1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, the production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,080 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:16,920 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. 4 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,680 Speaker 1: This episode is coming out on May Feet. Happy may Day. 5 00:00:20,680 --> 00:00:23,760 Speaker 1: Happy may Day. As a holiday, May Day has come 6 00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:27,720 Speaker 1: to have two different and sometimes overlapping meetings. There's the 7 00:00:27,760 --> 00:00:30,520 Speaker 1: one going back to medieval Europe. That's the holiday with 8 00:00:30,600 --> 00:00:33,559 Speaker 1: the celebration of the return of spring, full of greenery 9 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:35,920 Speaker 1: and may poles in general merriment, and of course that 10 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:40,720 Speaker 1: has its roots and much earlier springtime and fertility festivities 11 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:45,640 Speaker 1: than in eighty nine. Socialist and communist organizations also selected 12 00:00:45,640 --> 00:00:49,919 Speaker 1: May first as International Workers Day, also known as Labor Day, 13 00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:53,400 Speaker 1: and over the next few decades May Day increasingly took 14 00:00:53,400 --> 00:00:57,880 Speaker 1: on those connotations. So then in n Pope Pious the 15 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 1: twelfth responded by naming May for also as the feast 16 00:01:01,360 --> 00:01:05,319 Speaker 1: of Saint Joseph the Worker, so keeping that whole connotation 17 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:09,720 Speaker 1: connected to labor and also emphasizing a religious element over 18 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:15,399 Speaker 1: the connections to communism and socialism. Sometimes people look back 19 00:01:15,440 --> 00:01:19,040 Speaker 1: in history and describe one particular May Day in fifteen 20 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:21,840 Speaker 1: seventeen as being a really early example of both of 21 00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:25,080 Speaker 1: these meetings at the same time thanks to a riot 22 00:01:25,280 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: that was primarily carried out by working people, those being 23 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:33,280 Speaker 1: apprentices and journeymen and other people in similar circumstances. But 24 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: while this was an uprising of laborers, this incident, which 25 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: is called the Evil may Day or Ill may Day Riot, 26 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,720 Speaker 1: was also rooted in immigration and xenophobia in Tutor London. 27 00:01:46,200 --> 00:01:48,320 Speaker 1: Most of the workers who took part in this riot 28 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:52,280 Speaker 1: were apprenticed in London's guild system in the sixteenth century. 29 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:56,040 Speaker 1: Guilds formed the economic and political backbone of life in London. 30 00:01:56,760 --> 00:02:00,440 Speaker 1: These organizations had started to form pretty organically the tenth 31 00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:04,560 Speaker 1: and eleven centuries as more people moved into towns. People 32 00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: who worked in the same trade tended to live near 33 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 1: each other, both supporting and learning from one another and 34 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:13,920 Speaker 1: keeping an eye on the competition. So these informal groups 35 00:02:13,919 --> 00:02:18,720 Speaker 1: of working people gradually coalesced into more formal associations. Those 36 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:22,880 Speaker 1: evolved into guilds. Because some of the guilds started wearing 37 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 1: livery to distinguish themselves from one another, they're also called 38 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: livery companies and livery companies still exist today, but in 39 00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:34,600 Speaker 1: sort of slightly different uh form and back in the 40 00:02:34,680 --> 00:02:39,320 Speaker 1: medieval period, guilds trained new members through apprenticeships, and they 41 00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:42,040 Speaker 1: set standards for their work and for the behavior of 42 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:45,120 Speaker 1: all their members, including things meant to protect all their 43 00:02:45,160 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: trade secrets. Failure to live up to these standards could 44 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:53,200 Speaker 1: lead to a range of punishments, including physical punishments and fines, 45 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:58,600 Speaker 1: having your tools confiscated, or being completely expelled from the guild. 46 00:02:58,960 --> 00:03:03,280 Speaker 1: Being expelled from the guild was extremely serious in London. 47 00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:05,680 Speaker 1: To practice a trade, you had to have the freedom 48 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:08,760 Speaker 1: of the city, and that freedom was conferred by being 49 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: in a guild, and the guilds effectively had a monopoly 50 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,240 Speaker 1: on their specific trade, so if you weren't in a 51 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:19,040 Speaker 1: guild anymore, you almost certainly lost your livelihood. Conversely, during 52 00:03:19,080 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 1: their heyday, being in a guild also offered a person 53 00:03:22,160 --> 00:03:25,840 Speaker 1: some protection, including being cared for in their later years. 54 00:03:26,360 --> 00:03:28,040 Speaker 1: When we were on our tour last year and I 55 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:31,920 Speaker 1: got to go to the book Binders Museum, the docent 56 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:33,920 Speaker 1: who was taking me on a guided tour of it 57 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:38,520 Speaker 1: described the book Binders Guild as being like part professional organization, 58 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,640 Speaker 1: part organized crime. A lot of stuff that would not 59 00:03:42,800 --> 00:03:47,560 Speaker 1: necessarily fly today in a professional organization, and then these 60 00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 1: guilds in London came to wield huge political power as well. 61 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: By fifteen fifteen, there were forty eight of them and 62 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:58,040 Speaker 1: they had been arranged into a hierarchy based in the 63 00:03:58,200 --> 00:04:02,240 Speaker 1: on their wealth and their importance. This hierarchy was developed 64 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:04,840 Speaker 1: by London's aldermen to try to put a stop to 65 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 1: ongoing rivalries and jockeying for power among the guilds. There 66 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:11,880 Speaker 1: was a lot of fighting a disagreement among them all, 67 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 1: and creating this hierarchy was meant to put a stop 68 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:17,599 Speaker 1: to that. About twenty years after the events were talking 69 