WEBVTT - World-Changing Science Experiments: Part One

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how

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<v Speaker 1>stuff works dot com. Hey guys, and welcome to the podcast.

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<v Speaker 1>This is also Adamo, the science editor how stuff works

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<v Speaker 1>dot com. And this is Robert Lamb, science writer at

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<v Speaker 1>how stuff works dot com. And today we're gonna talk

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<v Speaker 1>about a couple of experiments that have props changed the world. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>these are pretty pretty big ones. Yeah, so worldwide, billions

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<v Speaker 1>and billions of dollars or earmarked for scientific research and development.

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<v Speaker 1>I looked this up. Turns out in two thousand nine,

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<v Speaker 1>the United States government allowed a hundred and fourteen billion

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<v Speaker 1>just for research and development awarded to its agencies. So

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<v Speaker 1>the various government agencies, as you can imagine. I think

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<v Speaker 1>that the dude in the Riddler costume on those infomercials

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<v Speaker 1>told me this. Yeah, a lot of that money went

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<v Speaker 1>to the Department of Defense. As you met, it always

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<v Speaker 1>helps if you can kill somebody with your science experiment,

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<v Speaker 1>no doubt. And then little less than half of that

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<v Speaker 1>was split between basic research, so they're kind that's driven

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<v Speaker 1>by scientific curiosity or interest in a particular scientific question,

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<v Speaker 1>and then applied research, the kind of research the designed

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<v Speaker 1>to solve practical problems, right, yeah, like some of some

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<v Speaker 1>of the stuff that goes on, it's just really cool. Like, um,

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<v Speaker 1>I was doing a news article several months back about

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<v Speaker 1>research into how hammerhead sharks seek and yes, government was

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<v Speaker 1>flipping the bill for a lot of that, and I

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<v Speaker 1>have yet to come up with a way that that

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<v Speaker 1>could be used to kill somebody or really do anything

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<v Speaker 1>other than understand hammer heads. Right, So I was bringing

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<v Speaker 1>up those numbers just to illustrate how many experiments are

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<v Speaker 1>going on right now, a lot of which we will

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<v Speaker 1>never ever know about, a lot of which won't get

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<v Speaker 1>picked up in the New England Journal of Medicine. So

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<v Speaker 1>we decided to highlight a few that particularly stand up.

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<v Speaker 1>So we're doing a series, the two part series, in

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<v Speaker 1>which we highlight a couple of our favorite experiments with

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<v Speaker 1>the big guns. Here we're talking, yeah, our first one's Darwin. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>and I should mention in a few instances we're gonna

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<v Speaker 1>talk about too closely related experiment. It's as opposed to

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<v Speaker 1>one single experiment, just because, as you guys know, science

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<v Speaker 1>stands on the shoulder of giants, so it's hard to

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<v Speaker 1>sometimes separate out who did what when, and sometimes it's

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<v Speaker 1>like a short person standing on the shoulder of a giant,

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<v Speaker 1>and then there's another giant standing on top of the

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<v Speaker 1>short person. But if you get the short person out

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<v Speaker 1>of the mix, then it all falls apart. It's like singer,

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<v Speaker 1>that's true feet Yeah, except Jinga with giants. Yeah. Right,

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<v Speaker 1>So who's the first nominee? Charles Darwin? All right, let's

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<v Speaker 1>talk about Darwin. Darwin's flowers. Um, don't you mean Darwin's

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<v Speaker 1>Galapagos Islands trip. Um, No, you don't mean flowers. No,

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<v Speaker 1>that was this is kind of this kind of came

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<v Speaker 1>later because the Galapagos Island's trip is famous because you know,

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<v Speaker 1>he was always looking at birds and and he you know,

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<v Speaker 1>really putting together you know, all the the the data

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<v Speaker 1>that would lead to origin of species and uh but

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<v Speaker 1>but after all that, you know, it's like the theories

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<v Speaker 1>out there and it's you know, not popular with everybody.

