1 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:06,680 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff 2 00:00:06,680 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:15,680 Speaker 1: your Mind. My name is Robert Lamb. My name is 4 00:00:15,760 --> 00:00:18,360 Speaker 1: Julie Tuglas. Julie had your weekend go It was great. 5 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:23,320 Speaker 1: It was great. I handled lots of pretend dinosaur poop. 6 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:27,560 Speaker 1: Where did you do this? Um? This was at the 7 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:30,400 Speaker 1: fern Bank Museum here in Atlanta, and they have an 8 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:33,479 Speaker 1: exhibit called the Scoop on Poop and they had a 9 00:00:33,520 --> 00:00:35,640 Speaker 1: special little thing for kids. I mean, I think it 10 00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:37,879 Speaker 1: was for kids. I was totally hanging out doing it, 11 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:41,040 Speaker 1: but um sing out of the way. Yeah. I was like, hey, 12 00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:44,800 Speaker 1: that's that's my Plato fake poop. Um. But they did this. 13 00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:47,159 Speaker 1: It was really great. My daughter loved it too. Um. 14 00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:50,959 Speaker 1: They rolled up just a bunch of different like uh, plants, 15 00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:56,920 Speaker 1: materials or bones or um both into different pieces of Plato. 16 00:00:57,440 --> 00:00:59,360 Speaker 1: And then you'd have to discover, you know, was it 17 00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:03,120 Speaker 1: a carnival or was Astonis wore an omnivore or nerbivore? 18 00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:06,160 Speaker 1: And kids love this. You're right, you know that they're 19 00:01:06,200 --> 00:01:08,679 Speaker 1: all crowding these tables because even if you just call 20 00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:11,680 Speaker 1: it pretend poop and it's squishy, they will pick it 21 00:01:11,800 --> 00:01:14,280 Speaker 1: up and and have at it. Kids love poop. It's 22 00:01:14,319 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 1: it's a known fact. And uh. And you can learn 23 00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: a lot from an animal species. It's uh, I mean, 24 00:01:19,520 --> 00:01:22,720 Speaker 1: it's it's pretty established fact. You can learn about an 25 00:01:22,720 --> 00:01:25,960 Speaker 1: animal's diet. You can learn about what kind of parasites 26 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:27,920 Speaker 1: it might have had, if it had you know, worms 27 00:01:27,959 --> 00:01:31,720 Speaker 1: and stuff. I mean, if you've if you, if you 28 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: have a child, if you have a pet, you've probably 29 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:37,440 Speaker 1: encountered a little of this um where you you get 30 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 1: to haven't get an intimant glance into what's going on 31 00:01:41,680 --> 00:01:45,480 Speaker 1: inside your animal based or inside your child, based on 32 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:49,200 Speaker 1: what's coming out of said organism. Who is sometimes an animal? Yeah, 33 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:52,880 Speaker 1: that's true. You will know if corn was for dinner, 34 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:56,280 Speaker 1: You're like, whoa. You know, if you've changed your your 35 00:01:56,320 --> 00:01:57,960 Speaker 1: pet cat's food and then you go to scoop the 36 00:01:57,960 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: litter box, you can sometimes tell WHOA. There was a 37 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,520 Speaker 1: shift and died here because the nature of the clumps 38 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: has changed. Yep. And that's what that's what we're gonna 39 00:02:06,120 --> 00:02:08,160 Speaker 1: talk about today, the nature of the clumps and the 40 00:02:08,520 --> 00:02:13,280 Speaker 1: merits of schatology here. Um. It's something called copper lights 41 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:17,839 Speaker 1: actually copper lights, Yeah, which are basically stones that were 42 00:02:17,880 --> 00:02:21,399 Speaker 1: once poops. Yep, it's a scientific name for for fossilized 43 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:25,400 Speaker 1: m escrement. And uh, pieces are droppings, however you want 44 00:02:25,400 --> 00:02:26,880 Speaker 1: to call it. And we're gon we're going big here. 45 00:02:26,919 --> 00:02:31,040 Speaker 1: We're talking about humans, we're talking about animals, wily mammoths. Uh, 46 00:02:31,080 --> 00:02:34,519 Speaker 1: we're not just talking about owl pellets. Yeah. So first 47 00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:36,800 Speaker 1: I'm just gonna talk to just a little bit about fossilization, 48 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:40,400 Speaker 1: just a little grounding here. Uh. Fossilization takes place in 49 00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 1: various ways. There's freezing, there's compression, there's entrapment in amber, 50 00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:46,079 Speaker 1: you know, with like a little bugs that are trapped 51 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:49,960 Speaker 1: in amber. And then there is um per mentalization, which 52 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,639 Speaker 1: is the big one. This is the one that factors 53 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 1: into any kind of like dinosaur fossils that you see 54 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:58,560 Speaker 1: in a museum. It's easy to fall into the trap 55 00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:02,400 Speaker 1: of thinking of fossils is merely a bone thing, you know, 56 00:03:03,919 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: or yeah, or in some cases tissue, because certainly bones 57 00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:10,880 Speaker 1: will fossilize, but so little soft tissues. So can hair, 58 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: so can u feathers, and indeed, so can poop. So 59 00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:22,799 Speaker 1: what happens during fossilization specifically during per mineralization UM. What 60 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:25,440 Speaker 1: we see is is a hardening of the minerals that 61 00:03:25,440 --> 00:03:28,800 Speaker 1: have entered the small pores and cavities of a dead organism. 