WEBVTT - Queen Teuta the Untameable 0:00:01.560 --> 0:00:05.200 Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shonda Land Audio in 0:00:05.280 --> 0:00:13.240 partnership with I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the 0:00:13.280 --> 0:00:17.560 fourth season of Criminalia. It's pirate season. This time we're 0:00:17.560 --> 0:00:19.759 exploring the lives and motivations of some of the most 0:00:19.840 --> 0:00:24.880 notorious freebooters throughout history. I'm Maria Tremarqui and I'm Holly 0:00:24.920 --> 0:00:28.360 fry So. She has been called the Pirate Queen, the 0:00:28.520 --> 0:00:33.760 Fierce Queen, and Toyota the Untamable. She was born probably 0:00:33.880 --> 0:00:37.600 around two d sixty b C and died around or 0:00:37.640 --> 0:00:43.199 shortly after to BC. Queen to Jota is often considered 0:00:43.240 --> 0:00:46.880 the pirate Queen of Antiquity, but that's actually a little 0:00:47.000 --> 0:00:49.920 bit misleading, and it's misleading because she was not actually 0:00:49.920 --> 0:00:53.239 a pirate herself. While she might not be known for 0:00:53.360 --> 0:00:57.240 personally pillaging and looting, she is known for commanding an 0:00:57.360 --> 0:01:00.680 army of pirates throughout the Adriatic and mediterran Indian seas, 0:01:01.520 --> 0:01:05.479 and she's also known for defying the Roman Republic. Toyota 0:01:05.680 --> 0:01:08.960 was the second wife of Agrin, king of the Illyrians, 0:01:08.959 --> 0:01:12.640 and stepmother to Agrin infant son. We are not sure 0:01:12.640 --> 0:01:16.160 of the pronunciation on this one. We are guessing Pine's. 0:01:17.000 --> 0:01:20.160 Under his leadership, the Ardian Kingdom went through a period 0:01:20.160 --> 0:01:23.760 of expansion, and Agrin was the first king to unify 0:01:23.840 --> 0:01:27.840 the tribes and regions between the Adriatic coast, from land 0:01:27.920 --> 0:01:30.920 that's now modern day Slovenia all the way to part 0:01:31.000 --> 0:01:35.679 of the Balkan Peninsula in Albania. The Illyrians were tribes 0:01:35.720 --> 0:01:38.400 and states of people with similar language and customs, and 0:01:38.480 --> 0:01:41.000 they all lived in the same region. They were a 0:01:41.200 --> 0:01:44.800 loosely and I'm going to review that loosely tied nation. 0:01:45.200 --> 0:01:47.600 It's believed that the name was originally the name of 0:01:47.600 --> 0:01:51.440 a single tribe, and that upon meeting the ancient Greeks 0:01:51.440 --> 0:01:54.720 and Romans misunderstood that and called all the tribes and 0:01:54.760 --> 0:01:58.560 states in the area Illyrians. Because of the available information, 0:01:58.600 --> 0:02:01.520 we're actually going to just use the word Illyrian in 0:02:01.520 --> 0:02:04.760 that more blanket sense. But keep in mind throughout that 0:02:04.800 --> 0:02:07.000 we are not talking about a monolith, and that this 0:02:07.120 --> 0:02:12.760 is a construct of historians outside this culture. Now you 0:02:12.840 --> 0:02:16.400 may recognize the Illyrians because the name appears in Greek 0:02:16.440 --> 0:02:19.880 mythology in battle in the legend of Cadmus and Harmonia. 0:02:20.480 --> 0:02:23.480 But to be clear, the Illyrians were also real people 0:02:23.760 --> 0:02:25.840 and we're going to be talking about the real people 0:02:25.960 --> 0:02:28.760 and pirates and violence that took place during the third 0:02:28.800 --> 0:02:33.280 century during Queen Toota's reign. King Argun ruled during the 0:02:33.320 --> 0:02:36.120 second half of the third century BC. He was the 0:02:36.200 --> 0:02:40.800 king who brought the Illyrian ships under the leader's umbrella control. 