1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:01,960 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I 2 00:00:02,040 --> 00:00:12,880 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to This Day in History Class, 3 00:00:13,240 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: a show that proves there's more than one way to 4 00:00:16,560 --> 00:00:21,480 Speaker 1: make history. I'm Gay Bluesier, and today we're talking about 5 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:33,440 Speaker 1: the seemingly endless rule of Russian President Vladimir Putin. The 6 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:39,839 Speaker 1: day was October seven two. Vladimir Putin was born in 7 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:44,800 Speaker 1: the Soviet city of Leningrad, now known as St. Petersburg, Russia. 8 00:00:45,720 --> 00:00:49,239 Speaker 1: Chances are you've heard a lot about Putin lately, probably 9 00:00:49,280 --> 00:00:52,560 Speaker 1: more than you'd care to. The Russian president has run 10 00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:56,000 Speaker 1: the country for more than two decades, alternating between the 11 00:00:56,080 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: role of Prime Minister and the presidency multiple times. He's 12 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:04,440 Speaker 1: been incredibly active on the world stage during his lengthy tenure, 13 00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:06,959 Speaker 1: and much of that activity has been met with a 14 00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:10,280 Speaker 1: mix of suspicion and outrage by the world at large. 15 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:14,399 Speaker 1: From alleged murders carried out on his command to the 16 00:01:14,440 --> 00:01:19,200 Speaker 1: illegal annexation of Crimea to the invasion of Ukraine, Putin 17 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: has been a very busy despot. Indeed, today we'll take 18 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 1: a closer look at his early life and rise to 19 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:29,080 Speaker 1: power and try to get a better sense of who 20 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:35,720 Speaker 1: Vladimir Putin really is. Vladimir Vladimirovich. Putin was born to 21 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:39,880 Speaker 1: working class parents. His mother, Maria, was an auto worker, 22 00:01:40,080 --> 00:01:43,720 Speaker 1: and his father, Vladimir Senior, was a decorated veteran and 23 00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:47,920 Speaker 1: factory worker. The couple had two other sons, both of 24 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:52,040 Speaker 1: whom died during childhood, one at birth and one during 25 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:55,880 Speaker 1: the Nazi siege of Russia. At the time, the country 26 00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:59,280 Speaker 1: was still known as the Soviet Union, a one party 27 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:04,280 Speaker 1: socialist state that exercised nearly complete control over all aspects 28 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:08,440 Speaker 1: of daily life. Putin grew up under the harsh realities 29 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 1: of this system. His family shared a communal style apartment 30 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,240 Speaker 1: in Leningrad with two other families, and even though religious 31 00:02:16,240 --> 00:02:19,720 Speaker 1: practice was not permitted by the state, his mother secretly 32 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 1: had him baptized as an Orthodox Christian, the church to 33 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:26,839 Speaker 1: which he now claims to be a practicing member. By 34 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:30,440 Speaker 1: all accounts, Vladimir Putin was a typical child from a 35 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:34,040 Speaker 1: modest background. He was an average student in terms of 36 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:37,840 Speaker 1: grades and something of a troublemaker in class, always throwing 37 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:41,160 Speaker 1: a racers at his classmates and blowing off math homework. 38 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:44,920 Speaker 1: In his teenage years, though Putin was chosen to attend 39 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:49,160 Speaker 1: to school for Leningrad's most promising students. Around that time, 40 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: he noticed that some of the other boys his age 41 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:54,799 Speaker 1: were much bigger than he was, so he began learning 42 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: martial arts in order to defend himself. He also developed 43 00:02:58,880 --> 00:03:02,120 Speaker 1: a passion for spot novels, so much so that he 44 00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:05,680 Speaker 1: visited the KGB headquarters while still in school just to 45 00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:08,919 Speaker 1: find out how he could become an agent. Oh and 46 00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:12,440 Speaker 1: for any listeners who might not know, the KGB was 47 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 1: a national security and intelligence agency. Most people think of 48 00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:19,760 Speaker 1: it as the Soviet equivalent of the FBI or the CIA, 49 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 1: but in reality, it was more like a combination of 50 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:26,240 Speaker 1: the two, with a military and police force rolled in 51 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:31,400 Speaker 1: for good measure. On the agency's advice, Putin attended Leningrad 52 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:36,080 Speaker 1: State University and began studying law. Once he graduated, he 53 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: immediately began working in foreign intelligence for the KGB. As 54 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: a young recruit, Putin had very little influence on policy 55 00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:48,520 Speaker 1: and mostly worked as a spy recruiter instead. Still, he 56 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:51,880 Speaker 1: gradually