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:21,880 Speaker 1: about today, the twelve highest ranking guilds became known as 70 00:04:21,920 --> 00:04:25,240 Speaker 1: the twelve grade Companies, and they had even more political 71 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: power than all of the others. The guilds essentially governed 72 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:32,280 Speaker 1: their members through strict enforcement of their own rules and policies, 73 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:34,680 Speaker 1: and they were also a major part of governing the 74 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:39,120 Speaker 1: city itself. London's freemen elected aldermen from each of the 75 00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: city's wards, and the livery companies also elected the Lord Mayor, 76 00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,120 Speaker 1: who was second only to the monarch in the context 77 00:04:46,160 --> 00:04:49,240 Speaker 1: of the city's affairs. So by the sixteenth century, the 78 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:53,679 Speaker 1: guilds were essentially running the city government of London, although 79 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:56,480 Speaker 1: not everyone was in a guild by any stretch, and 80 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: guilds weren't the only source of social or political power. 81 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:03,840 Speaker 1: For example, most guilds didn't admit women, so women weren't 82 00:05:03,880 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: really part of this process, although women frequently worked with 83 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:10,800 Speaker 1: their husbands or their male relatives who were guild members. 84 00:05:11,279 --> 00:05:14,159 Speaker 1: And then there was also this overlapping system of parishes 85 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:17,760 Speaker 1: with parish priests and other clergy who were also a 86 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:21,719 Speaker 1: critical part of the social framework and sort of keeping 87 00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:25,120 Speaker 1: the standards of society going. There were also a couple 88 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:28,159 Speaker 1: of huge exceptions to the guild's political power in London. 89 00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:32,520 Speaker 1: One was the monarch. Even though London was self governing, 90 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:34,960 Speaker 1: the monarchs still had the power to make decisions that 91 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: affected the city or to overrule decisions that were made 92 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:43,000 Speaker 1: by the city government or the individual guilds. The other exception, 93 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:46,920 Speaker 1: which connected back to the monarch, was the existence of liberties. 94 00:05:47,320 --> 00:05:51,320 Speaker 1: Starting in the medieval period, monarchs had designated various entities 95 00:05:51,360 --> 00:05:55,880 Speaker 1: as liberties, and then a liberty existed outside the city's jurisdiction. 96 00:05:56,120 --> 00:05:58,839 Speaker 1: In some cases, it wasn't really even under the jurisdiction 97 00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:02,359 Speaker 1: of the monarch. Most of these liberties were affiliated with 98 00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:05,800 Speaker 1: the church and so they were under ecclesiastical control, but 99 00:06:05,960 --> 00:06:08,720 Speaker 1: some were more affiliated with a specific lord and under 100 00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:12,840 Speaker 1: his control. Since liberties were essentially their own jurisdiction, they 101 00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:15,280 Speaker 1: got to set their own rules about who could live there, 102 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:17,920 Speaker 1: what trades they could practice, and how they could run 103 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:22,480 Speaker 1: their Businesses and monasteries, churches, nobles and anyone else with 104 00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,240 Speaker 1: status as a liberty had plenty of incentives to basically 105 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 1: create their own market. An obvious incentive was money. If 106 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:34,719 Speaker 1: a liberty was effectively establishing its own marketplace that was 107 00:06:34,839 --> 00:06:37,640 Speaker 1: free from the restrictions of the city and the guilds, 108 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:41,400 Speaker 1: that could be really lucrative. And then another incentive was 109 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: the types of goods that were available. Artisans from elsewhere 110 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:48,039 Speaker 1: in Europe were often making goods or using materials and 111 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:52,279 Speaker 1: techniques that weren't otherwise available in England, So if a 112 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:55,760 Speaker 1: liberty was giving sanctuary to foreign artisans, it was getting 113 00:06:55,760 --> 00:06:59,480 Speaker 1: access to different types of goods and different styles of workmanship, 114 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:02,440 Speaker 1: many of which were in very high demand from the 115 00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:06,599 Speaker 1: country's wealthiest residents, and the monarch had plenty of incentive 116 00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:10,200 Speaker 1: to not just allow this, but to encourage it. One 117 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:13,160 Speaker 1: of the monarch's sources of income was customs duties from 118 00:07:13,160 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: trade with other countries, so it was in the monarch's 119 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:21,120 Speaker 1: financial interests to encourage these trading relationships. Plus, the monarch 120 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: and the nobility really liked luxury goods like silk and 121 00:07:25,080 --> 00:07:29,000 Speaker 1: spices that just weren't made locally in England. Cutting back 122 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:33,040 Speaker 1: on imports from other countries meant losing access to these things. 123 00:07:33,520 --> 00:07:36,920 Speaker 1: They were not excited about that idea at all. So 124 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:41,000 Speaker 1: this interconnected world of guilds and liberties and the monarchy 125 00:07:41,160 --> 00:07:45,239 Speaker 1: bread a lot of frustration and resentment among working people 126 00:07:45,280 --> 00:07:49,880 Speaker 1: in sixteenth century London. By then London had a population 127 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:53,320 Speaker 1: of roughly fifty thousand people, although I saw some estimates 128 00:07:53,320 --> 00:07:55,559 Speaker 1: as high as a hundred thousand when I was working 129 00:07:55,560 --> 00:08:00,120 Speaker 1: on this. Between one thousand and fifteen hundred of them, 130 00:08:00,200 --> 00:08:03,080 Speaker 1: or between two and three percent, were immigrants, or in 131 00:08:03,120 --> 00:08:07,640 Speaker 1: the language of the time, aliens or strangers. These immigrants 132 00:08:07,640 --> 00:08:10,000 Speaker 1: had come to London for a variety of reasons, and 133 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: we're all across the economic spectrum. Some were regular artisans 134 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:18,200 Speaker 1: and craftspeople who were fleeing war or other violence. London 135 