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Speaker 2: best connected life.

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Speaker 1: The universe is chock filled with crazy stuff, weird, weird stuff.

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Speaker 1: Every time you look out into the universe, every time

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Speaker 1: you build a new telescope, you see something else weird

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Speaker 1: that you don't understand. Things or aliens, things made by aliens.

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Speaker 1: I mean there's Oh, you're always finding things that don't

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Speaker 1: make any sense. They Usually the procedure is, you know,

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Speaker 1: you see something you don't understand, and then you try

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Speaker 1: to explain it using things you do understand, and you

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Speaker 1: get more and more elaborate explanations. But usually you figure

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Speaker 1: it out or it stands, you know, for decades as

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Speaker 1: an enduring mystery. That's a clue that there's something out

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Speaker 1: there that we don't understand.

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Speaker 3: Truth that's out there.

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Speaker 1: The truth is out there and it's whispering to us

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Speaker 1: there's something here that's interesting.

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Speaker 4: Hi.

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Speaker 3: I'm Jorge I'm a cartoonist.

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Speaker 1: And I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist.

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Speaker 3: Welcome back to our podcast. Daniel and Jorgey Explain the Universe.

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorgey have a strange pause in the title

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Speaker 1: of their.

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Speaker 3: Podcast, Daniel and Jogey need a banana stab. Daniel and

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Speaker 3: Jorgeen try to explain the universe, but they ran out

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Speaker 3: of bananas.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. In this podcast, we try to take things in

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Speaker 1: the universe and explain them to you. Because the universe

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Speaker 1: is filled with wild, wacky stuff that gives us insight

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Speaker 1: into how the universe works, and so we try to

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Speaker 1: take it apart, piece by piece and make sure it

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Speaker 1: makes sense to you.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. All the pieces that we understand and all the

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Speaker 3: pieces that not even physicists understand.

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Speaker 1: And those are the most fun bits, The ones that

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Speaker 1: are mysteries, the ones that are clues as to the

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Speaker 1: next revolution in physics, the ones that I hope will

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Speaker 1: lead to a Nobel Prize discovery hopefully by me or

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Speaker 1: my graduate students or not. Or year leads to years

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Speaker 1: of frustration and nothing's that's research.

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Speaker 3: Or you our listener, and hey, if you get a

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Speaker 3: Nobel Prize winning idea listening to this podcast, at least

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Speaker 3: give us a little bit of credit.

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Speaker 1: Yes, give us a shout out. At least when you

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Speaker 1: go to Stockholm, you know, yeah, nod and a wink.

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Speaker 1: We'll understand you're talking about us.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, just say our website and then will be we'll

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Speaker 3: call it. We'll call it even.

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Speaker 1: But you know that's a joke. But it is true

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Speaker 1: that we're going to be talking today about a topic which,

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Speaker 1: if somebody could explain it would almost certainly give them

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Speaker 1: an no Belt prize. Anytime you can explain a decades

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Speaker 1: long standing mystery in physics, you know, that's that's worth something.

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Speaker 3: That's right Today on the podcast, we'll be talking about.

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Speaker 1: Cosmic raise, and not just any cosmic raise, super duper

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Speaker 1: crazy high energy cosmic raise.

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Speaker 3: Is that the official physics name for them?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? What is the acronym for that? Super duper crazy

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Speaker 1: high and such a You say that in conferences all

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Speaker 1: the time.

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Speaker 3: That's right, you can. You should add some numbers to

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Speaker 3: that though at the end, like three you three cosmic rays?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, no, but we run out of we run out

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Speaker 1: of prephysic prefixes to even describe that the high energy

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Speaker 1: of particles that we see from space.

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Speaker 3: Okay, yeah, yeah, so yeah. The first time I heard

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Speaker 3: the the words cosmic rays was actually when I was

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Speaker 3: about nine years old. If you can't believe it.

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Speaker 1: Were you talking to some dude named Ray and he

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Speaker 1: was like, I'm.

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Speaker 3: Cosmic close close. I was reading some comics by stan Lee,

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Speaker 3: the late great stan Lee. I don't know if you

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Speaker 3: know this, but the Fantastic Four their origin is tied

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Speaker 3: to this idea of cosmic rays.

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Speaker 1: There's so much overlap between physics and cartoons, right, I

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Speaker 1: mean not just this podcast, but like so much of

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Speaker 1: concepts and physics ends up in cartoons. You know, radiation,

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Speaker 1: cosmic rays, all this stuff. It's just like it's fuel

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Speaker 1: for people's imagination.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, no, I think I think they. I mean comics

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Speaker 3: in general have always sort of tried to capture the

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Speaker 3: public anxiety and the public kind of zeitgeist and kind

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Speaker 3: of put in.

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Speaker 1: You're saying, cartoonists have been making physicists look bad.

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Speaker 3: For it's been making you look cool like superheroes. I

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Speaker 3: can just imagine imagined you and Spandex.

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Speaker 1: Daniel.

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Speaker 3: Oh wait, I brother or not come out Mike dropped.

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Speaker 3: So yeah, and the Fantastic Four they get their superpowers

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Speaker 3: by flying off into space and then getting bombarded by

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Speaker 3: cosmic rays, and then when they land back on Earth

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Speaker 3: they have these amazing superpowers like stretch and getting going

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Speaker 3: visible and turn into a flaming torch. So that's how

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Speaker 3: I know about cosmic rays? Is that about correct?

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Speaker 5: You know?

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Speaker 3: Do they give you superpowers?

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Speaker 1: I finally totally get I totally recommend you got into

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Speaker 1: space and bathe yourself in cosmic praise, you will definitely

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Speaker 1: get superpowers. It's one hundred accurate. I love how cartoons

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Speaker 1: and comic books especially have been like using concepts and

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Speaker 1: physics that are like weakly understood and then making us

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Speaker 1: look like bad guys. Right, all these it's always like

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Speaker 1: this new technology is going to cause the rise of

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Speaker 1: a crazy villain or you know, but to be honest,

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Speaker 1: and cosmic ray is all these things.

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Speaker 3: But let's be honest, Daniel, do you know for sure

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Speaker 3: that getting bathed in costs mcgrays will not give you superpowers?

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Speaker 3: Do you know that for sure?

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Speaker 6: No?

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Speaker 1: I think if you bathe yourself in cosmic grays, you're

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Speaker 1: very likely to die, Somas listeners, if you're about to

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Speaker 1: board your own private spaceship, don't.

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Speaker 3: So it sounds important for everyone to know what a

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Speaker 3: cosmic ray is. But we were wondering if you out

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Speaker 3: there and knew what it means when you say the

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Speaker 3: words cosmic rays. What are cosmic rays?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? Exactly. So I went around and I asked random people,

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Speaker 1: one of whom is my wife, what is a cosmic ray?

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Speaker 1: Do you know what a cosmic ray is?

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Speaker 3: Here's what they had to say.

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Speaker 7: A cosmic ray is a particle that is originating from

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Speaker 7: an unknown part of the universe, and it can go

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Speaker 7: through any kind of matter. So they come pummeling to

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Speaker 7: the Earth and probably reveal interesting secrets about what's going on.

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Speaker 1: And we're trying to figure out how to do that.

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Speaker 3: I heard waves in there somewhere, So maybe cosmic surfers a.