worked his way up over sixteen years or so 57 00:03:52,160 --> 00:03:55,480 Speaker 1: and became a mid level agent. It was close to 58 00:03:55,520 --> 00:03:57,960 Speaker 1: the end of his time with the KGB that Putin 59 00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 1: experienced what many now consider her to be a defining 60 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:05,280 Speaker 1: moment in his life. It happened in nineteen eighty nine 61 00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:08,800 Speaker 1: when Putin was stationed at a KGB office and dressed 62 00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:12,640 Speaker 1: in East Germany. The Cold War was coming to a close, 63 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: and anti Communist protesters had begun gathering on mass to 64 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:20,720 Speaker 1: call for the removal of the Berlin Wall. One particular 65 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: mob had formed outside the KGB offices, threatening to storm 66 00:04:24,839 --> 00:04:27,919 Speaker 1: the building and overthrow the Communist agents who were holed 67 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 1: up inside. Putin wanted to take action and fight back 68 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:34,880 Speaker 1: the mob, but he was told that the KGB could 69 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:39,080 Speaker 1: do nothing until they had received orders from Moscow. In 70 00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:42,200 Speaker 1: the meantime, Putin and the other agents set to work 71 00:04:42,360 --> 00:04:46,760 Speaker 1: burning pile after pile of sensitive documents in the office furnace, 72 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:50,239 Speaker 1: just in case the protesters managed to take the building, 73 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:55,640 Speaker 1: But as they waited and waited, word from Moscow never came. 74 00:04:56,360 --> 00:05:00,200 Speaker 1: Putin interpreted that silence as proof of the instability and 75 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:05,320 Speaker 1: ineffectiveness of the state. He later reflected on the incident, saying, quote, 76 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:09,560 Speaker 1: the business of Moscow is silent. I got the feeling 77 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:13,160 Speaker 1: that the country no longer existed, that it had disappeared. 78 00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:16,200 Speaker 1: It was clear that the Union was ailing, and that 79 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: it had a terminal disease without a cure, a paralysis 80 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:24,200 Speaker 1: of power. That was a difficult idea to reckon with 81 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,320 Speaker 1: for a nationalist like Putin. He had grown up on 82 00:05:27,360 --> 00:05:30,920 Speaker 1: a steady diet of Soviet propaganda about how strong and 83 00:05:30,960 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: resilient the state was. But now he had gotten his 84 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:37,279 Speaker 1: own glimpse behind the Iron Curtain and saw what a 85 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:41,520 Speaker 1: farce it all really was. Not long after the panic 86 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:45,760 Speaker 1: in Dresden, the Soviet Union collapsed completely, and the regime 87 00:05:45,839 --> 00:05:49,320 Speaker 1: Putin had been so proud to serve became a worldwide 88 00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:53,680 Speaker 1: example of how not to run a country. That experience 89 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: provides us with insight on why Putin has been so 90 00:05:56,839 --> 00:06:00,720 Speaker 1: hell bent to restore Russia's superpower status and to present 91 00:06:00,800 --> 00:06:03,839 Speaker 1: himself as a political strong man on the world stage. 92 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:06,960 Speaker 1: It's almost as if he wants to make the rose 93 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:09,440 Speaker 1: tinted view of his country that he had as a 94 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:13,720 Speaker 1: child into a reality in the present day. What might 95 00:06:13,800 --> 00:06:17,160 Speaker 1: be harder to understand is how a middle aged KGB 96 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:20,680 Speaker 1: agent wound up as a four term and potentially six 97 00:06:20,880 --> 00:06:24,680 Speaker 1: term president. The answer, as is the case for many 98 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:27,480 Speaker 1: cushy gigs, is that it's all about who you know. 99 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 1: In Putin's case, he had made quite a few political 100 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:34,680 Speaker 1: connections during his time as an intelligence agent. One in 101 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:39,040 Speaker 1: particular was Ana'toly soap Check, one of Putin's law professors 102 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:42,360 Speaker 1: at university who went on to become the mayor of Leningrad. 103 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:46,120 Speaker 1: When Putin resigned from the KGB in nineteen ninety one, 104 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:50,120 Speaker 1: shortly before the agency was dissolved, soap Check took him 105 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:53,240 Speaker 1: under his wing and helped him navigate the political world 106 00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: during the collapse of the Soviet Union. He even gave 107 00:06:56,600 --> 00:07:01,279 Speaker 1: Putin a job as his international affairs adviser. Putin was 108 00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:04,120 Speaker 1: still a long way from the presidency, but he worked 109 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:06,839 Speaker 1: his way from one civic office to the next until 110 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:10,160 Speaker 1: nineteen ninety six, and his pal soap Check was voted 111 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:13,680 Speaker 1: out as mayor. At that point, Putin was already on 112 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:16,920 Speaker 1: good terms with one of Soabcheck's close friends and government 113 00:07:17,360 --> 00:07:23,239 Speaker 1: Boris Yeltson, the first democratically elected president of