1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,120 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:14,000 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:17,479 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. This is part 4 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:21,400 Speaker 1: two of our annual Unearthed Tradition. We've got a variety 5 00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:25,520 Speaker 1: of things in this episode, including some fines from institutions, 6 00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:29,840 Speaker 1: own collections, some exhumations, some repatriations, and a lot of 7 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:32,919 Speaker 1: prehistoric stuff. And then we're gonna finish off with some 8 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:36,040 Speaker 1: edibles and potables. Those are always favorite time. Now it's 9 00:00:36,080 --> 00:00:40,280 Speaker 1: like exhamations and edibles are my two favorites. We're gonna 10 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:43,600 Speaker 1: start with two fines that have nothing to do with 11 00:00:43,640 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: each other except for the fact that they're both women's graves. 12 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:50,440 Speaker 1: Researchers have confirmed that the body of a high ranking 13 00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:54,560 Speaker 1: tenth century Viking warrior is female. The research, which was 14 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, examined the 15 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: skeletal remains of a warrior or that was buried with weapons, horses, 16 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:06,479 Speaker 1: a sword, armor, piercing arrows, and a gaming set, indicating 17 00:01:06,520 --> 00:01:09,480 Speaker 1: that it belonged to an officer. So there were researchers 18 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:12,199 Speaker 1: who had previously suspected that this warrior was a woman 19 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:16,039 Speaker 1: based on bone morphology, and the research released this year 20 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:20,200 Speaker 1: confirmed that suspicion with the skeleton's DNA, which contained no 21 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,479 Speaker 1: Y chromosome. A couple of caveats though on this um. 22 00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:27,200 Speaker 1: One is that there is an increasing body of evidence 23 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:30,319 Speaker 1: that the xx means female and x y means male 24 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: model that most of us learned in elementary school is 25 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:36,360 Speaker 1: really oversimplified, and that there is a lot more to 26 00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:39,480 Speaker 1: sex and gender than the simple presence or absence of 27 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:42,600 Speaker 1: a Y chromosome. And the other is that all we 28 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:45,160 Speaker 1: know about this person comes from their remains and their 29 00:01:45,160 --> 00:01:48,080 Speaker 1: grave goods, which does not really tell us anything about 30 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 1: how they saw themselves or much about how the world 31 00:01:51,200 --> 00:01:53,960 Speaker 1: perceived them, right, so we have no idea how this 32 00:01:54,040 --> 00:01:58,600 Speaker 1: person uh lived their life at all. It made me 33 00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: think of the sort of tragic stories that we have 34 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:05,440 Speaker 1: seen more recently in recent years, where someone like a 35 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:09,640 Speaker 1: transgendered person is buried according to the wishes of their family, 36 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:12,520 Speaker 1: with not the gender that they identified as. We have 37 00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:16,079 Speaker 1: no way to know if any historical grave sites were 38 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:18,200 Speaker 1: part of the same kind of problem, right well, And 39 00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:20,440 Speaker 1: then apart from all of that, some of the reporting 40 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:22,839 Speaker 1: on this find was really annoying. There was a lot 41 00:02:22,840 --> 00:02:26,960 Speaker 1: of gloating along the lines of proving historians wrong on 42 00:02:26,960 --> 00:02:30,119 Speaker 1: whether there were female Viking warriors. So, first of all, 43 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:36,919 Speaker 1: historians were part of this research. Yes, there have been 44 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:41,320 Speaker 1: historians who insisted that shield maidens were mythical and and 45 00:02:41,400 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: not a role that women really played in the Viking world, 46 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:49,160 Speaker 1: but there were also historians who who argued the opposite. 47 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:53,600 Speaker 1: Aside from that, in any field, when somebody presents you 48 00:02:53,639 --> 00:02:57,880 Speaker 1: with new evidence, being able to reassess and reevaluate your beliefs, 49 00:02:57,919 --> 00:03:00,600 Speaker 1: that's an important thing. So they're like, there's the whole 50 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:04,040 Speaker 1: gloating strain of proving the historians wrong. Like that really 51 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:06,679 Speaker 1: got on my nerves. Well, it's weird, right, because most 52 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:10,080 Speaker 1: historians worth their salt will want to take in that 53 00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:12,760 Speaker 1: new information. It's not like they're they're dug in and 54 00:03:12,760 --> 00:03:16,399 Speaker 1: they're looking at evidence and going no, I don't believe that, right, 55 00:03:17,040 --> 00:03:20,520 Speaker 1: They're like, oh, that's cool. Um. An excavation of a 56 00:03:21,639 --> 00:03:26,000 Speaker 1: year old Chinese tomb has unearthed the collection of miniature looms, 57 00:03:26,120 --> 00:03:30,040 Speaker 1: complete with tiny figures to work the looms. This sort 58 00:03:30,040 --> 00:03:33,240 Speaker 1: of delights me, which I mean it completely delights me. 59 00:03:33,800 --> 00:03:37,240 Speaker 1: This discovery was actually made in but the findings weren't 60 00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:41,360 Speaker 1: published until seventeen. So these four model looms were in 61 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:44,119 Speaker 1: a compartment in the tomb of Wandanu, a woman who 62 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:46,480 Speaker 1: died in a bat about the age of fifty, and 63 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:50,560 Speaker 1: then along with the four looms were these fifteen painted miniatures. 64 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,320 Speaker 1: They are described in the write up of this find 65 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:59,360 Speaker 1: as four male weavers and nine female assistants. I'm guessing 66 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:03,840 Speaker 1: that is how weaving culture worked in uh In China 67 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:07,200 Speaker 1: thousands of years ago. Each of these figures is also 68 00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: marked with a unique name, so archaeologists think they might 69 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:14,840 Speaker 1: actually represent fifteen real weavers. They're also carved in positions 70 00:04:14,840 --> 00:04:18,480 Speaker 1: that correspond to different parts of the weaving process. Aside 71 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: from the inherently interesting tidbit of a woman being buried 72 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:24,720 Speaker 1: with sort of a dollhouse weaving factory in her tomb, 73 00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:27,040 Speaker 1: which is a pretty great way to be buried in 74 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:30,400 Speaker 1: my book, archaeologists believe that full sized versions of the 75 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:33,440 Speaker 1: looms would have been capable of weaving patterns, and that 76 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:36,799 Speaker 1: suggests that such looms existed when the models were made 77 00:04:36,839 --> 00:04:39,520 Speaker 1: and the woman was buried, which was sometime between a 78 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:43,720 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty seven and eighty eight BC. So now 79 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: we're going to move on to things that people have 80 00:04:45,240 --> 00:04:48,200 Speaker 1: found in their own collections. No shade to people who 81 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:53,000 Speaker 1: find things in their own collections. I'm not judging you. 82 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:55,719 Speaker 1: It happens all the time, but often when it does happen, 83 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:58,960 Speaker 1: it is either funny or particularly touching or serendipitous, like 84 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 1: there's a lot going on. Yeah, I'll put in my 85 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 1: little thing of you know, I worked in library cataloging 86 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:07,600 Speaker 1: for a very long time. We would often come across 87 00:05:07,640 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: things in our stacks that were like, we have no 88 00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:12,160 Speaker 1: record of this item, but it's marked as though we 89 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:15,200 Speaker 1: you know it was. It has an accession number that 90 00:05:15,240 --> 00:05:17,039 