 --> 00:06:02,720 Speaker 1: never have supplied. When Fitzhugh Henry moved the family to Poughkeepsie, 98 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:06,119 Speaker 1: New York, the family was living there when Fitzhugh's mother, 99 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:10,520 Speaker 1: Abigail Woolsey Wells died, her son was twelve years old 100 00:06:10,640 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 1: at that time. It was also there in Poughkeepsie where 101 00:06:14,160 --> 00:06:18,760 Speaker 1: Fitzhugh often found himself at the pharmacy picking up medications 102 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:22,520 Speaker 1: for his various ailments, and that also became a place 103 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:24,839 Speaker 1: where the boy, as he grew into a young man, 104 00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:28,520 Speaker 1: really liked to hang out. He later wrote quote about 105 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:32,240 Speaker 1: the shop of my friend Anderson, the Apothecary, There always 106 00:06:32,320 --> 00:06:36,600 Speaker 1: existed a peculiar fascination which early marked it out as 107 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:41,600 Speaker 1: my favorite lounging place. In the very atmosphere of the establishment, 108 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 1: Loaded as it was with a composite smell of all 109 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: things curative and preventive, there was an aromatic invitation to 110 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:54,000 Speaker 1: scientific musing. A little sanctum at the inner end of 111 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:57,680 Speaker 1: the shop, walled off with red curtains from the profane 112 00:06:57,760 --> 00:07:02,240 Speaker 1: gaze of the unsanitive, contained two chairs for the doctor 113 00:07:02,279 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: and myself, and a library where all the masters of 114 00:07:05,279 --> 00:07:09,359 Speaker 1: physic were grouped through their sheep and paper representatives, in 115 00:07:09,480 --> 00:07:12,680 Speaker 1: more friendliness of contact than has ever been known to 116 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 1: characterize a consultation of like spirits under any other circumstances. Yep, 117 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:22,520 Speaker 1: I didn't include it really in this outline, but I 118 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:27,400 Speaker 1: will say, as something of an autodidact in the sciences, 119 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:30,760 Speaker 1: he really did know a lot. In a lot of 120 00:07:30,760 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 1: his papers, he talks about science in extremely clear terms 121 00:07:35,800 --> 00:07:38,880 Speaker 1: and with an obvious deep grasp and understanding of what 122 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: he's talking about. This pharmacy is also where Fitzhugh began 123 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:48,240 Speaker 1: his recreational drug use, and it started with experimenting with 124 00:07:48,360 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: various things that were just available to him. There he wrote, 125 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: quote here, especially with a disregard to my own safety, 126 00:07:55,240 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: have I made upon myself the trial of the effects 127 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: of every strange drug and chemical which the laboratory could produce. Now, 128 00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:05,120 Speaker 1: with the chloroform bottle beneath my nose, have I set 129 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:09,200 Speaker 1: myself careering upon the wings of a thrilling and accelerating life, 130 00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,280 Speaker 1: until I had just enough power remaining to restore the 131 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:15,920 Speaker 1: liquid to its place upon the shelf and sink back 132 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:19,560 Speaker 1: into the enjoyment of the delicious apathy, which lasted through 133 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:24,200 Speaker 1: the few succeeding moments. Now ether was substituted for chloroform, 134 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: and the difference of their phenomena noted, And now some 135 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:30,440 Speaker 1: other exhilarant in the form of an opiate or stimulant 136 00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: was the instrument of my experience until I had run 137 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:38,840 Speaker 1: through the whole gamut of queer agents within my reach. Clearly, 138 00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:40,679 Speaker 1: there was not a lot of tracking going on at 139 00:08:40,679 --> 00:08:43,520 Speaker 1: this time. Like if you tried to do this, if 140 00:08:43,520 --> 00:08:48,160 Speaker 1: you were at a pharmacy today, there would be counts 141 00:08:48,200 --> 00:08:50,760 Speaker 1: done of the medications and people would realize someone had 142 00:08:50,760 --> 00:08:53,360 Speaker 1: their hand in it. But the US wouldn't get its 143 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:56,839 Speaker 1: first federal law regarding drugs until the nineteen oh six 144 00:08:56,920 --> 00:08:59,400 Speaker 1: Food and Drug Act, So it wasn't as though his 145 00:08:59,440 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: friend at the fire he had to account for any 146 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:04,560 Speaker 1: of these missing substances. And it also appears that his 147 00:09:04,559 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 1: friend was pretty comfortable letting Ludlow experiment there. Yeah. There 148 00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:11,000 Speaker 1: were also a lot of things at the time that 149 00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:14,880 Speaker 1: you could just go buy that today would be either 150 00:09:15,160 --> 00:09:20,800 Speaker 1: like tightly controlled substance, yeah yeah, or like illegal for 151 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:23,520 Speaker 1: use of any type. Yeah. That's the thing in talking 152 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:26,439 Speaker 1: about all of this, Even though there were some stigmas 153 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:29,160 Speaker 1: attached to some of them, none of the things he 154 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:34,240 Speaker 1: did were illegal, which is a little mind blowing to consider. Yeah. 155 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:38,719 Speaker 1: So uh. Fitzhugh's account states that he didn't use these 156 00:09:38,800 --> 00:09:41,840 Speaker 1: drugs repeatedly. He would try each of them only once 157 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:45,679 Speaker 1: and note its effects. And then when he had tried 158 00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:49,000 Speaker 1: everything that was available, he thought he was done. But 159 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:52,080 Speaker 1: then one day the pharmacist mentioned that he had a 160 00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:56,480 Speaker 1: new acquisition that was being used in India to treat lockjaw. 161 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:01,480 Speaker 1: He told Ludlow that it was quote deadly poison, which 162 00:10:01,760 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 1: stopped the young man from using it. Ludlow spent the 163 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:08,560 Speaker 1: rest of the morning researching this new substance, which was 164 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:12,640 Speaker 1: labeled Cannabis indica. So we're going to get into Ludlow's 165 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:15,800 Speaker 1: fascination with this new substance after we first pause for 166 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:28,640 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. Ludlow would in his first book write 167 00:10:28,679 --> 00:10:32,320 Speaker 1: an explainer for his readers of what hashish is quote. 