0:02:40.919 --> 0:02:47.239 So previously these sailors had been independent, let's call them entrepreneurs, 0:02:47.280 --> 0:02:50.840 and taking all they could get for themselves until the 0:02:50.960 --> 0:02:54.639 king made their piracy part of his state policy. Agrin 0:02:54.720 --> 0:02:57.519 grew to have the most powerful army and navy of 0:02:57.600 --> 0:03:01.560 Illyrian rulers before him, and among his neighboring lands as well. 0:03:02.320 --> 0:03:05.200 Although he won and lost many battles, he is best 0:03:05.280 --> 0:03:09.160 known for his victory over the Aetolian League in western Greece, 0:03:09.760 --> 0:03:12.200 but it was this battle against the Aetolians that would 0:03:12.240 --> 0:03:15.440 also be his end. Around two thirty one b c. 0:03:15.600 --> 0:03:20.120 E Agrin died subtly. Some accounts suggest that the king 0:03:20.280 --> 0:03:23.840 was known to celebrate with the crews of his victorious ships, 0:03:24.320 --> 0:03:28.800 and that this time he overindulged. Other versions suggest that 0:03:28.840 --> 0:03:32.720 he died from complications of pleurisy, and yet others kind 0:03:32.760 --> 0:03:36.000 of make a combination package of this and suggest that 0:03:36.080 --> 0:03:39.680 he died of complications of pleuracy because he partied too 0:03:39.680 --> 0:03:43.680 hard with the pirates. When he died. Piny's, though the 0:03:43.760 --> 0:03:47.360 king's only heir, did not rule. He was actually really 0:03:47.480 --> 0:03:50.240 very young when his father died, and Toyota stepped in 0:03:50.280 --> 0:03:52.920 to act as queen regent over the kingdom in his place. 0:03:53.680 --> 0:03:57.040 So what we know about her rule are primarily accounts 0:03:57.080 --> 0:04:01.240 of her pro piracy laws. Writ accounts of her, though 0:04:01.280 --> 0:04:05.119 have been considered sexist by some, and in general, are 0:04:05.160 --> 0:04:07.880 all written with a very pro Greek or pro Roman 0:04:07.920 --> 0:04:11.360 point of view. They were, after all written by ancient 0:04:11.440 --> 0:04:14.800 Greeks and Romans. As we go along, remember it is 0:04:14.840 --> 0:04:16.960 often best to take things with a green of salt. 0:04:17.360 --> 0:04:19.839 Anytime you're talking about events as far back as the 0:04:19.880 --> 0:04:23.159 third century b c. The distance of time has made 0:04:23.160 --> 0:04:26.880 things a little blurry. What's interesting and important about that 0:04:27.279 --> 0:04:30.799 is that the guy who primarily wrote about thrown Republic's 0:04:30.880 --> 0:04:34.159 rise to power also wrote about this queen, and that's 0:04:34.200 --> 0:04:36.839 the account from which we draw most of our knowledge 0:04:36.839 --> 0:04:42.880 about Toyota. Enter Polybius. Polybius was a Greek statesman and historian. 0:04:43.279 --> 0:04:47.240 His works include a now lost manual on military tactics, 0:04:47.279 --> 0:04:50.280 but he is best known for his writings called the Histories. 0:04:50.960 --> 0:04:54.400 Polybius was known to conduct interviews. He was essentially an 0:04:54.400 --> 0:04:58.159 early journalist, and he was considered to be an analytical historian. 0:04:59.000 --> 0:05:02.679 The details of out many events from history are based 0:05:02.680 --> 0:05:07.000 on his interpretation and his writing about it. Today's scholars 0:05:07.040 --> 0:05:09.920 accept his work more or less at face value, largely 0:05:09.960 --> 0:05:14.599 because he himself outed an approach that recorded history should 0:05:14.640 --> 0:05:19.640 always have eyewitness accounts to verify any story. Modern historians 0:05:19.680 --> 0:05:23.760 Andrew Curry and Craig Champion consider Polybius to be we quote, 0:05:23.800 --> 0:05:30.240 fairly reliable and remarkably well informed, industrious, and insightful. We 0:05:30.320 --> 0:05:33.320 will actually hear a lot of his thoughts as we continue, 0:05:33.360 --> 0:05:35.599 but right now we're going to take a break for 0:05:35.640 --> 0:05:38.640 a word from our sponsor, and when we're back, we'll 0:05:38.680 --> 0:05:47.279 talk about a queen who authorized piracy in her kingdom. 0:05:47.320 --> 0:05:51.159 Welcome back to Criminalia. Let's start by talking about what 0:05:51.279 --> 0:05:56.480 the historian Polybius thought of Toyota. Polibius wrote about Toyota, 0:05:56.600 --> 0:05:59.800 but he also wrote about her husband, Agrant. I mean 0:06:00.040 --> 0:06:04.360 quote him here, Agrin, he wrote, possessed the most powerful force, 0:06:04.440 --> 0:06:07.560 both by land and sea, of any of the kings 0:06:07.560 --> 0:06:12.400 who had reigned in Illyria before him. He described Toyota, 0:06:12.440 --> 0:06:16.240 though as having a quote woman's natural shortness of you. 0:06:17.160 --> 0:06:19.560 He wrote that she quote could see nothing but