62 00:03:29,160 --> 00:03:31,360 Speaker 1: UH and and to a large extent, what it takes 63 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: place is kind of like a mold UH is created 64 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:37,360 Speaker 1: and then it is UH that the contents of that 65 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 1: molds them then become stone. UM. For this to happen, though, 66 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:44,040 Speaker 1: you need rapid burial of the animal, and this is 67 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:45,440 Speaker 1: there are a number of things that have to take 68 00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 1: place for something to to fossilize. And that's why we 69 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:51,200 Speaker 1: have holes in the fossil record and and why we 70 00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:54,160 Speaker 1: don't depend solely on fossils for understanding what happened in 71 00:03:54,160 --> 00:03:57,840 Speaker 1: the past, because not everything fossilized and the more organized. 72 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,119 Speaker 1: You know, some organisms we have loads of fossils off 73 00:04:01,160 --> 00:04:03,320 Speaker 1: because they say lived in the mud and so when 74 00:04:03,320 --> 00:04:07,120 Speaker 1: they died, they were quickly covered right in the anaerobic 75 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:12,160 Speaker 1: bacteria really helped right in that process. Other situations, you know, 76 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:14,680 Speaker 1: if an animal dies and something eats it, no fossil. 77 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:17,239 Speaker 1: If something if an animal dies and it's just left 78 00:04:17,279 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 1: to just slowly just being worn away by erosion, it's 79 00:04:21,440 --> 00:04:25,839 Speaker 1: you know, it's not gonna happen. Likewise, top notch predators 80 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:28,039 Speaker 1: are harder to find fossils off in many cases because 81 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:30,520 Speaker 1: there are fewer of them there. As we've discussed before, 82 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:32,200 Speaker 1: they are the creature standing at the top of a 83 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,919 Speaker 1: pyramid of bones, and so the the ecosystem can only 84 00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:39,280 Speaker 1: um support a fixed number of them. You have to 85 00:04:39,320 --> 00:04:42,719 Speaker 1: take all of these factors into place when contemplating um 86 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:47,960 Speaker 1: our fossil legacy. So trace fossils like fecal matter, for instance, UM, 87 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:52,400 Speaker 1: it's really important to make sure that when it happens, 88 00:04:52,600 --> 00:04:54,880 Speaker 1: that the dew happens, so to speak, that it's in 89 00:04:54,920 --> 00:04:58,120 Speaker 1: the right environment for preservation. UM. So it makes the 90 00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:02,560 Speaker 1: drop site really crucial the creation of young fossils. So UM, 91 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,680 Speaker 1: for instance, you've got young fossils which are usually just 92 00:05:05,800 --> 00:05:10,120 Speaker 1: really dry bits of organic matter and aerobic bacteria. Of course, 93 00:05:10,160 --> 00:05:15,719 Speaker 1: the bacteria that requires oxygen quickly breaks down wet organic matter. UM. 94 00:05:15,839 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: So you would want to find, for instance, your fecal 95 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,400 Speaker 1: matter in a cave that's really dry. This is very helpful, right, 96 00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:26,800 Speaker 1: And that's just what happened in the most recent example 97 00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:30,360 Speaker 1: of of corporate lates in the the news UM the 98 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 1: journal Science reported a discovery in an Oregon cave of 99 00:05:34,279 --> 00:05:37,520 Speaker 1: human DNA more than fourteen thousand years old, and the 100 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:42,320 Speaker 1: DNA was distracted from distracting. The DNA was extracted from 101 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:47,520 Speaker 1: copper lights. This was Paisley Caves, Paisley Caves in Oregon, 102 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:50,400 Speaker 1: and this represents the oldest human remains found in the 103 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:55,800 Speaker 1: Western hemisphere. Like, this is pretty big deal here. Um. Yeah. 104 00:05:55,839 --> 00:05:58,600 Speaker 1: An analysis of the sample suggests that the cave dwellers 105 00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:01,560 Speaker 1: were omnivores who ate lots of roots and seeds and 106 00:06:01,680 --> 00:06:05,800 Speaker 1: nuts and um. By the way, carnivors stand a better 107 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:10,960 Speaker 1: chance of having their fecal matter fossilized into stone because 108 00:06:11,040 --> 00:06:15,000 Speaker 1: they consume bones in their diet, which are already mineralized. 