168 00:10:32,559 --> 00:10:36,720 Speaker 1: In northern latitudes, the hemp plant grows almost entirely to fiber, 169 00:10:36,880 --> 00:10:40,079 Speaker 1: becoming in virtue of this quality, the great resource for 170 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: matts and cordage. Under a southern sun, this same plant 171 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:48,120 Speaker 1: loses its fibrous texture, but secretes in quantities equal to 172 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: one third of its bulk, and opaque and greenish resin. 173 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:55,840 Speaker 1: The resin of the cannabis is hashish. The forms in 174 00:10:55,880 --> 00:10:59,040 Speaker 1: which it is employed are various. Sometimes it appears in 175 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:01,920 Speaker 1: the state in which it exudes from the mature stalk 176 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:05,760 Speaker 1: as a crude resin. Sometimes it is manufactured into a 177 00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 1: conserve with clarified butter, honey and spices. Sometimes a decoction 178 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:13,640 Speaker 1: is made of the flowering tops in water or eric. 179 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:17,160 Speaker 1: Under either of these forms, the method of administration is 180 00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:21,240 Speaker 1: by swallowing. Again, the dried plant is smoked in pipes 181 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:26,040 Speaker 1: or chewed as tobacco. So for clarity, this is different 182 00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:29,600 Speaker 1: from marijuana, which is the dried flowers, buds, and stems 183 00:11:29,640 --> 00:11:33,720 Speaker 1: of the cannabis plant. Hashish is much more potent and 184 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:39,400 Speaker 1: causes more intense experiences, including hallucinations, panic, and motor ataxia. 185 00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,800 Speaker 1: So the hashish that Ludlow had encountered at the apothecary 186 00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:47,240 Speaker 1: was in that resin form, and after he had been 187 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:50,000 Speaker 1: warned off of it by his friend, he decided to 188 00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:53,480 Speaker 1: try it anyway in secret. He started with a small 189 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,040 Speaker 1: amount taken surreptitiously while at the pharmacy, but that did 190 00:11:57,080 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: not have any effects, so he repeated this experiment several times, 191 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:06,160 Speaker 1: increasing the dose each time. He had come to the 192 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: conclusion that he was for some reason unsusceptible to it. 193 00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,400 Speaker 1: And then one evening, after taking thirty grains of it, 194 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:15,559 Speaker 1: which was an amount he had worked up to by 195 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:18,800 Speaker 1: adding five grains at a time to the dose, he 196 00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:21,800 Speaker 1: left the pharmacy and went to a friend's house, and then, 197 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:24,400 Speaker 1: after three hours of nothing, he wrote that it began 198 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 1: to take effect, describing that first experience this way, quote, ha, 199 00:12:30,040 --> 00:12:33,679 Speaker 1: what means this sudden thrill? A shock as of some 200 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:38,920 Speaker 1: unimagined vital force shoots without warning through my entire frame, 201 00:12:39,520 --> 00:12:44,079 Speaker 1: leaping to my fingers, ends, piercing my brain, startling me 202 00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,320 Speaker 1: till I almost spring from my chair. I could not 203 00:12:47,480 --> 00:12:51,160 Speaker 1: doubt it. I was in the power of the Hashish influence. 204 00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:55,840 Speaker 1: My first emotion was one of uncontrollable terror, a sense 205 00:12:55,840 --> 00:12:59,440 Speaker 1: of getting something which I had not bargained for that moment, 206 00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: I would have given all I had or hoped to 207 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,800 Speaker 1: have to be as I was three hours before, No 208 00:13:05,960 --> 00:13:09,280 Speaker 1: pain anywhere, not a twinge in my fiber. Yet a 209 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:14,880 Speaker 1: cloud of unutterable strangeness was settling upon me and wrapping 210 00:13:14,920 --> 00:13:19,239 Speaker 1: me impenetrably in from all that was natural or familiar. 211 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:23,800 Speaker 1: Endeared faces well known to me of old surrounded me, 212 00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,680 Speaker 1: yet they were not with me in my loneliness, I 213 00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:31,800 Speaker 1: had entered upon a tremendous life which they could not share. 214 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:35,880 Speaker 1: He also describes in this account a lot of things 215 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:39,040 Speaker 1: that have become common in accounts of drug use, so 216 00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:42,720 Speaker 1: the paranoid feeling that other people knew he was on drugs, 217 00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:47,280 Speaker 1: the sense of time and space expanding, et cetera. He had, 218 00:13:47,559 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 1: as that passage that Tracy read indicates a lot of anxiety. 219 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:54,360 Speaker 1: And he also hallucinated in ways that he found both 220 00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:58,560 Speaker 1: pleasant and unpleasant. He in one of these hallucinations, had 221 00:13:58,559 --> 00:14:02,280 Speaker 1: an altercation with a bone supernatural figure that he kind 222 00:14:02,280 --> 00:14:05,079 Speaker 1: of hints might have been death, and at one point 223 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:08,320 Speaker 1: he came to the conclusion that he was immortal. So 224 00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:11,600 Speaker 1: things you've probably heard in other accounts of drug use. 225 00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:15,440 Speaker 1: But unlike all of the other substances that Fitzhugh had 226 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:18,920 Speaker 1: tried up to this point, he developed a substance use 227 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: disorder when it came to hashish. In eighteen fifty four, 228 00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:26,800 Speaker 1: Fitzhugh was enrolled at the College of New Jersey, which 229 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:30,240 Speaker 1: is known today as Princeton. He stayed there less than 230 00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:33,480 Speaker 1: a year. In eighteen fifty five, a fire at the 231 00:14:33,520 --> 00:14:38,280 Speaker 1: school led Fitzhugh to leave and go to Schenectady's Union College. 