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Speaker 1: Hey, y'all. We're rerunning two episodes today, which means you

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Speaker 1: might hear two hosts. Enjoy the show. Welcome to this

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Speaker 1: Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com

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Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff you Missed in History Class.

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Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past, one day

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Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened

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Speaker 1: today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm

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Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson, and it's January fourteenth. George Wallace was

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Speaker 1: inaugurated as governor of Alabama on this day in nineteen

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Speaker 1: sixty three, and at his inauguration he gave his famous

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Speaker 1: Segregation Now, Segregation Forever. Speech. Ten years before that, in

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Speaker 1: nineteen fifty three, Wallace had been part of the reelection

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Speaker 1: campaign of Governor Big Jim Fulsome, and Fulsome was really

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Speaker 1: pretty progressive. He had been campaigning for things like voting

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Speaker 1: rights for black citizens and ending the use of prison labor,

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Speaker 1: improving the school system, hiring more women for government positions,

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Speaker 1: and Wallace had a reputation as a danger liberal. Back

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Speaker 1: in ninety eight, both he and Folsom had been delegates

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Speaker 1: to the Democratic National Convention and when pro segregation Democrats

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Speaker 1: had walked out of the convention. Folsom and Wallace had

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Speaker 1: been some of the ones staying put. In nineteen fifty eight,

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Speaker 1: Wallace ran for governor of Alabama for the first time,

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Speaker 1: and his platform had a lot in common from when

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Speaker 1: he had worked on the campaign of Big Jim Folsom.

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Speaker 1: It was moderate to progressive. It's still followed a lot

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Speaker 1: of what folsomme Head campaigned on. He had the support

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Speaker 1: of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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Speaker 1: or in double a c P. Meanwhile, his opponent in

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Speaker 1: the Democratic primary was Attorney General John Patterson. Patterson was

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Speaker 1: running on a pro segregation platform and had the support

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Speaker 1: of the Ku Klux Klan. In this Democratic primary in

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Speaker 1: nineteen fifty eight, Patterson beat Wallace and then beat his

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Speaker 1: Republican opponent, William Longshore in just a landslide. The next

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Speaker 1: part of this has been widely reported in some wording

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Speaker 1: or another from a lot of different sources, but Wallace

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Speaker 1: himself denied ever saying it. When people asked him what

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Speaker 1: had gone wrong in his campaign, his response reportedly included

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Speaker 1: a racist slur, something along the lines of quote I

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Speaker 1: got out and worded by John Patterson. This is the

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Speaker 1: first and last time I will be out and worded

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Speaker 1: by another candidate. Wallace, his life in his political career

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Speaker 1: took a turn after this. He became very deeply depressed,

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Speaker 1: and this combined with other issues in his marriage to

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Speaker 1: lead his wife Lurleen, to take their children to live

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Speaker 1: with their parents and file for divorce. At the time,

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Speaker 1: Wallace was a judge for the Third Judicial Court, and

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Speaker 1: with the election over, he went back to work and

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Speaker 1: totally changed his approach to racial discrimination. He started actively

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Speaker 1: trying to block civil rights legislation instead of supporting it

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Speaker 1: like he had before. When he ran for governor again,

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Speaker 1: he was pro segregation and pro states right, so and

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Speaker 1: he had the support of the ku Klux Klan, like

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Speaker 1: the man who had beaten him the last time around,

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Speaker 1: this time, he won the Democratic primary and got three

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Speaker 1: hundred thousand votes in the general election, even though no

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Speaker 1: one else was running against him. The speech that he

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Speaker 1: gave on inauguration Day nineteen sixty three was co written

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Speaker 1: by asa Earl Carter, who was a member of the

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Speaker 1: ku Klux Klan. Later on, Carter was also revealed to

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Speaker 1: be Forest Carter, author of the Rebel outlawed Josie Wales

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Speaker 1: and the education of Little Tree. Here's that famous passage

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Speaker 1: from the speech, quote today I have stood where once

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Speaker 1: Jefferson Davis stood and took an oath to my people.

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Speaker 1: It is very appropriate then, that from this cradle of

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Speaker 1: the Confederacy, this very heart of the great Anglo Saxon Southland,

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Speaker 1: that today we sound the drum for freedom, as have

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Speaker 1: our generations of forebears before us, done time and time

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Speaker 1: again through history. Let us rise to the call of

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Speaker 1: freedom loving blood that is in us, and send our

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Speaker 1: answer to the tyranny that clanks its change upon the South.