109 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:17,880 Speaker 1: So that's less work for the bacteria to do. Yeah. 110 00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:20,720 Speaker 1: I think they with a very high calcium phosphate content. Yeah, 111 00:06:20,760 --> 00:06:23,240 Speaker 1: so it's it's great that they were able to find. Um. 112 00:06:23,279 --> 00:06:27,080 Speaker 1: You know, actually these these bits of fickle matter, uh, 113 00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,920 Speaker 1: just as a historical record, but also giving us a 114 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:36,040 Speaker 1: bit different understanding of life there, um and what we 115 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:38,600 Speaker 1: thought was going on with humans fourteen thousand years ago. 116 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:40,200 Speaker 1: We'll talk a little bit more about that. But luckily 117 00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:43,080 Speaker 1: they were pooping in a cave, which really helped because 118 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,880 Speaker 1: the stuff dried out really quickly and was just in 119 00:06:45,920 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: the cave. So, I mean, we we encountered a similar 120 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:50,320 Speaker 1: thing with giant slots. In some of the cases, these 121 00:06:50,360 --> 00:06:54,040 Speaker 1: giant slots, they had these underground gins and they would 122 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:58,040 Speaker 1: just poop absolutely everywhere. So they have these massive quantities 123 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: of of fossilized the giant sloth scat, which is kind 124 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:06,680 Speaker 1: of great, right, um, especially if you're a schatologist. I mean, 125 00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:08,719 Speaker 1: can you imagine coming across that. Yeah, it's like a 126 00:07:08,760 --> 00:07:12,280 Speaker 1: gold mine. Yeah, could it be? Um, But you know, 127 00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:15,640 Speaker 1: this isn't entirely uncommon. They defined human copper lights. Um. 128 00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 1: There are over one thousand human copper lights that have 129 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: been collected from Heine's Cave in southwest Texas. UM in 130 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:26,560 Speaker 1: these churchs they think were deposited by ancient people over 131 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:29,520 Speaker 1: the course of about eight thousand years. And then, uh, 132 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:31,880 Speaker 1: there are a number of just really fascinating fines with 133 00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:37,200 Speaker 1: animals UM In various various fossilized animal scats that have 134 00:07:37,480 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: turned up over the years. We've looked at some from 135 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:44,560 Speaker 1: Tarantosaurus Rex sixty five million years old, UM, and these 136 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:47,600 Speaker 1: were kind of big too. Slicking at the stats on 137 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:50,560 Speaker 1: one of these seventy point six by six point four 138 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:54,400 Speaker 1: by five point two inches, and it weighed over fifteen 139 00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:59,840 Speaker 1: point five pounds, So that's pretty uh, it's pretty lofty 140 00:07:59,280 --> 00:08:02,520 Speaker 1: scat U And and again you can you get into 141 00:08:02,520 --> 00:08:04,240 Speaker 1: looking at these and you can, and in fact, with 142 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:06,360 Speaker 1: the t rex is fosilized doing they were able to 143 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 1: look in and they noted worm tracks. Uh, they indicated 144 00:08:09,800 --> 00:08:13,360 Speaker 1: that the beasts were affected by worms and other intestinal parasites. 145 00:08:14,040 --> 00:08:16,480 Speaker 1: UM also discovered bones, so you get a better idea 146 00:08:16,480 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: of what they were they were eating. Again, it's just 147 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:22,560 Speaker 1: this is the end product of the creature's digestive processes. 148 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:26,800 Speaker 1: So it really lets you know how the animals working. Yeah, 149 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:29,600 Speaker 1: and they even uh coppylights can give you an idea 150 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: of what sort of creatures were around at that time. 151 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:35,880 Speaker 1: I'm thinking about this, uh, this one poop that scientists found. 152 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:40,240 Speaker 1: It was near Chesapeake Bay, and they took um. They 153 00:08:40,240 --> 00:08:43,000 Speaker 1: took the sample and they made a silicon rubber mold 154 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:45,320 Speaker 1: of it, and they found the tooth marks indicate that 155 00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:49,280 Speaker 1: the biter was most likely a relative to you know, 156 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:52,320 Speaker 1: what we think of as a tire shark today and 157 00:08:52,360 --> 00:08:54,679 Speaker 1: then they they looked at it and they said, oh, 158 00:08:54,720 --> 00:08:57,880 Speaker 1: it's really phosphate rich. Uh. It seems like the fecal 159 00:08:57,880 --> 00:09:00,960 Speaker 1: matter came from a creature that fed on bony prey. 160 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:02,760 Speaker 1: And then they looked at the size of it and 161 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:04,920 Speaker 1: they said, Okay, we think that this was possibly some 162 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:09,839 Speaker 1: sort of crocodilian creature dwelling there. And um, the fact 163 00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:12,440 Speaker 1: that it