232 00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 1: He was an average student and socially descriptions of him 233 00:14:42,120 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: during this time very pretty wildly. Some of his classmates 234 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:49,040 Speaker 1: thought very highly of him, while others seemed to think 235 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:52,720 Speaker 1: he was awkward and weird. The one area where he 236 00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: excelled was literature, and he was asked to write a 237 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:59,120 Speaker 1: song for commencement the year he graduated, which was eighteen 238 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:03,960 Speaker 1: fifty six. Later that year, he published an article titled 239 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,640 Speaker 1: The Apocalypse of Hashish in Putnam's Monthly, and that article 240 00:15:08,680 --> 00:15:11,440 Speaker 1: opens with quote, in returning from the world of Hashish, 241 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:15,080 Speaker 1: I bring with me many and diverse memories, the echoes 242 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:17,960 Speaker 1: of a sublime rapture which thrilled and vibrated on the 243 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,760 Speaker 1: very edge of pain, of Promethean agonies, which wrapped the 244 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:25,560 Speaker 1: soul like a mantle of fire, a voluptuous delirium, which 245 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:29,040 Speaker 1: suffused the body with a blush of exquisite languor all 246 00:15:29,120 --> 00:15:32,520 Speaker 1: our mind. But in value, far exceeding these, is the 247 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:37,200 Speaker 1: remembrance of my spellbound life as an apocalyptic experience. The 248 00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:40,320 Speaker 1: value of this experience to me consists in its having 249 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:44,080 Speaker 1: thrown open to my gaze many of those sublime avenues 250 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:47,160 Speaker 1: in the spiritual life at whose gaits. The soul, in 251 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:52,320 Speaker 1: its ordinary state is forever blindly groping, mystified, perplexed, yet 252 00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:55,160 Speaker 1: earnest to the last, in its search for that secret 253 00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:59,360 Speaker 1: spring which, being touched, shall swing back the colossal barrier. 254 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:02,720 Speaker 1: In a single instant, I have seen the vexed question 255 00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:06,320 Speaker 1: of a lifetime settled, the mystery of some grand, recondite 256 00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:10,280 Speaker 1: process of mind laid bare, the last grimmed doubt that 257 00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:14,800 Speaker 1: hung persistently on the sky of a sublime truth blown away. 258 00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:19,600 Speaker 1: That writing was very well received. Remember that was right 259 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:22,400 Speaker 1: in the middle of the spiritualist movement in the US, 260 00:16:22,840 --> 00:16:25,240 Speaker 1: so this idea of using drugs to have kind of 261 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:29,000 Speaker 1: a supernatural experience had a lot of a llure. It 262 00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 1: inspired the young Fitzhugh to publish a long form account 263 00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:37,200 Speaker 1: of his drug use in eighteen fifty seven that was 264 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:41,240 Speaker 1: titled The Hashish Eater Being Passages from the Life of 265 00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: a Pythagorean. That book starts with a quote from Samuel 266 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:50,400 Speaker 1: Taylor Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan quote, weave a circle around 267 00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 1: him thrice and close your eyes with holy dread, for 268 00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:57,600 Speaker 1: he on honeydew, hath fed and drunk. The Milk of 269 00:16:57,640 --> 00:17:02,640 Speaker 1: Paradise Kubla Kai was written by Coleridge in seventeen ninety 270 00:17:02,680 --> 00:17:05,760 Speaker 1: seven and it was left unfinished. The text of the 271 00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:09,920 Speaker 1: poem blames an interruption that Coleridge had while writing, and 272 00:17:10,119 --> 00:17:14,040 Speaker 1: it was never intended for publication. But after Coleridge died, 273 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,840 Speaker 1: Lord Byron published the work in eighteen sixteen. And this 274 00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:22,159 Speaker 1: particular piece of poetry is invoked by Ludlow, probably because 275 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:25,480 Speaker 1: in the original manuscript of the work, Coleridge noted that 276 00:17:25,520 --> 00:17:28,679 Speaker 1: the dream he had that inspired it was brought on 277 00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:32,720 Speaker 1: while he was drugged writing quote this fragment with a 278 00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:37,320 Speaker 1: good deal more not recoverable, composed in a sort of reverie, 279 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:41,560 Speaker 1: brought on by two grains of opium taken to check 280 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:46,639 Speaker 1: a dysentery. The introduction of Ludlow's book also invokes another 281 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:49,800 Speaker 1: account of drug use, the eighteen twenty one book by 282 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:54,000 Speaker 1: Thomas de Quincy, Confessions of an English Opium Eater. In 283 00:17:54,080 --> 00:17:57,639 Speaker 1: Ludlow's preface, he writes, quote, I like prefaces as little 284 00:17:57,680 --> 00:18:01,800 Speaker 1: as my readers can. If this so proverbially unnoticed part 285 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:04,840 Speaker 1: of the book catch any eye, the glance that it gives. Will, 286 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:07,919 Speaker 1: of course, travel no farther to find my apology for 287 00:18:08,080 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 1: making this preface a short one. There is but one 288 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:14,080 Speaker 1: thought for which I wish to find place here. I 289 00:18:14,119 --> 00:18:16,800 Speaker 1: am deeply aware that if the succeeding pages are read 290 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:19,359 Speaker 1: at all, it will be by those who have already 291 00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,560 Speaker 1: learned to love d Quincy. Not that I dare for 292 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,119 Speaker 1: a moment to compare the manner of my narrative with 293 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:29,080 Speaker 1: that most wondrous, most inspired dreamers. But in the experience 294 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:31,399 Speaker 1: of his life and my own, there is a single 295 00:18:31,440 --> 00:18:34,520 Speaker 1: common characteristic which happens to be the very one for 296 00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:38,280 Speaker 1: whose sake men open any such book. The path of 297 00:18:38,359 --> 00:18:41,360 Speaker 1: d Quincy led beyond all the boundaries of the ordinary 298 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 1: life into a world of intense lights and shadows, a 299 00:18:45,080 --> 00:18:47,760 Speaker 1: realm in which all the range of average thought found 300 00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:52,720 Speaker 1: its conditions surpassed, if not violated. My own career, however 301 00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:55,640 Speaker 1: far its recital may fall short of the opium eaters, 302 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: And notwithstanding it was not coincidence, and but seldom parallel 303 00:18:59,880 --> 00:19:04,800 Speaker 1: with his, still ran through Lance's glorious, as unfrequented, as 304 00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:07,879 Speaker 1: weird as his own, and takes those who would follow 305 00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:11,399 Speaker 1: it out of the trodden highways of mind. He also 306 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:14,720 Speaker 1: refers to his own book as a quote resume of 307 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:18,560 Speaker 1: experiences and talks of them as being quote my cup 308 00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:22,000 Speaker 1: of awakening, and he notes that there are some commonalities 309 00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:25,480 Speaker 1: between his experiences and the ones relayed by de Quincy 310 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:31,679 Speaker 1: in his book, and specifically regarding perception and memory, Ludlow writes, 311 00:19:31,760 --> 00:19:35,160 Speaker 1: quote acknowledging the resemblance, I only say that we both 312 00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:38,399 Speaker 1: saw the same thing. The state of insight which he 313 00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:42,720 Speaker 1: attained through opium, I reached by the way of hashish. 