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Speaker 7: Okay, Daniel, is it possible for Einstein the famous scientists

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Speaker 7: to be wrong?

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Speaker 1: Well, I got a lot of crackpots in my inbox

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Speaker 1: every week claiming have proven Einstein wrong, because it's every

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Speaker 1: physicist's number one fantasy to prove that the most famous

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Speaker 1: scientists of all time could have made a mistake.

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Speaker 7: Well, I have the prof here for you. I heard

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Speaker 7: that Einstein he was right about a lot of things.

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Speaker 7: But I heard that he predicted that we would never

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Speaker 7: see gravitational waves.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and then scientists actually found these crazy little

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Speaker 1: features at the universe.

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Speaker 7: So he was wrong, right, I mean technically he was

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Speaker 7: wrong in that he predicted that physicists could improve him. Right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a small victory, but technically we've proven Einstein wrong.

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Speaker 7: Will take it, We'll take it.

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Speaker 1: Hi.

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Speaker 7: I am Jorjank and I'm Daniel. Welcome to our podcast.

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Speaker 7: Daniel and Jorge explain the universe Now. I am a cartoonist.

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Speaker 1: And I'm a particle physicist.

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Speaker 7: I draw comics called PhD comics online.

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Speaker 1: And I do research at a large Hadron collider, smashing

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Speaker 1: protons together to try to figure out what the universe

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Speaker 1: is made out of and explain it to you.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, we just like talking about this crazy stuff that

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Speaker 7: our universe is made of and how it works.

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Speaker 1: We basically think of what could people out there be

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Speaker 1: interested in? What kind of questions is an everyday person

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Speaker 1: had about the universe, And we thought, let's dig into

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Speaker 1: that and explain.

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Speaker 7: It to be On the program, we're going to talk

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Speaker 7: about gravitational waves.

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Speaker 1: What is a gravitational wave? That's today's topic.

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Speaker 7: What are they? How wavy are they? And will they

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Speaker 7: make you gravitationally seasick?

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Speaker 1: It's a grave topic too.

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Speaker 7: It's a grave, grave topic.

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Speaker 1: This topic we hope won't put you in your.

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Speaker 7: Grave, that's right, It will make you feel lighter.

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Speaker 1: Actually, even though it's a pretty heavy topic. You probably

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Speaker 1: know what gravity is, You probably know what a wave is.

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Speaker 1: But we went out in the street and we asked

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Speaker 1: people do they know what a gravitational wave is.

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Speaker 7: Here's what they had to say, A wave of gravity

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Speaker 7: kind of like how it acts on people. The only

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Speaker 7: thing that I might think, I guess is gravitational waves

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Speaker 7: is because something that's reflected from the sun.

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Speaker 1: No, I've heard of gravity, not gravitational way.

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Speaker 7: I'm not sure. Yeah, okay, so most people have heard

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Speaker 7: of the word gravity. That was encouraging. That's good.

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Speaker 1: That's encouraging from your like a general sense of what

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Speaker 1: do people out there know?

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Speaker 7: Yeah, yeah, you know, like it's not well, it's kind

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Speaker 7: of an interesting concept because it gravitational ways. It's like

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Speaker 7: two things everybody knows about gravity and waves, and it's

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Speaker 7: like you put them together. Suddenly it's this whole new

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Speaker 7: thing nobody knows about.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And frankly, it surprised me how little people

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Speaker 1: knew about it, because some people had heard of the

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Speaker 1: topic but knew almost nothing. Some people really had no

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Speaker 1: idea what it was. But for me as a physicist,

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Speaker 1: this is something that made a huge splash in the

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Speaker 1: physics community. It made enormous waves. Jokes aside when it

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Speaker 1: was discovered a few years ago. I mean, it's the

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Speaker 1: kind of thing where they discovered it and almost immediately

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Speaker 1: won the Nobel Prize for it. That's a big deal.

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Speaker 7: Yeah, But I guess the truth is that I had

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Speaker 7: never heard about it until the big discovery was announced,

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Speaker 7: you know, and I'm pretty sort of plugged into research

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Speaker 7: and physicist, but no, I had no idea what these

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Speaker 7: things were until I started hearing from physicists like, hey,

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Speaker 7: we think there's a big discovery about to be announced.

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Speaker 1: That's right. There were rumors bubbling around for a while.

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Speaker 1: But I don't think you're unusual. I think before the discovery,

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Speaker 1: nobody outside of physics had really heard of gravitational waves,

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Speaker 1: and even most people inside physics thought it was kind

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Speaker 1: of a crazy backwater subfield that might not ever amount

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Speaker 1: to anything. But once it happened, there's this huge splash

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Speaker 1: and publicity and everything. You'd think it's spread around the

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Speaker 1: world and everybody would remember. But I guess it's faded.