has these bite marks indicate to us, and 164 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:15,280 Speaker 1: the way that they that the bite marks are positioned 165 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 1: indicate that possibly this prehistoric tiger shark actually bit into 166 00:09:22,440 --> 00:09:26,840 Speaker 1: the digestive uh system or that part of the crocodile 167 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:31,600 Speaker 1: digestive system and pierced the fecal matter that way. Wow. 168 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,079 Speaker 1: So I mean, just from the fecal matter here, we're 169 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:38,920 Speaker 1: able to piece together this awesome battle between prehistoric tiger 170 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:42,160 Speaker 1: shark and prehistoric crocodile monster. Right, because it's not uncommon 171 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:46,120 Speaker 1: actually to find that that animals will will consume other 172 00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: animals fecal matter. And I believe that they've seen bite 173 00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: marks and other samples before. But the way that this 174 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:54,000 Speaker 1: is positioned, it was it was not just that this 175 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:56,120 Speaker 1: tiger shark took a little morsel and went, oh, I 176 00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:58,080 Speaker 1: wonder if I should eat this. It was that it 177 00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:01,000 Speaker 1: was actually inside the belly of the crocodile the time, 178 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:05,600 Speaker 1: and our listeners have dogs, they know it goes now 179 00:10:05,800 --> 00:10:09,240 Speaker 1: the interest I am reminded the komodo dragon does not 180 00:10:09,280 --> 00:10:11,559 Speaker 1: fall into that category because I remember the they'll eat 181 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:16,560 Speaker 1: just about anything, uh Phil Bronson's toe as well, Sharon Stone. 182 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:19,240 Speaker 1: I don't know if they're still married, but that they 183 00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:21,960 Speaker 1: went to go look at that behind behind the scenes 184 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:26,840 Speaker 1: thing at the zoo. And yeah, but but I remember 185 00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:30,680 Speaker 1: when I was writing about them, that they the the 186 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:34,960 Speaker 1: young komodo dragons, uh, will totally adults, will totally eat them, 187 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,199 Speaker 1: but they will coat themselves in fecal matter, and then 188 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:44,199 Speaker 1: that they'll they'll make themselves a less desirable as a um. 189 00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:46,080 Speaker 1: All right, so we have to talk about mammoth poos, 190 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:48,520 Speaker 1: of course, but before we do, should we take a break. 191 00:10:48,520 --> 00:10:51,080 Speaker 1: We shouldn't take a break, and then we will come 192 00:10:51,120 --> 00:10:59,400 Speaker 1: back and discuss the leavings of the willing Mamma. All right, 193 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:01,520 Speaker 1: we're back, um. You know we u when we were 194 00:11:01,520 --> 00:11:04,640 Speaker 1: talking to Nilo grass Tyson, Um, you asked him about, 195 00:11:04,679 --> 00:11:07,520 Speaker 1: you know, should we bring the wily mammoth back? And 196 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:12,080 Speaker 1: it's it's interesting. Uh, there's a lot of cool research 197 00:11:12,200 --> 00:11:15,040 Speaker 1: in the possibility of cloning a wooly mammoth of you know, 198 00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:19,080 Speaker 1: finding a surrogate elephant to give birth to it and 199 00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:24,760 Speaker 1: all this. But uh, let's talk about resurrecting their poos. Yeah. Um, 200 00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: it turns out that that these guys on occasion would 201 00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:31,760 Speaker 1: consume other creatures poos and in fact, a wily mammoth 202 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: discovered in northern Yakoosha, Russia eight feces shortly before it died. 203 00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 1: We ah that researchers discovered and uh, it was really 204 00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:44,120 Speaker 1: well preserved actually for the for them to look at this, 205 00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:48,360 Speaker 1: and they found traces of willows, daisies, sorrel such as rushes, 206 00:11:48,440 --> 00:11:52,640 Speaker 1: sweet grass, sinka, fools, and other plants indicative of an 207 00:11:52,679 --> 00:11:56,199 Speaker 1: open grassy landscape. That is just a lovely sounding bit 208 00:11:56,240 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: of fecal matter. I mean, it's just it's very floral sounding, right. 209 00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:03,559 Speaker 1: But they also found this fungus Sporo miella, which is 210 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:06,920 Speaker 1: known to know to grow on depositive feces, So that's 211 00:12:06,960 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: how they know there is a bit of feces in there. 212 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:11,160 Speaker 1: What I think is astounding about this is that you 213 00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:13,320 Speaker 1: also get a hint of that diet. As you say, 214 00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 1: it sounded somewhat lovely. I mean, you've got sorel and 215 00:12:15,880 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 1: daisies and willows. Um, but yes, you've got the fecal 216 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:23,040 Speaker 1: matter as well. And it's believed that they actually did 217 00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:26,079 Speaker 1: this for a reason. Um, sometimes they wanted to populate 218 00:12:26,120 --> 00:12:29,679 Speaker 1: their guts with appropriate digestive bacteria. It's sort of made 219 00:12:29,720 --> 00:12:33,960 Speaker 1: me think back to when we talked about fecal transplants. 