314 00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:45,520 Speaker 1: The rest of the book includes accounts of several of 315 00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:49,359 Speaker 1: his experiences with hashish, including the first, which we've shared 316 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: excerpts from. It's not all complimentary, though. He continued to 317 00:19:54,119 --> 00:19:56,960 Speaker 1: have both good and bad experiences with the drug, and 318 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,280 Speaker 1: he's pretty open about that, sometimes describing it as a 319 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:04,400 Speaker 1: terrible thing. But he was also clearly addicted to it, 320 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:08,719 Speaker 1: even as he referred to it as quote an accursed drug. 321 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:12,119 Speaker 1: By the end of the book, he concludes that hashish 322 00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:15,440 Speaker 1: is not the proper means to attain enlightenment and gives 323 00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:19,160 Speaker 1: an account of how unpleasant withdrawal was for him when 324 00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:23,240 Speaker 1: he gave it up. This book was a hit both 325 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:26,359 Speaker 1: critically and in terms of sales numbers. It went through 326 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:30,399 Speaker 1: several editions right away, and it gave Fitzhugh the confidence 327 00:20:30,440 --> 00:20:33,120 Speaker 1: to pursue a writing career and leave the teaching job 328 00:20:33,160 --> 00:20:36,800 Speaker 1: that he had taken after he finished school. He wanted 329 00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,200 Speaker 1: a life of what he called quote entire self sustenance. 330 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:43,520 Speaker 1: He didn't really get along with his father, They had 331 00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:45,439 Speaker 1: a lot of conflict, and he wanted to have the 332 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:49,440 Speaker 1: financial standing to have no dependence whatsoever on his family, 333 00:20:50,359 --> 00:20:52,320 Speaker 1: to make his way as a writer, and to get 334 00:20:52,359 --> 00:20:55,119 Speaker 1: a little distance from that family. Fitzhugh moved to New 335 00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,280 Speaker 1: York City and he became a regular at Faft's Tavern, 336 00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:02,760 Speaker 1: where the American Bohemian group tended together. It was also 337 00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:05,760 Speaker 1: during this time that Fitzhugh met and fell in love 338 00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:10,640 Speaker 1: with an heiress named Rosalie Osbourne. He proposed, and after 339 00:21:10,760 --> 00:21:14,560 Speaker 1: Rosalie's mother conducted a background check on Ludlow, the pair 340 00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: of them got married in eighteen fifty nine. They went 341 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:21,200 Speaker 1: to Florida for an extended honeymoon. It was during that 342 00:21:21,359 --> 00:21:25,600 Speaker 1: honeymoon that Ludlow made the assessment of Florida and Jacksonville, 343 00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:30,480 Speaker 1: specifically as having quote the climate of utopia, the scenery 344 00:21:30,520 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 1: of paradise, and the social system of hell. We're going 345 00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,240 Speaker 1: to talk more about Ludlow's thoughts on the South after 346 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:39,320 Speaker 1: we hear from the sponsors that keep stuff you missed 347 00:21:39,359 --> 00:21:52,680 Speaker 1: in history class going. Ludlow later wrote in his Observations 348 00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:55,640 Speaker 1: of Southern culture that he was not really surprised by 349 00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:58,919 Speaker 1: the fact that white men routinely had sexual relations with 350 00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:02,280 Speaker 1: enslaved black women, but he was surprised that it was 351 00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:05,120 Speaker 1: accepted by everyone as just kind of a normal part 352 00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:08,960 Speaker 1: of life, and he illustrated this with an example quote. 353 00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:12,080 Speaker 1: The particular friend of one family belonging to the cream 354 00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:16,080 Speaker 1: of Florida society was a gentleman in thriving business who 355 00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:19,160 Speaker 1: had for his mistress the waiting maid of the daughters. 356 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:22,320 Speaker 1: He used to sit composedly with the young ladies of 357 00:22:22,359 --> 00:22:25,240 Speaker 1: an evening, one of them playing on the piano to him, 358 00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:29,159 Speaker 1: the other smiling upon him over a bouquet, while the 359 00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:31,959 Speaker 1: woman he had afflicted with the burdens without giving her 360 00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,639 Speaker 1: the blessings of marriage, came in curtseying humbly with a 361 00:22:35,680 --> 00:22:40,639 Speaker 1: tea tray. Everybody understood the relation perfectly, but not even 362 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:44,800 Speaker 1: the pious shrugged their shoulders or seemed to care. I 363 00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:46,639 Speaker 1: will say, in all of his writings about this, he 364 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:48,800 Speaker 1: doesn't really bring up the issue of consent, which is 365 00:22:48,840 --> 00:22:52,520 Speaker 1: obviously another problem, but he's just kind of befuddled by 366 00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:56,159 Speaker 1: how everybody accepts this as normal. In an article for 367 00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: The Atlantic written in April eighteen sixty five, Ludlow writes 368 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: a rather scathing cataloging of this incident, as well as 369 00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 1: many other aspects of Southern culture and it's inconsistencies as 370 00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:11,119 Speaker 1: it related to the issue, specifically of slavery. One of 371 00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:13,320 Speaker 1: those is the way that he found he would talk 372 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 1: with Southern enslavers who threatened that they would arm their 373 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,720 Speaker 1: slaves to fight for them, but that he also knew 374 00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: that those same men would be utterly stricken with fear 375 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:25,240 Speaker 1: if they thought for even a second that one of 376 00:23:25,240 --> 00:23:28,600 Speaker 1: the black people they enslaved had a gun. It's a 377 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:31,320 Speaker 1: pretty interesting look at the whole thing. But I do 378 00:23:31,359 --> 00:23:33,840 Speaker 1: want to tell people, as a side note, if you 379 00:23:33,920 --> 00:23:37,000 Speaker 1: go looking for this or any other articles are writing 380 00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:40,960 Speaker 1: that Ludlow wrote, they are very full of problematic language. 