1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,480 Speaker 1: Hey everybody. Before we get started, we have a couple 2 00:00:02,480 --> 00:00:08,080 Speaker 1: of live shows to announce. First April, we will be 3 00:00:08,119 --> 00:00:12,120 Speaker 1: at Universal Fan Con in Baltimore, Maryland. Our exact schedule 4 00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: for that show is still in the works, but this 5 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:16,800 Speaker 1: will include a live show, and our listeners can get 6 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,760 Speaker 1: discounted tickets using the offer code History. And for all 7 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:22,439 Speaker 1: the folks who have asked us to do a show 8 00:00:22,480 --> 00:00:25,120 Speaker 1: in the Boston area, of which there have been many, 9 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:27,960 Speaker 1: we are finally on the way with the show in 10 00:00:28,080 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: Quincy at Adams National Historical Park on Sunday, July eight 11 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: at two pm. That one is an outdoor show. It 12 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:37,919 Speaker 1: will happen rain or shine. And we also have more 13 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:40,920 Speaker 1: appearances that will be announcing soon, as well as more 14 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:43,519 Speaker 1: details about both of these shows, and we will put 15 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 1: that all at our website also at miss in history 16 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:50,800 Speaker 1: dot com. Welcome to Steph you missed in History class 17 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:59,960 Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to 18 00:01:00,040 --> 00:01:04,440 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Tracy, 19 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:06,960 Speaker 1: we haven't talked about ancient History in a little while, 20 00:01:07,360 --> 00:01:10,360 Speaker 1: not not in super recently. No No. I was looking 21 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:12,200 Speaker 1: at our recent episodes and I was like you know where, 22 00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:15,160 Speaker 1: we haven't gone real far back, so it seemed like 23 00:01:15,200 --> 00:01:18,360 Speaker 1: a good time, uh. And today's topic is an ancient 24 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:21,200 Speaker 1: city that managed to survive and even thrive through a 25 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:25,440 Speaker 1: series of wars, changes in rulers, earthquakes, and floods, and 26 00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:27,480 Speaker 1: it was also home to one of the seven Wonders 27 00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:31,039 Speaker 1: of the ancient world. We're talking about the city of Ephesus, 28 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:33,680 Speaker 1: and we're going to do it in three parts. So first, 29 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:36,720 Speaker 1: we'll cover a general and very non comprehensive history of 30 00:01:36,720 --> 00:01:39,080 Speaker 1: the city to get a sense of how it survived 31 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:42,119 Speaker 1: for so long and then stopped being a really important port. 32 00:01:42,880 --> 00:01:44,440 Speaker 1: And then we're going to talk about a few points 33 00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: of interest within it, again not a comprehensive list. And 34 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 1: then last we will get to its most famous of structures, 35 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:54,320 Speaker 1: the Temple of Artemis. I'm glad that you have chosen 36 00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: this for a podcast episode, because literally all I knew 37 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: about Ephesus was that the Ephesians were a book of 38 00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:04,800 Speaker 1: the Bible, and not even not even a book of 39 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: the Bible that gets at least in the church that 40 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:10,640 Speaker 1: I grew up in, not not one that gets a 41 00:02:10,639 --> 00:02:13,960 Speaker 1: lot of attention in sermons and sermons. Yeah, and just 42 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 1: for expectations management, we're we're going to talk about it 43 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:19,760 Speaker 1: in relation to Christianity a little bit, but not a 44 00:02:19,800 --> 00:02:22,720 Speaker 1: whole lot. So if you're like, oh, this will explain 45 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:25,200 Speaker 1: in delve into the biblical story around it, we're not 46 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:27,799 Speaker 1: going super deep there. Just know that up front. So 47 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:32,880 Speaker 1: Ephesus sits near the modern day town of Salchuk in Turkey. 48 00:02:33,280 --> 00:02:37,320 Speaker 1: There's also been some location shifting of his position due 49 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:40,519 Speaker 1: to ongoing changes in the delta of the Caster River 50 00:02:40,919 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 1: and outright moving of the entire city. Yeah, we'll talk 51 00:02:45,440 --> 00:02:49,079 Speaker 1: about that move coming up. And while Ephesus is generally 52 00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:53,320 Speaker 1: identified as an Ionian Greek city, before the Ionians, it 53 00:02:53,360 --> 00:02:56,720 Speaker 1: was inhabited by the Carians and the Lelogians, peoples whose 54 00:02:56,720 --> 00:03:01,200 Speaker 1: cultures predated the Ionians. The true history of the founding 55 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:03,520 Speaker 1: of this city is really lost a time. Part of 56 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:07,359 Speaker 1: that is because it was refounded multiple times, but there 57 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:10,679 Speaker 1: are legends about it. One version of the story suggests 58 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:13,560 Speaker 1: that a tribe of Amazons found at the city, and 59 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: according to that legend, the name meant city of the 60 00:03:16,919 --> 00:03:22,079 Speaker 1: Mother Goddess. The second founding story of Ephesus makes it 61 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:25,359 Speaker 1: founded at the hands of Ionian prince and dro Clos, 62 00:03:25,400 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: son of King Kodros of Athens. And this is really 63 00:03:28,360 --> 00:03:31,520 Speaker 1: the point where Ephesus assumes its Ionian identity that will 64 00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 1: define it pretty much for the rest of history. So, 65 00:03:34,520 --> 00:03:37,720 Speaker 1: according to the story of Androclos, an oracle had told 66 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:39,880 Speaker 1: him that a fish and a boar would show him 67 00:03:39,920 --> 00:03:42,320 Speaker 1: the place for his people, and at the time, in 68 00:03:42,320 --> 00:03:45,240 Speaker 1: the eleventh century b C. He was leading a group 69 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:48,120 Speaker 1: of his people to find a new settlement, and the 70 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:50,839 Speaker 1: story goes that while he was preparing a fish over 71 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:54,400 Speaker 1: an open fire, a stray spark ignited a nearby cops 72 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: of bushes and a boar ran out, and Androclos believed 73 00:03:57,720 --> 00:04:00,240 Speaker 1: that the oracle's prophecy was playing out, and so he 74 00:04:00,280 --> 00:04:04,680 Speaker 1: founded Ephesus on the site of that bush. During the 75 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: six hundreds, Ephesus was attacked by Samerians, although the city 76 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:12,760 Speaker 1: made it through that skirmish, but a lot of the 77 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:16,600 Speaker 1: surrounding area was destroyed in the fighting. Beginning in five 78 00:04:16,680 --> 00:04:19,640 Speaker 1: sixty b C. E Ephesus was ruled by the Lydian 79 00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:23,119 Speaker 1: king Creasus, who ran Ephsis as a sort of feudal state. 80 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:27,120 Speaker 1: Once he gained power, Creasus was incredibly wealthy and he 81 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: spread that wealth around, including making pretty beneficial improvements to 82 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,640 Speaker 1: his new territory. One of his works during this time 83 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:38,480 Speaker 1: ruling over Ephesus was to rebuild the city's Temple of Artemis. 84 00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:40,279 Speaker 1: We're going to talk more about the temple and a 85 00:04:40,320 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: little bit, but this was a massive undertaking and also 86 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:47,440 Speaker 1: very expensive. Under the rule of Crisis, Ephesus flourished and 87 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:51,359 Speaker 1: it emerged as a wealthy city, one of education, sophistication, 88 00:04:51,440 --> 00:04:56,359 Speaker 1: and international business thanks to its location on the Mediterranean Sea. 89 00:04:56,880 --> 00:05:00,760 Speaker 1: Ephesis and the entirety of the Anatolian Peninsul, known more 90 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 1: commonly as Asia Minor and today as a large section 91 00:05:03,760 --> 00:05:06,760 Speaker 1: of the country Turkey fell under a different rule when 92 00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:10,039 Speaker 1: Cyrus of Persia defeated Crisis in five forty six or 93 00:05:10,040 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 1: five forty seven BC. That your varies a little depending 94 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:15,800 Speaker 1: on what source you're looking at, but this did not 95 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:19,039 Speaker 1: spell doom for Ephesus. The city continued to flourish and 96 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: it maintained a pretty neutral position in the politics which 97 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:26,080 Speaker 1: surrounded it. This neutrality was partially because Ephesus was a 98 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:29,080 Speaker 1: trade port. All kinds of people needed to trade there, 99 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:31,680 Speaker 1: so it made sense to be neutral, and it made 100 00:05:31,680 --> 00:05:35,840 Speaker 1: sense to all the interested parties to avoid destroying it 101 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:40,120 Speaker 1: lest they also damaged their own economies. Even so, the 102 00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:43,039 Speaker 1: city was embroiled in conflict for decades, even though a 103 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:46,160 Speaker 1: lot of times it was tangential to that. When the 104 00:05:46,200 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: Hellenic people of Attica, known as the Ionians, challenged Persian 105 00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:54,000 Speaker 1: rule and the Ionian Revolt, Ephesus was used as a 106 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:57,560 Speaker 1: military base, and this revolt lasted for six years from 107 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:01,880 Speaker 1: four BC, and it was the start of a series 108 00:06:01,960 --> 00:06:05,080 Speaker 1: of conflicts which are grouped together under the umbrella of 109 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:09,240 Speaker 1: the Greco Persian Wars. And emphasis wasn't central to all 110 00:06:09,279 --> 00:06:11,640 Speaker 1: of that conflict, though the city was involved in a 111 00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:14,680 Speaker 1: number of battles, and it still seemed to hold a 112 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:17,159 Speaker 1: sort of middle ground in the battle between Greece and 113 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:20,720 Speaker 1: Persia is it maintained good relations with the Persians throughout 114 00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:24,120 Speaker 1: the Greco Persian Wars. In three thirty four b C, 115 00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:28,360 Speaker 1: Ephesus once again switched rulers as Alexander the Great defeated 116 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,440 Speaker 1: the Persians who had been controlling Asia Minor for two 117 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:34,240 Speaker 1: centuries at that point. One of the ways in which 118 00:06:34,240 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: Alexander gained favor in the places that he came to 119 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:40,920 Speaker 1: rule was by not forcing them to adopt Greek customs. 