00:08:18,360 --> 00:08:20,960 Speaker 1: was also becoming wealthier, which made it more attractive to 136 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: people who thought they might have a better life in 137 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 1: another country. The most prosperous immigrants were often in England 138 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:30,480 Speaker 1: at the invitation of the king, or were acting as 139 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:34,840 Speaker 1: representative of a wealthy family or business headquartered somewhere else 140 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:38,480 Speaker 1: in Europe. Speaking in very broad strokes, so we're talking 141 00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:42,560 Speaker 1: about trends here and not every individual immigrant. Flemish and 142 00:08:42,679 --> 00:08:46,960 Speaker 1: Dutch immigrants were often working in cloth related industries, especially 143 00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:51,880 Speaker 1: related to fine wool and weaving. French and German immigrants 144 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:57,080 Speaker 1: included artisans along with wealthier merchants. Italian immigrants were often 145 00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:01,120 Speaker 1: associated with banking. London's Lombard Street, with all of its 146 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 1: banks and merchant houses, was named for the Lombardy region 147 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:07,800 Speaker 1: of northern Italy, where all of those bankers and merchants 148 00:09:07,800 --> 00:09:10,560 Speaker 1: were from, or most of them were from. There was 149 00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:14,280 Speaker 1: also a small community of Africans and people of African descent, 150 00:09:14,400 --> 00:09:17,360 Speaker 1: many of whom were working as musicians or other entertainers, 151 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:19,679 Speaker 1: although the riot that we're talking about today does not 152 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:22,520 Speaker 1: seem to have been focused on them at all. And 153 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,680 Speaker 1: of course, among all of these nationalities there were also 154 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:28,600 Speaker 1: people who weren't working any particular craft or trade. There 155 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 1: were diplomats and courtiers and other wealthier people. By the 156 00:09:32,920 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 1: fifteen teens, many English workers thought there were too many 157 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:40,160 Speaker 1: strangers in London, that the city was literally being overrun, 158 00:09:40,559 --> 00:09:43,839 Speaker 1: and English artisans and craftspeople were being crowded out by 159 00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 1: foreign competition. This perception was exacerbated by the fact that 160 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: immigrants tended to be clustered into very specific parts of 161 00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:55,360 Speaker 1: the city, into sanctuaries or the estates of wealthy people 162 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,520 Speaker 1: from their native country. They also made up a large 163 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:02,160 Speaker 1: portion of several industry ease. For example, about half of 164 00:10:02,240 --> 00:10:06,080 Speaker 1: London's Tanners and Cooper's were immigrants. So people were making 165 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: a lot of the same arguments that you hear today 166 00:10:08,160 --> 00:10:12,040 Speaker 1: against immigration. But at the same time, a much bigger 167 00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:16,200 Speaker 1: source of competition for jobs was migration from within England, 168 00:10:16,320 --> 00:10:19,960 Speaker 1: not from elsewhere. These were from rural areas and smaller 169 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:24,120 Speaker 1: towns into London. Rural poverty was a huge problem due 170 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 1: to agricultural changes, including the enclosure movement, and this led 171 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 1: people to move into cities, especially into London, trying to 172 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:36,200 Speaker 1: find work. About five per cent of England's population lived 173 00:10:36,240 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: in London, but about fifteen percent of England's population lived 174 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:43,839 Speaker 1: in London at some point in their lives, so while 175 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:48,200 Speaker 1: unemployment was a real problem, immigrants were really not the 176 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:52,520 Speaker 1: cause of this problem, and the apprentices were particularly disgruntled. 177 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:56,600 Speaker 1: At this point in English history, apprenticeships were prestigious, but 178 00:10:56,679 --> 00:11:00,319 Speaker 1: they were also very difficult. Most apprentices were in their 179 00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:03,559 Speaker 1: teens and their lives were strictly managed by the master 180 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:06,640 Speaker 1: of the guild. So these young men, whose lives were 181 00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:10,000 Speaker 1: very tightly controlled, thought they were preparing for work in 182 00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: an economy that was inherently stacked against them. In April 183 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:18,320 Speaker 1: of fifteen sixteen, flyers were posted all around London about 184 00:11:18,320 --> 00:11:21,319 Speaker 1: how strangers in the wool trade we're getting rich off 185 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:24,960 Speaker 1: the King's favor while English people suffered. King Henry the 186 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:28,480 Speaker 1: Eighth ordered the handwriting of every apprentice to be compared 187 00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:30,600 Speaker 1: to these notices to try to figure out who had 188 00:11:30,640 --> 00:11:33,199 Speaker 1: done it. This came to a head just over a 189 00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: year later, and we're going to talk about that after 190 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:46,000 Speaker 1: we first have a little sponsor break. In the spring 191 00:11:46,040 --> 00:11:50,440 Speaker 1: of fifteen seventeen, English craftsmen living in London were fed up, 192 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:54,520 Speaker 1: and the words of chronicler Edward Hall quote, the multitude 193 00:11:54,559 --> 00:11:57,959 Speaker 1: of strangers was so great about London that the poor 194 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:01,920 Speaker 1: English artificers could scarce any living and most of all, 195 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:05,720 Speaker 1: the strangers were so proud that they disdained, mocked, and 196 00:12:05,800 --> 00:12:09,360 Speaker 1: oppressed the Englishman, which was the beginning of the grudge. 197 00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,959 Speaker 1: To particular foreigners had drawn a lot of the city's ire. 198 00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:17,240 Speaker 1: One was John Mautie of France, who was a royal secretary. 