Russia. Putin 114 00:07:23,280 --> 00:07:26,440 Speaker 1: moved to Moscow later that year and began working for 115 00:07:26,480 --> 00:07:31,280 Speaker 1: a government agency called the Presidential Property Management Department. Its 116 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:34,120 Speaker 1: task was to move all the assets of the former 117 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:38,640 Speaker 1: Soviet Union over to the newly formed Russian Federation, and 118 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:41,720 Speaker 1: since there had been no private ownership in the previous 119 00:07:41,760 --> 00:07:44,840 Speaker 1: communist state, that meant there was an awful lot of 120 00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:49,520 Speaker 1: property and natural resources to divvy up. As you might imagine, 121 00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:54,320 Speaker 1: that arrangement was a surefire recipe for corruption. The agency's 122 00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:58,320 Speaker 1: officials could award drilling rights, military equipment, and loads of 123 00:07:58,360 --> 00:08:02,560 Speaker 1: other valuables to whoever for the most in return. In fact, 124 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:06,680 Speaker 1: many people speculate that's where Putin began building his vast 125 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:09,800 Speaker 1: personal fortune, which is believed to be in the tens 126 00:08:09,800 --> 00:08:14,600 Speaker 1: of billions today. In the late nineteen nineties, Putin reconnected 127 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:18,440 Speaker 1: with his roots by joining the FSB, the replacement agency 128 00:08:18,520 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: for the KGB. He quickly climbed the ladder there as well, 129 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: and in nine President Yelson appointed Putin as the head 130 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:30,560 Speaker 1: of the FSB. Then less than a year later, Yelson 131 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:34,760 Speaker 1: promoted Putin again by making him the Prime Minister of Russia, 132 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,160 Speaker 1: the second highest rank in the country. That wasn't all, though, 133 00:08:39,640 --> 00:08:43,000 Speaker 1: On that very same day, in August of nineteen ninety nine, 134 00:08:43,320 --> 00:08:46,560 Speaker 1: Yelson also announced his desire that Putin would be his 135 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:50,640 Speaker 1: presidential successor. Instead of waiting to see if the people 136 00:08:50,679 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: of Russia would make that happen, Yelson made an unprecedented move. 137 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:57,720 Speaker 1: With just a few months left to go in his 138 00:08:57,800 --> 00:09:00,640 Speaker 1: second term, he stepped down his present sident on New 139 00:09:00,720 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: Year's Eve nineteen ninety nine and named Putin as the 140 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:08,679 Speaker 1: acting president of Russia. As for why Yeltson did that, 141 00:09:09,120 --> 00:09:12,320 Speaker 1: the general consensus is that he was trying to protect himself. 142 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:15,400 Speaker 1: At the time, Russia was at war with separate his 143 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:18,880 Speaker 1: forces in Czechnia, who wanted their region to be independent 144 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:22,800 Speaker 1: rather than just another part of Russia. The war wasn't 145 00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:25,840 Speaker 1: going so well for Russia by nineteen ninety nine, and 146 00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: Yeltson's approval ratings were dropping amidst calls for his impeachment. 147 00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:33,599 Speaker 1: The theory of why he pushed Putin into the presidency 148 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: seems all the more credible when you consider that one 149 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 1: of Putin's first acts as president was to grant yelts 150 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:44,800 Speaker 1: In immunity from all criminal or administrative investigations under the 151 00:09:44,880 --> 00:09:49,200 Speaker 1: Russian constitution. Open elections had to be held three months later, 152 00:09:49,559 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: but with Yeltson's seal of approval, Putin was the clear 153 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,800 Speaker 1: favorite to win. It should come as no surprise, then, 154 00:09:55,880 --> 00:09:59,760 Speaker 1: that Putin refused to debate any opponents, and also abstained 155 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:03,720 Speaker 1: from running campaign commercials of any kind. When asked about 156 00:10:03,720 --> 00:10:07,560 Speaker 1: the decision, he said, quote, people in the executive should 157 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:11,319 Speaker 1: prove their worth by concrete deeds and not by advertising. 158 00:10:11,760 --> 00:10:15,760 Speaker 1: Advertising is all about what is best, tam PACs or Snickers. 159 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 1: I'm not going to occupy myself with that. In the end, 160 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:23,840 Speaker 1: he didn't need to. Putin won the election in a landslide, 161 00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:27,080 Speaker 1: marking the first time in his political career that he 162 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:31,600 Speaker 1: had actually been elected by vote. His presidency was dogged 163 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:37,440 Speaker 1: by corruption scandals, press crackdowns, and even alleged political murders. Nonetheless, 164 00:10:37,559 --> 00:10:40,280 Speaker 1: Putin went on to serve a second term, which was 165 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:43,679 Speaker 1: the maximum limit under Russian law at the time. He 166 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:46,840 Speaker 1: followed that run with a second stint as Prime minister 167 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:50,080 Speaker 1: in two thousand and eight, but then a generous reading 168 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:53,200 Speaker 1: of the Russian constitution allowed him to return for a 169 00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:57,240 Speaker 1: third term as president in twelve, that time for a 170 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:01,520 Speaker 1: length of six years instead of four. Many Russians were 171 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:05,559 Speaker 1: uncomfortable with that development, feeling that a third term violated 172 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:09,000 Speaker 1: the spirit of the constitution, if not its actual words. 