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Speaker 1: You're listening to American Shadows, a production of I Heart

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Speaker 1: Radio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey. Americans were struggling, food, clothing,

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Speaker 1: and gasoline were rationed on the radio. Disc jockeys played

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Speaker 1: the Andrew sisters dance hit, Boogie Woggie Bugle Boy, and

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Speaker 1: Johnny Mercer's g I Jive. During World War Two, these

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Speaker 1: upbeat songs kept spirits up and Americans bonded over a

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Speaker 1: common enemy. Several actually nations jostled to either declare war

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Speaker 1: against the US or become allies. In an uncertain world,

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Speaker 1: citizens relied on newspapers and the radio for information. To

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Speaker 1: combat food shortages, neighbors planted victory gardens. They exchanged flowers

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Speaker 1: to grace dinner tables, and crops that fed families. Men

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Speaker 1: stepped up to volunteer for service, leaving women behind to

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Speaker 1: raise families and care for the homes and gardens. When

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Speaker 1: it looked like baseball would be canceled, Women's League formed

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Speaker 1: to keep Americans entertained with their favorite sport, but the

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Speaker 1: country needed more. There was a shortage of munitions and

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Speaker 1: war supplies, and a desperate need for workers to make them.

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Speaker 1: Women whose husbands were at war, had to feed themselves

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Speaker 1: and their children, and just like in baseball, when the

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Speaker 1: factories called for help, women answered it wasn't easy. Some

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Speaker 1: of their male colleagues resented them and made work difficult.

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Speaker 1: To encourage more women to apply, and to alleviate men's

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Speaker 1: concerns that women would forever take over their jobs, America

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Speaker 1: looked to marketing to reframe women at work. Seventeen year

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Speaker 1: old Geraldine hoff Hoyle didn't think about the photographer who

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Speaker 1: snapped her photo at the ann Arbor Metal factory. She

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Speaker 1: had worn a polka dot scarf and cover rolls to work,

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Speaker 1: and twenty year old Nami Parker paid little attention to

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Speaker 1: a photographer who took her picture too. Like oil, Parker

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Speaker 1: also sported polka dots in her wardrobe should use the

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Speaker 1: spotted bandanna to hold back her hair as she bent

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Speaker 1: over a piece of machinery. In Westinghouse, artist J. Howard

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Speaker 1: Miller created the first Rosie the Riveter poster. A polka

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Speaker 1: dot headscarf held her hair out of her face. The

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Speaker 1: sleeves on her blue shirt were rolled up and Rosie

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Speaker 1: flexed to bicep. The caption above her red, we can

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Speaker 1: do it. Norman Rockwell created a cover for the Saturday

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Speaker 1: Evening Post featuring Rosie. In Rockwell's depiction, readers got the

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Speaker 1: message that while men were off fighting the war on

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Speaker 1: the front lines, women were doing their part on factory lines.

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Speaker 1: Kentucky born Rose Mundrow and her two children moved to

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Speaker 1: Michigan after her husband died. Rose had always been a

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Speaker 1: tomboy of sorts and handy with tools. Though Rose wanted

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Speaker 1: to become a pilot, she was passed over. Instead, she

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Speaker 1: took a job building b twenty four bombers. Later, she

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Speaker 1: became the only female member of a local aeronautics club.

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Speaker 1: Rose's work building the aircraft caught actor Walter pigeons Ie.

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Speaker 1: When Hollywood shot film footage to support war bonds, Rose

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Speaker 1: portrayed Rosie the Riveter, and there was yet another Rose. Rosalind.

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Speaker 1: P Walter came from a wealthy family. When the war

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Speaker 1: broke out, Rosalind went to work at the Vaught Aircraft Company.

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Speaker 1: Her dedication specific duty captured the attention of a newspaper columnist.