Speaker 1: goes in our thing. We don't know what it is. 91 00:05:17,080 --> 00:05:18,800 Speaker 1: It just happens when you're dealing with that kind of 92 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:21,000 Speaker 1: volume of stuff. Well, and also a lot of times 93 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:25,280 Speaker 1: there are things that were introduced in the collection decades ago. 94 00:05:24,839 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: Whoever did that doesn't work here anymore. Well, and oftentimes 95 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:31,320 Speaker 1: those kinds of things are like part of an inherited lot, 96 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:35,679 Speaker 1: like someone leaves a library or a museum. They're cool 97 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:39,479 Speaker 1: collection of stuff and processing that is arduous and it's 98 00:05:39,480 --> 00:05:41,880 Speaker 1: easy to miss things. So even if you have a 99 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:47,560 Speaker 1: success rate that's still a lot of errors, okay, So 100 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:50,120 Speaker 1: to get back to it. The National Museum of Scotland 101 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:53,120 Speaker 1: found a two thousand year old full length Egyptian mummy 102 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:56,400 Speaker 1: shroud in its collections. This had been in the collection 103 00:05:56,440 --> 00:05:59,279 Speaker 1: for about eighty years and it was unearthed during this 104 00:05:59,360 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 1: in depth stment sort of an audit of the museum's 105 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:05,320 Speaker 1: Egyptian holdings. It had been stored just wrapped in paper 106 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:08,600 Speaker 1: since the nineteen forties, so conservators had to very carefully 107 00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:12,719 Speaker 1: rehumidify it before even being able to unfold and examine it. 108 00:06:13,200 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 1: The shroud depicts the deceased person who was wrapped in 109 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:19,760 Speaker 1: it as the Goddess Cyrus, and curators have described it 110 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:25,040 Speaker 1: as a unique example of Roman era Egyptian burial shrouds. Uh. 111 00:06:25,240 --> 00:06:28,640 Speaker 1: The University of Akron found a recording of what's known 112 00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:32,080 Speaker 1: as the Hennonville Songs sung in Yiddish and German, and 113 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:36,799 Speaker 1: its collection of recordings from concentration camp survivors. These recordings 114 00:06:36,800 --> 00:06:39,280 Speaker 1: were made by psychologist Dr David Voter at the end 115 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:42,640 Speaker 1: of World War Two, and this collection of recordings included 116 00:06:42,760 --> 00:06:46,960 Speaker 1: songs and religious services and oral histories. Part of Voter's 117 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:49,560 Speaker 1: work has been archived at the University of Akron since 118 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:52,320 Speaker 1: the sixties, but it was only this year that this 119 00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: particular set of songs was found in a mislabeled container. 120 00:06:57,240 --> 00:07:00,400 Speaker 1: The U S Holocaust Memorial in Washington, d C. Helped 121 00:07:00,480 --> 00:07:03,400 Speaker 1: translate the recording and now there is a digital copy 122 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:05,760 Speaker 1: of those recordings in its collection. This is one of 123 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:07,600 Speaker 1: those recordings that people knew had been made, but they 124 00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:09,960 Speaker 1: thought that it was lost, so they were really happy 125 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 1: to discover that this copy survived in the collections. A 126 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:16,960 Speaker 1: special collections librarian at the University of Reading in England 127 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: has found a previously unknown page of a medieval priest's 128 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:24,000 Speaker 1: handbook that was printed by William Caxton. This is a 129 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:28,320 Speaker 1: really rare find. Um it's it's you don't typically find 130 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: previously unknown pieces of Caxton's work at this point, it's 131 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:35,480 Speaker 1: just too well documented. But in this case, a librarian 132 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:38,720 Speaker 1: back in twenty had pasted the page into another volume 133 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:41,600 Speaker 1: to try to stabilize its spine, and then from there 134 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:44,680 Speaker 1: this reinforced volume changed hands a few times before the 135 00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:48,240 Speaker 1: university eventually bought it from a private collector. Hey, this 136 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: is not a recommended way to use to handle print material. 137 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: It dates back to the fourteen seventies. No, I've repaired 138 00:07:56,800 --> 00:08:00,400 Speaker 1: library books. I've probably done something equally to live because 139 00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:03,040 Speaker 1: you don't always understand the value of some of the things, 140 00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: you know, some of the things in your collection that 141 00:08:05,280 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: look like trash and really are treasured. Yep, that's probably 142 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:12,280 Speaker 1: what happened here. So not exactly in their own collection, 143 00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:15,840 Speaker 1: but along the same lines. The reemergence of a lost 144 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: kind of an air quotes play by Edith Wharton made 145 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:21,760 Speaker 1: the rounds in May. This play, called Shadow of a Doubt, 146 00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: is one of Wharton's earlier works, and it's her only 147 00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:28,240 Speaker 1: known finished play, but a lot of headlines that circulated 148 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:30,320 Speaker 1: about this made it sound like the play was a 149 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:33,360 Speaker 1: lot more lost than it really was. The manuscript was 150 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,800 Speaker 1: at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas Austin, 151 00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:39,959 Speaker 1: and it was included in the collections Finding Aid, but 152 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:44,080 Speaker 1: because the play was never actually performed, Wharton scholars didn't 153 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:46,680 Speaker 1: know to go looking for it. It had a scheduled 154 00:08:46,679 --> 00:08:49,200 Speaker 1: performance in nineteen o one, but that was canceled for 155 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:53,360 Speaker 1: reasons that remain unclear. So scholars married Terry and Laura 156 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:56,560 Speaker 1: Ratu made the find after discovering a reference to the 157 00:08:56,559 --> 00:08:59,600 Speaker 1: play in the New York Times online archive. Once they 158 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:01,360 Speaker 1: knew they was a play to go look for, they 159 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:05,360 Speaker 1: found it there and the Harry Ransom Center's collection listed 160 00:09:05,360 --> 00:09:09,000 Speaker 1: in its finding aid. So the library knew about it, 161 00:09:09,679 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: but scholars hadn't really acknowledged it because they didn't know too. 162 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: They didn't know too. Yeah. Fascinating. Uh. This year has 163 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,560 Speaker 1: seen several stories about Indigenous persons remains being returned to 164 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:24,839 Speaker 1: their communities. So first, the remains of an Aboriginal Australian 165 00:09:24,880 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: were returned and reburied this year after being found in 166 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:30,960 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy four and were kept for study at the 167 00:09:30,960 --> 00:09:36,200 Speaker 1: Australian National University until two years ago. The university issued 168 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:39,720 Speaker 1: an official apology for the remains removal, and the Aboriginal 169 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:42,719 Speaker 1: community returned the remains to their forty two thousand year 170 00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:46,400 Speaker 1: old resting place in a traditional ceremony on November seventeen. 