1 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:11,400 Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to food Stuff. I'm Annie Reeese and 2 00:00:11,480 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 1: I'm Lauren back Obam and today we're talking about sports. Yep, 3 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:21,640 Speaker 1: it's kind of a funny story how we came to 4 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:25,279 Speaker 1: decide on this as a topic. I was running in 5 00:00:25,320 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: the morning, as I often do, and I've had the 6 00:00:28,240 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: song Sugar Sugar stuck in my head for weeks because 7 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:36,360 Speaker 1: of the related to the Sugar episode Sugar and Honey. 8 00:00:36,520 --> 00:00:39,279 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, Oh no, I got it. I got 9 00:00:39,280 --> 00:00:40,599 Speaker 1: it in my head last week when we were talking 10 00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:43,800 Speaker 1: about Honey and I couldn't get it out on my run. 11 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:47,960 Speaker 1: So I was desperately like thinking, what is something something 12 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:52,559 Speaker 1: else we could talk about or anything else, and my 13 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:57,400 Speaker 1: mind desperately cast upon the sport And then when I 14 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:00,240 Speaker 1: brought it up, it's like a potential episode or and 15 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:04,800 Speaker 1: I did a quick Google search and we found a 16 00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:09,240 Speaker 1: Salon article with the headline quote the history of the 17 00:01:09,319 --> 00:01:14,120 Speaker 1: Humble Spoon Fork includes shocking racism and sexism, and a 18 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:17,959 Speaker 1: funny Bill Clinton cameo. So that was it. We were 19 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:20,800 Speaker 1: just like, well, then we have to do this now, 20 00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:25,480 Speaker 1: there's no turning back. No, no, we hope, we hope 21 00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:28,280 Speaker 1: that you understand and in case you haven't seen one 22 00:01:28,280 --> 00:01:32,680 Speaker 1: of these crazy looking things. It's an eating utensil purportedly 23 00:01:33,160 --> 00:01:38,600 Speaker 1: at the combination of a spoon and a fork another portmanteau. Yes, 24 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: it's basically a spoon with tiny little prongs on the end. Yeah, 25 00:01:44,959 --> 00:01:47,319 Speaker 1: and I usually think of the plastic kind that comes 26 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:50,840 Speaker 1: with fast food, and I'm I don't. I don't think 27 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 1: I've ever seen one, not that um, I haven't seen 28 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:56,920 Speaker 1: one like in the wild. But but if you really 29 00:01:56,960 --> 00:01:59,800 Speaker 1: need to have like a long lasting, sturdy sport, you 30 00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 1: can definitely get titanium ones. They're apparently popular with campers. 31 00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: I yeah, I can see that. I can only hope 32 00:02:08,120 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 1: it would be slightly more functional fingers crossed. Yeah, And 33 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: apparently foon fo n is also a thing, and if 34 00:02:19,280 --> 00:02:22,160 Speaker 1: you throw a knife in there too, it becomes a splade, 35 00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:28,560 Speaker 1: sometimes called a sport. Oh. I wish I had the 36 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: opportunity to use that word more often. Um, you've also 37 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 1: got a spife, which is a spoon knife hybrid designated 38 00:02:35,840 --> 00:02:42,160 Speaker 1: for eating kiwi in particular, or a nork a knife fork. Um. 39 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:45,760 Speaker 1: And these combination of tools are often called joined tools. 40 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:53,440 Speaker 1: And as you can probably tell from our tone, if 41 00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,320 Speaker 1: not your own, personal experience. Yes, the spork is a 42 00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:59,640 Speaker 1: bit of a joke in the culinary world. Um, since 43 00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:03,920 Speaker 1: the bowls too shallow to hold much liquid and the 44 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:08,600 Speaker 1: prongs are too short spear anything and any liquid that 45 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:10,440 Speaker 1: you do get in the shallow bowl is just going 46 00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:14,640 Speaker 1: to dribble out from it between You've got to have delicate, yes, 47 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:19,200 Speaker 1: very careful. Um. So it's pretty useless. Yeah, but that, 48 00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:23,080 Speaker 1: of course didn't stop it from developing a occult following. 49 00:03:23,800 --> 00:03:30,160 Speaker 1: In fact, according to spork dot org yep um, their 50 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 1: uselessness is a metaphor for human nature. All yeah, I know. 51 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 1: Quote a spork is a perfect metaphor for human existence. 