120 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: He would introduce Greek culture to the lands that he conquered, 121 00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:47,880 Speaker 1: but the inhabitants could continue their old ways as long 122 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:51,760 Speaker 1: as they liked, and so Epsis continued a relatively peaceful 123 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: and prosperous existence. This actually reminds me of how the 124 00:06:55,480 --> 00:06:59,320 Speaker 1: Inca Empire handled things in the episode that we did 125 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:04,880 Speaker 1: recently on that subject. Yes, it's very similar. After Alexander died, 126 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:07,680 Speaker 1: he was succeeded by one of his general's ly Smacus. 127 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:11,320 Speaker 1: The actual transition of power was quite complicated and it 128 00:07:11,400 --> 00:07:16,360 Speaker 1: involved decades of infighting and power struggles among Alexander's military commanders, 129 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:18,520 Speaker 1: which came to be known as the Wars of the 130 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:21,720 Speaker 1: Dead Key or the Wars of Succession. And that all 131 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: happened because when Alexander the Great died on June tenth 132 00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:28,440 Speaker 1: b C. That was a surprise. Then there was not 133 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:31,120 Speaker 1: a clear heir to all of the various kingdoms that 134 00:07:31,200 --> 00:07:35,880 Speaker 1: Alexander was ruling over. But eventually Lycemicus gained power over 135 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: the city of Ephesus, and he started a renewal project 136 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:42,920 Speaker 1: to revitalize the city, which also included moving it about 137 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:47,160 Speaker 1: two miles or three point two kilometers. He renamed the 138 00:07:47,160 --> 00:07:51,480 Speaker 1: city for his second wife, Arsenal, christening it Arsenia, and 139 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:55,640 Speaker 1: the revitalization work that Lysimachus catalyzed was really quite impressive. 140 00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: There was a new harbor built, there were defensive walls, 141 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:01,960 Speaker 1: but the people who had been living in Ephesus were 142 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:04,680 Speaker 1: not really willing to move from the places that they 143 00:08:04,760 --> 00:08:07,040 Speaker 1: had been living just because a new ruler and an 144 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: outsider at that decided that the city would be better 145 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,680 Speaker 1: off a couple of miles away. But Lismicus was really 146 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:17,360 Speaker 1: insistent about his new city. He was so insistent that 147 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: he had the sewage system of Ephesus blocked up to 148 00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:25,840 Speaker 1: force the citizens to move by making their homes uninhabitable. 149 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: I mean, it's horrifying, but there is part of me 150 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:31,400 Speaker 1: that kind of respects like the level of commitment at 151 00:08:31,440 --> 00:08:38,080 Speaker 1: that point, Like fine, good strategy. It's gross strategy, but 152 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:42,319 Speaker 1: I mean that clearly would work. Yeah. In two eight 153 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:45,960 Speaker 1: one BC, Lisimachus was defeated by Seleucus the First, who 154 00:08:46,080 --> 00:08:49,400 Speaker 1: had also accompanied Alexander the Great on his march into Asia. 155 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: The name Arsenia was abandoned and Ephesus was refounded once 156 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:57,640 Speaker 1: more as Ephesus and regained its reputation as an important 157 00:08:57,679 --> 00:08:59,760 Speaker 1: port city, but it did not move again. It stayed 158 00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:02,880 Speaker 1: in the place Lisimachus put it. Next up, we'll talk 159 00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:05,800 Speaker 1: about the transition that the city went through been when 160 00:09:05,800 --> 00:09:08,720 Speaker 1: it became part of the Roman Empire, but first we 161 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,120 Speaker 1: will take a quick break for a word from a sponsor. 162 00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:20,959 Speaker 1: The next phase of the city's history was under Roman rule. 163 00:09:21,559 --> 00:09:24,319 Speaker 1: It was actually bequeathed to the Roman Empire by the 164 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:27,840 Speaker 1: king of Pergamon Atlos upon his death in one nine 165 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:32,000 Speaker 1: b C. Under Roman rule, Ephicis once again experienced a 166 00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:34,920 Speaker 1: period of growth and prosperity, and while it was under 167 00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: the reign of Caesar Augustus, many structures were built that 168 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: can still be seen in the ruins of Ephesus today, 169 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:43,920 Speaker 1: including it's very impressive amphitheater, which we'll talk about more 170 00:09:43,960 --> 00:09:46,120 Speaker 1: in a moment. And in the middle of the first 171 00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:48,920 Speaker 1: century b C, a new business district was built to 172 00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 1: accommodate the city's bustling trade industry, and the year seventeen, 173 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:56,360 Speaker 1: much of the city was damaged in an earthquake, but 174 00:09:56,800 --> 00:10:00,200 Speaker 1: it once again recovered and rebuilt its commerce and us three, 175 00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:04,680 Speaker 1: eventually becoming one of Asia's most vital trade hubs, and 176 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:09,160 Speaker 1: in the Common era, Ephesus became a significant location for Christianity. 