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Speaker 1: In turn, the column inspired two musicians to write the

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Speaker 1: song Rosie the Riveter, honoring all the women who worked

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Speaker 1: long and hard during wartime, Rosie had come to represent

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Speaker 1: the efforts of every working woman across America. And though

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Speaker 1: she wore a suit instead of a bandana, another one

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Speaker 1: and was about to overcome tremendous obstacles to make a

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Speaker 1: difference in wartime. I'm Lauren Vogelbaum. Welcome to American Shadows.

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Speaker 1: Like nearly three hundred thousand others. From the Canton region

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Speaker 1: in China, Margaret's parents immigrated to the United States hoping

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Speaker 1: to escape poverty. Her mother, Ah Jane, was just five

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Speaker 1: when she arrived. Her father, Chung Wong, also arrived when

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Speaker 1: he was young. Around that time, Presbyterian missionaries were at

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Speaker 1: work convincing Chinese communities to convert to Christianity. The church

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Speaker 1: believed that if the children grew up christian did be

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Speaker 1: more likely to marry within the church and raise future

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Speaker 1: generations of Presbyterians, who would in turn convert more immigrants.

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Speaker 1: Records show that Margaret's father attended a missionary in Los Angeles,

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Speaker 1: while little is known of his or her mother's childhoods.

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Speaker 1: A mission homes often housed and fed immigrant children and

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Speaker 1: then contracted them out as servants. They weren't allowed to

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Speaker 1: leave their assigned positions and received no pay. In eighteen

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Speaker 1: eighty six, Margaret's father was the only Chinese immigrant to

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Speaker 1: receive baptism. He and her mother met through the church

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Speaker 1: and married. They had eleven children together, though only seven

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Speaker 1: survived past childhood. Margaret Chung was born in eighteen eighty nine.

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Speaker 1: As the eldest, she helped care for her younger siblings.

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Speaker 1: Her father, desperate to keep his large family fed, started

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Speaker 1: his own business raising and selling produce. When that venture failed,

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Speaker 1: he tried selling traditional Chinese herbs or working in other

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Speaker 1: farmers fields to find jobs. They moved frequently. A Mexican

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Speaker 1: Americans were evicted to make room for other Americans heading

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Speaker 1: west a Chinese immigrants moved in to work as railroad laborers.

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Speaker 1: As population increased, racial tensions grew, sparking and anti Chinese

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Speaker 1: movement riots targeting Chinese Americans erupted in Los Angeles and

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Speaker 1: Santa Barbara. Like other immigrants, Chong Wong moved his family

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Speaker 1: into more Chinese populated communities for safety. In addition to

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Speaker 1: caring for her siblings, Margaret worked to help her family.

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Speaker 1: She also had an insatiable appetite for learning and studied hard,

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Speaker 1: hoping that one day she could become a doctor and

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Speaker 1: the medical missionary for the church. The church saw missionary

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Speaker 1: hospitals as a way to create converts while also tending

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Speaker 1: to them. Inspired by the community's charismatic local doctor who

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Speaker 1: wrote a bicycle to house calls, Margaret planned for her

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Speaker 1: future and scoped out colleges and scholarships. When the family

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Speaker 1: moved to Los Angeles in nineteen o two, Margaret took

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Speaker 1: care of her siblings and ailing parents while still attending school.

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Speaker 1: She earned a scholarship to the University of Southern California

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Speaker 1: from The l A Times by selling newspaper subscriptions. While

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Speaker 1: studying at usc Margaret also held a variety of jobs.

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Speaker 1: She worked at the school cafeteria, sold surgical instruments, and

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Speaker 1: entered debate contests that offered pride money. While women did

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Speaker 1: attend medical schools at the time, it wasn't the norm.

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Speaker 1: Several schools catering to only women closed their doors citing

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Speaker 1: the number of co ed medical colleges becoming available. While

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Speaker 1: Margaret attended classes at the university, she dressed in men's clothing,

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Speaker 1: complete with shirt, pants, jacket, and tie, and went by

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Speaker 1: the name Mike Tragedy struck when her mother passed away

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Speaker 1: from tuberculosis. Her father's health was also failing, and she

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Speaker 1: still had younger siblings who depended on her. Although she

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Speaker 1: still had two more years of school, Margaret refused to

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Speaker 1: give up her dream and managed to do it all.