the 0:06:19.600 --> 0:06:22.560 recent success and had no eyes of what was going 0:06:22.600 --> 0:06:25.880 on elsewhere. But what he does go on to mention 0:06:25.920 --> 0:06:29.520 about her is that the queen supported and encouraged piracy 0:06:29.600 --> 0:06:33.680 among her people and ordered her vessels to treat everyone 0:06:33.839 --> 0:06:37.839 as an enemy. The Illyrians had a long and story 0:06:37.880 --> 0:06:41.440 and pirating tradition. They had long been praying on Italian 0:06:41.480 --> 0:06:45.200 merchants who traded in the Adriatic Sea. Just as under 0:06:45.240 --> 0:06:48.799 the deceased King Agrin, piracy was legal. Under the Queen, 0:06:49.200 --> 0:06:54.120 she outwardly supported and encouraged piracy, and throughout her whole 0:06:54.160 --> 0:06:57.560 reign she kept it legal. In fact, it was considered 0:06:57.600 --> 0:07:01.200 a suitable, if not respectable, way of making a living 0:07:01.240 --> 0:07:04.960 in her kingdom. Piracy brought her more wealth and allowed 0:07:04.960 --> 0:07:08.240 her to show up her own resources. As queen and 0:07:08.480 --> 0:07:12.880 commander of the Illyrian pirates, Toyota was bold. Remember, she 0:07:12.960 --> 0:07:14.960 wasn't doing it herself, but she was giving all of 0:07:15.000 --> 0:07:18.800 the orders. She sanctioned piracy in the Adriatic and the 0:07:18.840 --> 0:07:23.640 Mediterranean seas. She authorized those engaging in piracy. They were 0:07:23.640 --> 0:07:27.360 actually given licenses. These were letters of mark and reprisal 0:07:27.840 --> 0:07:31.320 issued by the government, making it legal for private citizens 0:07:31.360 --> 0:07:34.960 to basically become legal pirates. That was a career path. 0:07:35.360 --> 0:07:38.040 They are known, of course as privateers or corsairs, and 0:07:38.080 --> 0:07:41.640 they're basically pirates who got paid to do it to you. 0:07:41.720 --> 0:07:44.720 To use her privateers as her own private army, which 0:07:44.760 --> 0:07:48.840 sailed in well armed ships. They were allowed to attack 0:07:48.880 --> 0:07:51.960 and capture merchant vessels at sea and pillage what they 0:07:52.000 --> 0:07:55.559 could find on land. And it was all legal, whether 0:07:55.600 --> 0:07:57.800 the victim was of a nation at war with the 0:07:57.800 --> 0:08:01.560 Illyrians or not. And it's the end that the Illyrians 0:08:01.800 --> 0:08:05.640 became well known and maybe infamous or feared are better 0:08:05.680 --> 0:08:09.800 words here for looting merchant chips. I'm just thinking about 0:08:09.840 --> 0:08:13.280 the concept of, yes, this is your job, and also 0:08:13.400 --> 0:08:16.040 you can do whatever illegal thing you want, but that's fine. 0:08:16.040 --> 0:08:18.680 It's it's still your job, and we'll sanction it, and 0:08:18.720 --> 0:08:20.360 I'm gonna give you. This thing looks like a driver's 0:08:20.360 --> 0:08:26.040 license in riinal in the Histories, Polybius wrote of the 0:08:26.120 --> 0:08:30.040 queen quote. Her first measure was to grant license to privateers, 0:08:30.600 --> 0:08:33.680 authorizing them to plunder all whom they fell in with. 0:08:34.160 --> 0:08:37.160 And she next collected a fleet and military force as 0:08:37.280 --> 0:08:40.480 large as the former one, and dispatched them with general 0:08:40.520 --> 0:08:44.400 instructions to the leaders to regard every land as belonging 0:08:44.440 --> 0:08:48.360 to an enemy. He continued on about Toyota, saying from 0:08:48.440 --> 0:08:53.000 time immemorial the Illyrians had oppressed in pillaged vessels sailing 0:08:53.040 --> 0:08:56.400 from Italy. They committed acts of piracy on a number 0:08:56.400 --> 0:08:59.920 of Italian merchants. Some they merely plundered, others they murder, 0:09:00.160 --> 0:09:03.600 and a great many they carried off alive into captivity. 0:09:03.840 --> 0:09:07.920 The Illyrians who sailed sailed three main types of warships. 