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Speaker 1: Ray that comes from the sky that can be seen

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Speaker 1: from its tell us scout. Oh lord, I feel like

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Speaker 1: I want to say that's like strong radiation from the Sun,

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Speaker 1: but I'm not one hundred percent sure. Yes, I would

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Speaker 1: guess it has to do a solar rays the Sun

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Speaker 1: and something related to that. Okay, Yeah, cosmic rays they

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Speaker 1: power Superman.

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Speaker 3: The funny of your wife was like, wait, how do

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Speaker 3: you know about Ray?

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Speaker 1: She's like, he wasn't here last night. I don't know

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Speaker 1: what you're talking to me about it, but he is cosmic.

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Speaker 3: This podcast just got not safeful for work once again.

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Speaker 1: This is what happens when we record at night. I

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Speaker 1: tell you it's a little wonky.

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Speaker 3: It's a little it's a dj EU late night.

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Speaker 1: After dark. But most people seem to have heard about

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Speaker 1: cosmic raise and one fellow even said, oh, yeah, they

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Speaker 1: power Superman. So there's definitely the cosmic ray physics cartooning

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Speaker 1: connection there.

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Speaker 3: Okay, they power Superman? Come on, who is this person?

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Speaker 3: Everyone knows? That's not right that.

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Speaker 1: Not everybody knows that. So where does Superman get his power?

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Speaker 1: Does he eat? Does Superman actually eat? Have you seen

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Speaker 1: Superman eat?

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Speaker 3: The Superman? No, he doesn't know. He doesn't need to eat.

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Speaker 3: He gets energy from the Sun.

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Speaker 1: The Sun, So those are cosmic rays, Jorge, what he

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Speaker 1: gets energy for? Cosmic rays? Okay, so let's break it down.

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Speaker 1: So what Daniel is a cosmic ray? A cosmic ray

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Speaker 1: is a particle from space that hits the Earth. Ray

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Speaker 1: is just another name for particle, cosmic just means it

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Speaker 1: comes from space. So cosmic rays are just space particles

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Speaker 1: space particles. Yeah, but space particles was vetoed by the

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Speaker 1: Physics Committee. They came up with a name for these

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Speaker 1: things because cosmic rays sounds so much cooler.

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Speaker 3: But was it? Why do they have this name? Were

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Speaker 3: they just named before we knew about particles? Like what's

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Speaker 3: the difference? Like do we confuse rays and particles before?

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Speaker 6: Oh?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, we knew about things like X rays

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Speaker 1: and all sorts of other kinds of rays before we

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Speaker 1: understood particles, and so yeah, cosmic ray have been known

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Speaker 1: about for you know, one hundred years.

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Speaker 3: So we didn't know they were like little bits.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's only it's more recently that people understood the

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Speaker 1: weir particles. But you know, everything that's a particle from

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Speaker 1: space officially could be called the cosmic ray. And that

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Speaker 1: includes photons from the Sun, so photon. Random dude on

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Speaker 1: the street, know it's more about Superman than you do.

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Speaker 3: I think they know more about physics than I do, clearly,

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Speaker 3: but I doubt they should.

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Speaker 1: That person should do this. They know more physics and

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Speaker 1: no more cosmic no more protoon so boom that qualifies

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Speaker 1: them to take over.

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Speaker 3: Okay, So it just means any kind of energy or

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Speaker 3: particle that's coming from space and hits the Earth. Okay,

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Speaker 3: that's right. Okay, but that's not a very exciting answer.

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Speaker 3: Like photons, You can't just call sunlight cosmic grays.

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Speaker 1: You can, it wouldn't be very exciting. You're right, But

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Speaker 1: the cosmic rays that were interested in are not the normal,

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Speaker 1: everyday beam of sunlight that comes from the sun. Right,

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Speaker 1: inch cosmic grays were interested in are the weird ones.

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Speaker 3: It's not just photons hitting the Earth, it's other kinds

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Speaker 3: of particles.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The Sun produces a huge number of particles, right,

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Speaker 1: not just photons, of course, but neutrinos and protons and

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Speaker 1: heavier stuff and all sorts of stuff. The Sun is

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Speaker 1: spewing stuff out. It's called the solar wind, and we

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Speaker 1: have so many names for the same thing. Right, they're

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Speaker 1: just space particles, but they're cosmic rays. If they're here,

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Speaker 1: they are space wind. If they're there anyway, the Sun

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Speaker 1: spews them all out.

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Speaker 3: Wow. So that that might be an interesting and new

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Speaker 3: idea for people. The fact that the Sun is not

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Speaker 3: just shining light it's also shining stuff like it's burping matter.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, because it's you know, it's a huge fusion reactor,

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Speaker 1: and fusion produces a lot of stuff.

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Speaker 3: Uh huh.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. So you got protons, you got heavier elements, you

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Speaker 1: get huge numbers of neutrinos. I mean, we have one

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Speaker 1: hundred billion neutrinos from the Sun passed through your fingernail

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Speaker 1: every second. Wow, there's a lot of stuff coming from

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Speaker 1: the Sun.

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Speaker 3: Okay, but neutrinos we don't feel, and they go right

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Speaker 3: through us, right, They're like they're known as ghost particle.

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Speaker 1: That's right.

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Speaker 3: Okay.

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Speaker 1: So the reason we're not all constantly getting superpowers from

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Speaker 1: cosmic grades from the Sun is that most of this

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Speaker 1: stuff shielded. For most of this stuff, so photons not dangerous.

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Speaker 1: Neutrinos pass right through us. They can't affect us at all. Right,

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Speaker 1: And for those of you interested in neutrinos, we have

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Speaker 1: a whole podcast on that. And then the other stuff,

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Speaker 1: the stuff that's more dangerous are charged particles like protons

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Speaker 1: or heavier nuclei that could really do some damage.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, these are more dangerous because they're in a way

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Speaker 3: bigger and more the interact with our cells in a

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Speaker 3: very dangerous way.

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Speaker 1: Right, that's right. Yeah. If a protons shot through you,

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Speaker 1: it would definitely interact with things in you. It could

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Speaker 1: disturb your DNA, it could give you cancer. It's not

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Speaker 1: a good idea to stand in the beam of protons

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Speaker 1: and this huge number of protons coming from the sun. Now,

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Speaker 1: before you start digging that shelter to protect yourself, you

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Speaker 1: already have a shelter, and that shelter is twofold. One

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Speaker 1: is the Earth's magnetic field and the second is the

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Speaker 1: Earth's atmosphere.

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Speaker 3: Hold on, I have so many questions for you, but

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Speaker 3: before we keep going, let's take a short break.

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Speaker 3: Okay, so the Sun is shooting stuff at us and

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Speaker 3: it's coming all the way to Earth. So how does

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Speaker 3: the magnetic field protect us?

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Speaker 1: Well, every charge particle that hits a magnetic field bends.

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Speaker 1: Magnetic fields are really good at bending charge particles, and

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Speaker 1: so instead of just slamming right into the Earth, these

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Speaker 1: things get deflected and sometimes they spiral along and end

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Speaker 1: up at the North Pole. And that's what you that's

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Speaker 1: why you get the Northern lights.

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Speaker 3: You mean the planet Earth has a force field.