177 00:10:09,559 --> 00:10:13,200 Speaker 1: Among other stories connected to prominent biblical figures that also 178 00:10:13,240 --> 00:10:16,760 Speaker 1: associate with the city, Saint John and Mary, the mother 179 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:19,200 Speaker 1: of Jesus, are said to have made Ephesus their home 180 00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:22,240 Speaker 1: late in life. The House of the Virgin Mary has 181 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:24,880 Speaker 1: been a pilgrimage site since the fifth century, and of 182 00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:28,000 Speaker 1: course there is also a book in the Bible titled Ephesians, 183 00:10:28,040 --> 00:10:31,880 Speaker 1: which is about the apostle Paul's time. There. Another significant 184 00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:35,200 Speaker 1: Christian religious story attached to Ephesus is the Cave of 185 00:10:35,240 --> 00:10:39,079 Speaker 1: the Seven Sleepers. So, according to this tale, seven Christian 186 00:10:39,120 --> 00:10:42,520 Speaker 1: saints were confined within a wall as punishment during the 187 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:46,720 Speaker 1: pre Christian era of Ephesus is history. They're said to 188 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:49,199 Speaker 1: have emerged two hundred years later when the city had 189 00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:53,959 Speaker 1: converted and much of Ephesus was destroyed by the Goths 190 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:56,840 Speaker 1: in two sixty two. It had a great deal of 191 00:10:56,880 --> 00:11:00,360 Speaker 1: difficulty recovering after that. Then in the Fourth Tree, the 192 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:04,440 Speaker 1: Roman emperor Theodosius closed all the temples and schools in Ephesis. 193 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:08,840 Speaker 1: Social changes were also enacted, including systemic lowering of the 194 00:11:08,840 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 1: place of women in the culture. Women had been an 195 00:11:12,280 --> 00:11:15,640 Speaker 1: active part of the cultural, philosophical, and artistic life of 196 00:11:15,679 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: Ephesus for centuries, but after this they were forbidden to 197 00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:21,760 Speaker 1: create art on their own, and they were also not 198 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:25,080 Speaker 1: allowed to teach any men. As a final blow to 199 00:11:25,160 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: the city's history and cultural roots, Artemis was erased as 200 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: a deity in every way possible. But as the city 201 00:11:32,200 --> 00:11:35,360 Speaker 1: was officially converted to Christianity and away from the worship 202 00:11:35,360 --> 00:11:38,960 Speaker 1: of Artemis, it's era of prosperity as a capital of 203 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:43,360 Speaker 1: commerce was also waning. The harbor had really degraded due 204 00:11:43,360 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: to the shifting silt that had been deposited there over 205 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:50,199 Speaker 1: the centuries, and in the sixth century Ephesus was already 206 00:11:50,240 --> 00:11:53,480 Speaker 1: in a state of deep decline When an earthquake struck, 207 00:11:53,920 --> 00:11:56,840 Speaker 1: The harbor was damaged even further, and the once great 208 00:11:56,880 --> 00:11:59,240 Speaker 1: city became something of a ghost town. Although it was 209 00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:03,080 Speaker 1: not at this point entirely deserted, Arab invasions in the 210 00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:06,280 Speaker 1: seventh and eight centuries caused most of the remaining citizens 211 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: to leave and find homes elsewhere. After a very brief 212 00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,280 Speaker 1: up swaying in the fourteenth century, Ephesus became part of 213 00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:16,920 Speaker 1: the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth century. But the city, 214 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:20,440 Speaker 1: which once boasted more than three hundred thousand residents and 215 00:12:20,640 --> 00:12:25,080 Speaker 1: inhabited a pivotal role in Mediterranean trade, couldn't really offer 216 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: stability or commerce, and it was completely abandoned within decades. Yeah, 217 00:12:30,320 --> 00:12:32,199 Speaker 1: by the end of the fifteenth century, no one lived 218 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:34,800 Speaker 1: there anymore. Now we're going to shift a little bit 219 00:12:34,800 --> 00:12:36,760 Speaker 1: and talk about a few of the points of interest 220 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 1: within the city. Damitian was the Roman emperor from the 221 00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:43,680 Speaker 1: years eighty one to ninety six, and there's actually a 222 00:12:43,720 --> 00:12:47,880 Speaker 1: temple built in his honor in Ephesus. It's a constructed terrorist, 223 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: so it's not a naturally occurring terrorist. Uh. It is 224 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:53,199 Speaker 1: fifty meters as a hundred sixty four feet by a 225 00:12:53,320 --> 00:12:56,680 Speaker 1: hundred meters three twenty eight feet, and the northern side 226 00:12:56,679 --> 00:12:59,480 Speaker 1: of it was accessed by stairs that still remain today. 227 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:03,199 Speaker 1: And the temple of Daminian had thirteen columns running along 228 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:05,400 Speaker 1: each of its sides, and then eight columns on the 229 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:09,640 Speaker 1: shorter sides. The interior of the temple had another four columns. 230 00:13:10,760 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 1: The terraces also had a lower level substructure and that 231 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:17,400 Speaker 1: housed shops and storage spaces. All that's left of it 232 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:21,120 Speaker 1: today is the foundation. The Library of Kalsus is one 233 00:13:21,160 --> 00:13:23,720 Speaker 1: of the most striking structures remaining in the ruins of 234 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:27,319 Speaker 1: Ephesus today. If you google Ephesus, the image that often 235 00:13:27,360 --> 00:13:31,720 Speaker 1: comes up is the front of this library's ruins. It's facade, 236 00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: which is more intact than most of the ruins and 237 00:13:34,679 --> 00:13:37,600 Speaker 1: sits the top. A flight of steps features statues of 238 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:40,959 Speaker 1: the four virtues, so those are Sophia, who represented wisdom, 239 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:46,360 Speaker 1: Arete which represents goodness, Anoia which represents thought, and epistom 240 00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,920 Speaker 1: A representing knowledge. And the statues on site today are 241 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:53,600 Speaker 1: actually copies. The originals are housed in the Ephsis Museum 242 00:13:53,640 --> 00:13:58,440 Speaker 1: in Vienna. Austria has long had archaeological interests in Ephesus, 243 00:13:58,559 --> 00:14:01,400 Speaker 1: and they have a really impressive music um. The library 244 00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:04,000 Speaker 1: was able to house twelve thousand scrolls, and it was 245 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:06,640 Speaker 1: carefully designed with a gap between the inner and outer 246 00:14:06,760 --> 00:14:10,200 Speaker 1: walls to keep moisture from getting to the stored texts. 