171 00:09:47,440 --> 00:09:50,839 Speaker 1: The remains of two Northern Arapaho boys, Little Chief and Horse, 172 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:53,959 Speaker 1: who died at Carlisle Indian School, who were finally returned 173 00:09:53,960 --> 00:09:57,080 Speaker 1: to Win River Reservation in Wyoming, and they were buried 174 00:09:57,120 --> 00:10:01,120 Speaker 1: at their family's cemetery in August. A third child Little 175 00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:04,280 Speaker 1: Plume was also authorized to be returned to his family, 176 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:07,520 Speaker 1: but his remains couldn't actually be located in the Carlisle 177 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:11,360 Speaker 1: Indian Schools Cemetery. And this all came after about a 178 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:14,520 Speaker 1: year of active hearings and discussions with the Army, which 179 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:18,840 Speaker 1: has now taken over jurisdiction of the Carlisle Cemetery. And 180 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:22,079 Speaker 1: that year of activity followed about a decade of work 181 00:10:22,160 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: and advocacy by family and tribal members, particularly Little Chief's 182 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:29,800 Speaker 1: great niece. So Little Chief, Little Plume, and Horse are 183 00:10:29,840 --> 00:10:33,040 Speaker 1: hopefully the first three of an ongoing effort to return 184 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:35,920 Speaker 1: these children's bodies home. I will say I'm certain that 185 00:10:35,960 --> 00:10:39,600 Speaker 1: there were attempts to have people's remains returned before this point, 186 00:10:39,640 --> 00:10:42,680 Speaker 1: but like that year of dedicated activity, is the latest 187 00:10:43,840 --> 00:10:47,800 Speaker 1: of that effort. Um The nine thousand year old remains, 188 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: known as the Ancient One, also known as the Kennoic 189 00:10:50,559 --> 00:10:54,319 Speaker 1: man Or returned to the Columbia Plateau and reburied in February. 190 00:10:54,880 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 1: His remains had been found in a bank of the 191 00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 1: Columbia River in uh and they were one of the 192 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:04,640 Speaker 1: oldest and most complete human skeletons ever found in North America. 193 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:08,560 Speaker 1: The Columbia River tribes had expected that their request to 194 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:11,480 Speaker 1: have his remains returned to them would be honored under 195 00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:15,760 Speaker 1: the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of ninet 196 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:19,960 Speaker 1: but researchers argued that the remains weren't actually related to 197 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:23,480 Speaker 1: the indigenous peoples in the area. The remains were returned 198 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:27,440 Speaker 1: only after DNA tests confirmed that he was definitely an 199 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:31,559 Speaker 1: ancestor of the Columbia Plateau tribes. So those were a 200 00:11:32,320 --> 00:11:37,120 Speaker 1: collection of remains human remains that were repatriated. We also 201 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:42,679 Speaker 1: have a whole bunch of objects that were recovered and repatriated, 202 00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: sometimes after having been recently stolen, sometimes after having been 203 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:50,200 Speaker 1: looted a long time ago. There's a lot um. So 204 00:11:50,520 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: police and Italy recovered about two hundred Etruscan, Apuleian and 205 00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:58,160 Speaker 1: Magna Gratia artifacts from the home of a former art dealer. 206 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:03,240 Speaker 1: These came from Illica at excavations in Puglia and Tuscany, 207 00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:05,400 Speaker 1: and all of them were more than two thousand years old. 208 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:08,720 Speaker 1: The art dealer in question was eighty nine when all 209 00:12:08,720 --> 00:12:12,280 Speaker 1: these looted artifacts were discovered in his home. He otherwise 210 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:15,079 Speaker 1: had no criminal record, and then the artifacts at that 211 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:18,360 Speaker 1: point were sent to a local museum, not quite determined 212 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:22,120 Speaker 1: what will happen with them from there. The Metropolitan Museum 213 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:25,760 Speaker 1: of Art has returned a stolen ancient Greek vase to Italy. 214 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 1: The base depicts Dionysus riding in a cart pulled by 215 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,080 Speaker 1: a satyr and had been in the mets Greco Roman 216 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:35,440 Speaker 1: collection for more than twenty years. The museum had been 217 00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:38,959 Speaker 1: informed that it was stolen in and after some back 218 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:42,240 Speaker 1: and forth, surrendered the vase to the Manhattan Day's Office 219 00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:47,440 Speaker 1: after being issued a warrant. Four hundred Viking objects were 220 00:12:47,440 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: stolen during a museum heist in Norway in August. Thieves 221 00:12:51,920 --> 00:12:55,280 Speaker 1: entered the University Museum of Bergen via some scaffolding and 222 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:57,920 Speaker 1: they took the objects from temporary storage where they were 223 00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:01,560 Speaker 1: waiting transfer into a more secure location, which was literally 224 00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:04,240 Speaker 1: just a few days away. Doesn't make it seem like 225 00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:06,600 Speaker 1: an inside. It definitely seemed like that to me. But 226 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:09,800 Speaker 1: I don't know yet. We're just armchair in that. We 227 00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:12,960 Speaker 1: do have no information. Uh. Two men were arrested in 228 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 1: connection with the theft in November, with at least some 229 00:13:15,880 --> 00:13:18,800 Speaker 1: of the four items recovered. Yeah, that reporting on the 230 00:13:18,840 --> 00:13:21,720 Speaker 1: two men being arrested did not say whether they worked 231 00:13:21,720 --> 00:13:24,880 Speaker 1: at the museum or they knew someone who worked at 232 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:28,080 Speaker 1: the museum had knowledge that this giant collection of artifacts 233 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:32,720 Speaker 1: was just easily accessible via some scaffolding anyway. A glass 234 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:37,360 Speaker 1: spearhead was both found and returned on Rottnest Island in Australia. 235 00:13:38,040 --> 00:13:40,720 Speaker 1: Students from the University of Western Australia were on a 236 00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,560 Speaker 1: site visit there when one of them saw something sparkling 237 00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:45,600 Speaker 1: on the ground, which turned out to be a bright 238 00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,840 Speaker 1: green glass arrowhead that was likely at least a hundred 239 00:13:48,920 --> 00:13:52,240 Speaker 1: years old. So the students reburied the arrowhead that they found, 240 00:13:52,280 --> 00:13:55,319 Speaker 1: following an Aboriginal tradition of keeping the artifacts at their 241 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:58,600 Speaker 1: resting place. The Arts and Crafts retail chain hobby Lobby 242 00:13:58,760 --> 00:14:02,920 Speaker 1: agreed to pay a million dollar fine and fourfeit thousands 243 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 1: of artifacts that were smuggled into the United States. These 244 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,960 Speaker 1: artifacts included cylinder seals, clay tablets, and cuneiform blocks originally 245 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:15,480 Speaker 1: from a rock. They were purchased in the United Arab 246 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:19,160 Speaker 1: Emirates and labeled as things like quote ceramic tiles and 247 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:24,360 Speaker 1: clay tiles with sample in parentheses in shipping documents that 248 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:26,560 Speaker 1: they that were attached to them as they made their 249 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:29,560 Speaker 1: way to the US. In a statement, Hobby Lobby said 250 00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:31,600 Speaker 1: that it was new to the process of acquiring these 251 00:14:31,640 --> 00:14:34,800 Speaker 1: kinds of items and had made quote some regrettable mistakes. 252 00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: The Just Justice Department, on the other hand, countered that 253 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:43,520 Speaker 1: their buying process was quote fraught with red flags that 254 00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:52,600 Speaker 1: should have been obvious. We're gonna go to a sponsor break. 