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Speaker 1: Yes, we have a force field. Yeah, yeah, absolutely, yeah,

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Speaker 1: And it's a good thing we do because otherwise we

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Speaker 1: do all have cancer.

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Speaker 3: Wow.

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Speaker 1: So we have a massive global anti cancer shield.

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Speaker 3: Wow. Okay, that's pretty cool. You press the stuff, yeah,

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Speaker 3: like a like a force field for for real. Again,

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Speaker 3: you said also the atmosphere protects us.

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Speaker 1: That's right, because a particle that makes it through the

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Speaker 1: magnetic field and hits the atmosphere is not just going

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Speaker 1: to fly all the way down to Earth because the

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Speaker 1: atmosphere is not transparent to charge particles like a photon

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Speaker 1: can fly through the atmosphere because the atmosphere is mostly

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Speaker 1: neutral particles, and it'll just fly through all the nitrogen

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Speaker 1: and oxygen and get down to Earth right, get down

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Speaker 1: to the surface. But a charge particle will slam into

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Speaker 1: those things and will interact with them. They'll break up

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Speaker 1: those nuclei. It's sort of like if a rock hits

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Speaker 1: the Earth, right, it rarely gets all the way down

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Speaker 1: to the surface unless it's huge. Smaller rocks, they just

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Speaker 1: burn up. And that's what we call that's what we

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Speaker 1: see as shooting stars. Oh okay, yeah, So basically every

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Speaker 1: proton is like a super tiny little meteor, a super

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Speaker 1: tiny little shooting star. So most of them don't make

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Speaker 1: it down to the surface.

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Speaker 3: Okay. They interact with the air and the oxygen in

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Speaker 3: our atmosphere before it gets to us.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And you can think of the atmosphere sort of

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Speaker 1: like a really big mattress and it absorbs most of

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Speaker 1: this energy, and so instead of having one particle with

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Speaker 1: a huge amount of energy, it spreads it out. So

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Speaker 1: you get like, you know, billions of particles, each with

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Speaker 1: a small amount of energy, which is much less dangerous

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Speaker 1: because they don't all hit you.

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Speaker 3: It's kind of like in billiards when you start with

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Speaker 3: a like a cluster of balls and you hit the

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Speaker 3: first one, that impact kind of spreads.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly. You don't want to get hit by

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Speaker 1: the cue ball, right, If you get hit by the seven,

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Speaker 1: then you know you're not going to be You're gonna

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Speaker 1: be inn okay, shape okay.

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Speaker 3: But it's surprising because the atmosphere is pretty thin, isn't

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Speaker 3: it kind of in comparison to the Earth and to

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Speaker 3: the Sun. It's like a thin layer of gas. But

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Speaker 3: that you're saying that.

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Speaker 1: You're feeling naked, feeling naked when it comes to space now,

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Speaker 1: like suddenly feeling vulnerable. Oh my god, I need to

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Speaker 1: put something else on I feel. Yeah, the other Earth's

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Speaker 1: atmosphere is you know, it depends on what you want

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Speaker 1: to call the edge of the atmosphere, but it's not

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Speaker 1: super thick compared to the size of the Earth. That's true,

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Speaker 1: just like the oceans are not that deep compared to

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Speaker 1: the size of the Earth. The Earth is huge, and

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere is a thin layer protecting us from space.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean it's weird to think air would could

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Speaker 3: be protecting us, you know, it's.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And you know they go hand in hand because

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Speaker 1: the magnetic field is protecting our atmosphere. If we lost

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Speaker 1: our magnetic fields suddenly, then all these, the solar wind

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Speaker 1: would blow away our atmosphere.

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Speaker 3: Oh, so the magnetic field is doing two things. It's

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Speaker 3: being a cool force field, and it's kind of also

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Speaker 3: protecting our sun block.

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Speaker 1: Basically exactly exactly. You can think of the atmosphere as

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Speaker 1: like the insulation, and the magnet field is like the

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Speaker 1: you know, the aluminum sheeting on the outside of your

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Speaker 1: house that keeps the cold, cold, uncarrying space away and

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Speaker 1: let's us hang out and relax safely on the surface

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Speaker 1: of the Earth.

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Speaker 3: So then a cosmic ray seems to be like a

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Speaker 3: commonplace thing. But what's kind of interesting about them, you

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Speaker 3: were telling me, is that they vary in energy. Some

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Speaker 3: of them are sort of you never see, but some

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Speaker 3: of them do have a lot of energy.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, So you study cosmic rays and you see a

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Speaker 1: lot of them that don't have that much energy. You know,

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Speaker 1: they're just pumped out by the sun, no big deal.

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Speaker 1: But you keep looking, and you keep looking, and you

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Speaker 1: find more and more that have higher and higher energy.

400
00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:41,679
Speaker 1: And as you look, you just keep finding them at

401
00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:44,600
Speaker 1: higher and higher energy, and the energy they get to

402
00:19:44,720 --> 00:19:48,959
Speaker 1: is ridiculous. Like we see cosmic rays meaning protons, so

403
00:19:49,119 --> 00:19:53,560
Speaker 1: individual particles coming from space that have absurd amounts of energy,

404
00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:56,359
Speaker 1: energy that we can't explain through any mechanism.

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Speaker 3: Okay, so let's break it down. So at the lower

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Speaker 3: energies of these protons hitting the Earth, what are the

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Speaker 3: energies of these cosmic grays.

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Speaker 1: So we usually use a unit called electron volt and

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Speaker 1: it's a sort of a unit we use in particle physics.

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00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:12,800
Speaker 1: I'll break it down for you in a minute. But

411
00:20:13,200 --> 00:20:15,159
Speaker 1: you know, at the lower energies like ten to the

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Speaker 1: eleven electron volts, ten to the twelve electron volts, these

413
00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:20,800
Speaker 1: are very common, no big deal put out by the Sun.

414
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:24,200
Speaker 1: Things start to get interesting around ten to the eighteen

415
00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:26,840
Speaker 1: ten to nineteen ten to the twenty We even see

416
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Speaker 1: particles around ten to the twenty one electron volts. So,

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Speaker 1: for those of you who aren't familiar with that unit,

418
00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:34,880
Speaker 1: ten to the twenty one electron bolts is like more

419
00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:37,960
Speaker 1: than one hundred jewels, which is as much energy as

420
00:20:37,960 --> 00:20:41,119
Speaker 1: in a Major League fastball. Wow. So now you have

421
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Speaker 1: a tiny little particle with almost no mass. Right, A

422
00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,320
Speaker 1: proton is super tiny. It's got as much energy as

423
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Speaker 1: an entire fastball thrown as fast as a human can

424
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Speaker 1: throw it.

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Speaker 3: Which would hurt if it hit you right.

426
00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:55,119
Speaker 1: It certainly would. It certainly would. It would fly right

427
00:20:55,160 --> 00:20:58,000
Speaker 1: through you and cause all sorts of damage. You probably

428
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Speaker 1: wouldn't notice it immediately. So if you had to choose

429
00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:03,160
Speaker 1: between getting hit by a cosmic ray, super high energy

430
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Speaker 1: cosmic ray, or a major league fastball in the head,

431
00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:07,480
Speaker 1: I'd probably choose a cosmic ray.

432
00:21:07,320 --> 00:21:10,199
Speaker 3: Honestly, because it's tiny and it might not do that

433
00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:12,159
Speaker 3: much damage as it slams into you.