199 00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:20,440 Speaker 1: He maintained an estate called green Gate, where his position 200 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:23,840 Speaker 1: allowed him to offer sanctuary to other people from France, 201 00:12:24,360 --> 00:12:26,680 Speaker 1: and it was commonly believed that the immigrants at green 202 00:12:26,760 --> 00:12:31,720 Speaker 1: Gate included lots of pickpockets and unlicensed wool carters. It's 203 00:12:31,720 --> 00:12:33,880 Speaker 1: not clear at all how much of this was accurate 204 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:37,160 Speaker 1: and how much was just rumor about this prominent french 205 00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:39,760 Speaker 1: Man and the people that he was sheltering, but the 206 00:12:39,760 --> 00:12:42,720 Speaker 1: people of London definitely believed it and took it as 207 00:12:42,760 --> 00:12:45,839 Speaker 1: a sign of everything that was wrong with immigrants. The 208 00:12:45,920 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: other was Italian merchant Francesco de Barti. De Party imported 209 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: fine fabrics into England, and he exported English wool back 210 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:57,040 Speaker 1: to Italy. One of his customers was King Henry the 211 00:12:57,080 --> 00:13:00,240 Speaker 1: Eighth himself, and the King was fond enough of Party 212 00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:02,680 Speaker 1: that he granted him a license to import his fabric 213 00:13:02,720 --> 00:13:05,360 Speaker 1: without having to pay customs on it, which people thought 214 00:13:05,440 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: was really unfair. On top of that, he had, according 215 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:12,280 Speaker 1: to accounts of the time, enticed an englishman's wife to 216 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: come and live with him and to bring all of 217 00:13:14,559 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 1: the households gold and silver with her. Her husband had 218 00:13:18,160 --> 00:13:21,679 Speaker 1: filed a lawsuit against Devarty, leading Debarti to insult him 219 00:13:21,720 --> 00:13:25,400 Speaker 1: in court before filing a suit of his own. Devarti's 220 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:28,080 Speaker 1: suit alleged that the woman's husband owed him money for 221 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,920 Speaker 1: the cost of her lodging. Again, it's not totally clear 222 00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: how much of this was true, but once again people 223 00:13:34,679 --> 00:13:37,000 Speaker 1: believed it, and it speaks to the whole idea that 224 00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:40,520 Speaker 1: immigrants were disdaining and mocking the English. Yeah, a lot 225 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:42,480 Speaker 1: of the things that people were upset about in terms 226 00:13:42,559 --> 00:13:49,040 Speaker 1: of specific foreigners in London sounds like tabloid fodder that 227 00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:52,559 Speaker 1: may or may not have been true, but people were 228 00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:57,720 Speaker 1: definitely riled up about it. So printing was still a 229 00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:02,199 Speaker 1: fairly new innovation in English in fifteen seventeen. William Caxton 230 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: is believed to be the person who introduced movable type 231 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: into England. About forty years before that, a little less 232 00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:12,120 Speaker 1: than forty years so printing still wasn't widely available for 233 00:14:12,160 --> 00:14:15,120 Speaker 1: everyday use, and that's why those bills that were posted 234 00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:18,880 Speaker 1: around town in fifteen sixteen had been handwritten. Plus the 235 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:21,840 Speaker 1: vast majority of people couldn't read, so if somebody had 236 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:26,680 Speaker 1: a message to get out, they weren't printing flyers and 237 00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 1: and widely distributing them. As what happened later on in history, 238 00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:32,600 Speaker 1: the best way to do it was really to speak somewhere, 239 00:14:32,680 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 1: or to get somebody else, preferably somebody who had an 240 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:38,800 Speaker 1: audience to do it for them. So one common tactic 241 00:14:38,880 --> 00:14:41,520 Speaker 1: was to get members of the clergy to speak from 242 00:14:41,520 --> 00:14:45,000 Speaker 1: the pulpit about the issue. A broker called John Lincoln 243 00:14:45,320 --> 00:14:47,400 Speaker 1: was one of the people trying to convince the English 244 00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:51,320 Speaker 1: clergy to speak out against immigrants. First, he approached a 245 00:14:51,320 --> 00:14:53,960 Speaker 1: man named doctor Standish, who was scheduled to give an 246 00:14:53,960 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: Easter sermon in fifteen seventeen. Standish, however, had the favor 247 00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:01,960 Speaker 1: of many members of the aristocracy who were wealthier and 248 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:05,520 Speaker 1: more powerful and not so opposed to England's immigrant population, 249 00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:09,160 Speaker 1: so Standish refused. He might have also thought this was 250 00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:13,080 Speaker 1: a bad idea, so Lincoln went to another man, Dr Bell, 251 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:17,800 Speaker 1: sometimes spelled Dr Beale, and he was cannon at St 252 00:15:17,840 --> 00:15:21,000 Speaker 1: Mary without Bishop's Gate, and this was more commonly known 253 00:15:21,040 --> 00:15:24,600 Speaker 1: as St Mary's Spittle because of a hospital there. So 254 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,800 Speaker 1: Dr Bell was to give a public sermon at St 255 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:31,160 Speaker 1: mary Spittle on April fourteenth, and that was the Tuesday 256 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,720 Speaker 1: of Easter Week, and unlike Dr Standish, Doctor Bell was 257 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,760 Speaker 1: persuaded to make his sermon that day on the subject 258 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:42,040 Speaker 1: of England's immigrant population. On the fourteen Doctor Bell began 259 00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:45,600 Speaker 1: his sermon by reading a bill or petition that someone else, 260 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:49,600 Speaker 1: presumably Lincoln, had written. It read quote, to all you, 261 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:52,680 Speaker 1: the worshipful lords and masters of this city, that will 262 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:56,360 Speaker 1: take compassion over the poor people your neighbors, and also 263 00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:01,000 Speaker 1: of the great importable hurts, losses, and hindrances, whereof preceding 264 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,480 Speaker 1: the extreme poverty to all the King's subjects that inhabit 265 00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:07,800 Speaker 1: within this city and suburbs of the same. For so 266 00:16:07,840 --> 00:16:10,720 Speaker 1: it is that the aliens and strangers eat the bread 267 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:13,920 Speaker 1: from the poor fatherless children, and take the living from 268 00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:17,840 Speaker 1: all the artificers, and the intercourse from all merchants, whereby 269 00:16:17,880 --> 00:16:21,560 Speaker 1: poverty is so much increased that every man bewaileth the 270 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:25,200 Speaker 1: misery of other for craftsmen be brought to beggary, and 271 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:29,440 Speaker 1: merchants to neediness. And then Belle's own sermon began, quote, 272 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:33,160 Speaker 1: this land was given to Englishmen, and as birds would 273 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: defend their nests, so ought Englishmen to cherish and defend themselves, 274 00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: and to hurt and grieve aliens for the common wheal. 