220 00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:38,280 Speaker 1: People who are suffering from C. Diff. Um. You know, 221 00:12:38,360 --> 00:12:42,400 Speaker 1: there healthy digestive factories wiped out, and so they replace 222 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:45,440 Speaker 1: it with a fecal transplant from someone else, presumably a 223 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:49,200 Speaker 1: family member, someone they knew. Um, but this could be 224 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:51,880 Speaker 1: a similar thing that these wooly mammoth were doing. Now, 225 00:12:51,920 --> 00:12:54,080 Speaker 1: one of the articles who were looking at laid out this, uh, 226 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,760 Speaker 1: this interesting theory of kind of not quite an apocalypse 227 00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:02,800 Speaker 1: caused by wooly man eth dung, but but kind of 228 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:06,840 Speaker 1: a complication of global warming meets lily mammoth dung. Oh 229 00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:11,319 Speaker 1: yeah yeah, so okay. Normally, um, it doesn't take long 230 00:13:11,760 --> 00:13:15,000 Speaker 1: for dung to fossilize, right, We're talking like what within 231 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:17,079 Speaker 1: a couple hundred years, A couple hundred years, which sounds 232 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:18,880 Speaker 1: like a long time, but the geological scale is and 233 00:13:18,920 --> 00:13:21,240 Speaker 1: a big deal, right. But it's a totally different story 234 00:13:21,280 --> 00:13:24,480 Speaker 1: for the frozen tundra where you have generations of lily 235 00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,959 Speaker 1: mammoths that roamed those that area for thousands and or 236 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:31,440 Speaker 1: hundreds and thousands of years and they deposited. Of course 237 00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:34,040 Speaker 1: they're mammoth do And so the idea here is that 238 00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:38,760 Speaker 1: with global warming that dormant microbes in the dung heaps 239 00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:42,360 Speaker 1: could begin to wake up because they just pooped everywhere 240 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:46,240 Speaker 1: and then it froze. Yes, it's a carpet of poop basically. 241 00:13:46,960 --> 00:13:49,480 Speaker 1: So so this is when stuff starts thawing out, so 242 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:53,360 Speaker 1: too will fall out the mammoth dung, and then it's 243 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:57,080 Speaker 1: gonna release methane. It's gonna particularly have have microbes in it. 244 00:13:57,120 --> 00:14:00,080 Speaker 1: I mean, it's it's it's sort of we're opening a 245 00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:04,480 Speaker 1: Pandora's box made out of yeah. And that again, this 246 00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:07,559 Speaker 1: is what is really fascinating about this sort of scatological 247 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:11,040 Speaker 1: look into nature and what's happening here. I know some 248 00:14:11,080 --> 00:14:13,679 Speaker 1: of you are thinking, hey, uh, poop is great and all, 249 00:14:13,720 --> 00:14:17,000 Speaker 1: but what about vomit? Can we talk about vomit? Yes? Yes, 250 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:19,640 Speaker 1: we can talk about vomit. There is such thing as 251 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:24,000 Speaker 1: a fossilized vomit, and it is called a regurgit alike, 252 00:14:25,080 --> 00:14:30,400 Speaker 1: which sounds beautiful, right it does mineralized vomitous yep. Peter 253 00:14:30,440 --> 00:14:34,080 Speaker 1: Doyle of the University of Greenwich described a conglomeration of 254 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,280 Speaker 1: bellamonite skeleton is believed to have been coughed up by 255 00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:43,520 Speaker 1: a marine reptile called it wass. The saurus is the 256 00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:45,960 Speaker 1: scary looking I like to think of as a fright dolphin. 257 00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 1: It's that prehistoric dolphin. It looks really kind of crazy 258 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:53,840 Speaker 1: and scary and nightmarish. That's the I. Thesaurus and the 259 00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:58,320 Speaker 1: bellamites are, or were, an ancient type of squid that 260 00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:02,160 Speaker 1: actually had an internal skeleton, which was really interesting. Um 261 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: so that's what this thing was eating and occasionally vomiting 262 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:08,680 Speaker 1: up way back when we talked about animals that would 263 00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:12,560 Speaker 1: turn their like some sharks will turn their stomach out 264 00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:17,240 Speaker 1: like a like an inside out socked so um or 265 00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,920 Speaker 1: even see cucumbers too, right, Yeah, yeah, So I'm wondering 266 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: if it was a similar thing where it was you know, 267 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 1: it eats something it can't agree with, so it's just yeah, 268 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:27,240 Speaker 1: just ejecting it possibly, but yeah, it reached that up 269 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:29,600 Speaker 1: about a hundred and sixty million years ago. And it 270 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:32,040 Speaker 1: turns out that this kind of stuff, these copper lights, 271 00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: this uh regurgital light is hot stuff in the eBay market. 