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Speaker 1: Maybe if we'd done this a couple of years ago,

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Speaker 1: just after the announcement, people might know more or remember more,

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Speaker 1: or at least be better at pretending they knew something

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Speaker 1: about it, right.

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Speaker 7: Right, or maybe it's just kind of a reflection of

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Speaker 7: how we're all trapped in our little bubbles these days.

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Speaker 7: You know, like what feels like a huge deal that

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Speaker 7: it's all over the media to us, Maybe somebody who

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Speaker 7: lives in another media bubble has it doesn't make it

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Speaker 7: to them, you know.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, maybe. Well. One of the fun things about

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Speaker 1: these interviews is hearing people try to figure it out

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Speaker 1: as they're talking to me, you know, like, hmm, maybe

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Speaker 1: it has something to do with the sun, or like

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Speaker 1: it has waves on people or something. I think that's

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Speaker 1: pretty insightful for some psychologists to dig into.

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Speaker 7: Right, And it's been a big deal in the face

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Speaker 7: community for a while. I mean, this is the project

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Speaker 7: that discovered these gravitational waves a few years ago, LIGO,

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Speaker 7: that's been going on for years and years. It's what

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Speaker 7: it's like, one of the most expensive physics experiments ever, right.

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Speaker 1: It's been going on for a long time. It's not

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Speaker 1: one of the most expensive. It's only six hundred and

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Speaker 1: something million dollars. Oh my god, I can't even say.

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Speaker 7: That for a laptop to a particle fis I know.

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Speaker 1: I mean from the point of view like the LHC

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Speaker 1: which is ten billion. Yeah, this is a pretty cheap experiment.

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Speaker 1: But the amazing thing is that it's been going on

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Speaker 1: for decades before it got results. I mean, they've been

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Speaker 1: working on this since the seventies and eighties and they've

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Speaker 1: been getting funding with no discovery for decades. That's the

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Speaker 1: kind of crazy blue sky research that I think is wonderful,

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Speaker 1: but it's happening less and less these days.

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Speaker 7: Well, let's break it down. What is a gravitational wave?

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Speaker 1: Right, So a gravitational wave, simply put, a gravitational wave

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Speaker 1: is a ripple in space. Right, Space itself is not emptiness,

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Speaker 1: it's not the backdrop of the universe. It's not nothing.

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Speaker 1: It's a physical dynamical thing. It's like we're fish swimming

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Speaker 1: through water, right, and space is our is our water.

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Speaker 1: And so it turns out because space can do things

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Speaker 1: like bend and expand, it can also ripple, and so

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Speaker 1: a gravitational wave is a ripple in space itself.

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Speaker 7: So like if you were a fish your whole life

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Speaker 7: and you were just moving through water, you wouldn't think

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Speaker 7: of the water as a thing. It would just be

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Speaker 7: the thing you're moving around on the right.

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Speaker 1: That's right. You might not even notice that it's there

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Speaker 1: unless it did something or had some effect on you, right,

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Speaker 1: And so if you're a fish, you notice, oh, look

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Speaker 1: there are currents, and I can serf those or whatever.

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Speaker 1: And so we're starting to notice that space is doing

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Speaker 1: some stuff, and that's what makes us pay attention to it.

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Speaker 7: Okay, So gravitational wave is a ripple of the space itself,

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Speaker 7: like the space itself we're in actually kind of ripple.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And I think people might have an easier time

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Speaker 1: understanding ripples if they start first by thinking about other

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Speaker 1: things that space can do, which are similar, like space bending.

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Speaker 1: So space is three dimensions, yeah, that we know of, right,

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Speaker 1: that we know of, yeah, down, forward, backward, left, right,

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Speaker 1: But it's hard to imagine space bending in three D,

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Speaker 1: so it's easier to think of it in two dimensions.

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Speaker 1: So typical examples think of like a big rubber sheet,

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Speaker 1: that's space. Well, space can be bent when you have

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Speaker 1: big heavy objects sitting on it, like a like if

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Speaker 1: you put a big bowling ball onto a rubber sheet,

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Speaker 1: it's going to distort it. And then if you, for example,

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Speaker 1: if you roll a marble across that sheet, it's not

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Speaker 1: going to anymore move in a straight line. It's going

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Speaker 1: to move like in an orbit, or if you've ever

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Speaker 1: spun a coin down one of those crazy parabolic things

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Speaker 1: in a museum and then it seen it do crazy orbits.

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Speaker 1: Space gets bent by mass, and that's what makes things

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Speaker 1: go around the Sun, for example.

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Speaker 7: So space is not like a flat, stiff sheet. It's

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Speaker 7: like this kind of wobbly kind of thing that we're

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Speaker 7: rolling along in.