275 00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: He went on to say that quote by God's law, 276 00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:46,440 Speaker 1: it was lawful to fight for their country. And ever 277 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: he suddenly moved the people to rebel against the strangers 278 00:16:50,120 --> 00:16:53,200 Speaker 1: and break the king's peace. About a week after this 279 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:58,320 Speaker 1: very inflammatory sermon, words started to spread that the much 280 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:02,280 Speaker 1: hated Francesco de Bardie had once again been mocking english people, 281 00:17:02,360 --> 00:17:05,560 Speaker 1: and this time boasting that he could treat the mayor's 282 00:17:05,680 --> 00:17:08,600 Speaker 1: wife the same way that he had the other english 283 00:17:08,600 --> 00:17:12,159 Speaker 1: woman we talked about earlier in the story. Then on April, 284 00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:16,520 Speaker 1: a group of apprentices attacked several foreigners and threw them 285 00:17:16,520 --> 00:17:20,200 Speaker 1: into a canal. Those apprentices were arrested and sent to 286 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:23,760 Speaker 1: Newgate prison. Rumors started to spread that there would be 287 00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:27,679 Speaker 1: a general uprising of apprentices against foreigners on the May 288 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,920 Speaker 1: Day Holiday, which was in fifteen seventeen, a public holiday 289 00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:36,800 Speaker 1: celebrated with feasting, jousting, and plays featuring Robin Hood so 290 00:17:37,080 --> 00:17:40,200 Speaker 1: fairly early in the reign of King Henry the Eighth. 291 00:17:40,359 --> 00:17:42,800 Speaker 1: He had ascended to the throne in fifteen o nine, 292 00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 1: and in fifteen seventeen he was twenty five years old. 293 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:48,680 Speaker 1: He had been spending most of his time as monarch 294 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,640 Speaker 1: traveling from one of his estates to the next, feasting 295 00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:54,520 Speaker 1: and carousing, while leaving most of the actual ruling to 296 00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:58,240 Speaker 1: his advisors. At first, these had generally been advisors to 297 00:17:58,320 --> 00:18:01,760 Speaker 1: his late father, but by the time the events we're 298 00:18:01,760 --> 00:18:05,760 Speaker 1: talking about today rolled around, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of 299 00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 1: York and Lord Chancellor of England, had become one of 300 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 1: the most powerful men in the country and the sort 301 00:18:12,520 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 1: of top guy of Henry the eighth. Wolsey heard about 302 00:18:15,320 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 1: the rumored uprising and summoned the Lord Mayor of London 303 00:18:18,359 --> 00:18:21,960 Speaker 1: and the city's alderman on April twenty ninth. They talked 304 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:25,680 Speaker 1: over several options for keeping order, including stationing members of 305 00:18:25,720 --> 00:18:28,119 Speaker 1: the City Watch around the parts of the city that 306 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 1: seemed to be the most at risk, but calling out 307 00:18:31,280 --> 00:18:34,240 Speaker 1: the Watch seemed like it might incite violence rather than 308 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,439 Speaker 1: deter it. So they ultimately decided on a curfew to 309 00:18:37,480 --> 00:18:40,080 Speaker 1: begin at nine pm on the twenty nine and end 310 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:43,560 Speaker 1: at seven am on May Day. They made this decision 311 00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:47,800 Speaker 1: though at about eight thirty pm on the twenty ninth. Otherwise, 312 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:51,359 Speaker 1: neither Wolsey, the Lord mayor or anyone else really made 313 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:56,800 Speaker 1: many preparations for preventing or responding to this rumored uprising. Yeah, 314 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: that's They basically called for a curfew with about half 315 00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:03,600 Speaker 1: an our notice and no good way to thread the word. 316 00:19:04,359 --> 00:19:07,520 Speaker 1: What were you guys talking about before? I mean, it's 317 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:12,080 Speaker 1: a great question, uh. Alderman John Mandy returned to his 318 00:19:12,119 --> 00:19:14,639 Speaker 1: word after this meeting and found some apprentices in the 319 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:17,680 Speaker 1: street playing at fencing. He told them to get inside, 320 00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:21,520 Speaker 1: and they refused and turned on him, which sparked several 321 00:19:21,640 --> 00:19:26,240 Speaker 1: hours of violence. Most of the participants were apprentices or journeymen. 322 00:19:26,720 --> 00:19:30,720 Speaker 1: Some were watermen who worked on London's waterways. A few 323 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:33,359 Speaker 1: women were involved as well, along with a few members 324 00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:37,240 Speaker 1: of the clergy. First, the rioters descended on Newgate Prison 325 00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:39,480 Speaker 1: to free the men who had been jailed for attacking 326 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:43,520 Speaker 1: foreigners the day before, and then they started moving through London, 327 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:47,399 Speaker 1: attacking and looting foreign owned businesses and destroying their wares. 328 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:51,040 Speaker 1: Much of the riot was focused on Cheapside, which was 329 00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:54,960 Speaker 1: home to numerous markets and businesses. Its name comes from 330 00:19:54,960 --> 00:19:57,800 Speaker 1: an old English word which is spelled c e A 331 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,920 Speaker 1: p a n and it meant to buy, and many 332 00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:03,199 Speaker 1: of its streets are named for the things that you 333 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,680 Speaker 1: could buy there and immigrants homes were attacked as well, 334 00:20:06,760 --> 00:20:09,840 Speaker 1: including the homes of Francisco de Bardi and John Maute. 