52 00:03:40,880 --> 00:03:43,920 Speaker 1: It tries to function as both spoon and fork, and 53 00:03:43,960 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 1: because of this dual nature, it fails miserably at both. 54 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,520 Speaker 1: You cannot have soup with a spork. It is far 55 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,880 Speaker 1: too shallow. You cannot eat meat with a spork, the 56 00:03:53,960 --> 00:03:59,040 Speaker 1: prongs are too small. There are a lot of websites 57 00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:01,360 Speaker 1: that have been dead catered to it over the years, 58 00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 1: and and haiku written in their honor um. One that 59 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 1: was featured in that Salon article goes the sport true beauty, 60 00:04:10,280 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 1: the times the bowl the long stem life is now 61 00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:22,719 Speaker 1: complete man, you just heard a hik about us. For 62 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,960 Speaker 1: I think about that for a second. Um, And you 63 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:30,680 Speaker 1: can make things out of them like for example, this 64 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:33,680 Speaker 1: was another example featured in the Salon article the leaning 65 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:37,760 Speaker 1: tower of sport or Batman featured in a house Stuff 66 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:42,520 Speaker 1: Works article. By bending down the two middle times, um. 67 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:45,160 Speaker 1: For for the sports super fan, you can drop two 68 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:49,000 Speaker 1: and fifty dollars on a hand carved wooden spork pendant 69 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:52,880 Speaker 1: on Etsy. How many sports super fans do you think 70 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:54,680 Speaker 1: are out there? I don't know, but there was more 71 00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: than one sport pendant available from more than one seller, 72 00:04:58,160 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: so I don't know. Well, all right, more power to you. 73 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:08,480 Speaker 1: Today sports are commonly used on airlines, fast food chains, schools, 74 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:13,240 Speaker 1: the military, like Lauren said, by campers, and in prisons 75 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,200 Speaker 1: since it's tricky to make a shift out of a sport, 76 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:21,400 Speaker 1: and they are specifically designed sports with shorter times for prisons. 77 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:25,279 Speaker 1: But in two thousand and eight, an Alaskan man was 78 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: arrested for attempting to rob a fast food fried chicken 79 00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:31,680 Speaker 1: restaurant with a sport and the victim had four quote 80 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:37,240 Speaker 1: parallel scratches. Just pretty impressive. Oh, I'm sorry that I'm 81 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:39,800 Speaker 1: laughing about someone getting attacked. It's not funny, that's not 82 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:42,479 Speaker 1: that's not good. But the sport is I would have 83 00:05:42,520 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: gone for the fork. I would have gone five. I 84 00:05:45,040 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 1: honestly might have tried to spoon over a spork. I 85 00:05:48,920 --> 00:05:52,040 Speaker 1: actually like, I'll dig your eyebout eyeballs up kind of thing, 86 00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:55,120 Speaker 1: like I don't know that that it was an interesting choice. 87 00:05:55,240 --> 00:05:59,839 Speaker 1: It was, yeah, big creative, you know, very we appreciate creativity, 88 00:06:00,279 --> 00:06:04,840 Speaker 1: we do. And the history of the spork is longer 89 00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:09,960 Speaker 1: than Laurena and I suspect it certainly. Yeah, um okay. 90 00:06:10,040 --> 00:06:13,719 Speaker 1: Supposedly it showed up in the Century Dictionary for the 91 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:16,320 Speaker 1: first time in nineteen o nine in a supplement. I 92 00:06:16,360 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 1: haven't been able to actually track that down, like everyone 93 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:23,200 Speaker 1: says it, but no one has an actual reference to 94 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,360 Speaker 1: the things. So so it's a possibility that the word 95 00:06:26,400 --> 00:06:30,720 Speaker 1: spork was floating around in nineteen nine. Definitely a possibility 96 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 1: for sure. The word spork, the name spork was not 97 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:39,440 Speaker 1: trademarked in the United States until nineteen seventy. Yeah, the 98 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,520 Speaker 1: history of the sport is kind of backwards. Yeah, it 99 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:45,840 Speaker 1: goes way back, though, it does, all the way back 100 00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:49,919 Speaker 1: to the late medieval times. There was a utensil that 101 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:52,960 Speaker 1: was a combo of the fork and spoon, But in 102 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:57,160 Speaker 1: the early stages of spork evolution, the spoon was at 103 00:06:57,160 --> 00:06:58,919 Speaker 1: one end of the handle and the fork at the 104 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:03,280 Speaker 1: other um, which probably was more useful and also kind 105 00:07:03,320 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 1: of what the sport has become now. Interestingly, Yeah, these 106 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: these may have been used for eating candied fruits and 107 00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:13,640 Speaker 1: syrup um, and and they're called suckets. Of course they are. 108 00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:20,600 Speaker 1: That's almost as ridiculous as sport. People of eighteen hundreds 109 00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:24,120 Speaker 1: might use a sport like terrapin forks for eating turtles 110 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:28,320 Speaker 1: which had longer prongs, or ice cream forks which were 111 00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: very ornate, kind of beautiful spoon fork combinations with three 112 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:36,760 