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Speaker 1: That's right along it. We're moving in what seems like

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Speaker 1: the most natural path, the straightest line for us, unless

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Speaker 1: you get pushed in some direction. But if there's a

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Speaker 1: big heavy thing near us, like the Earth or the Sun,

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Speaker 1: pretty big massive stuff in the universe, then it bends

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Speaker 1: that space and affects sort of the natural straight line

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Speaker 1: we would travel in. So people can practice thinking about

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Speaker 1: space bending by understanding how big heavy masses can distort space,

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Speaker 1: affecting the way that we move through it, and the

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Speaker 1: subtle bit there is in the rubber sheet analogy. The

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Speaker 1: two dimensional rubber sheet is bending into the third dimension, right,

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Speaker 1: which doesn't exist in the two D rubber sheet universe,

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Speaker 1: but in the full three D example and the real

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Speaker 1: universe that we're in, our space is not bending in

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Speaker 1: some hidden, higher fourth dimensional universe. The bending is intrinsic.

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Speaker 1: It's the relationship of objects in that space. If you

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Speaker 1: want to ask, like, what's the shortest distance through space

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Speaker 1: for these two points that's affected by this bending of

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Speaker 1: the space between them.

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Speaker 7: Oh, so it's kind of like the relationship between things

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Speaker 7: in space is what's changed, what's getting distorted.

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Speaker 1: Exactly the relationship between things in space. And when I

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Speaker 1: first started thinking about this, like space as a thing,

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Speaker 1: even as a physicist, it's pretty hard to think about

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Speaker 1: because you imagined space as being defined by distances or

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Speaker 1: as you say, like the relationship between things. And so

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Speaker 1: I always wondered, like, how could you even tell if

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Speaker 1: space is bending? Because wouldn't your rulers bend? Also, like

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Speaker 1: don't you need some like absolute external yardstick to notice

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Speaker 1: if space is bending?

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Speaker 7: But you would notice it, wouldn't you. Like if I'm

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Speaker 7: near a distorted space and I take my rule ruler

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Speaker 7: and I point it one way, I would measure something

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Speaker 7: differently than if I pointed in another way.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly right. And that depends a little bit on

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Speaker 1: how your ruler is built, Right, If your ruler is

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Speaker 1: built out of molecules like most rulers, and those molecules

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Speaker 1: have a distance between them that's fixed by like their

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Speaker 1: you know, the forces between them, like you know, a

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Speaker 1: standard wooden rulers held together by chemical bonds. Then those

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Speaker 1: bonds are going to be stronger than like any space stretching,

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Speaker 1: and so a ruler like that is not going to

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Speaker 1: be affected by space getting stretched, and so it would

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Speaker 1: certainly notice. But say, for example, your ruler was like

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Speaker 1: a bunch of equidistant pebbles floating in space, right, then

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Speaker 1: if space stretched, you wouldn't even notice because the distances

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Speaker 1: between those the pebbles would grow and shrink as well,

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Speaker 1: and you would have no comparisons.

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Speaker 7: So you mean, like if you if you measured distances

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Speaker 7: kind of like they do in my home country of Panama.

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Speaker 7: It's not like you look it up in a GPS map.

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Speaker 7: It's more like, Okay, you go down this street and

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Speaker 7: then you make a ride at the McDonald and you

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Speaker 7: make a left at the gas station, and that's how

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Speaker 7: you get to my house. Then if like the terrain change,

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Speaker 7: I wouldn't notice a difference because I would still use

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Speaker 7: these landmarks.

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Speaker 1: Still get to McDonald's exactly. You still take a ride yeah. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So if it's like an earthquake and suddenly McDonald's much

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Speaker 1: further away, it's still like, you know, it's one McDonald's away.

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Speaker 7: So space is this squishy thing that we're living in.

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Speaker 7: It's not like a big vacuum or an empty warehouse.

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Speaker 7: It's like this squishy thing and it's going squish by

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Speaker 7: things that are heavy and that can affect how far

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Speaker 7: things are apart from each other. So now a ripple

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Speaker 7: is like what is that?

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Speaker 1: Then?

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Speaker 7: Like a ripple in water? Is it similar to like

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Speaker 7: a ripple? Like if you fish, is a ripple grifftage

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Speaker 7: and wave like a ripple in the water. You know,

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Speaker 7: like there's an explosion underwater, we would feel that sort

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Speaker 7: of shock wave.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly what it is. Yeah. And so if you

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Speaker 1: have two really heavy objects, for example, spinning around each other,

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Speaker 1: or one really massive object that's accelerated, the gravitational field

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Speaker 1: from that object is going to change really quickly. Right.

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Speaker 1: So you imagine a static object is a gravitational field

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Speaker 1: around it. If that object accelerates or moves really its

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Speaker 1: velocity is changed really quickly, then the gravitational field itself

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Speaker 1: is going to change, and the wiggle in the field

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Speaker 1: caused by the acceleration of that object is a ripple. Right,

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Speaker 1: It's going to travel through space outward from that object.