0:09:07.960 --> 0:09:12.120 These were Lembo, the Priests, and the Laburna. All of 0:09:12.120 --> 0:09:15.040 these were pretty good for pirating. The priest ease was 0:09:15.160 --> 0:09:19.040 long and narrow as a warship. The Laburnian warship was 0:09:19.080 --> 0:09:22.760 powerful and it was propelled by oars. But their fastest 0:09:22.920 --> 0:09:25.840 and most agile, and a very common choice for those 0:09:25.880 --> 0:09:29.640 engaging in piracy, was the Lembo. This had a single 0:09:29.679 --> 0:09:32.760 bank of oars and no sales, and it was considered 0:09:32.800 --> 0:09:35.200 the best of the best of transport ships in the 0:09:35.240 --> 0:09:39.559 ancient world. It said the Illarians packed as many as 0:09:39.640 --> 0:09:43.079 one hundred pirates into the vessel's tight galley, and that 0:09:43.200 --> 0:09:47.280 was fifteen a row and fifty to fight. But probably 0:09:47.360 --> 0:09:50.640 give her take on those number of rowers, that seems 0:09:50.640 --> 0:09:54.920 really high. So the Llarian piracy it worked like this, 0:09:55.200 --> 0:09:59.640 and it seems very piraty. Actually, crews in Lembo Is 0:09:59.679 --> 0:10:02.600 hidden sheltered places along the coast, and they waited for 0:10:02.640 --> 0:10:06.000 merchant ships to comby, and when one did, they would 0:10:06.080 --> 0:10:09.160 row until they were alongside, they'd board, and then they'd 0:10:09.160 --> 0:10:11.920 overwhelmed the crew and take whatever it was that they wanted. 0:10:12.200 --> 0:10:14.480 Very efficient. That's why they need fifty dudes, because they 0:10:14.559 --> 0:10:18.000 got to be fast and shock about it. Merchants who 0:10:18.000 --> 0:10:20.880 were being plundered by these pirate ships asked for help 0:10:20.960 --> 0:10:23.520 from the states on the shores of the Adriatic, but 0:10:23.600 --> 0:10:26.640 no one really had the forces needed to fight these pirates, 0:10:27.040 --> 0:10:29.280 and at this time the Romans really didn't see the 0:10:29.320 --> 0:10:32.720 need to get involved. Because the Illyrians had attacked a 0:10:32.800 --> 0:10:36.480 few merchants and threatened a lot of others. Encouraged by 0:10:36.520 --> 0:10:40.360 their pirate commanding queen, and with no or very few 0:10:40.480 --> 0:10:46.200 repercussions from anyone else, crews increased their intensity of the attacks. 0:10:46.880 --> 0:10:50.640 Allarian pirates overtook the city of Finichet, and more than 0:10:50.760 --> 0:10:55.079 once actually, although sometimes the Allarians were forced to withdraw 0:10:55.120 --> 0:10:58.480 their own troops because of an internal rebellion. It didn't 0:10:58.520 --> 0:11:01.360 happen all the time, but in fighting among tribes was 0:11:01.640 --> 0:11:05.040 way more common than you might guess. When not fighting 0:11:05.120 --> 0:11:09.920 among themselves, the Illyrian pirates did attack others. They violently 0:11:09.960 --> 0:11:14.360 defeated a Pirochet forces sent to fortify Finachet. Many were 0:11:14.440 --> 0:11:16.760 killed or captured, and it said that a garrison of 0:11:16.840 --> 0:11:22.040 eight hundred men surrendered to Toyota's pirate crews. This was 0:11:22.080 --> 0:11:25.480 an attention grabbing event. So, for example, had this happened 0:11:25.520 --> 0:11:28.080 in a time when media was widespread, it would have 0:11:28.120 --> 0:11:30.480 been front page news kind of all over the globe. 0:11:30.880 --> 0:11:34.440 Their piracy in the Adriatic, which included raiding Roman and 0:11:34.480 --> 0:11:38.720 Greek ships and coastal settlements, finally did catch the attention 0:11:38.760 --> 0:11:42.040 of Rome. It was when Toyota's pirate ships began attacking 0:11:42.160 --> 0:11:45.920 Roman vessels that things started to escalate. So we're gonna 0:11:45.960 --> 0:11:47.840 take a quick break for a word from a sponsor, 0:11:47.960 --> 0:11:50.640 and when we're back, let's talk about why the Roman 0:11:50.679 --> 0:11:58.360 Republic would care at all about Queen Toyota. Welcome back 0:11:58.360 --> 0:12:01.600 to criminalia. Now let's talk about the time when Queen 0:12:01.679 --> 0:12:07.480 Toyota assassinated one or maybe two Roman envoys. Okay, so 0:12:07.600 --> 0:12:09.680 we have to lay the groundwork for what's going on. 0:12:09.720 --> 0:12:13.840 At this time, the Roman Republic had just defeated the Carthaginians. 