434
00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:14,280
Speaker 1: Is that right. Yeah, yeah, it's just one and you

435
00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:16,359
Speaker 1: might get lucky. It might miss everything useful and not

436
00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:19,600
Speaker 1: cause cancer or something like that. Oh I see, Okay, yeah,

437
00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:22,640
Speaker 1: but these particles are super high energy, and the thing

438
00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:25,720
Speaker 1: that's fascinating about them is that we have no understanding

439
00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:28,400
Speaker 1: with We don't know anything in the universe that can

440
00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:30,119
Speaker 1: make particles this high energy.

441
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:32,959
Speaker 3: Okay, so wait, by energy, do you mean like the

442
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:35,560
Speaker 3: particle itself has a lot of energy or is just

443
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:36,399
Speaker 3: going faster.

444
00:21:36,680 --> 00:21:38,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's the same thing. I mean, the particle has

445
00:21:38,480 --> 00:21:41,960
Speaker 1: a lot of kinetic energy. It's moving super duper fast. Oh,

446
00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:44,280
Speaker 1: it's not like it's hot, it's not like it's vibrating.

447
00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:46,760
Speaker 1: It's just it's really just trucking along at a super

448
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:47,320
Speaker 1: high speed.

449
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:49,600
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, So the Sun is exploding, it's spewing

450
00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:52,480
Speaker 3: out these protons, and some of them go faster than others.

451
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:54,679
Speaker 1: Some of them go faster than others, but some of

452
00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:57,040
Speaker 1: them go faster than the Sun can make. Right, So

453
00:21:57,119 --> 00:21:59,200
Speaker 1: these protons we don't think are coming from the Sun.

454
00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:02,360
Speaker 1: We think they're coming something else. The Sun cannot make

455
00:22:02,359 --> 00:22:03,439
Speaker 1: protons this fast.

456
00:22:03,760 --> 00:22:05,600
Speaker 3: How do we know it can't make them that fast?

457
00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:07,320
Speaker 1: How do we know it can't make them that fast? Well,

458
00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:09,920
Speaker 1: they don't seem to be coming from the Sun, right.

459
00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:12,119
Speaker 3: So we get them from like the back, from like

460
00:22:12,160 --> 00:22:12,560
Speaker 3: the nights.

461
00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:16,840
Speaker 1: We get them, Yeah, we get them from getting in space.

462
00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:19,480
Speaker 1: We're getting shot out from someplace in the universe. We

463
00:22:19,480 --> 00:22:20,600
Speaker 1: don't even know, right.

464
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,400
Speaker 3: The cosmic rays aren't just all coming from the Sun.

465
00:22:24,520 --> 00:22:27,720
Speaker 3: Some of them. We're getting bombarded by rays from all directions.

466
00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:30,520
Speaker 1: You're saying, that's right. Lots of things in space make

467
00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:35,120
Speaker 1: cosmic grays, our son, other suns, black holes, pulsars, all

468
00:22:35,160 --> 00:22:37,959
Speaker 1: those crazy things that all shoot out particles, and some

469
00:22:38,040 --> 00:22:38,640
Speaker 1: of them come to.

470
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:42,200
Speaker 3: Earth any kind of violent kind of you know, explosion

471
00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:45,840
Speaker 3: continues crashing in the universe is spewing out stuff.

472
00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:48,160
Speaker 1: That's right, it's making cosmic grays, and some of them

473
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,160
Speaker 1: land on Earth and they are a clue, right, they're

474
00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:52,879
Speaker 1: clues to what happened, What made this neutrino and what

475
00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:55,000
Speaker 1: made it come in this direction and go so fast?

476
00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:57,320
Speaker 1: What made this proton? What made this piece of iron

477
00:22:57,359 --> 00:23:00,000
Speaker 1: go so fast? Each one carries with it some information

478
00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:02,919
Speaker 1: about how and where it was born, and that's fascinating

479
00:23:02,920 --> 00:23:05,359
Speaker 1: because it tells us about places will never get to

480
00:23:05,480 --> 00:23:06,920
Speaker 1: and things will never see. Right.

481
00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:10,240
Speaker 3: Okay, so sometimes some of these cosmic rays have a

482
00:23:10,520 --> 00:23:12,480
Speaker 3: supermount of energy and we don't know where they're coming from.

483
00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:15,879
Speaker 3: How often are we getting bombarded by these high energy

484
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:16,679
Speaker 3: cosmic rays.

485
00:23:16,840 --> 00:23:20,479
Speaker 1: Yeah, the higher the energy there, the more rare they are. So,

486
00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,520
Speaker 1: for example, at ten to twenty one electron bolts, which

487
00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:26,800
Speaker 1: is like the highest energy particle anybody's ever seen. You know,

488
00:23:27,320 --> 00:23:30,639
Speaker 1: we think that those come about one per square kilometer

489
00:23:31,119 --> 00:23:32,760
Speaker 1: per few hundred.

490
00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:36,080
Speaker 3: Years, one per square kilometer, so very rare.

491
00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:38,440
Speaker 1: Well, you know, the Earth has a lot of square kilometers,

492
00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:41,520
Speaker 1: so yeah, if you had a square kilometer of cameras

493
00:23:41,560 --> 00:23:43,159
Speaker 1: looking for these things, you wouldn't You would have to

494
00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:45,439
Speaker 1: wait a long time to observe them. But if you

495
00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:47,520
Speaker 1: have a big detective, you're a lot of square kilometers,

496
00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:48,760
Speaker 1: then you can see you know, if you had a

497
00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:51,120
Speaker 1: few hundred square kilometers, you could see one a year.

498
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:53,600
Speaker 3: Okay, so if you're listening to this podcast and you

499
00:23:53,760 --> 00:23:58,680
Speaker 3: draw one kilometer square around you, you'll have to wait

500
00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:01,240
Speaker 3: one hundred years to see one of these high energy

501
00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:02,560
Speaker 3: particles come down on you.

502
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:05,359
Speaker 1: That's right exactly. And to me, the most interesting thing

503
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:09,080
Speaker 1: about these particles is that we have no idea what

504
00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:12,119
Speaker 1: could be making them. I mean, I've asked astrophysicists, I've said,

505
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:16,120
Speaker 1: what's the highest energy particle you imagine in space anywhere

506
00:24:16,119 --> 00:24:18,960
Speaker 1: in the universe, use anything you want. They start with

507
00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:22,479
Speaker 1: like a supernova, huge explosion, particles going super fast. Then

508
00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:24,840
Speaker 1: they slingshot the stuff around a black hole. Right then

509
00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:27,600
Speaker 1: they ride waves from other stars, and they can't get

510
00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:30,240
Speaker 1: close to the kind of particles we see. They at

511
00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:33,119
Speaker 1: most can explain particles that like ten to the seventeen,

512
00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:36,440
Speaker 1: ten to the eighteen, but we see particles a thousand

513
00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:40,160
Speaker 1: times more energetic than that. Right, it's totally unexplained. There's

514
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:42,680
Speaker 1: nothing out there that can make these kind of particles

515
00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:45,800
Speaker 1: that we know of, which means there's something new out there.