Speaker 1: prongs for eating, as you could guess, probably from from 113 00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:41,560 Speaker 1: the name, yes, probably. Edward Lear's seventy one poem The 114 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: Owl and the pussy Cat makes a mention of a 115 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:50,160 Speaker 1: potentially sport like thing called run stable spoon. However, a 116 00:07:50,240 --> 00:07:53,400 Speaker 1: later illustration that he provided in in the perhaps lesser 117 00:07:53,440 --> 00:07:57,080 Speaker 1: known work twenty six Nonsense Rhymes and Pictures portrays the 118 00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: rencible spoon is more something like a like a ladle um. Nonetheless, 119 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:04,120 Speaker 1: lots of dictionaries do define the runstable spoon as being 120 00:08:04,200 --> 00:08:07,360 Speaker 1: something like a sport. To be fair, Leir totally made 121 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 1: the word up. His His work often featured invented nonsense words, 122 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: so it's gotta up to anyone's imagination. I suppose. Yeah, 123 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:17,760 Speaker 1: the title kind of implies there might be some some 124 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 1: nonsense in there. Speaking of ridiculous, our next bit of 125 00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:28,720 Speaker 1: spork history involves a really wacky inventor, dude. Um, But 126 00:08:28,720 --> 00:08:30,880 Speaker 1: but first, let's take a quick break for a word 127 00:08:30,880 --> 00:08:43,160 Speaker 1: from our sponsor, and we're back, Thank you sponsor. In 128 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:48,480 Speaker 1: February of eighty four, Samuel W. Samuel W. Francis filed 129 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 1: a patent for a hybrid spoon and fork and a 130 00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:55,800 Speaker 1: knife like edge, but not a sharp knife. Were like 131 00:08:55,840 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 1: a better knife, but we don't really know if it 132 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:01,959 Speaker 1: was ever produced on a larger scale. Yeah, this thing 133 00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:06,760 Speaker 1: looks incredibly even more ridiculous than the modern sport. The 134 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:09,960 Speaker 1: knife part is attached to one edge of the spoon, 135 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:15,280 Speaker 1: so I hope it was dull certainly too. You'd have 136 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:17,640 Speaker 1: to eat just real carefully with it. I don't maybe, 137 00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: Maybe am I just some kind of terrible monster for 138 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:23,280 Speaker 1: occasionally putting my flatwear in my mouth? As I'm eating. 139 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:27,120 Speaker 1: Is that a thing that humans don't do? I I 140 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,720 Speaker 1: don't know. But by the way, though, this dude was great. 141 00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:33,840 Speaker 1: Um he was. He was this high society guy who 142 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:37,000 Speaker 1: probably never moved his UM. I guess it would technically 143 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:41,600 Speaker 1: be displayed or a sport. He never moved it into 144 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:45,559 Speaker 1: production because he was busy like founding groups in Newport, 145 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:48,880 Speaker 1: Rhode Island, including their Natural History Society, their Society for 146 00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:51,400 Speaker 1: the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and what would eventually 147 00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:55,600 Speaker 1: become their Board of Health. Oh, also writing a few 148 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:59,559 Speaker 1: books and patenting other great crazy stuff, like a typewriter 149 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,360 Speaker 1: that you is a piano like keyboard for its input, 150 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: you know, with like like long ivory and short ebony keys, 151 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:08,640 Speaker 1: which goes by the nickname literary piano. I love it. 152 00:10:08,679 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: He also made a spring loaded coffin that a person 153 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,720 Speaker 1: could easily open from the inside in case they were 154 00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:16,400 Speaker 1: buried alive, which was a very popular thing to be 155 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:20,120 Speaker 1: worried about at the time. UM. Seriously, if you guys 156 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:22,600 Speaker 1: have never read up on this, google safety coffins. Sometimes 157 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:27,760 Speaker 1: it's just just a great little bit of a cob history. Um. 158 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:33,680 Speaker 1: Anyway back to sports, right, George Alaramie entered the sport 159 00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:37,640 Speaker 1: ring with his nineteen o seven patent of a table utensil. 