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<v Speaker 1>It's still needs a lot of support, and he has

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<v Speaker 1>his supporters, but there's also plenty of people just like

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<v Speaker 1>making fun of him and drawing and really mean cartoons. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>he was and he was of a divisive character for sure,

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<v Speaker 1>and he didn't want to be actually, no, he hated it.

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<v Speaker 1>We we have a I think a really good article

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<v Speaker 1>on the man I wrote that one um. But he

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<v Speaker 1>was having to he was he retreated from the public

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<v Speaker 1>cup eye and let other people handle the pr stuff,

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<v Speaker 1>and he went back to experiments. See what did he

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<v Speaker 1>do well? He started looking into um orchids and uh

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<v Speaker 1>and their pollinators. So he's looking to reinforce the theory

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<v Speaker 1>of natural selection, right, because this boils down to um.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, you look at at some of the crazy

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<v Speaker 1>like orchids and flowers out there and and they'll be

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<v Speaker 1>just be some there's such a variety of design um

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<v Speaker 1>in them. And then somewhere out there in the world

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<v Speaker 1>there's a there's an insect that's that's it's custom evolved

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<v Speaker 1>to pollinate that one particular flower. Right. That was his thought, Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>that was that was his thoughts. So he started, like,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, if he were round the day, he'd make

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<v Speaker 1>a spreadsheet of this, you know, like which which flowers

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<v Speaker 1>line up with which pollinators? Right, take the Star of

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<v Speaker 1>Bethlehem orchid for example. Um it's an orchid that stores

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<v Speaker 1>nectar near the bottom of a tube up to twelve

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<v Speaker 1>inches long. So Darwin saw this design and he predicted

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<v Speaker 1>that there was a matching animal outfit somewhere out there

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<v Speaker 1>in the where there's there's one insect that's made to

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<v Speaker 1>take care of this. So sure enough, in three scientists

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<v Speaker 1>discovered that the hawk moth sported along probiscus or knows,

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<v Speaker 1>essentially uniquely suited to reach the bottom of this particular

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<v Speaker 1>orchids nectar tube. So this was good because again it

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<v Speaker 1>was providing evidence for his theory of natural selection. Um,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, it's giving credence to on the origin of

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<v Speaker 1>species and just generally bolstering the modern framework of evolution

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<v Speaker 1>as we know it with flowers. Yeah, so let's do

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<v Speaker 1>another biology one. Let's talk about DNA. Oh yeah, this

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<v Speaker 1>is a big one as well. Watson and right, Yeah, well,

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<v Speaker 1>Watson and critic and all the headlines and lots of

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<v Speaker 1>school kids. Certainly no James Watson and Francis Crick as

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<v Speaker 1>the guys who unlocked the mystery of DNA but there

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<v Speaker 1>are a whole lot of other players involved in the mix.

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<v Speaker 1>So that nineteen sixty two Nobel Prize in Medicine was

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<v Speaker 1>split among Watson, Creek, and Maurice Hugh Wilkins. These are

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<v Speaker 1>the guys who figured out the molecular structure of DNA,

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<v Speaker 1>along with the help of more than a few scientists

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<v Speaker 1>like Hershei and Chase. Right, so, back in nineteen fifty two,

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<v Speaker 1>Elfin Hershei and Martha Chase were conducting this now famous

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<v Speaker 1>blender experiment that identified DNA as a molecule responsible for heredity,

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<v Speaker 1>no small feet, and Hershiean. Chase's research prompted a bunch

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<v Speaker 1>of scientists to decipher DNA's molecular structure. Like it was

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<v Speaker 1>just like the scientific sort of gold rush. Instead of

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<v Speaker 1>focusing on goal, they were focusing on doxy ribonucleic acid.

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<v Speaker 1>I like to think that each duo of scientists was

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<v Speaker 1>like like a cop duo, where one was the good

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<v Speaker 1>cop when it was a bad cop, so like Watson

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<v Speaker 1>a crick or like like once taking the strong arm

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<v Speaker 1>with the DNA and the other just like bringing up coffee.

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<v Speaker 1>Did you ever see the TV movie about this, The

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<v Speaker 1>Race for the Double Helix a k A Life Story?