381 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:45,240 Speaker 1: And this is not just because of the time. Ludlow 382 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,680 Speaker 1: may have been an abolitionist but he was also still 383 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,760 Speaker 1: racist in a lot of ways. In addition to the 384 00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:54,040 Speaker 1: way he sometimes characterizes black people and he tries to 385 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,040 Speaker 1: write in their vernacular in a way that is very unflattering, 386 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,399 Speaker 1: he also wrote some really racist things about other people, 387 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:06,040 Speaker 1: particularly Native Americans and Mexicans. So forewarned if you want 388 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:09,160 Speaker 1: to read Fitzhugh Ludlow. That was also really not unique 389 00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:13,400 Speaker 1: among abolitionists. No, not at all. His he is. I 390 00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:15,800 Speaker 1: find him to be a very good writer. He's very florid, 391 00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:18,440 Speaker 1: but he paints a really interesting picture. But then when 392 00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:20,439 Speaker 1: you're like, oh, and then he said something horrible in 393 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 1: the midst of this, yuh yeh, yuh yeh, yuck oh 394 00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:27,760 Speaker 1: and yikes. FITZI was very busy as a writer in 395 00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:30,840 Speaker 1: his early marriage, and he and Rosalie were really active 396 00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:34,520 Speaker 1: in New York's literary social scene. But once the US 397 00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:37,959 Speaker 1: Civil War began, it was increasingly difficult to make a 398 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:41,120 Speaker 1: living as a writer. He had to take a job 399 00:24:41,160 --> 00:24:43,520 Speaker 1: at the New York City Customs House to bring in 400 00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:46,960 Speaker 1: a little extra money. So when Albert Bierstatt mentioned that 401 00:24:47,080 --> 00:24:51,359 Speaker 1: he wanted to return to western North America, Ludlow was 402 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,240 Speaker 1: eager to go with him, he saw an opportunity to 403 00:24:54,280 --> 00:24:57,480 Speaker 1: write journalistic accounts of the lands that they passed through. 404 00:24:58,240 --> 00:25:01,480 Speaker 1: Ludlow was a huge supporter Oftt's work, and had used 405 00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:06,800 Speaker 1: his journalism jobs to praise the artist's paintings publicly. Ludlow's 406 00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:09,680 Speaker 1: descriptions of the places they traveled are colorful and a 407 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:13,560 Speaker 1: little hilarious. For example, he described an area they reached 408 00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:16,640 Speaker 1: after their stagecoach had passed through the Rocky Mountains as 409 00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:20,560 Speaker 1: quote the secret spot where the world clasps her girdle 410 00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:25,240 Speaker 1: that tickled me. Encountering Mormons in Salt Lake City was 411 00:25:25,320 --> 00:25:28,760 Speaker 1: something of a surprise to Ludlow, who wrote regarding an 412 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:32,280 Speaker 1: incident where he encountered a polygamous home for the first time. Quote, 413 00:25:32,480 --> 00:25:36,879 Speaker 1: a cosmopolitan, especially one knowing beforehand that Utah was not 414 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,199 Speaker 1: distinguished for monogamy, might well be ashamed to be so 415 00:25:40,359 --> 00:25:43,000 Speaker 1: taken off his feet as I was by my first 416 00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:47,320 Speaker 1: view of Mormonism in its practical workings. I stared, I believe, 417 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:49,840 Speaker 1: I blushed a little. I tried to stutter a reply. 418 00:25:51,080 --> 00:25:54,400 Speaker 1: His biggest confusion is pretty sexist. Here. It was how 419 00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:57,399 Speaker 1: the multiple wives of one man weren't terribly jealous of 420 00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:00,280 Speaker 1: each other and didn't quote fly into each other there's 421 00:26:00,320 --> 00:26:03,359 Speaker 1: faces with their fingernails and tearing out each other's hair. 422 00:26:04,400 --> 00:26:07,760 Speaker 1: Ludlow wrote a lengthy description of the Mormon community as 423 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:10,920 Speaker 1: he observed it for The Atlantic, including a lengthy discussion 424 00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 1: he had with Brigham Young at a ball that he 425 00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:16,720 Speaker 1: had been invited to. It is pretty clear that Fitzhugh 426 00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:20,000 Speaker 1: is working very hard to understand his subject while also 427 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:24,400 Speaker 1: finding this way of life just deeply inscrutable. Later, when 428 00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:27,359 Speaker 1: those writings were mentioned in Ludlow's obituary, it was noted 429 00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:31,000 Speaker 1: quote his statements about the Mormons were flatly denied and 430 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:35,479 Speaker 1: his conclusions fiercely resented by the representatives of that sect. 431 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:39,560 Speaker 1: When the journalist and artist got to San Francisco, they 432 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:42,280 Speaker 1: had a more luxurious time than most of their trip 433 00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:45,680 Speaker 1: had afforded. They stayed at the Occidental Hotel. They met 434 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,760 Speaker 1: Mark Twain while they were there. Mark Twain wasn't famous yet. 435 00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:54,439 Speaker 1: They also met Brett Hart. These and other formed a 436 00:26:54,440 --> 00:26:57,720 Speaker 1: little ad hoc group similar to the Bohemian circle that 437 00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,000 Speaker 1: Ludlow had been part of in his early days in Night, 438 00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:03,840 Speaker 1: New York. He participated with Twain, Hart and others in 439 00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:08,160 Speaker 1: the publication of the weekly paper the Golden Era. As 440 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:11,320 Speaker 1: we mentioned in the Beerstatt episode, there were some hints 441 00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:15,160 Speaker 1: during this cross country travel that Albert Berstatt and Rosalie 442 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:18,639 Speaker 1: Ludlow were actually having some sort of affair, and we 443 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:22,640 Speaker 1: don't have any information on the specifics of what happened. 444 00:27:22,680 --> 00:27:25,400 Speaker 1: But two years after these two men returned to New York, 445 00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:29,240 Speaker 1: the Ludlows divorced, and Rosalie and Albert were married very 446 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:33,440 Speaker 1: soon after that. Ludlow was already in rough shape by 447 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:36,240 Speaker 1: the time he and Beerstatt returned to New York. The 448 00:27:36,280 --> 00:27:40,639 Speaker 1: trip had been really grueling, and Fitzhugh was enthusiastic, but 449 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:44,360 Speaker 1: he was not exactly well suited for a cross country journey. 