173 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 1: Russia's twenty twelve election was controversial in other ways too, 174 00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:18,000 Speaker 1: Rampant reports of electoral fraud pointed to everything from stuffed 175 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:21,400 Speaker 1: ballot boxes to supporters being bust around to vote in 176 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:25,480 Speaker 1: multiple precincts. The results of the election did little to 177 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:29,200 Speaker 1: soothe those concerns. Putin was said to have won sixty 178 00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:32,480 Speaker 1: four percent of the vote, even though polls had shown 179 00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: that fifty seven percent of Russians believed a person should 180 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:40,000 Speaker 1: be limited to two presidential terms. In the time since, 181 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:44,560 Speaker 1: Putin has further consolidated his grip on the country, subverting 182 00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:48,520 Speaker 1: its courts, media, and government institutions to help keep himself 183 00:11:48,559 --> 00:11:53,760 Speaker 1: in power. He's jailed dissidents, imposed restrictions on free speech, 184 00:11:53,960 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 1: and courted favor with militant groups of nationalists. Then, in 185 00:11:58,520 --> 00:12:02,600 Speaker 1: twenty eighteen, pooh and extended his rule again by winning 186 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:06,080 Speaker 1: a fourth term as president. He was so certain of 187 00:12:06,160 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: his victory that he didn't even announce he was running 188 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:12,320 Speaker 1: until three months before the election, and then didn't bother 189 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:16,720 Speaker 1: campaigning at all. Under Russian law, Putin wouldn't be able 190 00:12:16,760 --> 00:12:20,160 Speaker 1: to serve another consecutive term as president. He would have 191 00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:23,360 Speaker 1: to take another break and presumably serve as Prime minister 192 00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:27,800 Speaker 1: again before being allowed to run for a fifth term. However, 193 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:33,000 Speaker 1: in one Putin did away with that pesky limitation. He 194 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:36,800 Speaker 1: signed a law that changed the country's constitution, clearing the 195 00:12:36,840 --> 00:12:39,800 Speaker 1: way for him to run for two more six year terms, 196 00:12:40,080 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: giving himself the chance to remain in power until twenty 197 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,400 Speaker 1: thirty six, by which time he would be eighty four 198 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:50,280 Speaker 1: years old. That's enough to make you wonder what a 199 00:12:50,320 --> 00:12:53,920 Speaker 1: post Putin Russia would even look like. His style of 200 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:57,760 Speaker 1: leadership doesn't allow much room for legacy building or plans 201 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:01,440 Speaker 1: of succession. He's so focused on his own survival, on 202 00:13:01,559 --> 00:13:05,200 Speaker 1: staying in power and maintaining an appearance of legitimacy, that 203 00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:07,400 Speaker 1: there isn't much time to think about how the country 204 00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:10,480 Speaker 1: would get along in the future without him. As one 205 00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:14,160 Speaker 1: of Putin's allies and government once put it quote, we 206 00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:17,760 Speaker 1: don't have this tradition of okay, you serve two terms 207 00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:20,800 Speaker 1: and you leave. We have no other tradition but to 208 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:25,720 Speaker 1: hold out to the end and leave feet first. Of course, 209 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,679 Speaker 1: Vladimir Putin would tell you that he's the picture of 210 00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:32,160 Speaker 1: perfect health and that the day of his departure won't 211 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,080 Speaker 1: be coming for a good long while. But for the 212 00:13:35,120 --> 00:13:37,439 Speaker 1: sake of the Russian people and for the rest of 213 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:43,280 Speaker 1: the free world. Here's hoping he's wrong. I'm Gay Bluzier 214 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:46,840 Speaker 1: and hopefully you now know a little more about history 215 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:50,640 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. You can learn even more 216 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:54,479 Speaker 1: about history by following us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram 217 00:13:54,520 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: at t d i HC Show and if you have 218 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:00,760 Speaker 1: any comments or suggestions, if you free to send him 219 00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:05,040 Speaker 1: my way at this day at I heart media dot com. 220 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:07,760 Speaker 1: Thanks to Chandler Mays for producing the show, and thank 221 00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,360 Speaker 1: you for listening. I'll see you back here again soon 222 00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:12,840 Speaker 1: for another day in history class.