272 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:40,120 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, you were searching for this yesterday. Yeah, yeah, 273 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:42,000 Speaker 1: I mean this and think about it too. It would 274 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:45,760 Speaker 1: make sense because some of these will will coalesce into 275 00:15:45,840 --> 00:15:49,960 Speaker 1: these beautiful patterns. Um. Just sort of like you know, 276 00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:53,920 Speaker 1: petrified wood or anything that's been fossilized or been sort 277 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:56,920 Speaker 1: of baked by nature for a long time. Um. And 278 00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:03,120 Speaker 1: one piece of jewelry relieves uh, struck my fancy the 279 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: wrist watch. Yeah, it's dinosaur dung watch from a maker 280 00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:10,760 Speaker 1: called Artia. Okay, it's a Swiss made time piece. It's flawless, 281 00:16:10,760 --> 00:16:13,200 Speaker 1: it's beautiful. I'm not kidding. It features a polished copper 282 00:16:13,320 --> 00:16:17,960 Speaker 1: light face sourced from a herbivorous dinosaurs dung which was 283 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,240 Speaker 1: dropped a hundred million years ago, and it has a 284 00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,280 Speaker 1: bronze casing that's that's chosen to match quote the warm 285 00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 1: and matchless tints of dinosaur dume. It's it's really hard 286 00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: to imagine, but if you go to the blog post 287 00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: that accompanies this, uh, this podcast, I'll include some links 288 00:16:34,840 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 1: and maybe I can find something doing bad as well. 289 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: Get a quick glance at it. But these thinks, some 290 00:16:39,080 --> 00:16:40,680 Speaker 1: of these things are really beautiful. I mean they just 291 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:42,960 Speaker 1: look like beautiful stones with a lot of like cool 292 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:46,760 Speaker 1: um earthy tones and even some like non earthy kind 293 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:51,320 Speaker 1: of bright vibrant colors sort of marble through it. Well, 294 00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:53,680 Speaker 1: I love this. There was a PBC article about this, 295 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:56,160 Speaker 1: um I believe it's called Telling the Time with a 296 00:16:56,160 --> 00:16:59,840 Speaker 1: wristful of dinosaur poo. And the maker of it is 297 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,200 Speaker 1: so excited by this, and he says like you're literally 298 00:17:02,240 --> 00:17:07,520 Speaker 1: time traveling with this. Yeah, I know, um with this 299 00:17:08,720 --> 00:17:12,119 Speaker 1: with this watch, and you know he's trying to sell it, 300 00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:13,560 Speaker 1: and you know why he's trying to sell it because 301 00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:16,760 Speaker 1: it's twelve dollars. You've got to come up with a 302 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:18,720 Speaker 1: good story. But if you if you want to be 303 00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:21,920 Speaker 1: the I mean, rist watches are are are cool again, right, 304 00:17:22,280 --> 00:17:24,159 Speaker 1: No one actually needs them because you getting fun, but 305 00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,840 Speaker 1: people like wearing them and and if you really want 306 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:31,200 Speaker 1: to set yourself apart, if you really want to be cool, uh, 307 00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:34,320 Speaker 1: this is the watch again. It is And I failed 308 00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:37,040 Speaker 1: to mention that the strap is made from American cane 309 00:17:37,080 --> 00:17:42,720 Speaker 1: toad skin. Well good, because you want something, um, something similar. 310 00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:45,320 Speaker 1: They had to they could have to complete the DNA 311 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:47,680 Speaker 1: sequence of the used frogs. They had to complete the 312 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:50,159 Speaker 1: wrist watch. So turn to your amphibians. Yeah, it's kind 313 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:52,440 Speaker 1: of beautiful, right, it is. It is. It's a beautiful watch. 314 00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:57,800 Speaker 1: So there you go. Copper lights, dung watches, yea, regurgital lights, 315 00:17:57,920 --> 00:18:01,159 Speaker 1: all that good stuff. It's a it's this is a 316 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:04,440 Speaker 1: fun one. Yeah, and uh and certainly um. I'm wondering 317 00:18:04,480 --> 00:18:06,680 Speaker 1: if anybody out there has any of this jewelry, because 318 00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:09,320 Speaker 1: you can also get like ear rings from copper lights, 319 00:18:09,359 --> 00:18:12,400 Speaker 1: and it's pretty fancy stuff. I mean if I saw 320 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:14,639 Speaker 1: it on on Etsy or wherever, I wouldn't think for 321 00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:16,280 Speaker 1: a second, Oh, that kind of looks like you're hanging 322 00:18:16,359 --> 00:18:20,800 Speaker 1: dinosaur turrets from your ears. No, it looks fabulous. And 323 00:18:21,560 --> 00:18:26,760 Speaker 1: my question is can you can polish a donis nicely done? 324 00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:29,600 Speaker 1: My question is if any of these have shown up 325 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:32,919 Speaker 1: on regretsy yet, because I would love to see that 326 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:38,280 Speaker 1: at least the description of it. Cool. Well, let's um, 327 00:18:38,359 --> 00:18:41,360 Speaker 1: let's call over speaking of technology made out of done, 328 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:46,680 Speaker 1: Let's call over our robot Arnold. He doesn't any feelings. 