335 00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 1: Sir Thomas Moore, author of Utopia, was one of London's 336 00:20:14,160 --> 00:20:17,199 Speaker 1: under sheriffs at this point, and he confronted the crowd 337 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,360 Speaker 1: outside of St Martin's Le Grand, which was a liberty 338 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,960 Speaker 1: sheltering a whole lot of immigrants. He tried to encourage 339 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:26,920 Speaker 1: them to disperse. At first it seemed like he might 340 00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:30,000 Speaker 1: be successful, but then the residents of the liberty started 341 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:33,840 Speaker 1: fighting back against this assembled crowd, throwing things like stones 342 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:39,199 Speaker 1: and hot water at them that reignited the violence. The 343 00:20:39,280 --> 00:20:42,240 Speaker 1: crowd also attacked an area in Aldgate that was home 344 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:45,520 Speaker 1: to a number of foreign shoemakers and their shops. They 345 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:47,760 Speaker 1: broke into the stores and they threw the shoes and 346 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:51,119 Speaker 1: boots out into the street. While the riot was going on, 347 00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:55,000 Speaker 1: the official response was basically non existent. Sir Richard Chumley, 348 00:20:55,040 --> 00:20:59,159 Speaker 1: Lieutenant of the Tower, apparently fired some artillery into the city, 349 00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:02,400 Speaker 1: something that he was heavily criticized for doing, but which 350 00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:06,439 Speaker 1: doesn't seem to have seriously injured or killed anyone. Otherwise, 351 00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,000 Speaker 1: not much effort was made to stop the violence or 352 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:12,960 Speaker 1: to protect people in property. About one thousand people participated 353 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:17,399 Speaker 1: in this rioting, which finally wound down at about three am. 354 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:20,359 Speaker 1: Then at about five am, the Duke of Norfolk dispatched 355 00:21:20,359 --> 00:21:24,920 Speaker 1: more than one thousand armed retainers to restore order. Even 356 00:21:24,920 --> 00:21:27,439 Speaker 1: though the violence had pretty much petered out by this point, 357 00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:29,720 Speaker 1: the Duke and his men took most of the credit 358 00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:34,320 Speaker 1: for it, especially in people's letters back home, like if 359 00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:38,320 Speaker 1: you're an Italian merchant representing your your Italian merchant house, 360 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:41,520 Speaker 1: you're writing your letter back to the Home Office. Like 361 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:45,160 Speaker 1: there was like oh, and then this Duke came totally 362 00:21:45,560 --> 00:21:48,919 Speaker 1: put everything back in order to save the day. Henry 363 00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:51,280 Speaker 1: the eighth was furious about how all this was handled. 364 00:21:51,359 --> 00:21:53,920 Speaker 1: So we will get to the aftermath and his response 365 00:21:54,040 --> 00:22:05,080 Speaker 1: after another quick sponsor break. The official response to the 366 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:09,399 Speaker 1: evil made a was extreme, especially considering that there was 367 00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:12,880 Speaker 1: no loss of life that we know of, and none 368 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:16,199 Speaker 1: mentioned in any accounts of the day. First, hundreds of 369 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:18,560 Speaker 1: people were arrested. Some of them were as the youngest 370 00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:22,400 Speaker 1: thirteen years old. Two d seventy eight people were charged 371 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:26,800 Speaker 1: with treason. The treason charge came because, in a general sense, 372 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: the people who were attacked were under the protection of 373 00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:33,840 Speaker 1: the king, but more specifically, it was considered treason if 374 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:37,320 Speaker 1: an English citizen attacked a citizen of any nation that 375 00:22:37,400 --> 00:22:40,639 Speaker 1: had a treaty in place with England. King Henry the 376 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:43,520 Speaker 1: eighth had signed a treaty with Charles, Prince of Spain, 377 00:22:43,720 --> 00:22:47,199 Speaker 1: Archduke of Austria and Duke of Burgundy and Robin on 378 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:51,359 Speaker 1: February third, fifteen sixteen. A couple of years after these events, 379 00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: Charles would become Holy Roman Emperor Charles the fifth. The 380 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:58,679 Speaker 1: Netherlands was part of the Spanish Habsburg Empire, so the 381 00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:02,720 Speaker 1: English attack on dutchmigrants fit this definition of treason. A 382 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,040 Speaker 1: Court of Oyer and Terminer was established to investigate this 383 00:23:06,119 --> 00:23:09,199 Speaker 1: incident and to try the people who were accused. On 384 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,600 Speaker 1: May fourth, the alleged ring leaders were paraded through the 385 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: streets of London with nooses around their next past gallows 386 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:19,600 Speaker 1: that had been built for the occasion. Thirteen people from 387 00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: that first group were convicted and hanged. The next day, 388 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:25,600 Speaker 1: six of them were also drawn and quartered, and their 389 00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:29,639 Speaker 1: bodies were left hanging for days afterward. John Lincoln was 390 00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 1: tried with a separate group. On May seven. He was hanged, 391 00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:35,879 Speaker 1: but the others who were convicted were reprieved at the 392 00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: last minute at the gallows. Dr Bell and other clergy 393 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,600 Speaker 1: who were involved were imprisoned in the Tower of London. 