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Speaker 1: So imagine you take like a rock. It has a

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Speaker 1: gravitational field. A rock is going to be bending space

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Speaker 1: around it. And then if you move that rock, something

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Speaker 1: far away is not going to notice instantaneously that you

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Speaker 1: move the rock. It can't tell that the gravity has

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Speaker 1: changed yet because the information about the rock moving travels

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Speaker 1: at the speed of light.

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Speaker 7: Wow, So even gravity can only move with the speed

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Speaker 7: of light.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Everything in the universe that carries information can

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Speaker 1: only move at the speed of light or slower. And

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Speaker 1: so for example, say the Sun disappeared magically, the Earth

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Speaker 1: wouldn't notice for eight minutes. What because that's how long

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Speaker 1: it takes for light from the Sun and for the

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Speaker 1: gravity from the Sun to reach us. So the path

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Speaker 1: of the Earth wouldn't be effected for eight minutes.

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Speaker 7: So there'd be eight minutes where there was no Sun,

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Speaker 7: but the Earth would just keep going like, hey, we

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Speaker 7: wouldn't see it gone either, right, because the light would

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Speaker 7: also take eight minutes to get here.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The Sun could have disappeared five minutes ago.

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Speaker 1: We would have no idea. Don't rush outside and look

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Speaker 1: at the sun. Everybody, please don't know.

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Speaker 7: I'm scared of Daniel.

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Speaker 1: Anyway, in that scenario, there's nothing you can do in

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Speaker 1: that scenario, so there's no point in preparing for it.

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Speaker 7: Okay.

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Speaker 1: But the point is that the gravitational information moves through

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Speaker 1: space the same speed everything else does.

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Speaker 7: And so if something is changing really quickly, then that

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Speaker 7: like increasing gravity decreasing gravity would sort of travel would

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Speaker 7: take a while to get to me, and I would

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Speaker 7: see that as kind of a wave, like a ripple.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Imagine somebody's turning the Sun on and off.

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Speaker 1: It exists, it disappears, it exists, it disappears. Then the

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Speaker 1: gravitational fields of the sun, this bending of space is

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Speaker 1: going to disappear and then snap back and disappear and

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Speaker 1: snap back. And what we would see it or on Earth,

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Speaker 1: is gravity turning on and off and on and off,

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Speaker 1: and those would be enormous ripples in a gravitational field. Yeah.

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Speaker 7: Wow, Well, I think what's cool is that, you know,

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Speaker 7: everyone talks about it like it it has to be

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Speaker 7: like two black holes or something huge and massive, But

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Speaker 7: it's really like everything generates gravitational waves, right like you

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Speaker 7: and I. If I move my arms back and forth,

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Speaker 7: I'm generating gravitational waves.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And you happen to be a very magnetic

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Speaker 1: person or a gravitational person, so I sense those waves

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Speaker 1: from your hoe head.

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Speaker 7: I'm glad you didn't say heavy, thank you.

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Speaker 1: I know I was about to say that. I was

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Speaker 1: trying to steer clear of it. Yeah, you're right. Everything

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Speaker 1: that has mass bends space, and anything that has mass

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Speaker 1: and is accelerated will be generating gravitational waves. But the

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Speaker 1: thing for people to remember is that is super duper crazy,

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Speaker 1: ridiculously weak, which is why, for example, if you're sitting

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Speaker 1: next to somebody in a train, you don't feel a

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Speaker 1: literal gravitational force between you. There is one there, but

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Speaker 1: you can't even sense it because it's so tiny compared

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Speaker 1: to the gravitational force of you and the Earth.

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Speaker 7: No matter how attractive that person is.

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Speaker 1: That's right, you might be feeling other forces, and you know,

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Speaker 1: feel free to act on that or not not. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: to you, there's no physics advice about whether or not

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Speaker 1: to approach people on a train. But your point is correct.

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Speaker 1: Everything is generating gravitational waves that has mass and is accelerating.

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Speaker 7: Right, but they're so weak.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you need something really really huge in order to

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Speaker 1: be able to detect them.

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Speaker 7: Okay, well, let's talk about how we even came up

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Speaker 7: with this idea of a gravitation wave. Right. Who sits

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Speaker 7: around thinking, hey, I wonder if ripple, if gravity and

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Speaker 7: space time itself can generate waves.

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Speaker 1: Well, your first guess would probably be right in that case,

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Speaker 1: because the first person to think about that was Albert Einstein, Right,

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Speaker 1: everybody's go to scientist. In this case, it is exactly right.

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Speaker 1: He came up with this theory of general relativity, and

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Speaker 1: the core idea in that theory is that gravity is

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Speaker 1: not a force but a bending of space. And so

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Speaker 1: a very natural consequence of his theory was that if

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Speaker 1: things accelerate, then it would make these ripples in the

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Speaker 1: bending of space, and those ripples he called gravitational waves.