450 00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:48,000 Speaker 1: He'd lived a pretty leisurely life and had never been 451 00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:53,040 Speaker 1: in particularly robust health, and he also contracted tuberculosis while 452 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:56,760 Speaker 1: he was on the West Coast. The breakup of his marriage, 453 00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:00,320 Speaker 1: combined with his physical depletion, led to a breakdown down. 454 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:03,199 Speaker 1: Ludlow was in a lot of pain, and he started 455 00:28:03,280 --> 00:28:07,480 Speaker 1: using opium to deal with that pain. He continued to work, though, 456 00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:11,199 Speaker 1: including adapting the story of Cinderella for the stage for 457 00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:14,240 Speaker 1: a performance at the New York City Sanitary Fair the 458 00:28:14,359 --> 00:28:17,680 Speaker 1: year that he returned to the city from his Western travels. 459 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:22,600 Speaker 1: His life spiraled. In eighteen sixty six, he married again. 460 00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: Shortly after Rosalie married Albert Beerstott, he married an older 461 00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:30,680 Speaker 1: woman named Maria O'Brien. We don't know much about Maria. 462 00:28:31,160 --> 00:28:34,600 Speaker 1: During this time, he was really struggling with opium misuse 463 00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:37,960 Speaker 1: and consulted a number of doctors and his efforts to 464 00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 1: get treatment for his addiction. He never fully managed to 465 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,080 Speaker 1: get out from under it, and for the next several 466 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,880 Speaker 1: years he continued a cycle of progress in his treatment 467 00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:53,520 Speaker 1: and then relapses. Throughout all this he started to advocate 468 00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:58,840 Speaker 1: for better treatments. In eighteen sixty seven, Ludlow pendon article 469 00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:02,600 Speaker 1: for Harper's Bazaarre titled what Shall They Do to Be Saved? 470 00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:07,320 Speaker 1: About the difficulty of overcoming opium addiction. This article was 471 00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:10,479 Speaker 1: later republished as part of Horace B. Day's book The 472 00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:15,720 Speaker 1: Opium Habit, and this writing shares Ludlow's observations of various 473 00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:18,560 Speaker 1: people in the throes of opium addiction and the ways 474 00:29:18,560 --> 00:29:22,000 Speaker 1: that it can really destroy a person, both mentally and physically, 475 00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,000 Speaker 1: and he describes in very unflinching detail what it is 476 00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:28,000 Speaker 1: like to go through with drawls when trying to get 477 00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,360 Speaker 1: off of it. He does not pull any punches or 478 00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:36,240 Speaker 1: spare the reader any of the truly awful things that happen. 479 00:29:36,760 --> 00:29:40,120 Speaker 1: He talks very openly about the physical and mental pain involved. 480 00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:42,760 Speaker 1: And then there's also a letter that he wrote to 481 00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:45,560 Speaker 1: Horace Day at the end of that reprinted article, in 482 00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:49,000 Speaker 1: which he describes his ideas for what he believes would 483 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:54,280 Speaker 1: be effective treatment for opium addiction. This letter explains, quote 484 00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:58,520 Speaker 1: that experience having shown me how impracticable, in the large 485 00:29:58,560 --> 00:30:02,080 Speaker 1: majority of cases is any cure of a long established 486 00:30:02,080 --> 00:30:06,400 Speaker 1: opium habit while the patient continues his daily avocations and 487 00:30:06,440 --> 00:30:09,760 Speaker 1: remains at home. It arises from the fact that in 488 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,240 Speaker 1: his own house a man cannot isolate himself from the 489 00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:17,880 Speaker 1: hourly hearing of matters for which he feels responsible, yet 490 00:30:17,920 --> 00:30:20,719 Speaker 1: to which he can give no adequate attention without his 491 00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:25,080 Speaker 1: accustomed stimulus, that his best friends are apt to upbraid 492 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,280 Speaker 1: him for a weakness which is not crime but disease, 493 00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,440 Speaker 1: And that the control of him by those whom he 494 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:37,280 Speaker 1: has habitually directed, however well judged, seems always a harassment. 495 00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:40,960 Speaker 1: This really struck Holli is ahead of its time because 496 00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,600 Speaker 1: it's the earliest instance she can think of where somebody 497 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:48,720 Speaker 1: has correctly identified addiction as an illness rather than a 498 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:53,160 Speaker 1: moral failing. He also talks through the most frequent origin 499 00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: point for opium addiction, mentioning that for an average case quote, 500 00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:00,480 Speaker 1: his habit as in nine cases out of every ten, 501 00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:04,880 Speaker 1: dates from the medical prescription of opium for the relief 502 00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:09,120 Speaker 1: of violent pain or the cure of obstinate illness. He 503 00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:12,080 Speaker 1: was not aware of the drug then administered to him, 504 00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:15,280 Speaker 1: or at any rate of the peril attending its use, 505 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:19,760 Speaker 1: and his malady was so long protracted that opium had 506 00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:25,480 Speaker 1: established itself as a necessary condition of comfortable existence before 507 00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:30,200 Speaker 1: he realized that it had possessed the slightest hold upon him. 508 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:35,360 Speaker 1: Ludlow envisioned a place he called Lord's Island, a literal 509 00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 1: island where people can be treated through a gradual decrease 510 00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:43,200 Speaker 1: of opium misuse under the care and administration of a 511 00:31:43,240 --> 00:31:47,400 Speaker 1: knowledgeable team. Like a true treatment center, this island would 512 00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:51,680 Speaker 1: have facilities specifically designed to ease patients through the various 513 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:55,040 Speaker 1: painful stages of recovery, and he also writes that he 514 00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:57,800 Speaker 1: feels it's important to really establish a place where the 515 00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:02,040 Speaker 1: people who are being treated also have creature comforts. Writing quote, 516 00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:06,200 Speaker 1: I propose that our perfected scheme shall contain everything necessary 517 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,880 Speaker 1: to make the social life indoors a delightful refuge to 518 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:13,440 Speaker 1: all far advanced enough