0:12:14.240 --> 0:12:18.160 Because Rome had eyes on controlling the Mediterranean. They wanted 0:12:18.200 --> 0:12:22.120 this thriving port and this trading area, the Republic declared 0:12:22.160 --> 0:12:24.840 war in what became known as the First Punic War. 0:12:25.440 --> 0:12:28.560 Olybia's described the Punic Wars. There were three between the 0:12:28.559 --> 0:12:33.080 empires as quote, the longest and most severely contested war 0:12:33.200 --> 0:12:37.640 in history. The Punic Wars were basically two empires battling 0:12:37.679 --> 0:12:40.640 for control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. And this 0:12:40.800 --> 0:12:43.760 could easily be a whole episode in its own right 0:12:43.880 --> 0:12:48.280 if we were covering international conflicts instead of pirates. That 0:12:48.640 --> 0:12:51.960 victory for the Romans was important because it boosted the 0:12:52.040 --> 0:12:55.840 Roman Republic's influence across the Mediterranean. But there was another 0:12:55.960 --> 0:12:58.680 rival on the rise that could get in their way, 0:12:59.040 --> 0:13:02.280 and that's too so Toota and her assembly of pirates 0:13:02.280 --> 0:13:05.280 had begun to threaten and pillage vessels along trade routes 0:13:05.440 --> 0:13:09.040 that ran across the Adriatic Sea. And Roman vessels were 0:13:09.080 --> 0:13:14.080 pillaged as well. Rome sent two envoys, Gaius and Lucius Corincanius, 0:13:14.200 --> 0:13:16.320 to meet with the queen, and this was to try 0:13:16.320 --> 0:13:20.719 to dissuade her from continuing to pursue and encourage piracy. 0:13:20.920 --> 0:13:23.600 She insisted that she was simply not responsible for the 0:13:23.640 --> 0:13:28.600 actions of Illyrian privateers. Toyota said to have replied, quote, 0:13:28.679 --> 0:13:31.440 it was never the custom of royalty to prevent the 0:13:31.480 --> 0:13:34.679 advantage of its subjects that they could get from the sea. 0:13:35.160 --> 0:13:37.560 It is said that when one of the envoys sharply 0:13:37.600 --> 0:13:41.040 disagreed with her on this point, she ordered one of them, 0:13:41.120 --> 0:13:44.920 and possibly both of them killed. But here there are 0:13:44.960 --> 0:13:48.319 other accounts that suggest the queen's meeting with the Roman 0:13:48.400 --> 0:13:51.760 envoys went a little bit differently. In one really stand 0:13:51.800 --> 0:13:55.439 out account by a Roman historian, it's written that Toota 0:13:55.520 --> 0:13:58.839 had not yet risen to power when the Roman Senate 0:13:58.960 --> 0:14:02.560 sent in there too ambassadors, and that changes the story 0:14:02.640 --> 0:14:06.199 quite a bit if it's true. Regardless of whether Toyota 0:14:06.280 --> 0:14:08.920 had already become the scourge of the Mediterranean or not, 0:14:09.480 --> 0:14:12.559 the Roman Republic was in a really strong position when 0:14:12.600 --> 0:14:16.520 Toyota hit their radar. They had unified Italy, and they 0:14:16.559 --> 0:14:20.480 had recently defeated a significant rival for control over strategic 0:14:20.520 --> 0:14:24.000 positions in the Mediterranean Sea, and they were now the 0:14:24.120 --> 0:14:28.800 largest presence in the Mediterranean, but Toyota refused to submit 0:14:28.880 --> 0:14:32.680 to them. Toyota's power was increasing, and after brutal attacks 0:14:32.680 --> 0:14:35.720 from her pirates on Roman trading vessels, the treatment of 0:14:35.760 --> 0:14:39.440 their envoys, and the fact that they really really wanted 0:14:39.480 --> 0:14:43.240 trade in the Adriatic, the Romans Senate deployed their navy 0:14:43.320 --> 0:14:46.920 against her. And when the Romans attacked, they were fearce 0:14:47.120 --> 0:14:51.560 and methodical, and they tried to parlay that loose association 0:14:51.640 --> 0:14:54.920 of groups that made up the Illyrians into suggesting that 0:14:55.000 --> 0:14:58.800 pirates sailing for Toyota had been pressed into it. They 0:14:58.840 --> 0:15:02.760 traveled up the Adriatic coast quote freeing again that is, 0:15:02.880 --> 0:15:07.320 with quotes, freeing these Illyrian crews along the way, and 0:15:07.400 --> 0:15:09.360 each of these boats was told that they were now 0:15:09.440 --> 0:15:13.960 under Roman protection. Again that's air quotes, although Rome didn't 0:15:14.080 --> 0:15:18.520 station any troops in these allegedly newly freed areas, so 0:15:18.600 --> 0:15:23.040 there really was no protection there whatsoever. They also tried 0:15:23.080 --> 0:15:26.400 to convince the Illyrian pirates that the Roman Republic was 0:15:26.440 --> 0:15:30.040 their new and one more time with those air quotes. Friend, Hey, 0:15:30.080 --> 0:15:34.120 we're friends. We're pals. Listening, guys, Friends don't attack friends. 