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Speaker 1: In nineteen sixteen, she and her fellow students posed for

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Speaker 1: their graduation day photo. Margaret wore her hair slicked back

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Speaker 1: to look more like her male classmates, along with her clothing.

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Speaker 1: Anyone glancing at the photo wouldn't immediately know she was

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Speaker 1: the only woman in her class. With a hard earned

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Speaker 1: degree and a lifetime of preparation, Margaret applied to become

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Speaker 1: a medical missionary in China. At last, her dream of

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Speaker 1: working as a doctor for the Church seemed within her grasp.

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Speaker 1: Except for one detail. Her application was immediately rejected. The

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Speaker 1: rejection confused Margaret. All her life, the Church had led

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Speaker 1: her to believe she sought the highest honor by helping others.

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Speaker 1: Thinking that the rejection had been an oversight, she reapplied

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Speaker 1: several times. Finally, she learned that even in her home country,

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Speaker 1: the Church didn't want Chinese Americans, and especially women, to

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Speaker 1: work as medical missionaries. Though the rejections stung, Margaret kept

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Speaker 1: applying at hospitals around the country. She persisted even when

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Speaker 1: more rejections rolled in. Her schoolmate Agnes Shall, who had

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Speaker 1: won several prestigious awards, also received rejections. Meanwhile, male colleagues

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Speaker 1: quickly found employment in hospitals that specialized in women's care,

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Speaker 1: and despite her higher degree of medical training, Margaret took

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Speaker 1: a lower level internship as a surgical nurse at the

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Speaker 1: Santa Fe Railroad Hospital. While the patients were diverse, the

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Speaker 1: majority were Hispanic workers from Mexico. Though her coworkers often

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Speaker 1: treated them poorly, Margaret offered compassion. She continued to send

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Speaker 1: out applications. In nineteen sixteen, she received an offer from

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Speaker 1: doctor Bertha van Husen, a woman physician at the Mary

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Speaker 1: Thompson Women's and Children's Hospital in Chicago. Dr van Husen

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Speaker 1: was committed to helping other women doctors find work in

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Speaker 1: the field that they had been trained in. A van

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Speaker 1: Husen wasn't married and often referred to Margaret and the

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Speaker 1: others as her surgical daughters. Margaret settled right in her

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Speaker 1: personal dress code, continued use of the name Mike, and

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Speaker 1: popularity with some of the hospital staff raised a few

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Speaker 1: societal eyebrows, though in response, the hospital administration implemented a

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Speaker 1: new rule no two employees could sleep in the same bed.

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Speaker 1: While Margaret's autobiography doesn't mention the sleeping arrangements, it appears

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Speaker 1: that the hospital frowned on her sexual preference for women.

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Speaker 1: But in the early nineteen hundreds, women weren't supposed to

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Speaker 1: have much of a sex drive, and certainly not before marriage,

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Speaker 1: so two women living together drew far less suspicion than

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Speaker 1: two men. In addition to working at the hospital, Margaret

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Speaker 1: secured an internship at the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute. While other

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Speaker 1: doctors there rejected pro bono cases, she eagerly took them

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Speaker 1: on for the experience and to learn different treatment and

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Speaker 1: surgery methods. Even with the opportunities in the work, Margaret

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Speaker 1: felt there had to be more. She disliked Chicago's weather

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Speaker 1: and missed California, so when the news arrived that her

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Speaker 1: father had died from a street car accident, she resigned

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Speaker 1: from her position and returned home. She returned to the

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Speaker 1: Santa Fe Railroad Hospital as a staff surgeon. She also

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Speaker 1: built a thriving private practice. Most of her patients were poor,

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Speaker 1: but she never turned them away, even if they couldn't pay.