255 00:14:53,320 --> 00:14:55,720 Speaker 1: Returning from sponsor break, We're going to spend a little time, 256 00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:59,120 Speaker 1: just a little time talking about privies and toilets. Yea, 257 00:15:02,280 --> 00:15:04,560 Speaker 1: there was one unearthed here where I don't remember. It 258 00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:07,160 Speaker 1: was like they found a toilet at Hadrian's Wall or somewhere, 259 00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:11,080 Speaker 1: and I'm pretty sure it was Hadrian's Wall. The archaeologist 260 00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:14,080 Speaker 1: was such a hoot that now every time I come 261 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,240 Speaker 1: across some weird toilet unearthing, I want to put it in. 262 00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,040 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in Denmark found a two meter deep hole that 263 00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:23,320 Speaker 1: turned out to be a privy, and it is possibly 264 00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:26,800 Speaker 1: the oldest privy in Denmark. It is also shifting the 265 00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:30,840 Speaker 1: way the archaeologists think that vikings approached the bathroom. They 266 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:34,040 Speaker 1: had previously thought that toilets were only really found in 267 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:38,560 Speaker 1: cities with country dwelling people using their feces as fertilizer, 268 00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:42,040 Speaker 1: much like they did with livestock. The thought here was 269 00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:43,920 Speaker 1: that they would just go squat in the barn where 270 00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:47,480 Speaker 1: the animals went and put it all together. Uh. This privy, though, 271 00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:51,040 Speaker 1: was out in the country, so at least some people 272 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:53,760 Speaker 1: were not doing this with their own waist. They were 273 00:15:53,760 --> 00:15:58,320 Speaker 1: probably labeled as the pressy ones. I'm completely making that up. 274 00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:01,360 Speaker 1: Don't anybody take that to heart. Apart from this potential 275 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,720 Speaker 1: revision in how people lived, the human waste preserved at 276 00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:07,560 Speaker 1: the bottom of the privy is of course shedding some 277 00:16:07,680 --> 00:16:11,480 Speaker 1: light about what people ate, most notably honey since it 278 00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:16,120 Speaker 1: contains pollen. Also, we don't have a lot of details 279 00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:18,480 Speaker 1: to contribute, but I just thought it was funny that 280 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:21,880 Speaker 1: crews working at Paul Revere's home in Massachusetts found what 281 00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:25,840 Speaker 1: they believe to be his privy. In September, a team 282 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:29,880 Speaker 1: in Young Jews, South Korea, found an eighth century flush toilet. 283 00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:33,080 Speaker 1: It also connected to a draining system, and it was 284 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:36,240 Speaker 1: housed within a bathroom structure. This is a first for 285 00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:38,840 Speaker 1: so long ago in South Korea. Yeah, there are plenty 286 00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:41,400 Speaker 1: of other South Korean privies that are older than that, 287 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 1: but like a flesh toilet in a bathroom enclosure, that's 288 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:49,120 Speaker 1: the first for something from the eighth century. Uh So 289 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: we have a number of things that are loosely connected 290 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:55,640 Speaker 1: into prehistoric updates. This year, according to Arian Burke at 291 00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:58,640 Speaker 1: the University of Montreal, humans made their way into North 292 00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:01,640 Speaker 1: America across the Barring Street about ten thousand years earlier 293 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:04,560 Speaker 1: than previously thought, and that fine. We used the date 294 00:17:04,600 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 1: from about fourteen thousand years before the present to about 295 00:17:07,320 --> 00:17:10,920 Speaker 1: twenty four thousand years before the present. That is thanks 296 00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:14,200 Speaker 1: to more than two years of work at precisely dating 297 00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:17,200 Speaker 1: artifacts from the Blue Fish River in northern Yukon near 298 00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:20,560 Speaker 1: the Alaska border. Most of the artifacts are animal bones, 299 00:17:20,720 --> 00:17:24,160 Speaker 1: some of which have marks suggesting that humans cut them 300 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,720 Speaker 1: with stone tools. This actually came close to confirming the 301 00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:32,400 Speaker 1: hypothesis of Jacques sanc Mouse, who originally unearthed these artifacts 302 00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:36,800 Speaker 1: in the nineteen seventies and nineteen eighties. Using radio carbon dating. 303 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:39,159 Speaker 1: He had placed the arrival of humans in the region 304 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:42,639 Speaker 1: as thirty thousand years before the present, but at that 305 00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:45,240 Speaker 1: time that was a really radical idea and no one 306 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:48,879 Speaker 1: really took him seriously. Those latest findings were published in 307 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:51,840 Speaker 1: the Journal plus one. If you are wondering if that 308 00:17:51,880 --> 00:17:54,920 Speaker 1: contradicts the finding we were talking about about indigenous people 309 00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:57,719 Speaker 1: having lived in an area since it was settled that 310 00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,840 Speaker 1: was a slightly different part of North America, then this 311 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:04,639 Speaker 1: part is. Last year we talked about a couple of 312 00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:10,560 Speaker 1: newly hypothesized Neanderthal behaviors, including collecting mag manganese, act side 313 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:14,480 Speaker 1: pigment and using toothpicks. This year we have added some more. 314 00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:17,960 Speaker 1: According to findings published in a French journal in January, 315 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:20,719 Speaker 1: they may also have collected rocks just because they were 316 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:25,280 Speaker 1: interesting rocks. I like sparkly things. I understand this impulse. Uh. 317 00:18:25,320 --> 00:18:27,639 Speaker 1: In this case, it is a limestone rock found in 318 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:31,199 Speaker 1: a sandstone cave in Croatia. It's not similar to the 319 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: cave's geology, and its shape doesn't suggest that it was 320 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:36,520 Speaker 1: used as any sort of tool. There's a whole lot 321 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,359 Speaker 1: of conversation and the press release about this of the 322 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,360 Speaker 1: research is being like, yah, just a cool looking rock, 323 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:45,480 Speaker 1: Like it's like a brown rock with black veins running 324 00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 1: through it, then look like anything else in the cave. 325 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:49,679 Speaker 1: We think they just thought it was cool. Uh. In 326 00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:54,560 Speaker 1: a separate study of Neanderthal toothplaque. Neanderthal's and the el 327 00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:58,280 Speaker 1: cider own cave in Spain were discovered to have eaten mushrooms, moss, 328 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:01,159 Speaker 1: and pine nuts, but not really meat. That they also 329 00:19:01,320 --> 00:19:06,159 Speaker 1: probably used molds and plants as medicine, and then based 330 00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:09,520 Speaker 1: on analysis of their microbiomes, they might have been intimate 331 00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:13,439 Speaker 1: with humans, including kissing. It is not news that humans 332 00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:16,520 Speaker 1: and Neanderthals were intimate with each other, like there's a 333 00:19:16,640 --> 00:19:19,919 Speaker 1: plenty of research about that, uh, But the fact that 334 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:25,840 Speaker 1: now there's some evidence of specifically kissing nice uh. And 335 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:31,680 Speaker 1: Neanderthals made glue specifically two hundred thousand years ago, Neanderthals 336 00:19:31,720 --> 00:19:34,680 Speaker 1: made spears by using a glue to affix a point 337 00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: to a shaft. The new finding isn't the glue itself, 338 00:19:38,040 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: but how they made it. Researchers figured out three different 339 00:19:41,359 --> 00:19:44,480 Speaker 1: ways to extract tar from birch bark, one of them 340 00:19:44,520 --> 00:19:47,320 Speaker 1: requiring only a roll of bark and an open fire. 341 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:52,520 Speaker 1: They don't know specifically which one Neanderthals might have been using, 342 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:55,240 Speaker 1: but they all had assumed that it would be a 343 00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:57,560 Speaker 1: whole lot harder to get the glue out of the 344 00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:02,119 Speaker 1: bark than actually turned out to be. Uh. We have. 345 00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:05,959 Speaker 1: This is uh, this whole next thing we're gonna talk 346 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,160 Speaker 1: about is something I just found fascinating. Back in two 347 00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:12,240 Speaker 1: thousand and five, archaeologists sink Freed Kurts found a golden 348 00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 1: brooch in a plowed field. This field was adjacent to 349 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:19,360 Speaker 1: a prehistoric hill fort that locals had known about for centuries, 350 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,400 Speaker 1: but which really hadn't been excavated until the nineteen fifties. 