0:15:34.200 --> 0:15:39.280 Everybody be cool. It was around this time that Demetrius Afaris, 0:15:39.320 --> 0:15:43.880 he was the advisor slash military general to Toyota, he 0:15:44.080 --> 0:15:47.640 turned traitor. Seeing that the odds were not good against Rome, 0:15:47.760 --> 0:15:51.000 or just maybe out of fear, he turned his loyalties 0:15:51.040 --> 0:15:54.120 away from the queen and collaborated with the republic instead, 0:15:54.280 --> 0:15:57.160 and he even acted as Rome's counsel in the war 0:15:57.280 --> 0:16:02.080 against Toyota, and that betrayal was decisive in the conflict. 0:16:02.480 --> 0:16:05.520 Over the course of just a few weeks, Rome destroyed 0:16:05.560 --> 0:16:09.560 Toyota's kingdom and the unification of Illyrian tribes that King 0:16:09.560 --> 0:16:13.680 Agrin had accomplished was gone. This was the beginning of 0:16:13.720 --> 0:16:16.200 what would come to be known as the Illyrian Wars, 0:16:16.360 --> 0:16:19.640 a series of conflicts between Rome and the Illyrians for 0:16:19.800 --> 0:16:23.760 control of trade across the Adriatic Sea. The first battle, 0:16:23.800 --> 0:16:27.680 which is this battle we're talking about, lasted for two years, 0:16:28.320 --> 0:16:33.040 and when the Romans completely overwhelmed the Illyrian garrison at Coursyra, 0:16:33.680 --> 0:16:37.840 Queen Toyotas surrendered. Rome placed a few terms on her surrender, 0:16:38.200 --> 0:16:42.800 including of course abdication of the throne. Many accounts report 0:16:42.840 --> 0:16:45.680 that Toyota was actually given a small region that she 0:16:45.760 --> 0:16:48.800 could rule, but we can't prove that that's not verified 0:16:48.840 --> 0:16:51.600 in any sort of real way. There are, of course 0:16:51.880 --> 0:16:55.440 a few versions of what happened when to surrendered. There's 0:16:55.560 --> 0:16:58.360 one that says she begged the Romans for a truth. 0:16:58.760 --> 0:17:01.280 There's another that says she was fined and forced to 0:17:01.320 --> 0:17:04.840 surrender most of her kingdom to the Republic. And there 0:17:04.920 --> 0:17:06.880 was one thing that seemed to be part of a 0:17:06.920 --> 0:17:10.320 few of these stories, actually that she was forbidden from 0:17:10.400 --> 0:17:13.159 ever again setting sail with more than two ships that 0:17:13.200 --> 0:17:17.800 would be two membos, in particular beyond southern Olaria. This 0:17:17.840 --> 0:17:20.240 one comes up a lot because I think it makes 0:17:20.280 --> 0:17:23.560 sense this would keep her personally from engaging in piracy 0:17:23.600 --> 0:17:26.840 and with pirates and with her pirate crews. The final 0:17:26.920 --> 0:17:30.720 one here is actually much different about her surrender, and 0:17:31.000 --> 0:17:35.280 this story in her legend tells that she allegedly threw 0:17:35.320 --> 0:17:37.879 herself off of a cliff rather than surrender to the 0:17:37.960 --> 0:17:43.040 Roman Republic. Perhaps not surprisingly and almost certainly because it's 0:17:43.040 --> 0:17:46.400 the most dramatic, The most popular story of her surrender 0:17:46.560 --> 0:17:48.879 is that one where she throws herself off of the cliff, 0:17:49.480 --> 0:17:52.240 and that piece of her legend remains today as a 0:17:52.280 --> 0:17:55.320 curse on Risin. That's an ancient town in the Bay 0:17:55.320 --> 0:17:59.440 of kod Or, Montenegro. That curse rising is a town 0:17:59.520 --> 0:18:01.480 that too, it had fled to and is now the 0:18:01.520 --> 0:18:04.440 only town in the region without a real seafaring tradition, 0:18:05.040 --> 0:18:07.879 and the lord tells us that before plunging to her death, 0:18:08.280 --> 0:18:10.680 she cursed this town to never be able to build 0:18:10.720 --> 0:18:14.160 a seafaring vessel there, basically saying, if I die here, 0:18:14.240 --> 0:18:17.320 so does this region's relationship with the sea. Despite the 0:18:17.359 --> 0:18:19.960 fact that that