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Speaker 1: In the name of the greatest people that have ever

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Speaker 1: tried this earth, I draw the line in the dust

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Speaker 1: and tossed the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny. And

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Speaker 1: I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever. It is

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Speaker 1: not clear whether Wallace's shift from being socially progressive to

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Speaker 1: explicitly supporting segregation in white supremacy was a genuinely held

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Speaker 1: change in his views or whether he just thought it

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Speaker 1: was politically expedient to win an election. But he shifted

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Speaker 1: once again in the opposite direction later on in his career,

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Speaker 1: after the passage of the Voting Rights Act, and this

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Speaker 1: is just one moment in a decade's long career that

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Speaker 1: also involved other instances of outright racism. There's a lot

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Speaker 1: more to it in the November episode of Stuff You

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Speaker 1: Missed in History Class. Thanks to Casey Pegram and Chandler

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Speaker 1: May for their audio work on this show. You can

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Speaker 1: subscribe to The Day in History Class on Apple podcast,

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Speaker 1: Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app, and wherever else

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Speaker 1: you get your podcasts, and tune in tomorrow for a

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Speaker 1: flood that we told you was coming back in October.

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Speaker 1: Quick morning before we start the show. Today's episode contains

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Speaker 1: mention of suicide. Hey y'all, I'm Eves and you're listening

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Speaker 1: to this Day in History Class, a podcast for people

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Speaker 1: interested in the big and small moments in history. The

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Speaker 1: day was January four, nineteen sixty three. The Bell Jar,

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Speaker 1: the only novel written by poet Sylvia Plath, was first

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Speaker 1: published under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas. Sylvia Plath was born

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Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty two in Boston. Her father died when

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Speaker 1: she was a child, and many of her poems reflect

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Speaker 1: her feelings about her father and his death. By the

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Speaker 1: time she was a teenager, she was publishing stories and

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Speaker 1: poems and magazines. While attending Smith College, Plath won a

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Speaker 1: fiction contest and got a guest editorship at the magazine Mademoiselle.

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Speaker 1: At the same time, she was dealing with depression. After

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Speaker 1: she attempted suicide at age twenty, she was hospitalized and

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Speaker 1: treated with electroshock therapy. Plath went back to Smith after

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Speaker 1: being hospitalized and graduated. She then studied at Cambridge University

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Speaker 1: on a Fulbright fellowship. There she met Ted Hughes, whom

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Speaker 1: she married in nineteen fifty six and later had two

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Speaker 1: children with. Plath went on to teach English at Smith

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Speaker 1: College and published a collection of poems called The Colossus.

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Speaker 1: Though she was praised for the craft and imagery of

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Speaker 1: her poetry, she was also criticized for lacking a personal voice. Later, though,

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Speaker 1: her poetry became less but end up in more candid.

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Speaker 1: Her other major work, The Bell Jar, was first published

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Speaker 1: in London on January fourteenth, nineteen sixty three. Plath had

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Speaker 1: a hard time finding an American publisher for it, and

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Speaker 1: it was British publisher William Hyneman who ended up accepting it.

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Speaker 1: She used the pseudonym Victoria Lucas to keep from outing

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Speaker 1: the people she fictionalized and to separate it from her

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Speaker 1: other literary works, Plath wanted to write something like The

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Speaker 1: Snake Pit, a semi autobiographical book by author Mary Jane

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Speaker 1: Ward about a woman's recovery for mental illness. The Bell

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Speaker 1: Jar is also a semi autobiographical novel, as it's based

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Speaker 1: on her experiences of hospitalization and recovery. It's about a

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Speaker 1: woman named Esther Greenwood who longs to become a poet.

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Speaker 1: As she struggles with societal expectations placed on women as

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Speaker 1: well as her writing career, Esther becomes depressed. The story

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Speaker 1: follows Esther as she goes through treatment and in to recovery.

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Speaker 1: The book received some lukewarm in some positive reviews. Today

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Speaker 1: it's recognized as a book that touches on themes of redemption, identity, gender,

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Speaker 1: and the oppressions of contemporary American society. Plath had a

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Speaker 1: huge burst of creative energy and wrote prolifically at the

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Speaker 1: end of her life, but less than a month after

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Speaker 1: The bill Jar was published, Plath died by suicide. She

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Speaker 1: had been sick and left to take care of her

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Speaker 1: children after she and her husband separated and she was

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Speaker 1: still struggling with mental illness. Some of her work was

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Speaker 1: published posthumously, including the poetry collections Aerial, Winter Trees and

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Speaker 1: Crossing the Water. I'm Eve chef Coote and hopefully you

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Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday.

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Speaker 1: If you're hungry for more history, you can find us

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Speaker 1: on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t D I h

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Speaker 1: C Podcast, and you can send your thoughts are comments

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Speaker 1: to us at This Day at I heart media dot com.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for listening. We'll see you here again tomorrow with

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Speaker 1: another episode. H