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Speaker 7: Oh, I see. It's like, once you come up with

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00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:23,719
Speaker 7: the idea that space can bend that, and that also

402
00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,520
Speaker 7: this information about space bending can travel faster than light,

403
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Speaker 7: then your naturally are left with the idea that you

404
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Speaker 7: can have these waves traveling through space for gravity.

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00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:38,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. But a funny wrinkle in the story, or

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00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:41,119
Speaker 1: ripple in the story, if you like, is that Einstein

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00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:43,439
Speaker 1: he thought about these things as sort of a theoretical

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00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:46,639
Speaker 1: possibility or an abstract idea. But he I think he

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00:19:46,680 --> 00:19:48,919
Speaker 1: wrote in his paper. He's like, he said, but we

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Speaker 1: could never discover these because they're too small. Even Einstein,

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Speaker 1: who predicted these things, thought it would be impossible for

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Speaker 1: us to ever detect them, which is like even more

413
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Speaker 1: kudos to the experimentalists or proving Einstein wrong by proving

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00:20:02,040 --> 00:20:02,440
Speaker 1: him right.

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00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:05,639
Speaker 7: Wow, So even Einstein didn't think that it would be

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00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:08,160
Speaker 7: possible to measure these but they've done it. They did

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Speaker 7: it a couple of years ago.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And you know, there's one way in which I

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00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:14,280
Speaker 1: personally agreed with Einstein because I remember when I was

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00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:17,320
Speaker 1: choosing where to go for graduate school, I was visiting

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00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:19,800
Speaker 1: various institutions and thinking about what physics they were doing,

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Speaker 1: and I went to Caltech and Caltech was one of

423
00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:25,480
Speaker 1: the leading institutions on LAGO, and I actually got to

424
00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:27,280
Speaker 1: talk to one of the leading scientists on it at

425
00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:29,359
Speaker 1: the time. He was telling me about this project and

426
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,719
Speaker 1: I thought, Wow, this sounds cool but really hard and

427
00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:36,080
Speaker 1: basically impossible, and that would be crazy to sign up

428
00:20:36,119 --> 00:20:38,480
Speaker 1: to do a PhD on this. Wow, I thought, they're

429
00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:41,000
Speaker 1: never going to see these things. It's impossible and ridiculous.

430
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:43,080
Speaker 1: More power to you, but I'm going to go do

431
00:20:43,160 --> 00:20:43,960
Speaker 1: particle physics.

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Speaker 7: On that note, let's take a quick break.

433
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Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

434
00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:57,280
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

435
00:20:57,320 --> 00:21:01,399
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

436
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:04,000
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US Dairy

437
00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:08,359
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals including being greenhouse

438
00:21:08,359 --> 00:21:10,960
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

439
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,359
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

440
00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:17,600
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

441
00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:20,760
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

442
00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:24,280
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

443
00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:27,119
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

444
00:21:27,119 --> 00:21:30,880
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

445
00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:34,840
Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

446
00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:36,960
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

447
00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:39,000
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

448
00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:41,760
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

449
00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:45,280
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

450
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:48,120
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

451
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:51,000
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

452
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:54,800
Speaker 2: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeart

453
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Speaker 2: Radio Music Festival, preceded by Capital On the.

454
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455
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456
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457
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458
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459
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460
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462
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463
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Speaker 9: Parents. Are you looking for a screen free, engaging way

464
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470
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473
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474
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476
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Speaker 9: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

477
00:23:16,960 --> 00:23:19,160
Speaker 7: The skill of the problem is insane, right like it's

478
00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:23,960
Speaker 7: first of all, you need something momentous happening, like two

479
00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:28,359
Speaker 7: black holes spinning around each other so fast and I'm

480
00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:30,879
Speaker 7: just about to like crash together, right.

481
00:23:31,080 --> 00:23:34,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, really really massive objects. And you need a lot

482
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,160
Speaker 1: of acceleration also, as you say, for example, black holes

483
00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:39,800
Speaker 1: smashing into each other does that. And the reason is

484
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:42,320
Speaker 1: that the very last moment before the black holes collide

485
00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:45,160
Speaker 1: into each other, they're moving super fast. It's a huge

486
00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:46,280
Speaker 1: acceleration there.

487
00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:49,320
Speaker 7: Oh, because you know, we think of black holes crashing

488
00:23:49,359 --> 00:23:51,600
Speaker 7: like they're traveling the straight line and they crash into

489
00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:53,719
Speaker 7: each other, but they don't, right, They actually kind of

490
00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:56,240
Speaker 7: get close to each other, and then they start circling

491
00:23:56,240 --> 00:23:58,840
Speaker 7: each other, and then that circling gets smaller and smaller

492
00:23:58,840 --> 00:23:59,679
Speaker 7: and smaller and smaller.