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<v Speaker 1>I think it. It was a BBC production and I'm

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<v Speaker 1>surprised you have not seen it because Jeff Goldbloom was

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<v Speaker 1>in it. WHOA really? Oh man, I bet he's He's

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<v Speaker 1>awesome and a little crazy in it. Yeah, I forget

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<v Speaker 1>which one he was, Watson or Creek, but I must

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<v Speaker 1>have seen that back in the day, because whenever I

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<v Speaker 1>think of DNA and stuff, I always think of gold

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<v Speaker 1>Bloom and I can never think why, And now I

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<v Speaker 1>know it was. Are you sure you weren't thinking about

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<v Speaker 1>the fly where? Because there's a lot of DNA stuff

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<v Speaker 1>in there right right, The fly and the race for

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<v Speaker 1>the double helix. That's the movie. I based my understanding

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<v Speaker 1>of DNA on. So Prize winner Wilkins, along with this

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<v Speaker 1>colleague Rosalind Franklin, who did not win the DNA Nobel Prize,

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<v Speaker 1>which is a whole separate but interesting story, use this

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<v Speaker 1>technique called X ray to fraction to study DNA. And

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<v Speaker 1>we're going to talk about this technique a little later

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<v Speaker 1>on too with you Robert. Right, So, the technique basically

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<v Speaker 1>involves shooting X rays at in this case a line

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<v Speaker 1>fibers have purified DNA. Yeah. The idea is when X

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<v Speaker 1>rays travel through something, they're going to get defracted and

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<v Speaker 1>come theither side. But they get diffracted, they get moved

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<v Speaker 1>around and alter, and there's't they can tell you what

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<v Speaker 1>it just passed through. It's kind of like when you

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<v Speaker 1>and in a very there's a very broad example, but

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<v Speaker 1>it's like when you get an X ray made of

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<v Speaker 1>your tooth, the you know, at the dentist office. Um,

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<v Speaker 1>we're in a back alley, you know. But the the

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<v Speaker 1>X rays passed through your teeth and and onto that

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<v Speaker 1>little film, right, so, and and then they give your

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<v Speaker 1>information about about what happened, Yeah, between cavities exactly. Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>So yeah, in this case, the diffracted X rays form

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<v Speaker 1>a pattern that's unique to the molecul in question, and

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<v Speaker 1>in this case it was d N A and so

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<v Speaker 1>Rosalind Franklin's now famous photo of DNA shows this X

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<v Speaker 1>shaped pattern. Of course, you have to know how to

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<v Speaker 1>interpret that pattern to quote unquote see the molecule, and

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<v Speaker 1>Watson and Crick did so. Watson and kriicknew that the

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<v Speaker 1>photo represented the signature of a helical molecule, and they

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<v Speaker 1>also figured out the width of the helicks by analyzing

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<v Speaker 1>Franklin's image, and DNA was somewhat decoded. Yeah. The rest

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<v Speaker 1>is history, and we have the image of the double

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<v Speaker 1>helix everywhere, and we fully understand everything that DNA can

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<v Speaker 1>do now, right, Yeah, yeah, we got it, We got

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<v Speaker 1>it down. So let's look at another world changing biology

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<v Speaker 1>type experiment that we like. Oh yeah, yeah, this one,

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<v Speaker 1>this one was really cool. And this one has to

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<v Speaker 1>do with vaccinations, um and the eradication of smallpox. Right, so,

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<v Speaker 1>until recently, smallpox is a pretty serious public health problem,

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<v Speaker 1>all right. So then this said, there was this British

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<v Speaker 1>chef physician by the name of Edward Jenner, and uh

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<v Speaker 1>round he started, uh noticing that dairy maids would catch

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<v Speaker 1>something called cow pox. What is Jenner doing noticing the

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<v Speaker 1>dairy maids is one question? Well, probably pretty cute. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>they're pretty cute, cute gals, and and they were they

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<v Speaker 1>were catching some sort of pox from this this cow

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<v Speaker 1>pox from the cows and uh and you know they

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<v Speaker 1>suffered through that. But then after they've had cow pox,

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<v Speaker 1>they're immune to smallpox. Really. Yeah, So he started studying

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<v Speaker 1>this phenomenon, hanging out with more and more dairy maids.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, cow pox is still around, so it's beaver pox.