is the most dramatic and most popular 0:18:20.080 --> 0:18:23.240 story of her death, we don't actually know if that's 0:18:23.240 --> 0:18:25.520 how she died. We don't know at all how her 0:18:25.560 --> 0:18:28.200 life ended, and if she didn't die. At this point, 0:18:28.200 --> 0:18:33.560 it's unclear what happened to this pirate queen after there's 0:18:33.600 --> 0:18:36.160 no evidence that would corroborate the jumping off a cliff 0:18:36.200 --> 0:18:39.960 to her death story. Neither has a tomb ever been uncovered, 0:18:40.000 --> 0:18:42.919 so we don't know the reason for anyone's cause of 0:18:42.920 --> 0:18:45.480 death in the story. Because of the same reason. It's 0:18:45.520 --> 0:18:49.320 the third century b C. So it's not entirely strange. 0:18:49.400 --> 0:18:51.879 And as we said, given how far back these events 0:18:51.920 --> 0:18:54.800 took place, it's sometimes really hard to know. So when 0:18:54.800 --> 0:18:57.480 it comes to Toyota, we don't know if she was 0:18:57.560 --> 0:19:01.200 better or worse or completely different than a historians captured 0:19:01.200 --> 0:19:04.000 and wrote down. And the same is really true of 0:19:04.040 --> 0:19:08.080 everyone that we just talked about. History, modern and ancient 0:19:08.280 --> 0:19:11.680 is full of rulers who were powerful women, women who 0:19:11.920 --> 0:19:14.399 might stand up to the Roman Republic, women who are 0:19:14.440 --> 0:19:17.359 still celebrated today, whether they led an army of pirates 0:19:17.760 --> 0:19:20.320 or they did the pirate ing themselves. So Toyota has 0:19:20.320 --> 0:19:23.239 her own sort of folk hero status, even if her 0:19:23.280 --> 0:19:29.919 story can't be verified. Corea, would you like to step 0:19:29.920 --> 0:19:35.720 inside the groggery, I will be right there, okay. So 0:19:36.480 --> 0:19:40.520 I wanted to think about uh spirit that is associated 0:19:40.520 --> 0:19:44.440 with the Mediterranean. Now, if you look up Albanian spirits, 0:19:44.480 --> 0:19:47.440 a lot of them are very fruit based. Those are 0:19:47.440 --> 0:19:50.960 cool and it's very um if you'll forgive the accidental 0:19:51.160 --> 0:19:54.959 kind of wordsmanship, they're they're very right for potential experimentation. 0:19:55.160 --> 0:19:58.360 But this is another one where I wanted to make 0:19:58.440 --> 0:20:01.520 something that might not be what people think they will like, 0:20:01.680 --> 0:20:04.879 but it's surprisingly yummy, so instead I went with another 0:20:04.960 --> 0:20:11.159 Mediterranean spirit. It starts with uzo. Oh my god, all right, 0:20:11.240 --> 0:20:14.399 so what are we calling? So I love Uso, and 0:20:14.440 --> 0:20:16.879 I know it's not for everyone because it's you know, 0:20:17.840 --> 0:20:21.159 annas and it has that LICORICEI flavor. I love an 0:20:21.160 --> 0:20:26.600 Anna set, I love any of the European liquorice liqueurs 0:20:26.640 --> 0:20:29.240 I'm into. But I thought it would be fun since 0:20:29.280 --> 0:20:31.720 that you know, is most associated with Grease, which was 0:20:31.760 --> 0:20:35.439 an area where she was sailing and potentially, like some 0:20:35.600 --> 0:20:38.320 of her privateers, may have brought her some back, so 0:20:38.480 --> 0:20:41.040 it ties into the whole story. And I also wanted 0:20:41.080 --> 0:20:44.960 to do something that nods to the Uso citrus in 0:20:44.960 --> 0:20:47.200 the area, which is pretty common both in the cuisine 0:20:47.240 --> 0:20:51.080 and the beverages. So it's essentially a lemonade and uzo 0:20:51.119 --> 0:20:54.320 bas drink. I'm calling it too discurse, but it it 0:20:54.400 --> 0:20:57.760 isn't a curse. It's in fact delicious. You made me 0:20:57.760 --> 0:21:02.919 a drink, right. So I discovered in prepping for this 0:21:03.000 --> 0:21:05.040 that if you squirrel around online, there are a lot 0:21:05.119 --> 0:21:07.280 of people that do kind of a lemonade with uzo, 0:21:07.600 --> 0:21:10.879 and there are variations. Mine is the easy peasy version 0:21:11.359 --> 0:21:13.240 because most of them want you to do like a 0:21:13.359 --> 0:21:17.520 more from the ground up, from scratch kind of lemonade 0:21:17.520 --> 0:21:19.760 base where you use