160 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:41,280 Speaker 1: Quote that kind of looks like a spoon with a 161 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:45,320 Speaker 1: fork on the end. It's like a spoon, a complete 162 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:49,880 Speaker 1: spoon and then a fork. Oh yeah, uh. And I 163 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:51,800 Speaker 1: failed to see how you'd be able to get any 164 00:10:51,960 --> 00:10:55,439 Speaker 1: souper whatever went out having yourself. I guess if you 165 00:10:55,520 --> 00:11:00,719 Speaker 1: sipped carefully from the edge. Yeah, that's what I was thinking. Yeah, 166 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:04,280 Speaker 1: I have difficulty enough, so I don't need that at 167 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:10,559 Speaker 1: an obstacle um. British company Fortnum and Mason introduced a 168 00:11:10,679 --> 00:11:14,319 Speaker 1: combo spoon knife fork in their nineteen fourteen Christmas catalog 169 00:11:14,440 --> 00:11:17,240 Speaker 1: for Army officers, and a hundred years later the design 170 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:20,920 Speaker 1: firm Matt Project helped them reintroduce the utensil, which they 171 00:11:20,920 --> 00:11:25,560 Speaker 1: call the much more dignified tri tensil. It looks a 172 00:11:25,559 --> 00:11:31,040 Speaker 1: lot actually like Samuel Francis's patent. Oh I did. I 173 00:11:31,080 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: had no idea there'd be so many different words for 174 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:38,720 Speaker 1: different versions of sports. It's great. Australian William MacArthur debut 175 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:43,480 Speaker 1: displayed another three in one utensil at his wife's cafe 176 00:11:43,559 --> 00:11:47,480 Speaker 1: in the nineteen forties. And it saw actually semi decent success. 177 00:11:48,160 --> 00:11:51,000 Speaker 1: By the nineteen sixties, it was mass produced and it 178 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:54,199 Speaker 1: became the gift of choice at weddings and a popular 179 00:11:54,320 --> 00:11:59,559 Speaker 1: utensil for barbecues and buffet's And uh I when I 180 00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:05,160 Speaker 1: read this, I was confused why barbecues was included specifically. 181 00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:09,640 Speaker 1: But I do have an Australian barbecue story. One time 182 00:12:09,920 --> 00:12:12,119 Speaker 1: I was in Australia and I was at a barbecue 183 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:16,720 Speaker 1: and they had kangaroo steaks, of course. Yeah, and by 184 00:12:16,760 --> 00:12:18,080 Speaker 1: the time I got to the end of the buffet, 185 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:22,200 Speaker 1: they didn't have any forks or knives or spoons. All 186 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:26,080 Speaker 1: that was left was the sport. Yeah, and there weren't 187 00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:30,400 Speaker 1: any tables. So I've got this piece of steak in 188 00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:39,520 Speaker 1: one hand. Eventually I just through this work away and 189 00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: just ate it. Yeah. Yeah, It's not one of my 190 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,800 Speaker 1: finer moments, but I did what I had to do. 191 00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:48,120 Speaker 1: It's okay, Yeah, that's you know, no one, no one 192 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:53,520 Speaker 1: can blame a girl for improvising. Back to Dislade, over 193 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:57,120 Speaker 1: five million have been sold, and apparently he got the 194 00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,760 Speaker 1: idea after seeing um a magazine in of women trying 195 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:03,160 Speaker 1: to balance all their utensils and plates that's what made 196 00:13:03,160 --> 00:13:06,040 Speaker 1: me think of the story. Um, and I'm not sure, 197 00:13:06,080 --> 00:13:09,480 Speaker 1: but maybe this is the sexism thing from Slone's article 198 00:13:10,679 --> 00:13:14,079 Speaker 1: figured it out. Yeah, I couldn't. Yeah, I didn't see 199 00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:17,319 Speaker 1: that one. The racism thing though. It's based on a 200 00:13:17,360 --> 00:13:22,240 Speaker 1: popular myth about the sport, which which might be due 201 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:27,560 Speaker 1: to the fact that that William MacArthur was the inventor 202 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:32,440 Speaker 1: of this displayed right because he shares the name with 203 00:13:32,760 --> 00:13:36,439 Speaker 1: General Douglas MacArthur. So supposedly but not really at all. 204 00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:41,120 Speaker 1: MacArthur invented the sport during the nineteen forties occupation of Japan, 205 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:44,840 Speaker 1: and the fork was too dangerous in case the Japanese 206 00:13:44,920 --> 00:13:52,240 Speaker 1: rose up in MacArthur's eyes anyway, and chopsticks quote too barbaric. Um. Yeah, 207 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:57,719 Speaker 1: hence he introduced the spark into the into the Japanese. Right, 208 00:13:57,920 --> 00:13:59,880 Speaker 1: But the days don't really match up but the rest 209 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:03,120 Speaker 1: of the timeline and there's no real proof of it 210 00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:07,839 Speaker 1: anywhere actually happening. It is true the army used foldable 211 00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:11,440 Speaker 1: combinations of spoons and forks, but not a spork in 212 00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:15,040 Speaker 1: the way we think of it. Yeah. The next instance 213 00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,640 Speaker 1: of the sport is the nineteen fifty two New York 214 00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:22,160 Speaker 1: Times article, and there's a comment about a Pennsylvania man's 215 00:14:22,240 --> 00:14:25,680 Speaker 1: failed attempt to patent the term sport. But I could 216 00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:28,320 Speaker 1: not find anything else beyond that that he tried to 217 00:14:28,360 --> 00:14:30,400 Speaker 1: do it and failed. Um. I did want to mention 218 00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:33,080 Speaker 1: that the plastic wear took off in the nineteen fifties 219 00:14:33,080 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 1: and sixties as polypropylene and poly styrene were developed, and 220 00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:40,600 Speaker 1: also as the expanding American middle class were We're craving 221 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: affordable new kitchen ware and and conveniently disposable picnic were right, 222 00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: big big era the nineteen sixties, for like, oh man, 223 00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:50,680 Speaker 1: it's so convenient you can just throw it away and 224 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:54,120 Speaker 1: that will never create any kind of problem down the line. Yeah, yea, 225 00:14:55,200 --> 00:15:01,720 Speaker 1: thanks ninety sixties. So that brings us to sport proper. 