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Speaker 1: She excelled a surgery, A word of Margaret's ability to

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Speaker 1: perform surgeries that left smaller scars, attracted circus performers, banned

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Speaker 1: Hollywood professionals, actresses, Anime Wong, Mary Pickford, and others became

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Speaker 1: clients and eventually friends. Soon Margaret began hosting dinner parties

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Speaker 1: for her patients, further growing her clientele base and influence.

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Speaker 1: In the early nineteen twenties, she accompanied two clients to

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Speaker 1: San Francisco and instantly fell in love with the city.

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Speaker 1: In nineteen two, she left her job and moved to Chinatown.

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Speaker 1: Her luck of a husband, manner of dress, and training

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Speaker 1: in Western medicine was met with distrust among the Chinese community,

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Speaker 1: and still her practice thrived. She was one of the

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Speaker 1: few to be discreet while attending to women seeking abortions

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Speaker 1: and early forms of birth control. Margaret began a close

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Speaker 1: relationship with the openly gay poet Elsa Gidlow. Elsa was

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Speaker 1: in an open relationship, giving her freedom to pursue Margaret.

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Speaker 1: The two enjoyed dinners and lunches, fueling rumors about Margaret's

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Speaker 1: sexual preferences, Elsa wrote in her journal, but the two

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Speaker 1: shared a passionate kiss. She brought Margaret flowers and wrote

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Speaker 1: her poetry, and Margaret took Elsa for car rides throughout

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Speaker 1: the city in her new convertible. The community began to

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Speaker 1: talk about them. Though Elsa and Margaret seemed to share

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Speaker 1: each other's affection, Margaret knew the career and practice she

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Speaker 1: had fought so hard for couldn't survive a scandal. After

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Speaker 1: ending the relationship with Elsa, Margaret fully dedicated herself to work.

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Speaker 1: When U. S. Navy Reserves Ensign Stephen G. Bancroft came

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Speaker 1: to her with an odd request in the early nineteen thirties,

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Speaker 1: Margaret couldn't have foreseen how the turn of events would

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Speaker 1: shape the rest of her life. A few Americans knew

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Speaker 1: that the Japanese had invaded Manchuria, northeastern region of China

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Speaker 1: in one and the strike was successful, encouraging the Japanese

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Speaker 1: to attack Shanghai. Bancroft wanted to go abroad to fight

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Speaker 1: the Japanese and asked if Margaret could make arrangements with

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Speaker 1: the Chinese military. American born Margaret didn't have the influence

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Speaker 1: their connections he needed, but curious and impressed with this

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Speaker 1: call us, she invited him and his housemates to dinner,

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Speaker 1: and Bancroft arrived with a handful of pilots, all in

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Speaker 1: their twenties, and Margaret and her guests hit it off

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Speaker 1: so well that she invited them back. For months. The

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Speaker 1: group went on camping and hunting trips and continued to

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Speaker 1: dine together. Before Bancroft and the pilots, Margaret's personal life

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Speaker 1: had suffered. The men provided her with much needed companionship,

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Speaker 1: and the group grew close. They spent so much time

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Speaker 1: together that during one particular dinner, a young pilot announced

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Speaker 1: that they had decided to adopt Margaret as their surrogate mother,

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Speaker 1: and then he kidded her, saying that they had no father.

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Speaker 1: Margaret quipped back that this made them all her fair

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Speaker 1: haired bastards. The group broke into laughter. The name stuck,

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Speaker 1: and Doctor Margaret Chung quickly became Mom Chung. By seven,

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Speaker 1: she had over five hundred sons and the media's wrapped attention.

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Speaker 1: In nine, her devotion to her son's inspired Holly Would

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Speaker 1: and the film King of Chinatown. The movie starred Margaret's

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Speaker 1: friend and client anime Wong. The comic book series Real

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Speaker 1: Heroes followed in it. Margaret's likeness shared pages with President

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Speaker 1: Franklin D. Roosevelt. Margaret became the center point for Chinese

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Speaker 1: American relations during the start of World War two. By

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Speaker 1: one she had covertly drafted a hundred pilots that made

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Speaker 1: up the famous Flying Tigers Squadron. The Flying Taggers flew

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Speaker 1: p forty Tomahawk fighters, all flying under Chinese colors. The

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Speaker 1: nose of each had been painted with rows of gleaming teeth.