329 00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:49,679 Speaker 1: He he doesn't care what I call him, but he 330 00:18:49,720 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 1: does have some mail. Here, let's see. Here's one from 331 00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:55,639 Speaker 1: Eric Eric Writeson and says he's talking about horror. We 332 00:18:55,640 --> 00:18:59,240 Speaker 1: received a lot of comments on our Science of Horror 333 00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:02,879 Speaker 1: episodes it I've never liked films like The Shining, however 334 00:19:02,920 --> 00:19:05,159 Speaker 1: my sister still loves them. When I was about eleven 335 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:07,920 Speaker 1: and we had showtime and they were showing The Shining 336 00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:11,440 Speaker 1: on TV, our parents were going out and UH explicitly 337 00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:13,480 Speaker 1: told us not to watch the movie. So of course 338 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:15,960 Speaker 1: my sister nine at the time, had to see it. However, 339 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,000 Speaker 1: it was too scary for her, so she got up, 340 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:20,120 Speaker 1: so she got me up to protect her. To this day, 341 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:22,199 Speaker 1: that movie treats me out. A few years ago, I 342 00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:24,879 Speaker 1: was walking between two high hedges at night in the winter. 343 00:19:24,920 --> 00:19:26,720 Speaker 1: It was very cold and the hedges were covered in 344 00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:29,560 Speaker 1: sparkling snow. It brought back memories of the movie so 345 00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:32,199 Speaker 1: so powerful it took a great force of will to 346 00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:35,240 Speaker 1: present myself prevent myself from running. So I do enjoy 347 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,040 Speaker 1: I do enjoy psychological throwers like hard Candy though. Thanks 348 00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:42,680 Speaker 1: again for the podcast. Eric Hard Candy was very intense movie. 349 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:47,080 Speaker 1: It was intense, Yeah, very very well done, but yeah, 350 00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:50,600 Speaker 1: intense of viewing experience and the shining I agree. I mean, 351 00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:54,119 Speaker 1: it's you can you can make criticism, certainly on the 352 00:19:54,119 --> 00:19:58,439 Speaker 1: fact that Jack Nicholson barely plays a human being in 353 00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:01,520 Speaker 1: the film, and and and and a lot of the 354 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:05,280 Speaker 1: humanity of that character is lost in the transition from 355 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:08,119 Speaker 1: the film. And that's something King always Stephen King, the 356 00:20:08,119 --> 00:20:11,960 Speaker 1: original author, always grabbed about with that film. But I 357 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:13,800 Speaker 1: can see that because that's very central to his writing 358 00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,000 Speaker 1: in his character. Yeah, but every but the look of 359 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,879 Speaker 1: the film, in Kubrick's treatment of the Haunted House in 360 00:20:18,920 --> 00:20:20,760 Speaker 1: that film, just I mean, it still stands up to 361 00:20:20,760 --> 00:20:22,440 Speaker 1: be play today. It's like two thousand and one. It's 362 00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:25,919 Speaker 1: the two thousand and one of haunted houses. So um, certainly, 363 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:28,639 Speaker 1: if you've never seen it, um, I recommend it, but 364 00:20:28,720 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: be prepared for some shocks. Like even if you think 365 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: you're prepared, like you, it's it's in the same category 366 00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:36,400 Speaker 1: with two thousand one and that you've seen. If you've 367 00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:38,480 Speaker 1: seen sci fi movies today and you think you've seen 368 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:39,800 Speaker 1: it all, and then you go back and watch two 369 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:41,600 Speaker 1: thousand one. It will show you something that you haven't 370 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:43,960 Speaker 1: seen before. Likewise, if you've seen a lot of modern 371 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:46,639 Speaker 1: horror films, I don't care how disturbing or or or 372 00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:49,000 Speaker 1: whatever they happen to be, go back and watch the 373 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:51,600 Speaker 1: Shining and it will give you something to creep you 374 00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 1: out well, because Kubrick is a master of creating that 375 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:59,880 Speaker 1: environment that is so isolating. Yeah, and I mean, look 376 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:03,719 Speaker 1: at those films back back. Um, there's so many, at 377 00:21:03,760 --> 00:21:07,040 Speaker 1: least in terms of how he sets the mood using 378 00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:12,320 Speaker 1: sound and the void, that it really does strike you 379 00:21:12,359 --> 00:21:14,240 Speaker 1: at some sort of primal level. Oh and then we 380 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: also heard just another quick one related to horror and things. 