351 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:26,480 Speaker 1: There's nineteen fifties excavations had not yielded many artifacts, but 352 00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:30,000 Speaker 1: after Kurtz's two thousand five discovery, he led another one 353 00:20:30,080 --> 00:20:33,639 Speaker 1: that unearthed a child's grave and a bigger burial chamber. 354 00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:38,479 Speaker 1: Worried that field cultivation would destroy the burial chamber, Kurts 355 00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:40,919 Speaker 1: and his team led an effort to cut the entire 356 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:44,440 Speaker 1: eighty eight tons section out of the field. This massive 357 00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,719 Speaker 1: piece of earth and whatever was in it was dubbed 358 00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:49,240 Speaker 1: Kelton Block, and it was removed from the area in 359 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:53,520 Speaker 1: from their research into what it contained was conducted in 360 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:58,040 Speaker 1: a lab in the German state of Baden Wurtemburg. That's 361 00:20:58,080 --> 00:21:00,399 Speaker 1: what I think is amazing, Like, we're afraid something's going 362 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:03,320 Speaker 1: to happen to this archaeological fine, so let's just cut 363 00:21:03,359 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 1: the entire thing, like a giant piece of earth away 364 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:10,440 Speaker 1: somewhere else. Move it so. Findings from the Kelton Block 365 00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:14,800 Speaker 1: project were published in the journal Antiquity in February. Inside 366 00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:17,800 Speaker 1: this block was the timber burial chamber, belonging to a 367 00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:20,920 Speaker 1: woman who was from an elite class of Central Europs 368 00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:24,480 Speaker 1: Halstat culture. She might have been a priestess, but based 369 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:26,960 Speaker 1: on the artifacts they found with her, her body was 370 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,200 Speaker 1: adorned with all kinds of jewelry, including pieces made from gold, 371 00:21:30,359 --> 00:21:33,840 Speaker 1: jet and amber. There were also furs and textiles and 372 00:21:33,960 --> 00:21:36,520 Speaker 1: ornaments made from bors, tusts, and all of this is 373 00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:39,520 Speaker 1: quite old. The trees that were used in the timber 374 00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:42,359 Speaker 1: walls of the burial chamber date back to about five 375 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: eighty three b C. And it's likely that we can 376 00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:48,560 Speaker 1: think the nearby Danube River for how well preserved this 377 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,800 Speaker 1: find was. Regular flooding of the site seems to have 378 00:21:51,880 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: preserved the timbers, and much the same way that seawater 379 00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:58,480 Speaker 1: can help preserve shipwrecks. It's time for a little bit 380 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:02,800 Speaker 1: on UTSI, not a lot, still little. A little analysis 381 00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:06,000 Speaker 1: of ut C the ice man's stomach contents suggests that 382 00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:09,920 Speaker 1: his last meal was dried goat meat, which oddly researcher 383 00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:13,840 Speaker 1: Albert Zinc described in interviews as bacon. I feel like 384 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:16,400 Speaker 1: maybe the bacon talk was to make the internet more 385 00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:19,639 Speaker 1: interested in it, because bacon is not made of those ingredients, 386 00:22:20,080 --> 00:22:23,280 Speaker 1: but it is delicious. People are excited by it, so 387 00:22:23,720 --> 00:22:26,600 Speaker 1: I can understand it's a little license to garner some 388 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:32,359 Speaker 1: interest in in research. Yeah. So uh. We found a 389 00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:36,560 Speaker 1: lot of news about ancient Mesoamerica this year, and findings 390 00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:39,440 Speaker 1: published in February and the Proceedings of the National Academy 391 00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: of Sciences, a team led by University of Arizona archaeologists 392 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:47,920 Speaker 1: Takeshi and Amada describes an increasingly clearer understanding of exactly 393 00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:52,960 Speaker 1: what caused the Maya civilization to collapse in Guatemala. These findings, 394 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:54,879 Speaker 1: they're based on more than a decade of work and 395 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:58,000 Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty four radio carbon dates, and they 396 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: suggest that the civilizations to major collapses, which are known 397 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:05,240 Speaker 1: as the pre Classic and the Classic, followed very similar 398 00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:09,199 Speaker 1: but highly complex patterns. In the case of both the 399 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:12,320 Speaker 1: pre Classic collapse in the second century and the Classic 400 00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:15,920 Speaker 1: collapse in the ninth century, the Maya civilization went through 401 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:20,240 Speaker 1: periods of warfare, social instability, and political crisis, all and 402 00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:24,119 Speaker 1: sometimes overlapping waves which ultimately led to the fall and 403 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:29,080 Speaker 1: desertion of the civilization's urban centers. Also connected to the 404 00:23:29,119 --> 00:23:33,119 Speaker 1: Maya civilization, a team using light Detection and Ranging or 405 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,399 Speaker 1: LIGHTER has mapped a massive road network connected to the 406 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:41,200 Speaker 1: Maya settlement of El Mirador. Researchers have known about these 407 00:23:41,280 --> 00:23:44,920 Speaker 1: roads since the nineteen sixties, because the first comprehensive map 408 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:47,960 Speaker 1: of the area so far, it maps more than four 409 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:52,520 Speaker 1: and thirty square miles of the Mirador basin, documenting seventeen 410 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:57,040 Speaker 1: different roads, along with canals, corrals, and other structures. To 411 00:23:57,160 --> 00:24:00,399 Speaker 1: connect this to our previous unearthing, the team is hoping 412 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,879 Speaker 1: this comprehensive map will help provide a better understanding of 413 00:24:03,920 --> 00:24:06,639 Speaker 1: exactly why the city of El Merador declined in the 414 00:24:06,680 --> 00:24:10,760 Speaker 1: second century and in Aztec news, researchers have long been 415 00:24:10,760 --> 00:24:13,880 Speaker 1: trying to pinpoint the cause of a great plague known 416 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:16,760 Speaker 1: as the Coco Leslie, which swept through the Aztec world 417 00:24:16,760 --> 00:24:19,600 Speaker 1: in the mid to late sixteenth century, so not quite 418 00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:23,920 Speaker 1: as long ago as the Maya civilization. This pestilence killed 419 00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:26,919 Speaker 1: about eighty percent of the population in the years after 420 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:31,000 Speaker 1: the arrival of the Spanish. Research published in February points 421 00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:34,800 Speaker 1: to a unique strain of salmonella, and there's some suggestion 422 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:37,040 Speaker 1: that it may have originated in Europe, but that is 423 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:42,240 Speaker 1: extremely preliminary. And now to move from Mesoamerica to farther 424 00:24:42,359 --> 00:24:45,720 Speaker 1: south into South America, it's really easy to imagine the 425 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: Amazonian rainforest as this pristine ecosystem that was never really 426 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,439 Speaker 1: affected by human influence until the modern area era, with 427 00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:59,760 Speaker 1: deforestation a comparatively recent threat. But according to findings published 428 00:24:59,800 --> 00:25:02,359 Speaker 1: in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, at 429 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,920 Speaker 1: one point parts of what's now Brazil were already deforested 430 00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,560 Speaker 1: and home to mound building people's who made massive geoglyphs 431 00:25:09,560 --> 00:25:12,800 Speaker 1: that were eventually grown over and only very recently revealed. 