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Speaker 1: Bounties were awarded to pilots for their aerial victories. All told,

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Speaker 1: Margaret adopted thousands of pilots, along with submariners and even admirals.

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Speaker 1: Celebrities followed, including a young Ronald Reagan and Robert Young,

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Speaker 1: and she referred to them as Kiwi's since the movie

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Speaker 1: stars were flightless and didn't serve as pilots. Her group

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Speaker 1: of Kiwi's grew three hundred and consisted of celebrities, politicians,

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Speaker 1: and various military personnel. And though her number of sons

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Speaker 1: had grown well into the thousands, she had considered each

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Speaker 1: true family. Letters and gifts from the men filled her

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Speaker 1: office for the U. S government. Margaret made for great

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Speaker 1: propaganda for her fair haired bastard sons. She had become

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Speaker 1: a compassionate surrogate mother. Margaret thrived in her personal life,

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Speaker 1: no longer felt empty. She was free to wear what

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Speaker 1: she wanted among her sons and engaged in more masculine

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Speaker 1: hobbies and interests. The public no longer scrutinized her. After

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Speaker 1: the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in she sent thousands of

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Speaker 1: care packages to those sons sent to fight in the war.

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Speaker 1: Additions to her famous sons included John Wayne and Admirals

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Speaker 1: William Bull Halsey and Chester W. Nimitz. Her family grew

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Speaker 1: by including daughters like Amelia Earhart. In nineteen forty three,

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Speaker 1: an elite group of submariners known as the Golden Dolphins

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Speaker 1: were added. She presented each of the members, who included

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Speaker 1: Henry Fonda, with a leather notebook. She wrote letters to

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Speaker 1: those sent to fight overseas and gifted her pilots with

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Speaker 1: a small jade Buddha on a neck chain. Her role

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Speaker 1: wasn't limited to recruitment letters and care packages. Margaret tended

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Speaker 1: to the injured, and she helped create and promote fundraising

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Speaker 1: events for humanitarian efforts, including the popular Rice Full parties.

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Speaker 1: Women's rights were still near and dear to her, and

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Speaker 1: Margaret lobbied for women's inclusion in the military. Her efforts

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Speaker 1: paid off, and in nineteen forty two, the military created

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Speaker 1: a reserve corps in the Navy called WAVES, or Women

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Speaker 1: Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. Her application to WAVES was

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Speaker 1: rejected due to her race and reported sexuality. All of

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Speaker 1: these pulls on her time affected her practice. When fair

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Speaker 1: haired Bastard children learned she could no longer pay for

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Speaker 1: her home, they pitched in to pay her mortgage. Her

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Speaker 1: adopted children often visited her when they returned home, and

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Speaker 1: Mom Chung prepared dinners for them, and when she retired

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Speaker 1: from practice, they pitched and again, buying her a home

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Speaker 1: out in Marin County. Mom Chung took to her new

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Speaker 1: home and old age with grace, for her home was

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Speaker 1: where of love blossomed, and though she became increasingly frail,

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Speaker 1: she was always delighted when her children, whom she loved

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Speaker 1: so deeply, came home for dinner. Margaret Chung lead a

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Speaker 1: full life. She retained the love of her heritage and

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Speaker 1: committed herself to Chinese American communities while remaining very patriotic.

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Speaker 1: She had been a caring daughter, insist, a hard working student,

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Speaker 1: an intern and nurse dedicated to helping those less fortunate,

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Speaker 1: a devoted physician, and a staunch supporter of women's rights.

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Speaker 1: Margaret changed social norms with her sexuality and broke glass

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Speaker 1: ceilings in her professional life. But nineteen fifties brought changes

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Speaker 1: to America. While most of her adopted sons and daughters

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Speaker 1: remained loyal, the public began to see those of Chinese

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Speaker 1: heritage as part of the Red Scare. She wrote an

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Speaker 1: autobiography that sold few copies, where it would have likely

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Speaker 1: been a best seller a decade before. In nineteen fifty eight,

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Speaker 1: after feeling unwell for some time, she went to the doctor.