247 00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:14,679 Speaker 1: The theater at Ephesis we referenced the Amphitheater earlier is 248 00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:18,160 Speaker 1: another really impressive structure. It was built to hold as 249 00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:21,880 Speaker 1: many as twenty four thousand people on a three level design, 250 00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 1: with each level containing twenty two rows. The seating area 251 00:14:26,280 --> 00:14:29,600 Speaker 1: forms roughly two thirds of a circle, and construction of 252 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:32,840 Speaker 1: the amphitheater began under the rule of Roman emperor Claudius, 253 00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:35,600 Speaker 1: who ruled from forty one to fifty four, but it 254 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,600 Speaker 1: wasn't completed until the reign of Trajan, who held power 255 00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,280 Speaker 1: from the year's ninety eight to one seventeen. The stage 256 00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:45,680 Speaker 1: portion actually appears to have built before that Roman expansion 257 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:50,800 Speaker 1: into a full scale auditorium, though the Temple of Hadrian 258 00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:54,200 Speaker 1: has also been treated well by time in comparisons who 259 00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:57,400 Speaker 1: a lot of the ruins of Ephesus. It was damaged 260 00:14:57,400 --> 00:14:59,760 Speaker 1: in an earthquake in the fourth century, but a rest 261 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:03,480 Speaker 1: are nation happened and additions are made to the temple 262 00:15:03,520 --> 00:15:07,120 Speaker 1: at that time. These included a relief freeze depicting the 263 00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:11,080 Speaker 1: founding of the city. Hadrian ruled after Trajan, and it 264 00:15:11,120 --> 00:15:13,640 Speaker 1: appears that the temple and his honor at Ephesus was 265 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: completed and dedicated during his lifetime. This is a little 266 00:15:17,760 --> 00:15:19,960 Speaker 1: early for us to jump to another sponsor break, but 267 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,600 Speaker 1: I want to keep this next section together, So coming up, 268 00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:24,880 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the crown Jewel of Ephesus. 269 00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,360 Speaker 1: The temple of Artemis. But first we're gonna have this 270 00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:37,960 Speaker 1: little break. So we have mentioned the Temple of Artemis 271 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:40,360 Speaker 1: numerous times in this episode, and that's because it is 272 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,120 Speaker 1: important enough on its own that it really mirrors a 273 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,680 Speaker 1: closer look. It is, as we've said, considered one of 274 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:48,480 Speaker 1: the seven wonders of the ancient world, and like the 275 00:15:48,520 --> 00:15:52,720 Speaker 1: city of Ephesus itself, it fell and was rebuilt multiple times. 276 00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:57,000 Speaker 1: Artemis was a very popular Greek deity, the goddess of 277 00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: the hunt, the moon, chastity, childbirth, and nature, and the 278 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 1: forms of both flora and fauna. She was Apollo's twin sister, 279 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 1: so her parents were Zeus and Leto. Zeus's wife, of course, 280 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:12,120 Speaker 1: was Harra, and when Artemis was born, her mother was 281 00:16:12,160 --> 00:16:15,800 Speaker 1: in hiding on an island away from Harrah's wrath. And 282 00:16:16,080 --> 00:16:20,240 Speaker 1: Roman mythology, artemis is counterpart is Diana, and sometimes when 283 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:22,360 Speaker 1: you're looking at pictures of this, that's how it will 284 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:25,880 Speaker 1: be labeled, Yes, for sure, and it actually comes up 285 00:16:25,960 --> 00:16:28,000 Speaker 1: referenced as Diana in a piece of in a read 286 00:16:28,040 --> 00:16:31,120 Speaker 1: in just a moment so. Writing in eighteen seventy seven, 287 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:34,280 Speaker 1: a man named John Turtlewood, who had sought out the 288 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:37,880 Speaker 1: ruins of Ephesus in the eighteen sixties and collected numerous 289 00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: artifacts from the site for the British Museum, said the 290 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:44,720 Speaker 1: following quote. The ritual of the worship of Artemis is unknown, 291 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: but we gather some facts from ancient writers which enlighten 292 00:16:48,080 --> 00:16:51,040 Speaker 1: us on the subject to a certain degree, and especially 293 00:16:51,080 --> 00:16:54,680 Speaker 1: in reference to the sacrifice. For these, it is fair 294 00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 1: to conclude that beasts were slaughtered at altars in front 295 00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:00,320 Speaker 1: of temples, and that small portions of the flo and 296 00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:03,200 Speaker 1: perhaps basins of the blood, were carried into the temple 297 00:17:03,280 --> 00:17:06,040 Speaker 1: and offered to the deity upon the great altar, the 298 