432 00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: These are huge earthworks. The site examined in the paper 433 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:21,040 Speaker 1: spans about thirteen thousand square kilometers and it combines both 434 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:24,720 Speaker 1: ditches and mounds that were created about two thousand years ago, 435 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:28,520 Speaker 1: and they have found more than four hundred fifty of them. 436 00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:31,879 Speaker 1: There's no indication that they were settlements or defensive structures, 437 00:25:31,920 --> 00:25:35,160 Speaker 1: so the going hypothesis is that they were for ceremonial 438 00:25:35,320 --> 00:25:38,399 Speaker 1: or ritual use. It took some effort to figure out 439 00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:41,480 Speaker 1: whether this area was forested when the mounds were built. 440 00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:43,520 Speaker 1: Seems like it would have been harder to do it 441 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:47,080 Speaker 1: if it were. They basically had to reconstruct the whole 442 00:25:47,119 --> 00:25:50,800 Speaker 1: history of the vegetation and the periodic fires that swept 443 00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:54,720 Speaker 1: through the area. It's a little early to draw concrete conclusions, 444 00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:58,320 Speaker 1: but the evidence suggests that the indigenous people who built 445 00:25:58,359 --> 00:26:02,679 Speaker 1: these structures were also practicing a form of forestry and 446 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:07,240 Speaker 1: vegetation management, carefully shaping the bamboo forests while also creating 447 00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:10,439 Speaker 1: cultivated forests that had a higher than normal density of 448 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: more valuable tree species. Apart from these earthworks, a completely 449 00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:18,880 Speaker 1: different team looking at biodiversity in the Amazon rainforest came 450 00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:22,399 Speaker 1: to the same basic conclusions. In a study co authored 451 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:25,400 Speaker 1: by the Field Museum, researchers looked at more than one 452 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:29,159 Speaker 1: thousand forest surveys and analyze them based on their proximity 453 00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:32,960 Speaker 1: to archaeological sites. They found that there were more domesticated 454 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: species of trees in parts of the Amazon basin previously 455 00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:40,320 Speaker 1: believed to have been pristine and untouched by man. Yes, so, 456 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:43,680 Speaker 1: the reason that there are so many of these amazing 457 00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 1: trees that a lot of them produce fruits and nuts 458 00:26:47,080 --> 00:26:49,639 Speaker 1: and things like that that people use the day because 459 00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:52,679 Speaker 1: people literally planted them there on purpose. They didn't just 460 00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:56,600 Speaker 1: grow there and to a lush resource on their own. 461 00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:00,600 Speaker 1: We've got a couple of discoveries that have been unearthed 462 00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:05,080 Speaker 1: by nature this year. Twenty eleven wildfire in the Oshaki 463 00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:09,320 Speaker 1: Wilderness in the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming unearthed a 464 00:27:09,520 --> 00:27:13,000 Speaker 1: wealth of artifacts dating back to before the arrival of 465 00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:16,880 Speaker 1: Europeans in that part of North America. These artifacts were 466 00:27:17,040 --> 00:27:20,560 Speaker 1: discovered this year even though the fire happened back in eleven, 467 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,760 Speaker 1: because that's when the trails through the area were reopened. 468 00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:27,479 Speaker 1: Although this area was probably used by indigenous peoples at 469 00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:30,960 Speaker 1: various points for thousands of years, most of these artifacts 470 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,600 Speaker 1: are three four hundred years old. They include bone tools, 471 00:27:34,640 --> 00:27:38,560 Speaker 1: projectile points, knives, and ceramics. These artifacts connect to the 472 00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: two Kadika people, whose descendants include the Shoshoni, Bannock and 473 00:27:42,359 --> 00:27:46,480 Speaker 1: Eastern Shoshoni tribes, and the find is giving archaeologists a 474 00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 1: rare glimpse at such a huge site at such a 475 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:54,680 Speaker 1: high elevation. Also unearthed by nature, Hurricane Irma unearthed a 476 00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:57,560 Speaker 1: log canoe in September, and research that has gone on 477 00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:01,200 Speaker 1: in the following months have revealed some really contradictory results 478 00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,439 Speaker 1: about this canoe. Basically, somebody saw the canoe there on 479 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,520 Speaker 1: the beach and went, WHOA, this is something important, we 480 00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:09,640 Speaker 1: should save it. A lot of work has been done 481 00:28:09,680 --> 00:28:12,399 Speaker 1: on it since then, So there's a fifty percent chance 482 00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:14,280 Speaker 1: that the tree that was cut down to make this 483 00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:17,959 Speaker 1: canoe was felled somewhere between sixteen forty and sixteen eighty, 484 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,280 Speaker 1: but there's a thirty seven percent chance that it came 485 00:28:20,320 --> 00:28:23,960 Speaker 1: down much later, between seventeen sixty and eighteen eighteen. So 486 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:26,840 Speaker 1: that's a big disparity and when the tree might have 487 00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:30,800 Speaker 1: been cut down. Plus, there are paint, wire and nails 488 00:28:30,880 --> 00:28:33,359 Speaker 1: used in the canoe that suggests that it's more recent 489 00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:36,720 Speaker 1: than that. So it's possible that the canoe itself was 490 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:39,480 Speaker 1: very old and then was used and modified long after 491 00:28:39,520 --> 00:28:42,400 Speaker 1: its original construction. At this point, though, it's still kind 492 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,280 Speaker 1: of a mystery. I wonder if it could also be 493 00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:47,440 Speaker 1: a case where the tree came down and then wasn't 494 00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:49,800 Speaker 1: used for a long time. That also might work. Uh. 495 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:54,080 Speaker 1: In somewhat similar news, tropical storm Ophelia unearthed iron age 496 00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:57,600 Speaker 1: human remains in coastal Ireland, and we're gonna get to 497 00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:02,760 Speaker 1: some exclamations that people carried out rather than storms. After 498 00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:11,479 Speaker 1: a quick sponsor break, Judy Garland's remains were exhumed from 499 00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,080 Speaker 1: New York and moved to a mausoleum in Los Angeles 500 00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:17,920 Speaker 1: in January. Garland's children live in southern California, and they 501 00:29:17,960 --> 00:29:22,360 Speaker 1: wanted her near them. This simultaneously annoyed at least one 502 00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:25,200 Speaker 1: Garland fan who had bought a plot in her prior 503 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:28,680 Speaker 1: resting place of Ferncliff Cemetery to be near her. According 504 00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:32,920 Speaker 1: to the Ferncliff Cemetery manager, that was like I found 505 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:36,920 Speaker 1: several articles that were about the relocation of Judy Garland's remains, 506 00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:39,760 Speaker 1: and then this one that was like this one person 507 00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:43,800 Speaker 1: who literally bought his or her, I don't know, owned 508 00:29:43,960 --> 00:29:48,160 Speaker 1: plot in that cemetery is now irritated that they don't 509 00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:53,040 Speaker 1: get to be buried near Judy Garland anymore. Sorry, buddy, yeah, 510 00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:55,920 Speaker 1: or lady. I don't know. That seems like a weird 511 00:29:56,120 --> 00:30:00,760 Speaker 1: bet heage, but sure, what do I know? So headless 512 00:30:00,840 --> 00:30:03,760 Speaker 1: corpse has been exhumed from a leadline coffin in a 513 00:30:03,800 --> 00:30:07,440 Speaker 1: mausoleum near Inverness, Scotland, to try to determine whether it 514 00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:10,720 Speaker 1: is the body of Simon Fraser, the eleventh Lord love 515 00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:14,240 Speaker 1: It So. Lord Lovett was executed in seventy seven, and 516 00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:17,320 Speaker 1: although official reports maintained that his body stayed at the 517 00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:20,280 Speaker 1: Tower of London, there have been claims that he was 518 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:23,800 Speaker 1: returned to the Scottish Highlands and laid to resting Kirkhill. 