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<v Speaker 1>I've not heard of beaver I just made that one up.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm kidding, there's no beaver pox. So eventually Jenner decided

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<v Speaker 1>to see if he could um, if he could transfer

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<v Speaker 1>immunity to smallpox by infecting someone with cow pox on purpose.

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<v Speaker 1>So he found, uh, this little boy by the name

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<v Speaker 1>of James Phipps. Okay, what did James Phipps parents make

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<v Speaker 1>of this? By the way, those are kind of good

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<v Speaker 1>old days of human experimentation. Yeah, because I mean it

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<v Speaker 1>gets kind of ground because the way he decided to

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<v Speaker 1>to to essentially vaccinate him that we didn't really know

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<v Speaker 1>it was gonna work, you know, it was still an

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<v Speaker 1>experimental phase. Was he made cuts on the boy's arms

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<v Speaker 1>and then inserted some fluid from the cow pox source

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<v Speaker 1>of a local dairymaid that he was hanging out with

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<v Speaker 1>named Sarah Sarah Elms. And so the kid uh contracted

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<v Speaker 1>cow pox and then recovered and was then immune to smallpox. Right, So,

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<v Speaker 1>forty eight days later, Jenner said, okay, you had your

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<v Speaker 1>cow pox cuts, let's see what you're going to do

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<v Speaker 1>a smallpox And sure enough he exposed him and he

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<v Speaker 1>found out that the boy was immune, proving gender's theory correct.

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<v Speaker 1>Fast forward, uh a little while, and uh there's no

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<v Speaker 1>more you know, and then you have a powerful small

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<v Speaker 1>pox vaccine going on. So pretty cool. So let's talk

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<v Speaker 1>a little chemistry. Although the scientists at the center of

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<v Speaker 1>our next experiment. Considered himself a physicist, not a chemist.

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<v Speaker 1>He was the man who once said, have you heard

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<v Speaker 1>this quote? All science is either physics or stamp collecting,

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<v Speaker 1>and he was talking about the scientific method. I assume

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<v Speaker 1>I had not heard that quote. So the man in

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<v Speaker 1>question is Ernest Rutherford, and he's a pretty amazing guy.

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<v Speaker 1>He's born in New Zealand. He's one of twelve children.

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<v Speaker 1>That's a large, large New Zealand family, or any family.

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<v Speaker 1>He's the guy who came up with listen to this.

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<v Speaker 1>He's a guy who came up with the principles of alpha,

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<v Speaker 1>beta and gamme rays, the proton, the newtron, half lift,

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<v Speaker 1>and daughter Adams. One guy came up with all that.

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<v Speaker 1>Quite a role. Yeah, I've heard him called the father

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<v Speaker 1>of nuclear physics, and that's seems appropriate enough. And future

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<v Speaker 1>biggie's like Neils Bore Oppenheimer and James Chadwick, I'll looked

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<v Speaker 1>to him for guidance. But we're going to talk about

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<v Speaker 1>one of his adventures with the atomic nucleus and revealing

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<v Speaker 1>the structure of the atom. So let's talk about the

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<v Speaker 1>what Rutherford was doing. Basically, he's carrying off a kind

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<v Speaker 1>of a simple experiment, and uh and one that you

0:11:42.080 --> 0:11:45.200
<v Speaker 1>can you can you can reproduce at home. All you

0:11:45.240 --> 0:11:47.720
<v Speaker 1>need is what a You need an alpha ray emitter

0:11:48.360 --> 0:11:51.040
<v Speaker 1>or some sort of like alpha ray gun. Right, You

0:11:51.080 --> 0:11:54.079
<v Speaker 1>need some gold foil. Yeah, and you need a scentilator.