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Speaker 1: The resulting tests revealed a varying cancer. It would be

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Speaker 1: decades before the medical world would develop a more effective

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Speaker 1: treatment against this highly aggressive and deadly disease. Margaret didn't

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Speaker 1: need the doctors to tell her that surgery was just

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Speaker 1: borrowed time. She underwent the procedure anyway. After recouper eating,

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Speaker 1: Margaret went home to plan one last event. Her funeral.

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Speaker 1: Vice Admiral Charles Lockwood visited after her surgery and noted

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Speaker 1: that she was in good spirits. Her prognosis of five

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Speaker 1: months to live didn't bother her in the least. Margaret

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Speaker 1: Chung passed away on January five, ninety nine. Her sons

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Speaker 1: and daughters ensured that her funeral went precisely how she

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Speaker 1: had planned. Admiral Nimitz and his wife, Catherine, attended. The

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Speaker 1: Admiral's wife noted in her journal that hundreds of people

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Speaker 1: of all races and walks of life came to pay

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Speaker 1: their respects to Mom Chung and say their final goodbyes.

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Speaker 1: San Francisco's Mayor to admirals, including Nimmits, a couple of privates,

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Speaker 1: and an ensign were her paul bearers. They laid her

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Speaker 1: casket into her final resting place. Later, Admiral Lockwood wrote

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Speaker 1: one last tribute, God bless and rest her very beautiful soul.

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Speaker 1: There will never be another Mom Chung. There's more to

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Speaker 1: this story. Stick around after this brief sponsor break to

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Speaker 1: hear all about it. There's another Rose who became nearly

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Speaker 1: as famous as Rosie the Riveter, though for different reasons.

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Speaker 1: At least in the beginning. Iva Toguri was born on

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Speaker 1: Independence Day of nineteen sixteen. Her father, June, had immigrated

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Speaker 1: from Japan in eight Fumi. Her mother followed in. As

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Speaker 1: a child, Iva enjoyed her time as a girl scout. Later,

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Speaker 1: she turned her attention to education, receiving a degree in

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Speaker 1: zoology from the University of Southern California in ninety Iva's

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Speaker 1: life was full of family and friends and active social life,

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Speaker 1: but that changed when her aunt in Japan became ill

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Speaker 1: in ninety one and needed help recovering. Iva packed her

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Speaker 1: bags and boarded a ship from San Pedro with only

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Speaker 1: a certificate of identification as proof of her citizenship. When

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Speaker 1: her aunt recovered, Iva contacted the U. S. Vice Consul

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Speaker 1: in Japan for a passport to return home. The paperwork

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Speaker 1: was still in progress when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The

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Speaker 1: Japanese government insisted that she renounced her U S citizenship.

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Speaker 1: Iva refused. As punishment, Iva was declared an enemy alien

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Speaker 1: without a war card, that is, a government issued card

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Speaker 1: that would have allowed her to receive food and other necessities.

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Speaker 1: Iva needed a job. The Domain News Agency offered her

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Speaker 1: position as a typist. Soon after, she learned that her

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Speaker 1: parents and other Japanese Americans had been taken to an

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Speaker 1: internment camp in Arizona. She also learned that Allied soldiers

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Speaker 1: had been taken to a Japanese prisoner of war camp

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Speaker 1: known for their horrific treatment. Iva took a second job

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Speaker 1: with the propagandist radio station Radio Tokyo. The station had

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Speaker 1: forced three prisoners, Australian Captain char Girl's cousins, American Captain

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Speaker 1: Wallace Ince, and Philippine Lieutenant Normando Reyes, to go on

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Speaker 1: air and demoralize American troops who might listen to their show,

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Speaker 1: called The Zero Hour. Iv A befriended the men and