394 00:23:42,960 --> 00:23:46,440 Speaker 1: On May eleventh, the Mayor, the Alderman, and the Recorder 395 00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:49,040 Speaker 1: of London went to the King to appeal for mercy 396 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:52,119 Speaker 1: for the now roughly four hundred people who were jailed 397 00:23:52,119 --> 00:23:56,119 Speaker 1: for taking part of this riot, including eleven women. The 398 00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:59,639 Speaker 1: general public was way more sympathetic to the rioters than 399 00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:02,440 Speaker 1: to the emigrants whose homes and businesses had been had 400 00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:07,120 Speaker 1: been destroyed, so to most people in London these hangings 401 00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:10,760 Speaker 1: seemed truly extreme. But even though the King had already 402 00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,679 Speaker 1: decided to pardon everyone else, he couldn't just let them 403 00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,800 Speaker 1: all go because that would seem weak, so he took 404 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:19,720 Speaker 1: care of things with a huge spectacle. On May two, 405 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:23,159 Speaker 1: those four hundred or so people were paraded through the 406 00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:27,560 Speaker 1: streets again with nooses around their necks to Westminster. Once 407 00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:29,639 Speaker 1: they got there, they were made to beg for the 408 00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:33,760 Speaker 1: King's forgiveness. The Queen Catherine of Aragon was there and 409 00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:37,520 Speaker 1: appealed to the King to grant them all clemency. In 410 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 1: some accounts, the King's sisters, Margaret, Queen of Scotland and Mary, 411 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,320 Speaker 1: Queen of France, were also part of this whole event, 412 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:48,080 Speaker 1: and the King then pardoned them all. They also heard 413 00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: a long address from Cardinal Wolsey, who told them quote 414 00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:54,000 Speaker 1: to lead good lives and comply with the royal will, 415 00:24:54,320 --> 00:24:57,560 Speaker 1: which was that strangers should be well treated in this country. 416 00:24:57,840 --> 00:25:02,080 Speaker 1: Almost immediately after this, and epidemic of sweating sickness broke 417 00:25:02,119 --> 00:25:05,000 Speaker 1: out in London, and then there was an outbreak of plague, 418 00:25:05,160 --> 00:25:08,480 Speaker 1: but neither of these things overshadowed the May Day Riot. 419 00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:11,960 Speaker 1: It became the subject of ballads and plays, many of 420 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:14,239 Speaker 1: which made it sound like a blood bath rather than 421 00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,760 Speaker 1: a property riot. In the decades after the riot, all 422 00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,040 Speaker 1: the issues that had contributed to it continued to influence 423 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:24,960 Speaker 1: life in London. The city's population grew dramatically during the 424 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:29,160 Speaker 1: later Tutor era, especially as the Protestant Reformation and Catholic 425 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:33,119 Speaker 1: counter Reformation led to warfare and displacement. Elsewhere in Europe, 426 00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:37,200 Speaker 1: the apprentice system started to break down in the seventeenth century, 427 00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:41,480 Speaker 1: and a series of poor laws criminalized unemployment and poverty, 428 00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:43,960 Speaker 1: which became rampant in the face of all of this 429 00:25:44,119 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: social and economic change. These changes were underway when the 430 00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:51,800 Speaker 1: play The Book of Sir Thomas Moore was written, which 431 00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: was about seventy or eighty years after the riots. The 432 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:59,440 Speaker 1: plays authorship isn't entirely clear, but the depiction of more 433 00:25:59,560 --> 00:26:03,560 Speaker 1: Speech at St Martin's is widely attributed to William Shakespeare, 434 00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:05,960 Speaker 1: and a copy of that speech is the only known 435 00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:10,840 Speaker 1: script in Shakespeare's handwriting that exists today. This play probably 436 00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:13,840 Speaker 1: wasn't performed during the Elizabethan era when it was written, 437 00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:17,679 Speaker 1: thanks to the influence of royal censor Edmund Tilney, and 438 00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:19,880 Speaker 1: then in more recent years, the speech has been commonly 439 00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:23,199 Speaker 1: used in the context of refugee and immigrant rights. In 440 00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:26,640 Speaker 1: the play, more Speech to the Rioters goes this way, 441 00:26:27,119 --> 00:26:30,399 Speaker 1: You'll put down strangers, kill them, cut their throats, possess 442 00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:33,679 Speaker 1: their houses, and lead the majesty of law in lamb 443 00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:37,440 Speaker 1: to slip him like a hound. Alas alas say now 444 00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:40,719 Speaker 1: the king and he is Clement. If the offender Mourne 445 00:26:41,560 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: should so much come too short of your great trespass 446 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:48,800 Speaker 1: as but to banish you, whither would you go? What country, 447 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:51,280 Speaker 1: by the nature of your error should give you harbor? 448 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:55,359 Speaker 1: Go you to France or Flanders, to any German province, 449 00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:59,720 Speaker 1: Spain or Portugal, nay, anywhere that not adheres to England. 450 00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,639 Speaker 1: Why you must needs be strangers? Would you be pleased 451 00:27:03,920 --> 00:27:07,680 Speaker 1: to find a nation of such barbarous temper that breaking 452 00:27:07,680 --> 00:27:11,040 Speaker 1: out in hideous violence would not afford you an abode 453 00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:15,560 Speaker 1: on earth? Wet, they're detested, knives against your throats, spurn 454 00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:18,760 Speaker 1: you like dogs, and like as if that God owed 455 00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:21,960 Speaker 1: not nor made not you, not that the elements were 456 00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:26,040 Speaker 1: not all appropriate to your comforts, but chartered unto them, 457 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:29,320 Speaker 1: What would you think to be used? Thus, this is 458 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:34,480 Speaker 1: the stranger's case, and this your mountainous in humanity. Rioting 459 00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:38,439 Speaker 1: by apprentices also became something of a tradition in early 460 00:27:38,480 --> 00:27:42,040 Speaker 1: modern London, and we are going to revisit that in 461 00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:45,960 Speaker 1: our next Saturday Classic. Do you have a riotous piece 462 00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:49,760 Speaker 1: of listener mail? I do have some listener mail it's 463 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:53,719 Speaker 1: it's not riot, it is it is, uh, just a 464 00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:57,199 Speaker 1: little bit of knowledge about something tangentially related to the 465 00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:00,200 Speaker 1: podcast you pass around. This email is from Jack X, 466 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:03,560 Speaker 1: and Jack says, Hi, Tracy and Holly. I'm a longtime listener, 467 00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:05,359 Speaker 1: first time writer, and I wanted to tell you that 468 00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:08,199 Speaker 1: I really love your show. It's my constant companion on 469 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:10,080 Speaker 1: my work commute in and out of New York City 470 00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:12,560 Speaker 1: every day, and I've learned so much. I'm sure you're 471 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:15,280 Speaker 1: getting spammed right now by everyone who saw the commercial 472 00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:18,359 Speaker 1: during Monday's Game of Thrones series premiere, But just in 473 00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:20,840 Speaker 1: case it was missed, I'm writing to tell you about 474 00:28:20,920 --> 00:28:24,679 Speaker 1: Gentleman Jack, a new HBO drama series about Ann Lister. 