0:11:54.400 --> 0:11:57.920
<v Speaker 1>What's that, Well, scentilator is essentially back in the day,

0:11:57.960 --> 0:12:00.760
<v Speaker 1>it was a screen coated with stink soul fund and

0:12:00.840 --> 0:12:02.600
<v Speaker 1>it helps you to figure out where the particles were

0:12:02.640 --> 0:12:06.000
<v Speaker 1>going after you fired them, after after you fired them. Okay,

0:12:06.040 --> 0:12:07.920
<v Speaker 1>well that maybe a little hard to get a hold off,

0:12:07.920 --> 0:12:10.800
<v Speaker 1>but still these are the main elements of the experiment.

0:12:11.120 --> 0:12:13.320
<v Speaker 1>So let's talk about the experiment. It was also called

0:12:13.320 --> 0:12:17.440
<v Speaker 1>the Geiger Marsden experiment, named after a Hans Geiger gold

0:12:17.440 --> 0:12:22.480
<v Speaker 1>foil experiment though sounds. So here's what they did. They

0:12:22.520 --> 0:12:25.000
<v Speaker 1>got a source of radioactive particles, like Robert was just

0:12:25.120 --> 0:12:28.079
<v Speaker 1>leading to. They fired them through these really thin foils

0:12:28.120 --> 0:12:30.080
<v Speaker 1>like gold, and by thin we mean one or two

0:12:30.120 --> 0:12:34.440
<v Speaker 1>atoms thick, super super super thin, and they encircled their

0:12:34.440 --> 0:12:37.440
<v Speaker 1>whole set up with aforementioned detecting screen, the scintillator, the

0:12:37.640 --> 0:12:40.200
<v Speaker 1>screen that was gonna tell them where the particles were going.

0:12:40.240 --> 0:12:43.360
<v Speaker 1>After they fired them. So what Rutherford and Cove figured

0:12:43.400 --> 0:12:46.800
<v Speaker 1>out was that most of the radioactive particles were actually

0:12:46.800 --> 0:12:50.480
<v Speaker 1>firing straight through the foil. Okay, that makes sense. And

0:12:50.520 --> 0:12:53.600
<v Speaker 1>then a few of the particles were being deflected at

0:12:53.679 --> 0:12:56.760
<v Speaker 1>at a smaller angle, and then a very tiny portion

0:12:56.880 --> 0:12:59.920
<v Speaker 1>of the particles were being reflected back at a large angle.

0:13:00.080 --> 0:13:02.880
<v Speaker 1>And like we were saying earlier, the deflection tell us

0:13:02.880 --> 0:13:06.040
<v Speaker 1>that there's something going on inside the material that they're

0:13:06.040 --> 0:13:10.840
<v Speaker 1>that they're passing through. Right. So Rutherford, Geiger, and Marsden

0:13:10.880 --> 0:13:12.120
<v Speaker 1>took that to me and that there was a lot

0:13:12.120 --> 0:13:14.600
<v Speaker 1>of quote unquote empty space and atoms allowing all those

0:13:14.640 --> 0:13:17.520
<v Speaker 1>radioactive particles to pass straight through to the particle screen

0:13:17.640 --> 0:13:20.800
<v Speaker 1>or to the the scintillator. But it was the sharp

0:13:20.880 --> 0:13:24.839
<v Speaker 1>deflections that intrigued them the most. And so their conclusion

0:13:25.080 --> 0:13:27.440
<v Speaker 1>was that there was a strong positive charge at the

0:13:27.480 --> 0:13:30.920
<v Speaker 1>heart of the gold atoms that was deflecting those particles

0:13:30.960 --> 0:13:34.000
<v Speaker 1>almost straight back toward the source. And he called this

0:13:34.080 --> 0:13:36.720
<v Speaker 1>strong positive source that was doing the deflection the nucleus,

0:13:37.400 --> 0:13:39.520
<v Speaker 1>And he said the nucleus must be small compared to

0:13:39.559 --> 0:13:42.679
<v Speaker 1>the atoms overall size, otherwise more you would have had

0:13:42.679 --> 0:13:44.920
<v Speaker 1>more particles bouncing back right. So yeah, so he basically