00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:08,800 Speaker 1: flesh being put upon some small pieces of wood with 299 00:17:08,880 --> 00:17:12,160 Speaker 1: which a fire was made, and if the smoke ascended freely, 300 00:17:12,560 --> 00:17:15,320 Speaker 1: the offering was supposed to be accepted. And here we 301 00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:18,480 Speaker 1: have one of several reasons for concluding that temples were 302 00:17:18,520 --> 00:17:22,879 Speaker 1: in part absolutely open to the sky. The Temple of 303 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:25,919 Speaker 1: Artemis in its earliest farms went through three phases of 304 00:17:25,920 --> 00:17:28,960 Speaker 1: construction between the eighth and sixth centuries b c e. 305 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,120 Speaker 1: Some of these were required because of flood damage. When 306 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:36,639 Speaker 1: King Cresus rebuilt the temple, he spared no expense, and 307 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:40,080 Speaker 1: the result was a structure larger than any other and 308 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:44,720 Speaker 1: the archaic Greek world constructed entirely from marble. This was 309 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:49,240 Speaker 1: four times the size of the Parthenon. Pliny the Elder 310 00:17:49,359 --> 00:17:52,800 Speaker 1: described the temple in his writing quote, the most wonderful 311 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:57,000 Speaker 1: monument of Grecian magnificence, and one that merits our genuine admiration, 312 00:17:57,280 --> 00:18:00,679 Speaker 1: is the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, which, one hundred 313 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:03,400 Speaker 1: and twenty years in building, a work in which all 314 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:07,280 Speaker 1: Asia joined. A marshy soil was selected for its site 315 00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:09,800 Speaker 1: in order that it might not suffer from earthquakes or 316 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: the chasms which they produce. On the other hand, again 317 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,000 Speaker 1: that the foundation of so vast a pile might not 318 00:18:16,119 --> 00:18:19,479 Speaker 1: have to rest upon a loose and shifting bed. Layers 319 00:18:19,520 --> 00:18:23,359 Speaker 1: of trodden charcoal were placed beneath, with fleeces covered with 320 00:18:23,359 --> 00:18:26,600 Speaker 1: wool upon the top of them. The entire length of 321 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:29,080 Speaker 1: the temple is four hundred and twenty five ft and 322 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:32,520 Speaker 1: the breadth two hundred and twenty five. The columns are 323 00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:35,520 Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty seven in number and sixty feet 324 00:18:35,560 --> 00:18:38,600 Speaker 1: in height, each of them presented by a different king, 325 00:18:39,520 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: and three fifty six BC, the Temple of Artemis burned 326 00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:45,639 Speaker 1: to the ground. There are varying beliefs as to what 327 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:50,119 Speaker 1: actually caused the fire. While it's often attributed to a madman, 328 00:18:50,520 --> 00:18:53,520 Speaker 1: the story is a lot deeper than that. The arsonist 329 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:55,600 Speaker 1: hero Stratus is said to have hoped that if he 330 00:18:55,720 --> 00:19:00,159 Speaker 1: created a cataclysmic event, he would be remembered eternally. He 331 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:02,800 Speaker 1: was sentenced to die for his crime, and that was 332 00:19:02,840 --> 00:19:05,920 Speaker 1: forbidden to even say his name, but it was noted, 333 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:08,919 Speaker 1: and later writers started to use it again when describing 334 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:12,320 Speaker 1: the event. Yeah, that's one of those stories that gets 335 00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:16,160 Speaker 1: really shifty and has a lot of different versions. Uh, 336 00:19:16,359 --> 00:19:19,439 Speaker 1: some involve Alexander the Great, which is going to come 337 00:19:19,480 --> 00:19:22,960 Speaker 1: up in a moment um. And just as a quick 338 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:25,800 Speaker 1: aside on how a marble structure can burn down, because 339 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:31,680 Speaker 1: I was describing this to a friend and they were like, what, um. Generally, 340 00:19:31,760 --> 00:19:33,840 Speaker 1: so the roof would have been made of wood, and 341 00:19:33,960 --> 00:19:36,480 Speaker 1: because that's a marble roof would have been so heavy 342 00:19:36,520 --> 00:19:40,800 Speaker 1: as to be impractical. And also when exposed to intense heat, 343 00:19:40,840 --> 00:19:43,560 Speaker 1: the outer portions of marble would begin to crack and crumble. 344 00:19:44,119 --> 00:19:47,600 Speaker 1: So a marble structure can quickly lose all integrity and 345 00:19:47,640 --> 00:19:50,520 Speaker 1: collapse in a fire. Just in case you were curious 346 00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:54,200 Speaker 1: how that worked. When Alexander the Great entered Ephesus after 347 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:57,199 Speaker 1: conquering the Persians, he said to have noticed that the 348 00:19:57,240 --> 00:19:59,879 Speaker 1: temple hadn't been rebuilt yet, and he offered to do so. 349 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,560 Speaker 1: But the people of Ephesus declined this offer, saying it 350 00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:06,159 Speaker 1: was unfit for a god to build a temple to 351 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:09,399 Speaker 1: another god. A lot of people were at that point 352 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:12,359 Speaker 1: believing that Alexander was a demigod, the son of Zeus. 353 00:20:13,119 --> 00:20:16,840 Speaker 1: He was born on July twenty b C. And that 354 00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:19,800 Speaker 1: coincided with the burning of the temple of Artemis. So 355 00:20:20,040 --> 00:20:24,280 Speaker 1: it was believed that when the temple burned, Artemis was 356 00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:28,480 Speaker 1: assisting in Alexander's delivery. Yeah, she was not there to 357 00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:32,840 Speaker 1: protect her temple. She was gone. Sometimes this gets wrapped 358 00:20:32,920 --> 00:20:38,840 Speaker 1: up with the story of um Haristratus and