226 00:15:02,920 --> 00:15:08,560 Speaker 1: In a nineteen or nineteen seventy I read both In Massachusetts, 227 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:14,280 Speaker 1: Van Brood Milling Co. Incorporated by Hold a patent for 228 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:20,120 Speaker 1: sport all cats. Yes, a plastic combo tensil with the 229 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:23,200 Speaker 1: designment you know today. Although in the patent it states 230 00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:25,360 Speaker 1: that a knife could sometimes be in the mix that 231 00:15:25,480 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: was acceptable. All the patent expired twenty years later. The 232 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:33,360 Speaker 1: UK's Plastic Co Limited filed a patent for the spork 233 00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:37,000 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy five and under a different company name. 234 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,440 Speaker 1: They still own it. And there's there's another UK company 235 00:15:40,520 --> 00:15:45,680 Speaker 1: called life Venture and they sell forks booms. Yeah. It 236 00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:50,640 Speaker 1: is illegal to call a non PLASTICO limited spark a 237 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:55,680 Speaker 1: spork in the United Kingdom. Don't do that, no, And 238 00:15:55,720 --> 00:16:00,720 Speaker 1: the name spork is theorized UM two played a large 239 00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:04,560 Speaker 1: role in the success of this bizarre utensil, right because 240 00:16:04,640 --> 00:16:10,640 Speaker 1: I mean sport yeah um. And another thing that helped 241 00:16:10,640 --> 00:16:15,000 Speaker 1: the sport along was our friend uh KFC oh right 242 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,720 Speaker 1: yeah um, presumably to save money by getting you know, 243 00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:22,240 Speaker 1: two disposable plastic utensils for the price of one um. 244 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:24,800 Speaker 1: And they were the first fast food restaurant to offer 245 00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:31,080 Speaker 1: the sport around yeah, and other restaurant chains followed shortly after, 246 00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:36,200 Speaker 1: and the sport this way became available all around the world. 247 00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:42,920 Speaker 1: And in ninet Regal Zone we went to court to 248 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:48,280 Speaker 1: try and strike down Classico Limited ownership of the trademark. Um. 249 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:51,600 Speaker 1: They lost, but appealed in two thousand one in a 250 00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:55,040 Speaker 1: nutshell Regal Zone as a manufacturer of sports wanted to 251 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:59,040 Speaker 1: be able to call them sports without infringing on Plastico's 252 00:16:59,080 --> 00:17:03,440 Speaker 1: trademark and if you want to make your day very 253 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:07,760 Speaker 1: strange and trippy, read a dry legal document describing the 254 00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:13,200 Speaker 1: sport and it's crazy. And then in two thousand and six, 255 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:17,679 Speaker 1: in an attempt to modernize the spork, Swedish outdoor supply 256 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:21,480 Speaker 1: company Light My Fire put the spoon and fork on 257 00:17:21,520 --> 00:17:25,000 Speaker 1: opposite ends of the handle and added a serrated edge 258 00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:28,159 Speaker 1: to one of the forks prongs. So so making a 259 00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:31,680 Speaker 1: new version of the second yeah, exactly, which is kind 260 00:17:31,680 --> 00:17:35,160 Speaker 1: of interesting. It comes back, um, and light my Fire 261 00:17:35,160 --> 00:17:38,040 Speaker 1: has a ton of options for your sport need. They've 262 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:41,320 Speaker 1: got Toddler's sporks, office sports, left handed sports, all kinds 263 00:17:41,320 --> 00:17:47,320 Speaker 1: of sporks, and like Laurence said earlier, very popular among campers. Yeah, 264 00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 1: because it's easier lightweight. Sure, yeah, I only need one thing. Yeah. 265 00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:55,520 Speaker 1: So that's the history part of the sport. And after 266 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 1: this short break, we'll delve into some of the science 267 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:13,320 Speaker 1: of sports spork manufacturing. It's actually really interesting and we're back, 268 00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:17,440 Speaker 1: Thank you sponsor. Yes, so I would argue that other 269 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:22,040 Speaker 1: than the fact that the name spork is just so good, um, 270 00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:25,000 Speaker 1: the popularity of the spork is is also dependent on 271 00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:28,679 Speaker 1: the development of an expensive plastics because they're they're multible 272 00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:31,720 Speaker 1: and stampable like metals, but of course very much cheaper. 