0:13:44.920 --> 0:13:47.640
<v Speaker 1>met the inside of the atom. So today we still

0:13:47.679 --> 0:13:51.120
<v Speaker 1>visualized atom as Rutherford did, a small positively charged nucleus

0:13:51.120 --> 0:13:54.440
<v Speaker 1>surrounded by a vast firstly populated region with a couple

0:13:54.480 --> 0:13:56.840
<v Speaker 1>of electrons. Wow, so you can you can really tell

0:13:56.880 --> 0:14:00.800
<v Speaker 1>a lot about something by firing some radiation through it.

0:14:00.800 --> 0:14:04.439
<v Speaker 1>It's such a simple experiment, but it's so brilliant. It

0:14:04.600 --> 0:14:07.520
<v Speaker 1>is brilliant. Right. So we mentioned X ray diffraction a

0:14:07.559 --> 0:14:09.679
<v Speaker 1>little bit earlier. When we're talking about DNA, we're talking

0:14:09.720 --> 0:14:12.840
<v Speaker 1>about Rosalind Franklin and her X ray defraction studies. But

0:14:13.280 --> 0:14:15.280
<v Speaker 1>as we pointed out, her work wrote a lot to

0:14:15.400 --> 0:14:18.160
<v Speaker 1>Dorothy Krowfet Hodgkin. She was one of only three women

0:14:18.200 --> 0:14:22.880
<v Speaker 1>ever to win the Nobel Prize in chemistry, and Hodgkin

0:14:22.960 --> 0:14:26.360
<v Speaker 1>was pretty darn good at X ray diffraction, so it's

0:14:26.400 --> 0:14:29.120
<v Speaker 1>not really surprising that she eventually revealed the structure of

0:14:29.680 --> 0:14:33.600
<v Speaker 1>pretty much one of medicine's most important chemicals, penicillin. Indeed,

0:14:34.720 --> 0:14:39.440
<v Speaker 1>so back in Alexander Fleming had discovered the bacteria killing substance,

0:14:39.800 --> 0:14:43.040
<v Speaker 1>but scientists had a really hard time purifying the chemical

0:14:43.160 --> 0:14:46.840
<v Speaker 1>in order to develop an effective treatment. So what Hodgkin

0:14:46.880 --> 0:14:48.840
<v Speaker 1>did was she mapped out the three D arrangement of

0:14:48.880 --> 0:14:53.200
<v Speaker 1>penicillin's atoms, and essentially she opened all these new avenues

0:14:53.240 --> 0:14:57.520
<v Speaker 1>for creating and developing semisynthetic derivatives of penicillin. Yeah, it's

0:14:57.520 --> 0:14:59.880
<v Speaker 1>like when hackers like break the code for something like

0:15:00.280 --> 0:15:02.760
<v Speaker 1>DVD encryption, you know, so that they can rip it.

0:15:02.760 --> 0:15:05.400
<v Speaker 1>It's like like, here was something that was really important

0:15:05.400 --> 0:15:08.600
<v Speaker 1>to his penicillin, and in in fact she allowed us

0:15:08.600 --> 0:15:11.600
<v Speaker 1>to crack it do more with it, right, but telling

0:15:11.680 --> 0:15:14.040
<v Speaker 1>us all that stuff about the molecular structures she helped

0:15:14.080 --> 0:15:16.480
<v Speaker 1>out a lot. And in this case what she did

0:15:16.560 --> 0:15:21.000
<v Speaker 1>was after two different companies center penicillin crystals, Hodgkin pass

0:15:21.040 --> 0:15:23.400
<v Speaker 1>those X ray waves through the crystals and allowed the

0:15:23.520 --> 0:15:26.280
<v Speaker 1>radiation to strike this photographic plate. We did cover this

0:15:26.280 --> 0:15:28.960
<v Speaker 1>a little bit before, so as the X rays interacted

0:15:28.960 --> 0:15:32.480
<v Speaker 1>with the electrons in those sample there to fracked and