381 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:21,160 Speaker 1: It's frightenness. Carrie with a K wrote in and said, hey, guys, 382 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:24,040 Speaker 1: maybe you're too young to remember, but King, in my opinion, 383 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:26,679 Speaker 1: didn't start the clown phobia. The original Poulter guys had 384 00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:29,320 Speaker 1: a scary clown. That's what started it out for me, 385 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: my brother, and my husband. King's clown was scarier, but 386 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:35,480 Speaker 1: our fears beginnings were from Poulter. Guys. Do you remember this? 387 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:38,040 Speaker 1: I kind of I don't know if I'm getting my 388 00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:40,800 Speaker 1: clown imagery mixed up, but I sort of remember the 389 00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:44,040 Speaker 1: scene where the kids in bed and the tree branches 390 00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:46,800 Speaker 1: keep tapping against the window, and that there's there's a 391 00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:51,160 Speaker 1: creepy clown clown that's sitting on a chair. Yeah right, yeah, 392 00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:53,200 Speaker 1: and it's um. This was a film that I saw 393 00:21:53,359 --> 00:21:55,879 Speaker 1: way too young, Like for some reason, we had a 394 00:21:55,960 --> 00:21:58,439 Speaker 1: VHS copy of it, Like I think my aunt had 395 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:00,919 Speaker 1: taped it off HBO boy back in the day, you know, 396 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:04,960 Speaker 1: back when they had that really awesome electronic intro and 397 00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:08,800 Speaker 1: the crazy like flying into the HBO logo and it 398 00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:11,640 Speaker 1: might have been partially scrambled or or black and white, 399 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:14,800 Speaker 1: black and white, I don't remember which, but that really 400 00:22:15,119 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 1: screwed me up for a while. I didn't actually watch 401 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:19,320 Speaker 1: Polter Guys in its entirety until a couple of years ago. 402 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,840 Speaker 1: And uh, yeah, it's got so many it's frightening. And 403 00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:25,399 Speaker 1: the second one is very disturbing as well to me. 404 00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:29,000 Speaker 1: Oh that's the one that u hr g gre designed. 405 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:31,320 Speaker 1: One creature effect in that I think where the guy's 406 00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:34,560 Speaker 1: vomit turns into a monster and crawls off. Oh I 407 00:22:34,560 --> 00:22:39,960 Speaker 1: don't remember that part. I just the the creature characters. Yeah, 408 00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:43,159 Speaker 1: horrifect So yeah, those that's those are some films that 409 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:45,120 Speaker 1: for the most part, still stand up today in terms 410 00:22:45,119 --> 00:22:50,160 Speaker 1: of their creepy visuals. So so there you have it. Um. Well, hey, 411 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:52,720 Speaker 1: if you want to share something with us, be it 412 00:22:52,760 --> 00:22:56,920 Speaker 1: related to older episodes like The Horror or or cutting 413 00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:00,919 Speaker 1: edge episodes like Dinosaur Poop and Dinosaur Vomit, let us know. 414 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,040 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear what you have to say about 415 00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:07,200 Speaker 1: what have you learned from examining the leavings of other creatures? 416 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:09,439 Speaker 1: Are you one of those people that can look at 417 00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:11,639 Speaker 1: some droppings on the ground and tell me exactly what 418 00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:14,760 Speaker 1: kind of animal it is and and how far away 419 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,240 Speaker 1: they are and what they had for dinner. Um, I'd 420 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:19,000 Speaker 1: love to hear some more about that. You can find 421 00:23:19,080 --> 00:23:21,720 Speaker 1: us on Facebook where we are Stuff to Blow Your Mind, 422 00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:23,280 Speaker 1: and you can find us on Twitter where our handle 423 00:23:23,359 --> 00:23:25,240 Speaker 1: is blow the Mind. And if you want to talk 424 00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:27,680 Speaker 1: scat you can always send us an email to blow 425 00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:36,600 Speaker 1: the Mind at Discovery dot com for more on this 426 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,280 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Is it how Stuff Works 427 00:23:39,280 --> 00:23:44,320 Speaker 1: dot com