lemon juice and water and you 0:21:19.800 --> 0:21:22.879 add honey or some of their sweetener. I think you 0:21:22.920 --> 0:21:26.400 can just grab lemonade from the store. It's fine, um. 0:21:26.440 --> 0:21:28.840 And I did that, and I got like a lower 0:21:28.880 --> 0:21:31.800 sugar lemonade because I usually do. It is one ounce 0:21:31.840 --> 0:21:37.159 of uzo, one ounce of vodka. I used a citrus vodka, 0:21:37.200 --> 0:21:41.119 like a grapefruit vodka, and that was yummy. But you 0:21:41.160 --> 0:21:44.560 can also just use your basic, straight clean vodka. And 0:21:44.600 --> 0:21:48.040 then I did about five ounces of lemonade and I 0:21:48.119 --> 0:21:50.400 shook it all together and just poured it over ice. 0:21:51.200 --> 0:21:53.680 You can, you know, garnish that with a piece of citrus, 0:21:53.800 --> 0:21:55.560 or with a little mint sprig if you want to 0:21:55.560 --> 0:21:59.160 just add a nice aromatic to it. Here's what's interesting. 0:22:00.800 --> 0:22:03.160 I'll have everyone know that. She lenned in and she said, 0:22:05.480 --> 0:22:08.280 here's the thing. I know that not everybody likes licorice 0:22:08.320 --> 0:22:12.920 flavored things. Annis doesn't work for everyone, including my guinea pig. 0:22:13.200 --> 0:22:16.000 I e my beloved husband, but I asked him. I 0:22:16.080 --> 0:22:19.760 was like, just try this, though, because something happens when 0:22:19.880 --> 0:22:24.280 you mix the uzo and the lemonade where that licoricey 0:22:24.359 --> 0:22:27.560 flavor gets countered by the citrus in a way that 0:22:27.560 --> 0:22:29.800 that makes it not quite what I think most people 0:22:29.800 --> 0:22:32.720 are responding to when they say they don't like annis flavor. 0:22:33.040 --> 0:22:34.800 And he was like, this is not bad at all. 0:22:34.880 --> 0:22:38.359 And so that to me is like a resounding the 0:22:38.480 --> 0:22:41.199 endorsement of his drink, because that's about as enthusiastic as 0:22:41.240 --> 0:22:44.480 he's going to get regarding a cocktail with ingredients he's 0:22:44.480 --> 0:22:50.080 suspicious of. Um. So I absolutely loved it. I thought 0:22:50.080 --> 0:22:53.000 it was so delicious and super yummy, and I see 0:22:53.000 --> 0:22:54.879 why a lot of people have done this sort of 0:22:54.920 --> 0:22:57.399 combo or some variation on it. If you want to 0:22:57.440 --> 0:23:00.359 do a non alcoholic version, it's very easy you, but 0:23:00.600 --> 0:23:02.600 it does require you to be a little bit careful. 0:23:03.040 --> 0:23:06.520 I used a dropper and I put about three drops 0:23:06.560 --> 0:23:09.880 of Annas extract like that you would get for baking, 0:23:10.480 --> 0:23:13.480 in the base of my glass over some ice, and 0:23:13.520 --> 0:23:15.720 then I poured the lemon the lemonade on top of 0:23:15.760 --> 0:23:18.280 it gave it a good stir. The reason I say 0:23:18.320 --> 0:23:20.480 you want to be very careful is that anytime you're 0:23:20.480 --> 0:23:23.520 dealing with an extract, it's so highly concentrated that like, 0:23:23.640 --> 0:23:27.160 you can easily go overboard absolutely, Like you don't want 0:23:27.160 --> 0:23:30.840 to get a single spoon involved. You literally want drops, 0:23:32.400 --> 0:23:36.080 not even your quarter teaspoon, You want only drops. The 0:23:36.119 --> 0:23:38.000 good news is if you overdo it, you can just 0:23:38.080 --> 0:23:40.040 keep adding lemonade until you get the mix you like. 0:23:40.160 --> 0:23:42.639 You can even dilute with water a little bit. Also, 0:23:42.720 --> 0:23:45.040 since we're kind of in that time, even though this 0:23:45.119 --> 0:23:48.000 has been a blistering lye hot summer and it doesn't 0:23:48.000 --> 0:23:50.480 really feel like we're in autumn yet, but it's like 0:23:50.560 --> 0:23:54.960 a nice transition flavor from summer into autumn because that 0:23:55.119 --> 0:23:58.680 liquorice little undercurrent gives it a nice hey, we're heading 0:23:58.720 --> 0:24:06.919 into its or rombust flavors that is Toots curse. I 0:24:06.960 --> 0:24:10.760 am going to drink a lot of these well because 0:24:10.800 --> 0:24:14.000 they're they're interesting. It's an unusual flavor that you're not 0:24:14.080 --> 0:24:16.919