to take pleasure in society from 519 00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:19,600 Speaker 1: the dejection and introversion peculiarly characteristic of Opium's revenges. This 520 00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:23,080 Speaker 1: comprehends a suite of parlors where ladies and gentlemen can 521 00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:25,680 Speaker 1: meet in the evening on just the same refined and 522 00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:30,000 Speaker 1: pleasant terms that belong to an elegant home elsewhere, furnished 523 00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:32,680 Speaker 1: with a piano to dance, to play or sing, with 524 00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:36,400 Speaker 1: first class pictures as far as our own funds, aided 525 00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:40,480 Speaker 1: by donations and bequests, can procure them for us. Cozy 526 00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:45,680 Speaker 1: open fireplaces, unblemish taste in furniture and carpets, in fine 527 00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:48,880 Speaker 1: an air of the highest ideal of a private family's 528 00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:53,120 Speaker 1: handsomest assembling room. I propose a billiard room with a 529 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:56,240 Speaker 1: couple of tables so neatly kept that both ladies and 530 00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:59,520 Speaker 1: gentlemen can meet there to enjoy the game. A reading 531 00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:02,400 Speaker 1: room with the best papers and magazines in a good library, 532 00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:05,680 Speaker 1: both to be enjoyed by guests of either sex, a 533 00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:08,880 Speaker 1: smoking in card room for the gentlemen. I propose to 534 00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:11,600 Speaker 1: have our engine before mentioned do the work of taking 535 00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,480 Speaker 1: our invalids up and down the stairs by a lift, 536 00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:17,080 Speaker 1: like those in use in some of our best hotels, 537 00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:20,120 Speaker 1: so that the highest rooms may be practically as near 538 00:33:20,160 --> 00:33:23,720 Speaker 1: the baths, the dining and social apartments, and as eligible 539 00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,959 Speaker 1: as any of the lower ones. And if feasible, I 540 00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:29,880 Speaker 1: suggest that some at least of the rooms be arranged 541 00:33:30,240 --> 00:33:33,160 Speaker 1: in small suites or pears, so as to admit of 542 00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:37,160 Speaker 1: a well daughter, son, sister, parent, wife, or brother coming 543 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,440 Speaker 1: to stay with any invalid who needs their loving presence 544 00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:44,240 Speaker 1: and nursing. This all blew me away because he's advocating 545 00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:47,239 Speaker 1: for compassionate care and treatment more than one hundred and 546 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:50,920 Speaker 1: fifty years ago. This writing really struck a chord with 547 00:33:50,960 --> 00:33:54,080 Speaker 1: a lot of people who, like Ludlow, were trying to 548 00:33:54,160 --> 00:33:57,720 Speaker 1: regain control of their lives than to stop using opium. 549 00:33:58,080 --> 00:34:01,400 Speaker 1: He started receiving letters from people who read his articles. 550 00:34:01,720 --> 00:34:04,360 Speaker 1: He had ongoing correspondences with a lot of them for 551 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:09,520 Speaker 1: the remainder of his life. In eighteen seventy, Ludlow published 552 00:34:09,520 --> 00:34:12,960 Speaker 1: a long form account of his travels with Beerstadt titled 553 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:16,120 Speaker 1: The Heart of the Continent, A Record of travel across 554 00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:19,120 Speaker 1: the Plains in an Oregon with an examination of the 555 00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:22,399 Speaker 1: Mormon Principle. And this was a project he had been 556 00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:26,320 Speaker 1: contracted to deliver much sooner, but his health and recovery 557 00:34:26,360 --> 00:34:30,319 Speaker 1: efforts had really derailed his schedule, and as a consequence, 558 00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:33,000 Speaker 1: a lot of the information that he included in the book, 559 00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:35,680 Speaker 1: about things like the potential of the western half of 560 00:34:35,719 --> 00:34:39,680 Speaker 1: the country and the expanding railroad, was just kind of outdated. 561 00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:41,759 Speaker 1: By the time the book went to market, it had 562 00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:46,040 Speaker 1: been six years and it flopped. After the book was published, 563 00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:49,480 Speaker 1: in the summer of eighteen seventy, Fitziu traveled to Europe 564 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:53,040 Speaker 1: for the first time, hoping to improve his health. He 565 00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:56,040 Speaker 1: was really close to his sister Helen. She traveled with 566 00:34:56,120 --> 00:35:00,000 Speaker 1: him and his wife Maria. The group first went to London, 567 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:03,319 Speaker 1: where they stayed more than a month, and then onto Geneva, Switzerland. 568 00:35:03,960 --> 00:35:07,800 Speaker 1: Ludlow died in Switzerland the morning after his thirty fourth birthday. 569 00:35:09,160 --> 00:35:11,839 Speaker 1: His obituary, which ran in New York World and then 570 00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:15,400 Speaker 1: was syndicated to many other papers, concluded the summary of 571 00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:19,040 Speaker 1: his life with this quote, mister Ludlow had many fine 572 00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:22,239 Speaker 1: gifts which would have made him a deserved distinction if 573 00:35:22,239 --> 00:35:25,000 Speaker 1: he had had the steadiness of character necessary to make 574 00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:28,440 Speaker 1: the best of them. His death at so early an 575 00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:31,879 Speaker 1: age of thirty three, that's incorrect by a day, put 576 00:35:31,920 --> 00:35:34,680 Speaker 1: a period to a life of which the actual results 577 00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:39,440 Speaker 1: are very evidently and sadly short of the promises and possibilities. 578 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:42,759 Speaker 1: The obituary that ran in the New York Times was 579 00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:46,440 Speaker 1: a lot more sentimental, noting quote, A gentler, more loving 580 00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:50,799 Speaker 1: spirit never escaped from the conflicts of this world. That 581 00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:53,600 Speaker 1: rite up mentions how many people he helped through their 582 00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:57,640 Speaker 1: own battles with drug use, noting his ceaseless generosity with 583 00:35:57,719 --> 00:36:01,920 Speaker 1: anybody who asked him for help. The obituary also included 584 00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:05,680 Speaker 1: this line, which Pitt holly pretty hard quote, some persons 585 00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:08,920 Speaker 1: blamed him, but we doubt that he left an enemy 586 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,240 Speaker 1: in this world. If he had one, that enemy died 587 00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:17,000 Speaker 1: with him. In nineteen seventy, one hundred years after his death, 588 00:36:17,120 --> 00:36:21,120 Speaker 1: the Fitzhugh Ludlow Memorial Library, which was a private collection, 589 00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:25,520 Speaker 1: was founded in San Francisco by Juliomirio Santa Domingo Junior. 