suggests like 359 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:42,000 Speaker 1: I saw one version that was clearly very very apocryphal 360 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:45,560 Speaker 1: and kind of a modern thing that I think conflated 361 00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:52,320 Speaker 1: some things. Uh suggested that somehow Harristratus knew that Alexander 362 00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 1: was being born, and that as the son of the 363 00:20:56,200 --> 00:21:01,040 Speaker 1: um Uh Macedonian king Philip the Second, he wanted to 364 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:04,960 Speaker 1: somehow also have a play in that momentous moment that 365 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:07,879 Speaker 1: he would be remembered for, which was the burning of 366 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:11,399 Speaker 1: the temple. It gets really um. The layer there is 367 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:13,719 Speaker 1: a little weird, and I feel like a little forced, 368 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:17,040 Speaker 1: But I don't I don't know the gent and he 369 00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:21,080 Speaker 1: was raised largely from history, so no one has his account. Uh. 370 00:21:21,119 --> 00:21:23,280 Speaker 1: It did take more than a century to rebuild the 371 00:21:23,320 --> 00:21:26,000 Speaker 1: temple after it burned, and the new version retained the 372 00:21:26,040 --> 00:21:29,240 Speaker 1: dimensions of the previous but the base of that that 373 00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:32,119 Speaker 1: second version, it's actually not the second version, but the 374 00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:35,960 Speaker 1: second version of that architecture was built higher. And then 375 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:38,760 Speaker 1: when the Goths attacked Ephesus in the third century, which 376 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:42,119 Speaker 1: we mentioned earlier, the temple was burned again, But the 377 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,200 Speaker 1: details of the level of repair or restoration that were 378 00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,840 Speaker 1: performed after that are unknown, although we do know the 379 00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:52,480 Speaker 1: temple existed after that. I mentioned earlier that Theodosius closed 380 00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:55,600 Speaker 1: all the temples, and that took place in and that 381 00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:59,320 Speaker 1: included the Temple of Artemis. Eventually, whatever was left of 382 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:02,760 Speaker 1: the temple was completely destroyed, and it's broken pieces were 383 00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:06,760 Speaker 1: carried away to use an other building projects. Yes, some 384 00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:09,560 Speaker 1: versions of that story indicate that those pieces were carried 385 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:13,360 Speaker 1: away to make churches. Uh, so it becomes that ongoing 386 00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:17,840 Speaker 1: sort of battle of religious culture. One column still stands 387 00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:19,760 Speaker 1: at the site today, although I can't really say still 388 00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:23,359 Speaker 1: because it's actually reconstructed from fragments that were found since 389 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:25,480 Speaker 1: the site was rediscovered in the second half of the 390 00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:30,159 Speaker 1: nineteenth century. That gentleman whose piece I read earlier, is 391 00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:34,560 Speaker 1: one of the been credited with refinding Ephesus. The base 392 00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:37,240 Speaker 1: of another column has also been reconstructed, but it is 393 00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:39,680 Speaker 1: a much smaller piece, Like it's basically just the base 394 00:22:39,720 --> 00:22:44,119 Speaker 1: and a tiny piece of column. And Ephesus was added 395 00:22:44,160 --> 00:22:47,480 Speaker 1: to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list, and it's also 396 00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:50,200 Speaker 1: a tourist attraction. You can visit. You can walk among 397 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:52,639 Speaker 1: the ruins yourself, and you can stand in the space 398 00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:55,520 Speaker 1: where the Temple of Artemus used to be. Yeah, you 399 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:58,080 Speaker 1: can also walk right up to that amazing amphitheater, in 400 00:22:58,119 --> 00:23:00,080 Speaker 1: which to me looks like a mind blowing experience. It 401 00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:03,640 Speaker 1: might be on my bucket list. Now, do you have 402 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:06,320 Speaker 1: some listener mail for us? I do, And it's really 403 00:23:06,359 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: exciting and fun, uh because it's gifts which were spoiled 404 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:12,600 Speaker 1: and I never feel like we deserve half of the 405 00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:14,800 Speaker 1: lovely gifts we get because they're too nice. This is 406 00:23:14,840 --> 00:23:17,280 Speaker 1: from our listener Lisa and it comes. The letter says, 407 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:19,440 Speaker 1: Dear Tracy and Holly, I'm a huge fan of the show. 408 00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:21,879 Speaker 1: I almost like my awful commute because it gives me 409 00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:24,200 Speaker 1: the perfect chance to enjoy your podcast a few times 410 00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,199 Speaker 1: per week. I visited Japan a little while ago, and 411 00:23:27,280 --> 00:23:30,960 Speaker 1: during my somewhat unrestrained stationary shopping spreeze, I found that 412 00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,280 Speaker 1: it was impossible to pick just one postcard for you, ladies. Therefore, 413 00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:36,879 Speaker 1: I've enclosed a few postcards for each of you. I 414 00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:39,800 Speaker 1: think Holly will enjoy the ones depicting pretty kimono, which 415 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:42,320 Speaker 