475 00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:27,560 Speaker 1: As soon as I saw the name, I immediately squealed 476 00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:29,679 Speaker 1: like a history fan girl and decided to write in. 477 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:33,199 Speaker 1: And story is fascinating to me. A series of coded 478 00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:36,920 Speaker 1: messages forbidden love and subverting social norms is a sure 479 00:28:37,040 --> 00:28:39,840 Speaker 1: fire intrigue if there ever was one. While I'm sure 480 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:42,640 Speaker 1: HBO will also take plenty of liberties, it's nice to 481 00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:44,840 Speaker 1: see stories like this getting a chance to be told 482 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 1: in the mainstream. They eight part HBO drama is in 483 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:52,480 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty two West Yorkshire, England, and starts with Anne's 484 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:56,240 Speaker 1: work to revitalize her inherited home of Shibden Hall. Premieres 485 00:28:56,280 --> 00:28:59,160 Speaker 1: next Monday, April. I will most certainly be adding this 486 00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:01,520 Speaker 1: to my watch list. Thank you both for such a 487 00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:03,320 Speaker 1: great podcast, and I hope you have a great time 488 00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:06,440 Speaker 1: in Paris despite the unfortunate events of yesterday's fire, which 489 00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,760 Speaker 1: is utterly devastating. I was just there in the fall 490 00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,320 Speaker 1: of eighteen and I teared up when I saw footage 491 00:29:11,360 --> 00:29:13,600 Speaker 1: of the flames. Thank you again, Jack's thank you for 492 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:19,959 Speaker 1: this email. Jack's I definitely did see the Enlist commercial 493 00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:22,640 Speaker 1: while watching Game of Thrones. By the time today's episode 494 00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:27,840 Speaker 1: comes out, it's gonna be well beyond April. So back 495 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:32,240 Speaker 1: when I was researching the episode about and Lister, at 496 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 1: that point the show had been announced as something called 497 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:38,760 Speaker 1: Shipden Hall, and in my research I had found sort 498 00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:41,880 Speaker 1: of the announcement of you know, new TV series about 499 00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:46,000 Speaker 1: an list called Shipden Hall to go into production, and 500 00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:49,600 Speaker 1: then I couldn't find anything else about Shipden Hall when 501 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:52,480 Speaker 1: it was time to actually you know, record the episode, 502 00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:54,440 Speaker 1: so I didn't really mention it. I don't think in 503 00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:57,600 Speaker 1: the episode itself, and it was because by that point 504 00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:01,560 Speaker 1: it had been renamed Gentleman Jack Um, so I was 505 00:30:01,840 --> 00:30:04,240 Speaker 1: pleasantly surprised to learn that it wasn't one of those 506 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:06,520 Speaker 1: shows that sort of gets announced and then never quite 507 00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:10,880 Speaker 1: makes it to people's TV screens. Since it is on HBO, 508 00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:14,520 Speaker 1: I am imagining that it will be very adult, just 509 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:17,959 Speaker 1: in case you're thinking of checking it out, But I 510 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:20,920 Speaker 1: definitely am going to do that because I'm excited about it. 511 00:30:20,960 --> 00:30:23,600 Speaker 1: So thank you again, Jack's for sending this note so 512 00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:25,240 Speaker 1: could pass it on to other people who might be 513 00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:29,400 Speaker 1: interested and don't watch Game of Thrones or the other 514 00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:33,680 Speaker 1: stuff on HBO or where they're probably advertising this. Uh 515 00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about this 516 00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:38,000 Speaker 1: or any other podcast or history podcast at how stuff 517 00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:41,160 Speaker 1: Works dot com. And we are also all over social 518 00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:44,680 Speaker 1: media at miss in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 519 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:47,480 Speaker 1: and Instagram. You can come to our website we just 520 00:30:47,520 --> 00:30:49,640 Speaker 1: missed in History dot com. You'll find the show notes 521 00:30:49,680 --> 00:30:51,400 Speaker 1: for all the episodes Holly and I have worked on 522 00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:54,240 Speaker 1: together and the ones for today's episode. You can read 523 00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:58,000 Speaker 1: the primary sources that we read from and marvel at 524 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:02,760 Speaker 1: their ingenious spelling but his spelling was not remotely standardized 525 00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:06,400 Speaker 1: at this point in English history. You can also subscribe 526 00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:09,280 Speaker 1: to our show on Apple podcast, I heart radio app, 527 00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:17,120 Speaker 1: and anywhere else you get your podcasts. Stuff You Missed 528 00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:19,480 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I Heart Radio's 529 00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:22,440 Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for my heart Radio, 530 00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:25,720 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 531 00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:27,000 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.