516
00:24:46,119 --> 00:24:47,480
Speaker 3: It's like you're in the middle of the jungle and

517
00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:50,440
Speaker 3: you hear some strange animal sound and there's no animal

518
00:24:50,520 --> 00:24:53,320
Speaker 3: that you know of that makes that sound or could

519
00:24:53,320 --> 00:24:54,560
Speaker 3: make that sound exactly.

520
00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:57,480
Speaker 1: And that's right, you see. Yeah, you see tracks in

521
00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:00,080
Speaker 1: the in the in the mud, and you've never ever

522
00:25:00,119 --> 00:25:02,199
Speaker 1: seen an animal make that track before. So that's a

523
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:05,120
Speaker 1: clue that there's something out there waiting to be discovered,

524
00:25:05,160 --> 00:25:07,280
Speaker 1: you know. And these are clues that are surfing along

525
00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:10,160
Speaker 1: in the cosmos, being delivered to Earth and saying there's

526
00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:11,960
Speaker 1: something interesting, pay attention.

527
00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:15,080
Speaker 3: Wow. So that's a huge mystery. So but you, I'm

528
00:25:15,119 --> 00:25:18,720
Speaker 3: sure physicists have ideas like what could these crazy high

529
00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:21,159
Speaker 3: energy particles be or be coming from.

530
00:25:21,320 --> 00:25:23,720
Speaker 1: I think it's The Fantastic Four. Yeah, I think that

531
00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:24,720
Speaker 1: they're from a Vengeance.

532
00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:27,080
Speaker 3: It's stan Lee's shooting.

533
00:25:28,920 --> 00:25:31,760
Speaker 1: From Heavy Yeah, exactly. And I want to talk about

534
00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:34,080
Speaker 1: that some more, but first let's take a quick break.

535
00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:40,400
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

536
00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:43,640
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

537
00:25:43,720 --> 00:25:47,760
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

538
00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:50,399
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US Dairy

539
00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:54,719
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

540
00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:57,359
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

541
00:25:57,359 --> 00:25:59,680
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

542
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:04,000
Speaker 1: serve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

543
00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:07,120
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

544
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,640
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

545
00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:13,480
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy

546
00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:17,280
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

547
00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:21,240
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

548
00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:23,320
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

549
00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:25,359
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

550
00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:28,120
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

551
00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:31,639
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intense

552
00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:34,480
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

553
00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:37,399
Speaker 1: US dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

554
00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:40,840
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570
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571
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574
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Speaker 1: You know, physicists have ideas, and the ideas are kind

575
00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:51,399
Speaker 1: of wacky, and one reason is that you know, we

576
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:54,000
Speaker 1: haven't seen that many of these things because they're pretty rare,

577
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:56,760
Speaker 1: and so you know, we can't necessarily tell where in

578
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,200
Speaker 1: the universe they're coming from. You only have a few

579
00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:01,199
Speaker 1: dozen of these things ever seen, and they don't like

580
00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:03,520
Speaker 1: all come from the Sun or from one point in space.

581
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:06,159
Speaker 1: But we do have some fun ideas, you know, And

582
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:08,800
Speaker 1: one of my favorites, of course, is maybe it's not

583
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:12,000
Speaker 1: some thing that's shooting these cosmic grays at us. Maybe

584
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:16,280
Speaker 1: it's some one, right. I mean, imagine if if we

585
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,800
Speaker 1: found all these cosmic rays and we got more of

586
00:28:18,840 --> 00:28:20,680
Speaker 1: them somehow, and we could tell that they're all coming

587
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,439
Speaker 1: from the same location, and that location was like a

588
00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:27,120
Speaker 1: planet orbiting some nearby star, Right, that would be amazing

589
00:28:27,119 --> 00:28:29,520
Speaker 1: because they would suggest that there's some thing on that

590
00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:34,400
Speaker 1: planet capable of shooting particles at an unnatural energy. Right,

591
00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:36,280
Speaker 1: it could be suggest.

592
00:28:36,280 --> 00:28:39,200
Speaker 3: Trying to kill is like shooting deadly raise at us.

593
00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:41,880
Speaker 1: Why do you got to go there? Come on? It

594
00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:45,240
Speaker 1: could be totally benign alien particle physicists. And I'm sure

595
00:28:45,280 --> 00:28:47,760
Speaker 1: those guys are really cool. I'm sure they make awesome

596
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:51,560
Speaker 1: podcasts with alien cartoonists, right, And maybe they're just doing

597
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:54,040
Speaker 1: their science, and what we're seeing is like the pollution

598
00:28:54,560 --> 00:28:58,360
Speaker 1: from their enormous Solar system sized collider or something they're

599
00:28:58,360 --> 00:29:00,920
Speaker 1: doing to understand physics. Are the most fun mental level.

600
00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:05,280
Speaker 3: That seems more plausible to you than that they might

601
00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:06,760
Speaker 3: be shooting at us to kill us.

602
00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:09,560
Speaker 1: Why would they try to shoot us for so far away?

603
00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:12,719
Speaker 1: What is the goal of beaming you know, a crazy

604
00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:15,240
Speaker 1: cosmic death ray all the way across the universe?

605
00:29:15,600 --> 00:29:17,400
Speaker 3: Or maybe do you think maybe they could be talking

606
00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:19,800
Speaker 3: to us, like, hey, like this is Morse code? Like

607
00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:22,520
Speaker 3: for sure, for sure.

608
00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:24,040
Speaker 1: It's a good way to send a message, right, a

609
00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,200
Speaker 1: tight beam of particles, and so it could certainly contain

610
00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:29,680
Speaker 1: some information. So that's one crazy idea is maybe it's

611
00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:32,600
Speaker 1: pollution from an alien particle physics experiment or a message

612
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 1: from space or something. That's definitely one idea.

613
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:36,760
Speaker 3: What are some other crazy ideas?

614
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,160
Speaker 1: The least crazy idea is that maybe it's just some

615
00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:41,600
Speaker 1: new kind of star, right, and we've never seen this

616
00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:43,719
Speaker 1: kind of star before and so we don't understand it.

617
00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:46,080
Speaker 1: And in some phase of its life, it burps out

618
00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:47,840
Speaker 1: these particles at crazy high energy.

619
00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:50,880
Speaker 3: But they're coming at a pretty constant rate, aren't they

620
00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:53,680
Speaker 3: it would be some sort of like big surprise if

621
00:29:53,680 --> 00:29:55,960
Speaker 3: there was a son that was spewing these out at

622
00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:56,360
Speaker 3: this rate.

623
00:29:56,520 --> 00:29:59,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, it would be. And because we have one more clue,

624
00:29:59,440 --> 00:30:01,400
Speaker 1: which is we you know, they can't be coming from

625
00:30:01,560 --> 00:30:05,520
Speaker 1: very far away because the universe, while it's transparent to

626
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:08,040
Speaker 1: me and to you into photons. They can photons can

627
00:30:08,080 --> 00:30:10,560
Speaker 1: fly through the universe for billions and billions of light years.

628
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:14,920
Speaker 1: The universe is opaque to particles that this energy. They

629
00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:18,000
Speaker 1: can't fly forever through the universe. They get slowed down

630
00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:22,120
Speaker 1: and stopped by the cosmic microwave background, These little leftover

631
00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:25,080
Speaker 1: photons from the Big Bang. They impede the progress of

632
00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:26,400
Speaker 1: these particles. I see.