493
00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:02,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, they spin around each other a little bit,

494
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:04,960
Speaker 1: unless you build like a black hole collider to shoot

495
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,560
Speaker 1: them exactly at each other. And you know, anybody out

496
00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:09,360
Speaker 1: there who knows how to do that, give me a call.

497
00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:12,560
Speaker 1: But if two natural black holes that approach each other

498
00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:15,760
Speaker 1: are going to already have some relative angler momentum, so

499
00:24:15,760 --> 00:24:17,840
Speaker 1: they're going to keep that relative spin from each other.

500
00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:19,480
Speaker 1: So they're going to keep that and then they're just

501
00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:21,479
Speaker 1: going to spin around each other. As you get closer

502
00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:23,880
Speaker 1: and closer to have the same angler momentum that you're

503
00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:25,119
Speaker 1: going to have to go faster and faster.

504
00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:27,000
Speaker 7: Kind of like when you flush the toilet. You know,

505
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:29,479
Speaker 7: two things floating there spin around each other, and then

506
00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:31,680
Speaker 7: as to get closer and closer, they start spinning really

507
00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:32,240
Speaker 7: really fast.

508
00:24:32,480 --> 00:24:34,520
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, the dark matter in your.

509
00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:37,399
Speaker 7: Toilet, the other from the black hole.

510
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:40,639
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it spins around each other. I was going

511
00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:43,560
Speaker 1: to say, more like an ice skater spins around faster

512
00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:46,120
Speaker 1: and faster as she pulls her arms in. But yes,

513
00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:48,479
Speaker 1: also dark matter in your toilet does the same thing.

514
00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:51,719
Speaker 7: Yeah, and then right before it flushes down, it's spinning

515
00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:55,639
Speaker 7: so fast. That's when these generates massive gravitational waves. Right,

516
00:24:55,680 --> 00:24:56,960
Speaker 7: that's the idea, that's right.

517
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,720
Speaker 1: So jorge'es takeaway from this topic is every time you

518
00:24:59,720 --> 00:25:02,760
Speaker 1: fluck the toilet, you're generating gravitational way which is through,

519
00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:07,800
Speaker 1: which is technically accurately true. Yes, yes, yes, and you

520
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:10,840
Speaker 1: have a physicist now on record saying that. But in

521
00:25:10,880 --> 00:25:13,120
Speaker 1: the case of the cosmic toilet, you know, and black

522
00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:16,440
Speaker 1: holes actually swish around each other and flesh themselves away.

523
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:19,240
Speaker 1: What happens is you get these ripples, and when the

524
00:25:19,280 --> 00:25:23,040
Speaker 1: ripple passes through Earth, it squeezes the space in one

525
00:25:23,080 --> 00:25:25,919
Speaker 1: direction and stretches it in the other. That's the effect

526
00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:27,879
Speaker 1: of the ripple on Earth. So if we want to

527
00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:30,639
Speaker 1: see it, we have to have a very accurate ruler

528
00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:34,160
Speaker 1: pointing in two directions, one ninety degrees from the other,

529
00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:36,199
Speaker 1: so we can see a squeeze in one way and

530
00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:38,480
Speaker 1: a stretch in the other direction at the same time.

531
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:42,439
Speaker 1: So the direction of the wave tells you where it

532
00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:45,399
Speaker 1: was coming from. Also, and you want to calibrate yourself

533
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:48,119
Speaker 1: by having measurements in the direction of the wave and

534
00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,399
Speaker 1: ninety degrees. Also, because you don't know which direction a

535
00:25:51,480 --> 00:25:53,199
Speaker 1: wave is going to come from, you want to make

536
00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:55,439
Speaker 1: sure to be sensitive to it no matter where it comes.

537
00:25:55,640 --> 00:25:58,760
Speaker 1: So you have two basically really careful rulers that are

538
00:25:58,880 --> 00:26:01,399
Speaker 1: ninety degrees or arrange from each other, so you can

539
00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:02,560
Speaker 1: be sensitive to any direction.

540
00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:05,360
Speaker 7: But it's crazy because even though these are generated by

541
00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 7: two colliding black holes, by the time they get to

542
00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:11,639
Speaker 7: is these waves are like really faint, right.

543
00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:13,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, there really are tiny. I mean Einstein had a

544
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:15,600
Speaker 1: good point. In order to see these things, you have

545
00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:18,960
Speaker 1: to see space shrink by one factor in ten to

546
00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:23,040
Speaker 1: the twenty, right, that's ten with twenty zeros after it.

547
00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:26,639
Speaker 7: It's like if you had a meter stick those ten

548
00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:29,520
Speaker 7: to the twenty meters long, you would have to see

549
00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:31,240
Speaker 7: a shrink by one meter.