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Speaker 1: smuggled them food. Unaware of the friendship, the station assigned

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Speaker 1: her to work on the show with the men. Going

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Speaker 1: by the pseudonym Orphan Anne or Orphan Annie, Iva played

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Speaker 1: music and assisted in a few comedy sketches. After shows

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Speaker 1: that received criticism for their poor English grammar, responsibility for

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Speaker 1: writing the scripts fell the cousins, Ins and Reyes. The

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Speaker 1: language barrier worked in the men's favor, and they took

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Speaker 1: to using double entendres and sarcasm in their scripts. Iva

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Speaker 1: also joined in telling any Allied forces listening that she

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Speaker 1: was their best enemy. In short, she told listeners that

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Speaker 1: she was on their side. Japanese officials never caught on.

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Speaker 1: Iva's voice became well known during the show's a year

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Speaker 1: and a half run, though her identity remained into mystery.

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Speaker 1: Troops began calling her and other unknown Japanese women propagandists

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Speaker 1: Tokyo rose In Iva married one Philippe Takino, who she

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Speaker 1: met through the station, and with the war over, Iva

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Speaker 1: looked forward to returning home. Though she had little money,

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Speaker 1: time was not on her side. She needed to get

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Speaker 1: home to her parents, and the US was looking for

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Speaker 1: radio propagandists, so when two reporters offered up two thousand

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Speaker 1: dollars for an interview with the mysterious Tokio, rose Iva answered.

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Speaker 1: She never received a penny, though, and US officials and

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Speaker 1: Yokohama quickly arrested her. They kept Iva in custody for

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Speaker 1: a year while General Douglas MacArthur's staff and the FBI

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Speaker 1: investigated her. Neither found any evidence that suggested she had

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Speaker 1: committed treason. Iva, now pregnant, was free to return home.

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Speaker 1: News for clearance and her interview detail allowing her attempts

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Speaker 1: to help the POWs and Allied forces had spread across

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Speaker 1: the country, but radio personality and gossip columnist Walter Winchell

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Speaker 1: launched a campaign against her. His rhetorics sold plenty of

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Speaker 1: newspapers and gained him the support of the American Legion.

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Speaker 1: Even those in General Douglas's army of counter intelligence couldn't

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Speaker 1: convince them of her innocence, Winchell and the Legion pushed

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Speaker 1: to try Iva on US soil. On September twenty five,

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Speaker 1: Iva was arrested on eight counts of treason. The prosecution

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Speaker 1: found Japanese Americans who claimed Iva had bad mouth to

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Speaker 1: the United States during her broadcasts. The testimony didn't match

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Speaker 1: the broadcasts, but that didn't matter to the court. Neither

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Speaker 1: did the rumor that the witnesses had been coached. Her

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Speaker 1: citizenship was revoked and the court sentenced her at a

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Speaker 1: time in the Federal Reformatory for Women in West Virginia.

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Speaker 1: After six years and two months, she was granted role. Afterward,

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Speaker 1: I've relocated to Chicago and worked for her father, though

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Speaker 1: she could never restore her reputation, at least not until

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Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, when Sixty Minutes investigated her story of

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Speaker 1: prompting the change she saw President gerald Ford pardoned her

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Speaker 1: in and in two thousand and six, just months before

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Speaker 1: her death, the World War Two Veterans Committee presented the

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Speaker 1: ninety year old Iva with the Edward J. Hurleyhy Citizenship

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Speaker 1: Award for her courage, spirit and unyielding patriotism. American Shadows

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Speaker 1: is hosted by Lauren Vogelbaum. This episode was written by

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Speaker 1: Michelle Muto, researched by Ali Steed, and produced by Miranda

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Speaker 1: Hawkins and Trevor Young, with executive producers Aaron Mackey, Alex Williams,

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Speaker 1: and Matt Frederick. To learn more about the show at

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Speaker 1: grim and mil dot com. From more podcasts from I

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Speaker 1: Heeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or

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Speaker 1: wherever you get your podcasts. H