633
00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:29,960
Speaker 3: It's like the universe is thicker for these particles. So

634
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,880
Speaker 3: they can't travel this fast that far exactly exactly.

635
00:30:32,920 --> 00:30:35,160
Speaker 1: And so we're seeing them this fast. That means they

636
00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:38,360
Speaker 1: came from somewhere pretty close by. Now we're talking close

637
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:41,160
Speaker 1: by by cosmic standards, right, not like, oh, they come

638
00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:43,719
Speaker 1: from down the street, or they're coming from Neptune. You know,

639
00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,840
Speaker 1: we're talking it comes from this galaxy or the nearby

640
00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:49,200
Speaker 1: galaxies and a sort of our local group. But they

641
00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:52,120
Speaker 1: can't be coming from super duper far away. Right, it

642
00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:54,320
Speaker 1: means that whatever it is can't be too far, which

643
00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:56,680
Speaker 1: means we should be able to see it. Right, So

644
00:30:56,720 --> 00:30:58,320
Speaker 1: if there is some new kind of star out there

645
00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:00,160
Speaker 1: that has this weird property, we should be able to

646
00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:02,920
Speaker 1: spot it. Okay, that's that's another idea.

647
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:05,400
Speaker 3: Okay, that's the kind of the vanilla idea.

648
00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:06,920
Speaker 1: That's the vanilla boring.

649
00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:09,280
Speaker 3: Crazy, vanilla vanaz idea.

650
00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:12,320
Speaker 1: I know. I'm sure astrophysicists would love to discover a

651
00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,280
Speaker 1: new kind of star that props out hydred particles, but

652
00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:15,680
Speaker 1: I think it would be kind of boring because the

653
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:18,800
Speaker 1: other ideas are crazy. Like, there's somebody out there who

654
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:20,600
Speaker 1: wrote a paper and this is not a crackpot. This

655
00:31:20,640 --> 00:31:23,360
Speaker 1: is a guy from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,

656
00:31:23,440 --> 00:31:26,760
Speaker 1: right where Einstein famously worked and many smart people work today.

657
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,840
Speaker 1: And he said that maybe super high hundred cosmic rays

658
00:31:31,520 --> 00:31:34,360
Speaker 1: are a clue that there's a glitch in the simulation.

659
00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:39,240
Speaker 3: What So that that's two things. One is that he's

660
00:31:39,240 --> 00:31:43,400
Speaker 3: saying the universe is a simulation, and two there could

661
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:44,040
Speaker 3: be glig in it.

662
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And the idea is basically, if the universe

663
00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:51,920
Speaker 1: is a simulation, then probably whoever's running that simulation has

664
00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:54,920
Speaker 1: sliced the universe up into big cubes. Right, Because when

665
00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:57,040
Speaker 1: you do a simulation of some piece of matter, you

666
00:31:57,040 --> 00:31:58,640
Speaker 1: slice that up into pieces and you do each of

667
00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:01,440
Speaker 1: them in parallel. That works pretty well unless you have

668
00:32:01,520 --> 00:32:04,560
Speaker 1: something that's moving super duper fast so that it crosses

669
00:32:04,720 --> 00:32:07,560
Speaker 1: over those cubes like starts in one ends up in

670
00:32:07,560 --> 00:32:10,200
Speaker 1: the other one, which messes up your calculation because the

671
00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:13,240
Speaker 1: cube is supposed to contain everything, and so things that

672
00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:16,000
Speaker 1: are super duper fast could be traversing these cubes and

673
00:32:16,320 --> 00:32:19,120
Speaker 1: essentially creating glitches. And so he wrote this really fun

674
00:32:19,160 --> 00:32:22,440
Speaker 1: paper about how if we see discrepancies in the angles

675
00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:24,920
Speaker 1: that we discover these cosmic rays at, that could be

676
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:27,400
Speaker 1: a clue that the universe is a simulation and he's

677
00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:28,200
Speaker 1: found the glitch.

678
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:32,800
Speaker 3: Wow, and then what so or The other possibility, right,

679
00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:36,440
Speaker 3: is that it could be something entirely new that we've

680
00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:39,440
Speaker 3: never discovered in the universe. Maybe there's some kind of

681
00:32:39,480 --> 00:32:43,480
Speaker 3: special something that we never seen before.

682
00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:46,080
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, exactly, And that would be really fascinating. I

683
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,120
Speaker 1: think that would be amazing to say, like, oh, there's

684
00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:50,120
Speaker 1: a new kind of object. It's not a star. It's

685
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:51,800
Speaker 1: not a black hole, it's not a nebula.

686
00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:55,280
Speaker 3: It's some new thing, something, something we can't even imagine right.

687
00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:57,240
Speaker 1: Now, exactly exactly.

688
00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:05,560
Speaker 3: So what are scientists doing to study these cosmic rays?

689
00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:07,680
Speaker 1: Well, what we're doing is Rich's trying to collect as

690
00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:10,160
Speaker 1: many of them as we can, right because that's the

691
00:33:10,280 --> 00:33:12,880
Speaker 1: number one clue is where are they coming from and

692
00:33:12,880 --> 00:33:15,440
Speaker 1: what is the energy spectrum? Like, So if we could

693
00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:17,120
Speaker 1: get enough of them, we could make a map in

694
00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:19,480
Speaker 1: the sky and say, oh, look they tend to come

695
00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:22,160
Speaker 1: from the centers of galaxies, or oh look they tend

696
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,360
Speaker 1: to come from a nearby a black hole or something.

697
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:26,880
Speaker 1: We could get a clue just by seeing where they

698
00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:29,880
Speaker 1: come from. So the number one thing is get as

699
00:33:29,920 --> 00:33:31,880
Speaker 1: many of them as you can, because right now we

700
00:33:31,960 --> 00:33:33,960
Speaker 1: only have like, you know, a handful of them. We

701
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:36,320
Speaker 1: have tens of these things at the very highest energy.

702
00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:38,520
Speaker 3: But I mean we're getting them all the time. It's

703
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:41,080
Speaker 3: just a question of catching them right and me being

704
00:33:41,120 --> 00:33:44,160
Speaker 3: able to measure their angle under energy exactly.

705
00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:46,040
Speaker 1: And they're hitting the Earth all the time, but we're

706
00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:48,840
Speaker 1: not spotting them right. It's like, you know, if something

707
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:51,080
Speaker 1: amazing happens, you don't take a picture, well you don't

708
00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:52,000
Speaker 1: have the picture.

709
00:33:51,840 --> 00:33:53,960
Speaker 3: Right, and ticker it didn't happen.

710
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:57,160
Speaker 1: Exact, picker didn't happen exactly. And so we have these

711
00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:02,320
Speaker 1: really awesome cosmic ray telescope. So these things are really big, right,

712
00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:05,200
Speaker 1: they cover huge amounts. Like there's one in South America

713
00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,200
Speaker 1: called the Oja Observatory. It takes up a huge swath

714
00:34:08,239 --> 00:34:12,160
Speaker 1: of land in Argentina and you know, thousands of square kilometers,

715
00:34:12,239 --> 00:34:14,400
Speaker 1: so they get a lot of a lot of stuff

716
00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:16,120
Speaker 1: in there. But it's not big enough, right, it's not

717
00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:19,000
Speaker 1: big enough to collect dozens and dozens of these things

718
00:34:19,080 --> 00:34:21,399
Speaker 1: a year. So we're building another one in Utah. It's

719
00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:25,560
Speaker 1: called Telescope Array. It's even bigger. It's awesome, but even still,

720
00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:28,480
Speaker 1: you know, it's a tiny fraction of the Earth because

721
00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:31,160
Speaker 1: you can't cover the whole earth in particle detectors, right,

722
00:34:31,200 --> 00:34:32,920
Speaker 1: people will get kind of upset if you just like

723
00:34:33,160 --> 00:34:35,680
Speaker 1: mowed down all the farms and the cities and covered

724
00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: everything with particle detectors.