590 00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:30,880 Speaker 1: It's a collection of materials focused on altered states of mind. 591 00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:34,520 Speaker 1: The collection became part of the library holdings at Harvard 592 00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:37,400 Speaker 1: University after the death of its originator, and at that 593 00:36:37,520 --> 00:36:42,680 Speaker 1: point it was renamed the Ludlow Santa Domingo Library. Yeah, 594 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:44,680 Speaker 1: we can talk about it some on Friday, but there 595 00:36:44,680 --> 00:36:50,640 Speaker 1: have been a lot of efforts and moments of resurgence 596 00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:55,520 Speaker 1: and interest in his work, some of which I'll talk 597 00:36:55,520 --> 00:36:58,000 Speaker 1: about it on Friday, because some of it kind of 598 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:05,400 Speaker 1: cherry picks his writings to make him kind of a 599 00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:08,120 Speaker 1: proponent of drug use, when really, if you look at 600 00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:11,120 Speaker 1: the whole of his work, that's not really what's going on. 601 00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:14,680 Speaker 1: But in the meantime, I have listener mail and it 602 00:37:14,719 --> 00:37:17,759 Speaker 1: ties to this episode and the Albert Beerstott one. This 603 00:37:17,800 --> 00:37:21,400 Speaker 1: is from our listener, Jennifer. Jennifer writes, Dear Holly and Tracy. 604 00:37:21,520 --> 00:37:24,240 Speaker 1: I've been catching up on episodes after some summer traveling, 605 00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:27,279 Speaker 1: and when I saw one titled Albert Beerstott, it immediately 606 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:30,000 Speaker 1: caught my eye. I live in a small community in 607 00:37:30,040 --> 00:37:33,120 Speaker 1: the mountains of Colorado that's not far from Mount Beerstott, 608 00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:36,080 Speaker 1: which is one of Colorado's famous fourteen Ers i e. 609 00:37:36,160 --> 00:37:38,640 Speaker 1: One of fifty eight mountains in the state with elevations 610 00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:42,400 Speaker 1: that top out over fourteen thousand feet. Since Beerstott is 611 00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:44,880 Speaker 1: certainly not a common name, I wondered if the mountain 612 00:37:44,920 --> 00:37:46,719 Speaker 1: was named after him, and it turns out that it 613 00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:49,799 Speaker 1: is regardless. At the portion of the narrative where you 614 00:37:49,880 --> 00:37:53,359 Speaker 1: discussed his painting a storm in the Rocky Mountains Mount Rosalie, 615 00:37:53,440 --> 00:37:56,160 Speaker 1: Tracy made a statement that there is no Mount Rosalie, 616 00:37:56,239 --> 00:37:59,279 Speaker 1: to which my brain immediately interjected, yes, there is. I 617 00:37:59,320 --> 00:38:01,400 Speaker 1: was almost certain I'd heard of a Mount Rosalie in 618 00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:04,360 Speaker 1: our area, and after a little Google map searching cross 619 00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:06,919 Speaker 1: reference with my personal hiking notes, I confirmed that there 620 00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:10,399 Speaker 1: indeed is a Mount Rosalie, and it's located right next 621 00:38:10,440 --> 00:38:13,240 Speaker 1: to Mount Beerstadt. I have no idea if the naming 622 00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:16,560 Speaker 1: came before or after Albert's famous painting, but in any case, 623 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:20,640 Speaker 1: although it's officially Rosalie Peak, locals usually refer to it 624 00:38:20,719 --> 00:38:23,680 Speaker 1: as Mount Rosalie, and it is a favorite local hiking area. 625 00:38:23,960 --> 00:38:26,080 Speaker 1: I've enjoyed your podcast for many years now, so it 626 00:38:26,120 --> 00:38:27,960 Speaker 1: was fun to come across something in an episode that 627 00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:31,440 Speaker 1: resonated in my personal lay as pet tax. I've attached 628 00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:34,720 Speaker 1: some piccks of my hiking buddy Sammy officially Sammy Hagar 629 00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:37,480 Speaker 1: and yes he is the successor to Eddie van Halen 630 00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:40,719 Speaker 1: who sadly died Young Sammy is a Bernadoodle that we 631 00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:43,920 Speaker 1: affectionately refer to as our duficus because he's a smart 632 00:38:43,960 --> 00:38:46,680 Speaker 1: dog who likes to do dumb things. If his haircut 633 00:38:46,719 --> 00:38:48,759 Speaker 1: looks like he got run over by a lawnmower, that's 634 00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,239 Speaker 1: because he's been kicked out of three dog groomers, so 635 00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:53,480 Speaker 1: we gave up and now he gets a home haircut. 636 00:38:53,760 --> 00:38:56,239 Speaker 1: He doesn't seem to mind, and we're saving money. Thanks 637 00:38:56,280 --> 00:38:58,000 Speaker 1: for all you do. Keep up the great work. Okay, 638 00:38:58,040 --> 00:39:00,759 Speaker 1: I don't care if it's a home haircut is so cute, 639 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:03,279 Speaker 1: I can't quite deal with it. That's a cute dog. 640 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:09,360 Speaker 1: I have Rosalie Mountain information. Yeah, so here's here's the scoop. 641 00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:14,480 Speaker 1: The Mount Rosalie in that picture was renamed later Mount 642 00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:24,960 Speaker 1: evans Uh and the Mount Beerstott was also named Mount 643 00:39:25,040 --> 00:39:29,280 Speaker 1: Rosalie briefly, and then now it's Beerstott, and they picked 644 00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:31,960 Speaker 1: a different one to keep a Rosalie in the mix, 645 00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:35,000 Speaker 1: and that is Rosalie Peak, which is its technical name, 646 00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:37,479 Speaker 1: and I was like, this is also confusing and many 647 00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:41,120 Speaker 1: renamings and switcheros of mountains that I'll just leave it 648 00:39:41,120 --> 00:39:42,960 Speaker 1: out of the episode, and it made for confusion, So 649 00:39:43,040 --> 00:39:46,880 Speaker 1: I apologize, But yeah, Rosalie Peak. There technically still is 650 00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:50,239 Speaker 1: no Mount Rosalie. There was, but there wasn't when he 651 00:39:50,360 --> 00:39:53,319 Speaker 1: found it and called it that, and there wasn't by 652 00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:56,879 Speaker 1: the time we recorded the episode because it's rosally Peak 653 00:39:56,920 --> 00:39:59,359 Speaker 1: and it's a different mountain entirely. I don't know if 654 00:39:59,360 --> 00:40:01,680 Speaker 1: that clears any That may be clearest mud, but in 655 00:40:01,719 --> 00:40:04,120 Speaker 1: any case, that's the scoop. I just want to look 656 00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:06,879 Speaker 1: at dog pictures again. If you would like to write 657 00:40:06,880 --> 00:40:09,319 Speaker 1: to us about this or anything else, you can Our 658 00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:13,759 Speaker 1: email address is History Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You 659 00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:16,520 Speaker 1: can also subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app 660 00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:24,440 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Stuff you 661 00:40:24,480 --> 00:40:27,560 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For 662 00:40:27,680 --> 00:40:32,120 Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 663 00:40:32,239 --> 00:40:36,240 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.