1: is why I've enclosed the stickers as well. She sent 416 00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:45,360 Speaker 1: beautiful kimono stickers, and let me just tell you, stickers 417 00:23:45,359 --> 00:23:47,000 Speaker 1: are the key to my heart. I never agree that 418 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,919 Speaker 1: phase uh and said that if either of you are 419 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,600 Speaker 1: Totoro fans, the cat bus card maybe amusing too. I 420 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:56,120 Speaker 1: think I speak for both of us when I say 421 00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:59,560 Speaker 1: we do both love Totoro um The latter is from 422 00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:03,040 Speaker 1: the spect acular ghibli Museum and depicts the enormous plush 423 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:05,159 Speaker 1: model of the cat Bus that's in the basement of 424 00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,399 Speaker 1: the museum. It's delightful watching little kids climbing on and 425 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:10,760 Speaker 1: crawling through the cat bus model, but it's still a 426 00:24:10,760 --> 00:24:13,840 Speaker 1: bummer that I was too grown to do. So. She 427 00:24:13,960 --> 00:24:16,440 Speaker 1: also sent us copies of a biography of Gypsy Rose 428 00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:18,800 Speaker 1: Lee as a request for that one that's actually been 429 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:23,160 Speaker 1: on my list for a while. Um, and she says, anyway, 430 00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:25,880 Speaker 1: thank you for making such a wonderful show. I especially 431 00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:28,879 Speaker 1: love the Edward Gory episode. You're right, the intro he 432 00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:32,160 Speaker 1: drew for Masterpiece is many people's introduction to his work. 433 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:33,920 Speaker 1: In fact, that sequence is one of the first things 434 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:36,520 Speaker 1: I recall watching in my childhood, and my sister and 435 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:39,160 Speaker 1: I loved imitating the wailing lady in the blue dress. 436 00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:42,919 Speaker 1: Cheers Lisa, Lisa, this is amazing. Tracy will be so 437 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:45,000 Speaker 1: excited next time she's here in the Atlanta office to 438 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:48,720 Speaker 1: open her her treats. Lisa sort of set them out 439 00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:51,359 Speaker 1: in two different parcels for each of us, so I 440 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,639 Speaker 1: did not open years. So I have mine, which have 441 00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:58,120 Speaker 1: some of the most beautiful cards. One is all kiddies 442 00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:01,199 Speaker 1: and I love it, and there beutiful Kimona pieces and 443 00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:03,520 Speaker 1: this cat bus card, which I am also in love with. 444 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,760 Speaker 1: I am excited to see your cat bus card. You 445 00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:10,480 Speaker 1: have a cat bus card too, I'm pretty sure you do. Okay, 446 00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:14,600 Speaker 1: you will see both the cat bus. Everybody loves cat 447 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:17,200 Speaker 1: but I wish I were small enough to climb around 448 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,560 Speaker 1: inside a life size cat bus. I do too, although 449 00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:22,800 Speaker 1: I worry that one in a public space, even though 450 00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:26,640 Speaker 1: I'm sure children in Japan are very tidy. Um, they're 451 00:25:26,640 --> 00:25:31,840 Speaker 1: still children, and they might come with germs and furry 452 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:36,520 Speaker 1: things aren't necessarily the easiest, that's my thinking. But I 453 00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:38,440 Speaker 1: bet it's very tidy and clean. I don't want to 454 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:41,359 Speaker 1: disparage the cat bus exhibit. Uh, if you would like 455 00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:43,719 Speaker 1: to write us, so first before I say that, thank you, 456 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:45,720 Speaker 1: Thank you again, Lisa. It was such a delight to 457 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:48,680 Speaker 1: open that parcel today. There's been uh, you know, weird, 458 00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:52,040 Speaker 1: weird things going on with us, and it's been a 459 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:56,159 Speaker 1: little bit stressful with some of our office software, and 460 00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:58,119 Speaker 1: so it was lovely for us to have like this 461 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:01,280 Speaker 1: nice thing to open and delight in. So if you 462 00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:03,600 Speaker 1: would like to write to us, you may do so 463 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,879 Speaker 1: at history podcast at how staff works dot com. You 464 00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:09,240 Speaker 1: can also reach out to us across the spectrum of 465 00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:12,439 Speaker 1: social media. As missed in History and Missed in History 466 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:14,720 Speaker 1: dot com is our website. We're an archive of every 467 00:26:14,720 --> 00:26:17,119 Speaker 1: episode of the show that has ever existed can be found, 468 00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:19,480 Speaker 1: as well as show notes and references for any of 469 00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 1: the shows that Tracy and I have worked on. So 470 00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:23,719 Speaker 1: come on and visit us and play in the history 471 00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:35,720 Speaker 1: pond at missed in History dot com. For more on 472 00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,560 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, visit how staff works 473 00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:47,200 Speaker 1: dot com.