519 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:28,440 Speaker 1: This exhamation has a connection to pop culture. Simon Fraser 520 00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:31,640 Speaker 1: is in the fictional world of Outlander books and TV series, 521 00:30:31,920 --> 00:30:36,520 Speaker 1: the grandfather of James Fraser. I mean, Jamie, I haven't 522 00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:41,160 Speaker 1: watched it. Well it's I'm gonna say, uh, I'm not 523 00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:47,280 Speaker 1: spoiling anything. The most recent UH season veered into some ridiculousness. 524 00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:49,320 Speaker 1: I haven't read the books, so I was not prepared 525 00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:54,920 Speaker 1: for it. But I was like, what is going on now? Anyway? Uh, 526 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,720 Speaker 1: we can have a side podcast that Tracy is a 527 00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:03,360 Speaker 1: funnlement with Outlander um. Spain's parliament voted to exhume the 528 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:07,880 Speaker 1: remains of fascist dictator Francisco Franco and relocate them out 529 00:31:07,920 --> 00:31:11,200 Speaker 1: of a state funded mausoleum. Back in May, I didn't 530 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:14,800 Speaker 1: find a report that the exhimation reinterment had actually been performed, 531 00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:17,760 Speaker 1: though just that Parliament had voted on it. This is 532 00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:20,479 Speaker 1: connected to an overall movement to try to turn that 533 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 1: mausoleum site into a memorial for the Spanish Civil War. 534 00:31:24,400 --> 00:31:28,080 Speaker 1: Along the same theme. In previous editions of Unearthed, we've 535 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,920 Speaker 1: talked about the exhimations of mass graves from the Spanish 536 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:34,320 Speaker 1: Civil War and efforts to identify remains and return them 537 00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:38,360 Speaker 1: to family members. Much of that had been spearheaded in Catalonia, 538 00:31:38,480 --> 00:31:43,800 Speaker 1: and on October Spain ended Catalonian self rule, with Madrid 539 00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:47,600 Speaker 1: now controlling the Catalan administration. The organizations working on these 540 00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:50,920 Speaker 1: efforts have expressed concerns about whether they will be allowed 541 00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:54,480 Speaker 1: to continue. Yeah, that still seems maybe preliminary. I don't 542 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:58,200 Speaker 1: know enough about the political situation in Spain to know 543 00:31:58,360 --> 00:32:01,400 Speaker 1: how how like Leader is to continue or not. But 544 00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:04,000 Speaker 1: it is a thing that is connected to previous episodes 545 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:06,240 Speaker 1: that we've talked about and the people are worried about now. 546 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:09,440 Speaker 1: And we are going to wrap up this on Earth 547 00:32:09,720 --> 00:32:12,840 Speaker 1: Year with some edibles and potables and the containers that 548 00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:16,720 Speaker 1: they go in in the Coma land region in northern Ghana, 549 00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:19,440 Speaker 1: uh One of the artifacts that people have found a 550 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:22,520 Speaker 1: whole lot of are these little, often hollow terra cotta 551 00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:27,760 Speaker 1: terra cotta figurines. Hundreds of these figurines have been excavated 552 00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:31,040 Speaker 1: in the area over the years, made by an unknown 553 00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:34,400 Speaker 1: pre colonial people in dating back more than a thousand years. 554 00:32:34,760 --> 00:32:37,760 Speaker 1: So a lot of the research into these figurines has 555 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:41,160 Speaker 1: looked at the figures themselves, what they're wearing, what they 556 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:44,480 Speaker 1: may represent, what they might indicate about the people who 557 00:32:44,560 --> 00:32:48,320 Speaker 1: had made and used them. Research published in the Journal 558 00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:52,080 Speaker 1: of Archaeological Science in March looked instead at what the 559 00:32:52,120 --> 00:32:56,920 Speaker 1: figurines contained. Using DNA analysis, they found traces of banana 560 00:32:57,000 --> 00:33:00,880 Speaker 1: and plantain, pine and grasses, many of which are not 561 00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:04,800 Speaker 1: native to Ghana. So the researchers suggests that these figurines 562 00:33:04,840 --> 00:33:07,720 Speaker 1: had a ritual use, with banana and pine brought into 563 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:11,040 Speaker 1: the region through trade with Northern Africa. This speaks to 564 00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:14,160 Speaker 1: the complexity of the society that was using these figurines 565 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:18,760 Speaker 1: and its interconnectedness with other parts of the continent. Moving 566 00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,320 Speaker 1: on crossrail tends to unearth all kinds of things which 567 00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:26,440 Speaker 1: have been making regular appearances in an unearthed since which 568 00:33:26,520 --> 00:33:28,520 Speaker 1: is the first time that Holly and I did this 569 00:33:28,560 --> 00:33:31,960 Speaker 1: as host on the show. This time, excavations at the 570 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:36,320 Speaker 1: Tottenham Court Road Crossrail site unearthed more than thirteen thousand 571 00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:40,280 Speaker 1: condiment jars, many of them quite well preserved and still intact. 572 00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:44,040 Speaker 1: These would have been used for pickles, jams, mustards, marmalade's 573 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:47,440 Speaker 1: and other food stuffs. These jars and bottles date back 574 00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:50,479 Speaker 1: to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and they 575 00:33:50,480 --> 00:33:53,040 Speaker 1: were found in a cistern at what had been across 576 00:33:53,120 --> 00:33:57,040 Speaker 1: in Blackwell Factory. Cross and Blackwell has been making condiments 577 00:33:57,040 --> 00:34:00,480 Speaker 1: and other food products since seventeen oh six. In the 578 00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:03,520 Speaker 1: years since the site stopped being a condiment factory, it 579 00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:07,800 Speaker 1: had at one point become a nightclub the historia. Although 580 00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:12,600 Speaker 1: the jars made all the headlines, archaeologists also unearthed kilns, furnaces, 581 00:34:12,640 --> 00:34:15,480 Speaker 1: and refrigerators at the site. It's quite a lot of jars. 582 00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:22,120 Speaker 1: Researchers from Tomsk State University found a sixteenth century roasted 583 00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:28,400 Speaker 1: turnip while excavating a house in southwestern Siberia. This house 584 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:30,960 Speaker 1: is part of a military settlement that was established in 585 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:33,840 Speaker 1: fifteen ninety four, and this particular house was destroyed in 586 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:37,040 Speaker 1: a fire. The turnip was found in a pot, and 587 00:34:37,120 --> 00:34:40,600 Speaker 1: researchers concluded that it had been stored there after the harvest, 588 00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:43,239 Speaker 1: so that pot was for storage, not for cooking, and 589 00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:45,800 Speaker 1: that the heat from the house fire is what baked 590 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:49,120 Speaker 1: it within the pot. I don't know why this just 591 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:52,840 Speaker 1: makes me giggle. I think because turnip is inherently a 592 00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:56,800 Speaker 1: funny word. The idea that, like weird and catastrophic events, 593 00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,800 Speaker 1: actually cooked food by accident, yeah, also funny. Also found 594 00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:04,759 Speaker 1: at this site various imported glassware and a pair of 595 00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:11,360 Speaker 1: woman's knit stockings another edible. Research from Illinois from the 596 00:35:11,360 --> 00:35:15,640 Speaker 1: Illinois State Archaeological Survey has challenged the assumption that people 597 00:35:15,719 --> 00:35:19,239 Speaker 1: living along the Mississippi River in Illinois were eating maize 598 00:35:19,280 --> 00:35:23,120 Speaker 1: thousands of years ago. Previously, researchers thought that maize was 599 00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:25,319 Speaker 1: grown and eaten in the area as far back as 600 00:35:25,360 --> 00:35:28,880 Speaker 1: sixty b C, long before it became a staple around 601 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:32,080 Speaker 1: the year one thousand. The team did find plenty