725
00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:40,400
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, these rays are so rare that you

726
00:34:40,480 --> 00:34:42,520
Speaker 3: need just to cover a lot of area. You can't

727
00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:44,480
Speaker 3: just sit in one one kilometer square and wait one

728
00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:48,080
Speaker 3: hundred years. You just have to have a big catcher's globe, right.

729
00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:50,120
Speaker 1: Well, yeah, well you could wait one hundred years, but

730
00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:52,000
Speaker 1: I don't really want to. I mean, your options are

731
00:34:52,200 --> 00:34:55,160
Speaker 1: wait a long time or build a bigger detector. And

732
00:34:56,200 --> 00:34:58,239
Speaker 1: so we'd like to know the answer sooner rather than later.

733
00:34:58,280 --> 00:34:59,840
Speaker 1: But these things are expensive.

734
00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:02,040
Speaker 3: Right, And by bigger, you mean not like there's a

735
00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:05,680
Speaker 3: dish the size of the at the common desert. It's

736
00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:07,480
Speaker 3: like little dishes spread out.

737
00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:10,000
Speaker 1: That's right. Because what happens when a cosmic career hits

738
00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:12,600
Speaker 1: the atmosphere, if you remember we talked about earlier, is

739
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:16,000
Speaker 1: it creates a big splash, right. One particle hits and

740
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,000
Speaker 1: it creates two particles of lower energy, which turns into

741
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:21,560
Speaker 1: four particles of even lower energy. So you start out

742
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:24,239
Speaker 1: with one particle super high energy, and you end up

743
00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:26,319
Speaker 1: with a big flash over the surface of the Earth,

744
00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:29,400
Speaker 1: lots of particles with a little bit of energy. And

745
00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:33,000
Speaker 1: that flash is about two kilometers one to two kilometers wide.

746
00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:35,160
Speaker 1: So it creates this big shower over the surface of

747
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:39,120
Speaker 1: the Earth that tells you what that particle was and

748
00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:41,120
Speaker 1: where it came from and what its energy was. And

749
00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:42,840
Speaker 1: you don't have to see the whole shower you just

750
00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:45,120
Speaker 1: have to have it hit a few detectors in order

751
00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:46,719
Speaker 1: to spot it. So you don't have to cover the

752
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,880
Speaker 1: whole earth with particle detectors. It doesn't have to be blanketed,

753
00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:53,120
Speaker 1: but you need like one every five hundred meters or

754
00:35:53,160 --> 00:35:54,400
Speaker 1: one avery kilometer or something.

755
00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:57,120
Speaker 3: So you're saying these are really expensive, and the bigger

756
00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:00,120
Speaker 3: they are, the more expensive they get. But something interesting

757
00:36:00,160 --> 00:36:02,839
Speaker 3: is that you are involved in this sort of new

758
00:36:02,920 --> 00:36:05,360
Speaker 3: way to detect cosmic rays, right, like this kind of

759
00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:07,480
Speaker 3: citizen science initiative.

760
00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:09,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, my grad students and I were sitting around a

761
00:36:09,560 --> 00:36:11,560
Speaker 1: few years ago and we thought, is there a better

762
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:13,839
Speaker 1: way to do this? And we were all sitting around

763
00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:16,120
Speaker 1: playing on our phones than we realized. Hold on a second,

764
00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:18,960
Speaker 1: this phone I'm holding in my hand is kind of

765
00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:22,919
Speaker 1: a cosmic ray detector because every phone has a piece

766
00:36:22,960 --> 00:36:25,600
Speaker 1: of silicon inside of it that's used for the camera. Right,

767
00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:28,480
Speaker 1: Cameras are no longer like film, they're digital, and digital

768
00:36:28,520 --> 00:36:31,600
Speaker 1: camera is basically a particle detector. There's a little bit

769
00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:34,720
Speaker 1: of silicon in there which is sensitive to cosmic rays,

770
00:36:35,320 --> 00:36:38,040
Speaker 1: and it has a computer in it and it's connected

771
00:36:38,080 --> 00:36:41,399
Speaker 1: to the internet, right, And there are zillions of these

772
00:36:41,440 --> 00:36:44,920
Speaker 1: things all over the world. Right, so we imagine what

773
00:36:45,120 --> 00:36:48,239
Speaker 1: if when people went to sleep at night, we took

774
00:36:48,280 --> 00:36:50,560
Speaker 1: over their phones and we used the cameras in their

775
00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:54,160
Speaker 1: phones to look for particles. Because these things already exist

776
00:36:54,160 --> 00:36:56,279
Speaker 1: and people are maintaining them, and they don't use their

777
00:36:56,320 --> 00:36:59,160
Speaker 1: phones at night. And so we thought, let's try to

778
00:36:59,239 --> 00:37:01,480
Speaker 1: tie all the phones in the world together to make

779
00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:05,040
Speaker 1: a huge earth sized telescope to gather as many of

780
00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:06,600
Speaker 1: these cosmic rays as we could.

781
00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:11,400
Speaker 3: Like a giant web of many portable detectors in people's phones.

782
00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:14,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, because the amount of money that's been spent

783
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:18,000
Speaker 1: on phones is staggering. I mean, there's like a million

784
00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:21,239
Speaker 1: Android phones turned on every single day. You know, It's

785
00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:24,719
Speaker 1: like trillions of dollars have been spent on consumer electronics.

786
00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:27,040
Speaker 1: So we thought, let's piggyback on that and use some

787
00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:29,160
Speaker 1: of it for science, because it's no way we're getting

788
00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:32,040
Speaker 1: the government to build us a trillion dollar particle detector.

789
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:34,439
Speaker 3: So and you guys have made this, Like you made

790
00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:37,360
Speaker 3: an app that you can download to your phone to

791
00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:40,680
Speaker 3: turn your phone into a cosmic ray detector.

792
00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:45,360
Speaker 1: That's right, it's called Krafis. Cr FIS stands for cosmic

793
00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:48,319
Speaker 1: rays found in smartphones, and you can go you can

794
00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:50,120
Speaker 1: google that and go to our website and you can

795
00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:51,840
Speaker 1: download the app and you can be a part of

796
00:37:51,840 --> 00:37:54,360
Speaker 1: the network. We're growing it slowly because we want to

797
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:56,600
Speaker 1: make sure it works, but eventually it could be the

798
00:37:56,719 --> 00:37:59,800
Speaker 1: largest particle detector in the history of humanity. We could

799
00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:02,719
Speaker 1: gather all these cosmic rays and maybe even get a

800
00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:04,640
Speaker 1: clue as to where they're coming from and who is

801
00:38:04,680 --> 00:38:06,080
Speaker 1: sending us crazy messages.