0:15:32.520 --> 0:15:36.560
<v Speaker 1>reveals the interstructure excellent. And then she went on to

0:15:36.920 --> 0:15:40.520
<v Speaker 1>deal with other structures, right, like vitamin B twelve she did,

0:15:40.640 --> 0:15:44.480
<v Speaker 1>she did, and yeah, penicillin was indeed the big one,

0:15:44.720 --> 0:15:46.640
<v Speaker 1>and of course she she won the Nobel PRIs in

0:15:46.720 --> 0:15:49.800
<v Speaker 1>Chemistry unshared in which is a big deal. Usually they're

0:15:50.160 --> 0:15:55.240
<v Speaker 1>scientists selfish. I don't know about that. So wow, those

0:15:55.280 --> 0:15:58.320
<v Speaker 1>are those are some world changing experiments right there. I

0:15:58.320 --> 0:16:02.560
<v Speaker 1>feel a little change just talking of Um, I feel inspired. Yeah,

0:16:02.680 --> 0:16:04.680
<v Speaker 1>I hope there are some world changing experiments going on

0:16:04.840 --> 0:16:06.960
<v Speaker 1>right now. I'm gonna fire some radiation through some stuff

0:16:07.080 --> 0:16:09.240
<v Speaker 1>just to see what's going on. We need to get

0:16:09.240 --> 0:16:12.680
<v Speaker 1>back to your desk. Yeah, yeah, what's going on in

0:16:12.680 --> 0:16:15.720
<v Speaker 1>that cup of coffee. Well, the thing is, if you're

0:16:15.760 --> 0:16:18.480
<v Speaker 1>inspired by our world changing experiments, be sure to listen

0:16:18.560 --> 0:16:20.520
<v Speaker 1>to part two because we've got more of these coming up.

0:16:21.200 --> 0:16:23.520
<v Speaker 1>And um, and there's gonna be the last radiation passing

0:16:23.560 --> 0:16:25.040
<v Speaker 1>through things in that one. So if you want is

0:16:25.120 --> 0:16:29.160
<v Speaker 1>endo that in this this podcast, then there's gonna be

0:16:29.200 --> 0:16:31.000
<v Speaker 1>less next time. Yeah, we're going to get into some

0:16:31.040 --> 0:16:34.080
<v Speaker 1>cool stuff like determining the speed of light. Yeah, primordial

0:16:34.120 --> 0:16:38.400
<v Speaker 1>suite dogs, all sorts of good stuff. Right. So, if

0:16:38.440 --> 0:16:39.720
<v Speaker 1>you want to go to the home page and look

0:16:39.800 --> 0:16:41.720
<v Speaker 1>up some cool experiments in the meantime, just type in

0:16:41.760 --> 0:16:44.480
<v Speaker 1>science experiments and you'll get ten science experiments to change

0:16:44.520 --> 0:16:48.080
<v Speaker 1>the world. Also, check out our blog where we update

0:16:48.120 --> 0:16:51.640
<v Speaker 1>you on all sorts of cool things going on involving say,

0:16:51.680 --> 0:16:55.480
<v Speaker 1>the world of energy and uh and hey Twitter, Facebook,

0:16:55.520 --> 0:16:57.840
<v Speaker 1>We're on there as well. Lab stuff on Twitter, lab

0:16:57.920 --> 0:17:00.240
<v Speaker 1>stuff or stuff in the Science Lab on face. Look.

0:17:00.280 --> 0:17:03.080
<v Speaker 1>If you guys want to talk science, we're there for you. Yes,

0:17:03.360 --> 0:17:08.159
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0:17:08.200 --> 0:17:11.240
<v Speaker 1>email at science stuff at how stuff dot com. Thanks

0:17:11.280 --> 0:17:21.399
<v Speaker 1>for listening, guys. For more on this and thousands of

0:17:21.400 --> 0:17:24.760
<v Speaker 1>other topics, does it how stuff works dot com. Want

0:17:24.800 --> 0:17:27.439
<v Speaker 1>more how stuff works, check out our blogs on the

0:17:27.480 --> 0:17:29.119
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