273 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:35,520 Speaker 1: UM sparks and other plastic wear are made by a 274 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:38,800 Speaker 1: process called thermoforming, which is stamping the shapes out of 275 00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:44,560 Speaker 1: big sheets of plastic using metal molds UM. And so 276 00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:47,520 Speaker 1: in order to do this thing first you have to 277 00:18:47,520 --> 00:18:50,520 Speaker 1: make plastic, meaning that you extract crude oil or natural 278 00:18:50,520 --> 00:18:53,920 Speaker 1: gas from the earth and refine it. Yes, your plastic 279 00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 1: forks are made from basically the same kind of stuff 280 00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: that you put in your car UM and you use 281 00:18:59,880 --> 00:19:02,320 Speaker 1: the petroleum products because they're both made up of a 282 00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,399 Speaker 1: series of molecules that are called hydrocarbons UM, which is 283 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:09,880 Speaker 1: a repeating chain of carbon and hydrogen molecules. And when 284 00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:13,119 Speaker 1: you heat hydrocarbons to a certain point, they convert into 285 00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:16,320 Speaker 1: reactive monomers, which are short chain molecules that are like 286 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:20,240 Speaker 1: really good at linking together into long chains. The long 287 00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:23,040 Speaker 1: chains are called polymers UM, and you can process the 288 00:19:23,040 --> 00:19:26,280 Speaker 1: polymers differently, the monomers and the polymers differently, and add 289 00:19:26,320 --> 00:19:28,840 Speaker 1: various other substances in order to make different kinds of 290 00:19:28,880 --> 00:19:32,960 Speaker 1: plastics UM for sports. As I said earlier, you'll probably 291 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,760 Speaker 1: use polypropylene or polystyrene, and you'll probably add stabilizers to 292 00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:39,200 Speaker 1: help keep the plastic from breaking down, and pig events 293 00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:41,879 Speaker 1: to color it, and stuff to just improve the workability 294 00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:45,560 Speaker 1: of the plastic during the manufacturing process. Yes, there are 295 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:50,080 Speaker 1: FDA guidelines, Not that they've mentioned sports specifically, but there 296 00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:54,040 Speaker 1: are FDA guidelines about what can go into your sport. Perfect. 297 00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:01,399 Speaker 1: Once you've created this plastic from your fossil fuel, you 298 00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,320 Speaker 1: usually manufacture it into um we little like like lentil 299 00:20:05,359 --> 00:20:10,720 Speaker 1: sized pellets that are called nerdles. Nerdles is my new 300 00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:18,320 Speaker 1: favorite word. This episode did the best for fun words. Nerdles. Okay, alright, UM. 301 00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:21,160 Speaker 1: When it's time for production, UM, you melt the nerdles 302 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,359 Speaker 1: and then extract them into a into a sheet. You 303 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:27,000 Speaker 1: sort of like push the melted plastic through a long, 304 00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:30,760 Speaker 1: thin opening. UM. And then you take the finished sheets 305 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:33,119 Speaker 1: and and you heat one up so it's nice and soft, 306 00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:36,000 Speaker 1: and then place it into a mold where where it 307 00:20:36,080 --> 00:20:40,240 Speaker 1: accepts the fork shape. Each individual spark is then stamped 308 00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:42,359 Speaker 1: out from the large sheet and the scraps are melted 309 00:20:42,359 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: down and reused. UM. I was starting at this juncture 310 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:50,800 Speaker 1: to go into some of the problems of pollution and 311 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:54,359 Speaker 1: waste and worker conditions in the plastic utensil industry. But 312 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:57,920 Speaker 1: I very shortly realized that that is worthy of its own, 313 00:20:58,520 --> 00:21:05,320 Speaker 1: very terrible episode, really upsetting. Oh boy, yeah, excellent. Okay, 314 00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:07,600 Speaker 1: every time you use a plastic fork, you causing cancer, 315 00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:14,640 Speaker 1: not in yourself, thank you lord. Yeah. Well, kind of related, 316 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:18,359 Speaker 1: let's talk about the sports place in pop culture. The 317 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:23,280 Speaker 1: sports staying power is sort of in its ironic, kind 318 00:21:23,320 --> 00:21:27,560 Speaker 1: of useless existence that we referenced. Uh and perhaps because 319 00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,040 Speaker 1: the name, but it's certainly had a few moments in 320 00:21:30,080 --> 00:21:35,720 Speaker 1: our pop culture. In President Bill Clinton used the sport 321 00:21:35,760 --> 00:21:39,640 Speaker 1: to make a point during the radio and television correspondence 322 00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:43,520 Speaker 1: Dinner in Washington, d C. Saying the sport was quote 323 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:48,200 Speaker 1: the symbol of my administration, no more false choice between 324 00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:52,119 Speaker 1: the left utensil and the right utensil. And later too 325 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:55,880 Speaker 1: much applause and laughter. Quote this is a big new idea, 326 00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:59,879 Speaker 1: the spark And in the two thousand eight Picks are 327 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:03,760 Speaker 1: film Wally, When Wally is sorting through the utensils and 328 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:06,439 Speaker 1: he comes across the sport, he doesn't know how to 329 00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:12,640 Speaker 1: categorize it. For his robot hit almost six blues