802
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:11,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, you could be deciphering, helping decipher the alien message.

803
00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:14,080
Speaker 1: That's right, and the message could be we're common for you.

804
00:38:14,239 --> 00:38:17,319
Speaker 1: We can't believe you killed stan Lee.

805
00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:20,919
Speaker 3: It could be hey, do you guys want superpowers?

806
00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:22,840
Speaker 1: Or hey, do you have a cup of sugar?

807
00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:26,480
Speaker 3: So people at home listening to this could be part

808
00:38:26,520 --> 00:38:28,719
Speaker 3: of the scientific and depth endeavor, right, that's pretty cool.

809
00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:30,799
Speaker 1: Yeah, and we thought that would be fun because we

810
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:33,560
Speaker 1: don't just want to use your phones computing to do

811
00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:36,040
Speaker 1: some calculation. We want to actually let you be a

812
00:38:36,080 --> 00:38:38,439
Speaker 1: part of it. And the plan is that anybody who

813
00:38:38,520 --> 00:38:40,799
Speaker 1: lets their phone run for long enough and collects enough

814
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:43,800
Speaker 1: data can actually be an author on the scientific papers

815
00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:45,480
Speaker 1: that come out of it. If we ever get to

816
00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:47,520
Speaker 1: do any science of it, because we want people to

817
00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:49,560
Speaker 1: feel invested. We want people to feel like they really

818
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:51,320
Speaker 1: get to participate in this project.

819
00:38:51,360 --> 00:38:54,000
Speaker 3: So what you're saying is that with these cosmic rays,

820
00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:57,040
Speaker 3: really what we need is just more data, Like we

821
00:38:57,080 --> 00:38:58,680
Speaker 3: don't know where they could be coming from, but we

822
00:38:58,719 --> 00:39:02,400
Speaker 3: don't know an about them to try to decipher.

823
00:39:01,960 --> 00:39:05,480
Speaker 1: It right exactly. It's like we've gotten the first taste

824
00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:07,600
Speaker 1: of a clue that something interesting is out there, and

825
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:09,680
Speaker 1: we need the rest of the clues before we can

826
00:39:09,719 --> 00:39:12,360
Speaker 1: figure it out because we just don't have enough information.

827
00:39:12,480 --> 00:39:12,640
Speaker 6: Right.

828
00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:14,480
Speaker 1: We've seen a few of them, but we'd love to

829
00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:17,000
Speaker 1: see thousands and millions of them before we have an

830
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,720
Speaker 1: idea of where they're coming from and what's causing them.

831
00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:21,320
Speaker 1: We just need more data.

832
00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:24,239
Speaker 3: So this is such a fascinating thing to me, just

833
00:39:24,320 --> 00:39:26,960
Speaker 3: the sense, just the idea that there might be something

834
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,160
Speaker 3: in the universe out there that we still don't know.

835
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:31,160
Speaker 3: You know, it's like.

836
00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:34,120
Speaker 1: I'm certain, yeah, I'm certain. I mean, even a cosmic

837
00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:36,680
Speaker 1: crasis aside, The universe is filled with crazy stuff, and

838
00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:39,399
Speaker 1: every decade we discover new crazier stuff than we could

839
00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:43,000
Speaker 1: have even ever imagined. So this is fantastic, because you're right,

840
00:39:43,040 --> 00:39:45,840
Speaker 1: it's a concrete clue. It's the universe giving us the

841
00:39:45,920 --> 00:39:48,280
Speaker 1: direction is where to look to find new crazy stuff.

842
00:39:48,600 --> 00:39:50,480
Speaker 1: But I'm sure already that there's crazy stuff in the

843
00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:51,640
Speaker 1: universe we never imagined.

844
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,600
Speaker 3: Yeah, and we're being bathed in it, right, like we're

845
00:39:54,680 --> 00:39:59,360
Speaker 3: constantly getting being bombarded by these clues that there's mystery.

846
00:39:59,480 --> 00:40:02,000
Speaker 1: That's right. The universe is sending us these messages and

847
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:04,800
Speaker 1: wondering why are these guys taken so long to figure

848
00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:08,959
Speaker 1: it out? We're right here, that's right. Yeah. So cosmic rays,

849
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,640
Speaker 1: these super hundreds of cosmic grays have a mysteries for decades.

850
00:40:11,719 --> 00:40:14,759
Speaker 1: We've known about these things for decades and we just

851
00:40:14,880 --> 00:40:17,960
Speaker 1: haven't figured it out yet. All right, So thanks everyone

852
00:40:17,960 --> 00:40:20,600
Speaker 1: for listening to the mystery of cosmic rays.

853
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,400
Speaker 3: Yeah, so when you look up at the night sky

854
00:40:23,560 --> 00:40:25,960
Speaker 3: the next time, or even if you walk out during

855
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,440
Speaker 3: the day, just remember that you're being bathed in physics mystery.

856
00:40:31,239 --> 00:40:33,399
Speaker 1: That's right. And if you do figure out the mystery

857
00:40:33,440 --> 00:40:35,480
Speaker 1: of cosmic grays, please let us know, give us a

858
00:40:35,480 --> 00:40:38,080
Speaker 1: tip before you announce the public Yeah, I'd love to

859
00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:49,720
Speaker 1: be cluded. If you still have a question after listening

860
00:40:49,760 --> 00:40:52,759
Speaker 1: to all these explanations. Please drop us a line. We'd

861
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:55,720
Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter,

862
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:59,480
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

863
00:40:59,560 --> 00:41:12,360
Speaker 1: email that feedback at Daniel and Orge dot com. When

864
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:14,120
Speaker 1: you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're

865
00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,600
Speaker 1: probably not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people

866
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867
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868
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869
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872
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873
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Speaker 9: This is Malcolm Gladwell from Revisionist History. eBay Motors is

874
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:50,560
Speaker 9: here for the ride. With samelbow grease, fresh installs, and

875
00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:53,320
Speaker 9: a whole lot of love, you transformed one hundred thousand

876
00:41:53,360 --> 00:41:55,920
Speaker 9: miles and a body full of rust into a drive

877
00:41:55,960 --> 00:42:00,120
Speaker 9: that's all your own, break kits, led headlights, whatever you needed,

878
00:42:00,440 --> 00:42:04,879
Speaker 9: eBay Motors has it, and with eBay guaranteed fit. It's

879
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Speaker 9: guaranteed to fit your ride the first time, every time,

880
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:13,480
Speaker 9: or your money back plus. At these prices, you're burning rubber,

881
00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:17,200
Speaker 9: not cash. Keep your ride or die alive at ebaymotors

882
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:20,800
Speaker 9: dot Com. Eligible items only. Exclusions apply.

883
00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:23,600
Speaker 4: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

884
00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:27,560
Speaker 4: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

885
00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:30,160
Speaker 4: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

886
00:42:30,239 --> 00:42:32,880
Speaker 4: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

887
00:42:32,960 --> 00:42:36,280
Speaker 4: at hotels. Become an Explorer and seek out unforgettable places

888
00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:39,719
Speaker 4: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

889
00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:43,480
Speaker 4: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval,

890
00:42:43,560 --> 00:42:44,800
Speaker 4: Offer subject to change.

891
00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:45,680
Speaker 1: Terms apply