of 602 00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:35,759 Speaker 1: corn cobs and kernels, and evidence of corn consumption in 603 00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:38,759 Speaker 1: bones and teeth, but all of this dates back to 604 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:42,560 Speaker 1: only the year one thousand or later. This shift comes 605 00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,400 Speaker 1: from a combination of better dating methods and cases of 606 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:51,120 Speaker 1: mistaken identity. Using multiple types of mass spectrometry, researchers realized 607 00:35:51,160 --> 00:35:55,240 Speaker 1: that plant fragments previously identified as corn we're not actually corn, 608 00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,600 Speaker 1: and in some cases were some other grass because corn 609 00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:06,960 Speaker 1: is grass, bless you. Renovation workers in New Jersey found 610 00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:10,759 Speaker 1: what's probably the largest and oldest madeira collection in the 611 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:14,000 Speaker 1: United States. These were found during a renovation at Liberty 612 00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:16,800 Speaker 1: Hall Museum. They were hidden behind a plaster and plywood 613 00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:20,480 Speaker 1: wall that was put up during Prohibition. Staff knew there 614 00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:22,600 Speaker 1: was a wine cellar hidden back there, but it turned 615 00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:24,960 Speaker 1: out to be a lot bigger and better stock than 616 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:28,399 Speaker 1: they expected, with more than fifty bottles, some dating back 617 00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:32,120 Speaker 1: to the seventeen nineties and other wine news. A team 618 00:36:32,160 --> 00:36:35,760 Speaker 1: testing residues in a copper age storage pot from Italy 619 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,520 Speaker 1: found evidence of wine. This goes back to about three 620 00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:42,720 Speaker 1: thousand BC and is now the oldest evidence of wine 621 00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:47,520 Speaker 1: in the Italian Peninsula. Conservators in Antarctica found an almost 622 00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:51,399 Speaker 1: edible in quotes fruit cake in a building constructed by 623 00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:55,560 Speaker 1: an eighteen ninety nine Norwegian expedition. That fruitcake is a 624 00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:58,480 Speaker 1: hundred and six years old and was probably brought to 625 00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:02,920 Speaker 1: the building by Robert Falcons Dots expedition in The fruitcake 626 00:37:03,040 --> 00:37:05,400 Speaker 1: was wrapped in paper and stored in a tin, and 627 00:37:05,520 --> 00:37:08,719 Speaker 1: Lizzie Meek of the Antarctic Heritage Trust described it as 628 00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:12,160 Speaker 1: looking and smelling edible, apart from a slight rancid butter smell. 629 00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,440 Speaker 1: I would just like to question whether anything that smells 630 00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:21,520 Speaker 1: like rancid butter seems edible. I guess it depends on 631 00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 1: the strength of your gut microbes. Our last entry is 632 00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:30,080 Speaker 1: notable not for what was in the vessel, but for 633 00:37:30,120 --> 00:37:32,920 Speaker 1: what was on it. A team in Turkey claims to 634 00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:36,799 Speaker 1: have found the oldest smiley face in the world. The 635 00:37:36,840 --> 00:37:39,239 Speaker 1: smiley faces we know it with two dots for eyes 636 00:37:39,280 --> 00:37:41,880 Speaker 1: and a swoop of a mouth, has generally been dated 637 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:45,600 Speaker 1: back to just the nineteen sixties, but a team excavating 638 00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:48,520 Speaker 1: a Hittite settlement found a jar dating back to seventeen 639 00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:52,000 Speaker 1: hundred b C. That has what definitely looks like a 640 00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:55,120 Speaker 1: smiley face. If it turns out to be legitimate and 641 00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:57,839 Speaker 1: not a coincidence or a later edition by someone who 642 00:37:57,920 --> 00:37:59,880 Speaker 1: is trying to be cute, it would be the oldest 643 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,959 Speaker 1: only face in the world. It definitely looked like looks 644 00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:05,640 Speaker 1: like somebody took their finger and went I eye mouth 645 00:38:08,120 --> 00:38:11,040 Speaker 1: but you know, and then and then they also keep 646 00:38:11,040 --> 00:38:16,319 Speaker 1: on trucking, have a nice day on there now. But 647 00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,880 Speaker 1: simultaneously though, like we are trained to see faces and 648 00:38:20,920 --> 00:38:25,040 Speaker 1: patterns and things. So it's I am I'm putting a 649 00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:26,680 Speaker 1: little grain of song with this. But at the same 650 00:38:26,719 --> 00:38:28,879 Speaker 1: time it does kind of delight me that maybe there 651 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,000 Speaker 1: is a jar from s s got will smiley faced 652 00:38:32,040 --> 00:38:35,480 Speaker 1: John on there with somebody's finger. Yeah, I love it. Hey, 653 00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:37,760 Speaker 1: do you have a listener mail to wrap up Unearthed 654 00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:40,000 Speaker 1: for this round? I sure do you. This is another 655 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:43,440 Speaker 1: one going back to our aber Van disaster episode. Is 656 00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,200 Speaker 1: it is not a particularly sad one. Now. This is 657 00:38:46,239 --> 00:38:48,400 Speaker 1: from Anne and says, I was just listening to your 658 00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:51,000 Speaker 1: podcast on the aber Van disaster and it made me 659 00:38:51,080 --> 00:38:55,040 Speaker 1: think of the Frank slide and baby. This land slide 660 00:38:55,040 --> 00:38:57,040 Speaker 1: buried half a mining town and it is the deadliest 661 00:38:57,080 --> 00:39:00,120 Speaker 1: slide in Canadian history. Okay, that part is terrible. What 662 00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:02,120 Speaker 1: makes this one a little interesting is the story of 663 00:39:02,160 --> 00:39:05,000 Speaker 1: the Frank Slide baby, who apparently was thrown from her 664 00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:07,880 Speaker 1: home and survived the slide because she had landed on 665 00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:10,880 Speaker 1: a pile of hay that was also thrown by the 666 00:39:10,920 --> 00:39:14,280 Speaker 1: force of the slide. In addition, this mountain, even before 667 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,600 Speaker 1: the mining occurred, was considered dangerous by the indigenous population, 668 00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:20,160 Speaker 1: who mostly stayed away from it, calling it the mountain 669 00:39:20,239 --> 00:39:22,960 Speaker 1: that walks. As you said, most mining accidents are all 670 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:25,239 Speaker 1: the same as and has a few interesting aspects to it. 671 00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:27,399 Speaker 1: Maybe one day you can do a show on it. 672 00:39:27,840 --> 00:39:30,960 Speaker 1: Thanks for all the learning, and thank you Anne for 673 00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:33,719 Speaker 1: uh that email that has both a sad part and 674 00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:37,000 Speaker 1: a kind of happy part with the baby uh. And 675 00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:39,600 Speaker 1: thank you everyone who was has joined us for our 676 00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:42,319 Speaker 1: unearthed episodes this year. If you would like to write 677 00:39:42,320 --> 00:39:44,480 Speaker 1: to us about this or any other podcast or history 678 00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:47,160 Speaker 1: podcast at how stuff Works dot com. We are all 679 00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:50,080 Speaker 1: over social media at the user name missed in History, 680 00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:54,880 Speaker 1: so our Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, those are almost in history. Uh. 681 00:39:55,040 --> 00:39:56,920 Speaker 1: You can come to our website which is missed in 682 00:39:56,960 --> 00:39:59,600 Speaker 1: history dot com and find an archive of all the 683 00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:01,839 Speaker 1: episode we have ever done and show notes for all 684 00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,000 Speaker 1: the episodes Holly and I have ever done together. That 685 00:40:04,040 --> 00:40:08,920 Speaker 1: will have a gigantic list of literally not all the 686 00:40:08,920 --> 00:40:11,439 Speaker 1: six centers in something things, not all the six centered 687 00:40:11,480 --> 00:40:13,960 Speaker 1: and something pins from our unearthed pincers pinterest board, but 688 00:40:14,040 --> 00:40:17,040 Speaker 1: all of the articles that went into this two part 689 00:40:17,080 --> 00:40:20,080 Speaker 1: podcast will be on there. Uh you so come and 690 00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:29,120 Speaker 1: see us missing history dot com for more on this 691 00:40:29,280 --> 00:40:32,000 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Doesn't house to works dot 692 00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:38,560 Speaker 1: com