550
00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:34,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, yeah, Or if you wanted to see something

551
00:26:34,119 --> 00:26:36,800
Speaker 1: shrink by like a millimeter, you'd have to have a

552
00:26:36,920 --> 00:26:40,480
Speaker 1: yard stick. That's like, you know, ten six tillion meters

553
00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:43,639
Speaker 1: long or something crazy. It's really ridiculous. It's like the

554
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:45,960
Speaker 1: size of our solar system, right, yeah, I think so.

555
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:49,120
Speaker 1: And so you can imagine not only is it really

556
00:26:49,160 --> 00:26:51,879
Speaker 1: hard to see things that are small, but other things

557
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,280
Speaker 1: are affecting you. Right, not that anything else is shaping

558
00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:57,840
Speaker 1: space that same way. But if you have a ruler,

559
00:26:57,880 --> 00:26:59,720
Speaker 1: how do you even know how long it is to

560
00:26:59,760 --> 00:27:02,199
Speaker 1: ten to the twenty right to one part in ten

561
00:27:02,280 --> 00:27:05,280
Speaker 1: to the twenty. How do you detect when it's wiggling?

562
00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:07,679
Speaker 1: Like if you just heat up your ruler, it's going

563
00:27:07,760 --> 00:27:10,600
Speaker 1: to get a little longer, if you cool down your ruler,

564
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:13,159
Speaker 1: it's going to get a little shorter. So the experimental

565
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:17,639
Speaker 1: trouble of seeing something so tiny is really really it's

566
00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:20,879
Speaker 1: really difficult and It's really an amazing coupde gra that

567
00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:21,880
Speaker 1: they pulled it off.

568
00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:24,000
Speaker 7: So it's like if I was standing on one end

569
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:26,200
Speaker 7: of the solar system and you were standing on the

570
00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:29,560
Speaker 7: other side of the solar system, it'd be like asking, like, hey, Daniel,

571
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:32,240
Speaker 7: did you feel the space between us showing by one

572
00:27:32,280 --> 00:27:34,600
Speaker 7: millimeter exactly? That's crazy.

573
00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:37,600
Speaker 1: It's pretty crazy, and so in order to do it,

574
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:39,920
Speaker 1: they had to come up with some pretty crazy technology.

575
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,120
Speaker 1: The way they do it is really awesome and beautiful.

576
00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:45,600
Speaker 1: I mean, there's fascinating theoretical stuff, but the experimental side

577
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:47,240
Speaker 1: of it I love also because they had to come

578
00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:49,560
Speaker 1: up with new techniques that nobody had ever used before.

579
00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:55,960
Speaker 7: So this is the LIGO project, right l I GOO.

580
00:27:56,560 --> 00:28:00,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. LIGO stands for laser interfer Metric I

581
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:03,320
Speaker 1: think gravitational observatory LEGO.

582
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:05,159
Speaker 7: Not to be confused with LEGO.

583
00:28:05,640 --> 00:28:09,760
Speaker 1: That's right. Lego's almost as expensive as LIGO. But the

584
00:28:09,760 --> 00:28:12,440
Speaker 1: way they do it is they have these two rulers

585
00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:16,280
Speaker 1: that are four kilometers long each, and they shoot a

586
00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:19,200
Speaker 1: beam of laser light all the way down this tunnel

587
00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:21,880
Speaker 1: and then it bounces off a mirror and comes back,

588
00:28:22,359 --> 00:28:25,880
Speaker 1: and they do that simultaneously along both legs, and then

589
00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:29,000
Speaker 1: when the lasers come back, they can tell how far

590
00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:33,120
Speaker 1: the light went by comparing how many wiggles it's made.

591
00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:36,439
Speaker 7: Oh, it's kind of like a relay RaSE, right, Like

592
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:38,800
Speaker 7: you send a laser beam out and then you measure

593
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:40,280
Speaker 7: how long it tastes for it to come back, and

594
00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:42,600
Speaker 7: that's how you know how far it went.

595
00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:45,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, but you don't need to measure the time because

596
00:28:45,280 --> 00:28:48,480
Speaker 1: lasers are light and lights has wave like properties, and

597
00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:51,479
Speaker 1: so it wiggles. So if you send out two beams

598
00:28:51,480 --> 00:28:55,120
Speaker 1: of lasers and then at the same direction and they

599
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,200
Speaker 1: bounce off mirrors and come back, they're going to be

600
00:28:57,200 --> 00:28:59,360
Speaker 1: wiggling all the way there and wiggling all the way back.