corspoon. Um. 330 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:17,000 Speaker 1: There's a nonprofit group called spork um with an exclamation 331 00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:20,879 Speaker 1: point that that seeks to advocate for. It advocates for 332 00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:24,240 Speaker 1: and gives voice to UH to quote individuals who have 333 00:22:24,280 --> 00:22:28,320 Speaker 1: a physical, mental, or invisible difference the beloved sports of 334 00:22:28,359 --> 00:22:31,280 Speaker 1: our society. They call them yeah, which is which is 335 00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:34,120 Speaker 1: real sweet. They've got a they've got a few publications, 336 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 1: and they do profiles on different organizations that help out um, 337 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:40,320 Speaker 1: which is really cool. Um. And along this vein a 338 00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:45,600 Speaker 1: musical comedy film from called spork featured a titular character 339 00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:48,760 Speaker 1: who is intersext and of course there's an app for that. 340 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:50,920 Speaker 1: Of course, of course, or at least there was. I'm 341 00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:53,640 Speaker 1: not sure you can download it anymore. Oh I didn't check, 342 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:55,919 Speaker 1: and I don't have my phone on. I stride it 343 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,159 Speaker 1: and it said it wasn't available for download. But I 344 00:22:58,160 --> 00:23:03,120 Speaker 1: don't know if that was just forever or temperate um. 345 00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:07,840 Speaker 1: Either way, it was is called ice Work. The description 346 00:23:07,880 --> 00:23:11,320 Speaker 1: in the app store is as follows. Quote the ice 347 00:23:11,359 --> 00:23:13,919 Speaker 1: work is almost better than having an actual spork in 348 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:19,960 Speaker 1: your pocket. Almost. This is the definitive app for sport connoisseurs. 349 00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,360 Speaker 1: And from what I understand you just wiped your spork 350 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:30,399 Speaker 1: around and learned some sport history. So it's nothing I 351 00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:33,040 Speaker 1: would ever ever use. But I have to admit I'm 352 00:23:33,119 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: kind of charmed that it exists and that it is 353 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:40,800 Speaker 1: as useless as the sport no offense sport and I spork. 354 00:23:41,560 --> 00:23:45,200 Speaker 1: That's pretty much everything we could find on the sport. 355 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,560 Speaker 1: I mean, there's probably many other pop culture references out 356 00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:53,880 Speaker 1: there that it is. I did a quick check on 357 00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:57,160 Speaker 1: on what is it the Google How popular are words 358 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: throughout history Google trends. Yeah, and there was a huge 359 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 1: spike of interest in the sport around big big times 360 00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:09,800 Speaker 1: for the spark, I guess, um. But yeah, but that's 361 00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:13,199 Speaker 1: that's that's the story of the sport. Um. So so 362 00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,360 Speaker 1: let's let's move on to some listener mail, because we're 363 00:24:16,359 --> 00:24:20,120 Speaker 1: still getting lovely messages in from all y'all. Yes, we 364 00:24:20,680 --> 00:24:27,359 Speaker 1: heard from Aaron, who, like Lauren, has um an intolerance 365 00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:30,440 Speaker 1: of food intolerance. Would you like to read this on Lauren? Sure, 366 00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:34,040 Speaker 1: Aaron says, Hey, ladies, I've really enjoyed your podcast so 367 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:35,920 Speaker 1: far and can't wait to see what ideas and topics 368 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,399 Speaker 1: you discussed in the future. I'm currently listening to your 369 00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:41,080 Speaker 1: Bloody Mary episode and heard Lauren mentioned that she can't 370 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:44,719 Speaker 1: eat pineapple. I can't either. After two decades of enjoying 371 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,960 Speaker 1: the sweet tropical fruit, I suddenly became physically unable to 372 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:51,399 Speaker 1: tolerate it. After a horrifying trip to Mexico, I visited 373 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: the allergist who determined I wasn't allergic, but developed an 374 00:24:54,520 --> 00:25:00,600 Speaker 1: intolerance to the enzyme brome lane bromelane whatever. Sure, um 375 00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:04,960 Speaker 1: she didn't she didn't mess up the pronunciation in her email. 376 00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 1: Um no uh parenthetical. As a side note, this is 377 00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:12,720 Speaker 1: only found in fresh pineapple, so canned fruit and juice 378 00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:16,639 Speaker 1: is just fine. A tropical drinks pineapple would be a 379 00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:19,480 Speaker 1: fantastic topic, not only due to the fruit scientific uses 380 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,240 Speaker 1: um I e. Blane supplements, It's used as a tender 381 00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:26,199 Speaker 1: eyes or etcetera, but also it's historic and economic impact 382 00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:28,399 Speaker 1: in the Americas. I'm going to get back to the 383 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:30,639 Speaker 1: Bloody Mary's now. Just had to stop everything I was 384 00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:34,720 Speaker 1: doing and send this your way. Keep up the great work. Ah, 385 00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:37,080 Speaker 1: thank you, Aaron. That's great. I wonder I wonder if 386 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:38,720 Speaker 1: that is, if that is the thing that I've got. 387 00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:42,400 Speaker 1: You should check that out. I suppose I should because 388 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:44,119 Speaker 1: if I could be if I could have been drinking 389 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:48,040 Speaker 1: canned pineapple juice this entire time. The cocktails, Oh, my goodness, 390 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:49,840 Speaker 1: the cocktails. Do you know how long it's been since 391 00:25:49,880 --> 00:25:52,920 Speaker 1: I've had a Pina Colado? I want to know. I 392 00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:55,080 Speaker 1: responded to Aaron, and I was like, well, I'm very 393 00:25:55,080 --> 00:26:00,200 Speaker 1: happy you can can at least enjoy pineapple cocktails every 394 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:02,119 Speaker 1: time I go to Trader Vix. It's just it's just 395 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:07,720 Speaker 1: like a like a gambit of danger. Anyway. Um, Yes, 396 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,320 Speaker 1: thank you, thank you for writing in, Aaron. Yes, we 397 00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:16,160 Speaker 1: also heard from John from Milwaukee and he said, hey, guys, 398 00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:19,080 Speaker 1: great Bloody mary episode, and thanks for the Wisconsin shout out. 399 00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:22,200 Speaker 1: A shot and a beer for a chaser is popular here. 400 00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:24,800 Speaker 1: When Bloody Mary's came around, we figured we serve it 401 00:26:24,840 --> 00:26:27,480 Speaker 1: with a beer too. I always order a beer back 402 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:31,320 Speaker 1: out of state. I just appreciated hearing that I really 403 00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: enjoyed my time in Wisconsin and that it was so 404 00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:35,680 Speaker 1: funny the first time I ordered a Bloody Mary and 405 00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:39,160 Speaker 1: they just handed me a bear and I was like, Okay, 406 00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:42,040 Speaker 1: sure this is what's happening now, willing to roll with it. Yeah, 407 00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:44,719 Speaker 1: So thanks, thanks to all of you written and they 408 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:48,920 Speaker 1: We've really gotten some great personal stories and we enjoy 409 00:26:49,160 --> 00:26:52,000 Speaker 1: so much hearing from you guys. Yeah. Absolutely, Um, if 410 00:26:52,040 --> 00:26:55,800 Speaker 1: you would also like to send us some stuff, you 411 00:26:55,840 --> 00:26:58,520 Speaker 1: can do that. We've got an email address. Yep. It 412 00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:01,720 Speaker 1: is food Stuff at how stuff works dot com. We're 413 00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:07,280 Speaker 1: also on Twitter and Instagram. We are at food stuff 414 00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,920 Speaker 1: HSW on Twitter and at food stuff on Instagram. Um 415 00:27:11,960 --> 00:27:14,960 Speaker 1: And and yeah, well we'll definitely like like keep tuning in. 416 00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:17,000 Speaker 1: We'll definitely have to do a whole episode about other 417 00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:21,240 Speaker 1: flatwear um and its history sometime. Apparently the fork as 418 00:27:21,240 --> 00:27:24,399 Speaker 1: a dining utensil was considered an insult to God in 419 00:27:24,440 --> 00:27:29,480 Speaker 1: the eleventh century. That's pretty epic for I want to 420 00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:34,320 Speaker 1: know how you had that reputation for sure. Um. And 421 00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:36,240 Speaker 1: I would like to add for those who have asked 422 00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:41,159 Speaker 1: where this video component is, it is available on Amazon Prime. 423 00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:44,720 Speaker 1: If you search how Stuff Works, it should pop up 424 00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:48,600 Speaker 1: as a content provider and it's a featured its food 425 00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:52,040 Speaker 1: Stuff featured videos. So yeah, check that out if you're interested. Yeah. Yeah, 426 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:54,679 Speaker 1: we've got two episodes up now, one on champagne and 427 00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:57,080 Speaker 1: one on yogurt. And for both of those we got 428 00:27:57,160 --> 00:28:00,320 Speaker 1: to visit actual producers of this stuff and kind of 429 00:28:00,359 --> 00:28:03,720 Speaker 1: see how it's made and which is awesome. Yeah, super cool. Um. Also, 430 00:28:03,880 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: we're even sillier on film than we are on audio, 431 00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:10,840 Speaker 1: if you yeah m um. Oh. And also before we go, 432 00:28:11,080 --> 00:28:14,560 Speaker 1: thank you so much to h to Null, our audio producer, 433 00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:18,120 Speaker 1: and to Tristan who has just taken over editing these 434 00:28:18,160 --> 00:28:21,560 Speaker 1: episodes from Annie, which is a large relief. I'm sure 435 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:24,119 Speaker 1: it is very much thanks thanks to both of them. 436 00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:25,760 Speaker 1: Without them, we would not be here and we would 437 00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:27,919 Speaker 1: not be here without you either. Yes, so thanks so 438 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:30,160 Speaker 1: much for listening. We hope that lots more good things 439 00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:30,760 Speaker 1: are coming you in