601
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,240
Speaker 1: And when they come back, they should be the same

602
00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:04,320
Speaker 1: place in their wiggle, right either up or down. And

603
00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:06,320
Speaker 1: if they're in the same place in their wiggle, they'll

604
00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:09,000
Speaker 1: add up together. If they are opposite places in their wiggle,

605
00:29:09,080 --> 00:29:11,360
Speaker 1: like one of them went a little bit further and

606
00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:13,440
Speaker 1: now instead of being in the upwiggle, it's at the

607
00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:15,720
Speaker 1: down wiggle, then those two will add up to be

608
00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:20,440
Speaker 1: zero destructive interference. And so that's the interferometer part of

609
00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:23,240
Speaker 1: the experiment. Is that they send out these two pulses

610
00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:26,200
Speaker 1: of lasers and when they come back, they see are

611
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:29,040
Speaker 1: they interfering positively by adding up on top of each

612
00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:32,360
Speaker 1: other or interfering negatively by canceling each other out. They're

613
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,560
Speaker 1: interfering negatively. It means one of them wiggles a little

614
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:37,560
Speaker 1: bit longer than the other one were a little bit shorter,

615
00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:38,760
Speaker 1: and now they're out of sync.

616
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:41,000
Speaker 7: I see. So it's not like you're measuring whether the

617
00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:44,680
Speaker 7: distance in one direction change. You're measuring whether it change

618
00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:48,080
Speaker 7: relative to the other direction exactly. And that's what these

619
00:29:48,080 --> 00:29:51,240
Speaker 7: ways do. They shrink space in one direction and stretch

620
00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:51,960
Speaker 7: it in the other.

621
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:54,720
Speaker 1: Direction exactly, And so that's what you're looking for. And

622
00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:57,720
Speaker 1: they actually have multiple observatories. They have one in Louisiana

623
00:29:58,080 --> 00:30:01,080
Speaker 1: and one in Washington State, and they're finishing one or

624
00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:03,560
Speaker 1: just finished one in Italy, and they're building other ones

625
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:05,920
Speaker 1: around the world and the idea and they're all pointed

626
00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:08,560
Speaker 1: in different directions and there are different locations, so you

627
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:10,880
Speaker 1: can use those multiple telescopes to tell you like is

628
00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:12,520
Speaker 1: it real, you know, or is it just like a

629
00:30:12,560 --> 00:30:15,120
Speaker 1: semi truck driving over it, which is shaking all of

630
00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:17,800
Speaker 1: my mirrors. And you can also do it to tell

631
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,080
Speaker 1: like where did it come from? Because if it landed

632
00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:23,520
Speaker 1: in Washington before it landed in Louisiana, then you can

633
00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:25,360
Speaker 1: tell which direction it came from. You can use it

634
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:26,360
Speaker 1: to sort of triangulate.

635
00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:30,360
Speaker 7: It's interesting how the word telescope changes, right because of physicists. Right,

636
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,440
Speaker 7: like people think of a telescope as this tube that

637
00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:37,080
Speaker 7: you look through to tell how far ships are away

638
00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:39,320
Speaker 7: from me or something, or how far land is. That's

639
00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:43,400
Speaker 7: a telescope. And nowadays telescope in science way means you know,

640
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:45,560
Speaker 7: it could mean a giant antenna, or it could mean

641
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:47,560
Speaker 7: like an array of antennas, or it could be like

642
00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:51,440
Speaker 7: these crazy long laser tunnels spread all over the world,

643
00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:53,080
Speaker 7: Like you call that a telescope.

644
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:55,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I think telescope. I'm not a linguist, but

645
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,320
Speaker 1: I think telescope essentially means seeing far away, and so

646
00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:01,600
Speaker 1: you can just generalize it to mean we don't have

647
00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:03,640
Speaker 1: to see only with light, right, we can see with

648
00:31:03,720 --> 00:31:06,200
Speaker 1: other things. And so you're right, And I think that's

649
00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:08,800
Speaker 1: an awesome use of the word telescope because as we

650
00:31:08,880 --> 00:31:11,680
Speaker 1: invent new kinds of technologies and new kinds of telescopes.

651
00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:14,880
Speaker 1: It gives us other ways to look out into the universe. Right,

652
00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:16,720
Speaker 1: and you know, we're in this tiny little dot in

653
00:31:16,760 --> 00:31:19,960
Speaker 1: a corner of the universe, desperately drinking in the information

654
00:31:20,040 --> 00:31:23,120
Speaker 1: that the universe is sending to us. It's wonderful to imagine.

655
00:31:23,440 --> 00:31:26,000
Speaker 1: Can we have another way to listen to the universe?

656
00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:28,880
Speaker 1: Can we have another way to get information about where

657
00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:30,480
Speaker 1: we are and what's going on around us?

658
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:32,840
Speaker 7: Well, that's what people say. It's so significant about the

659
00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:35,880
Speaker 7: discovery of gravitation ways is that it gives us another

660
00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:39,320
Speaker 7: way to listen to the universe. Right as people say

661
00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:41,640
Speaker 7: that it's like a new way of listening to the universe.

662
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:44,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, and it is amazing and dramatic. A

663
00:31:44,880 --> 00:31:47,760
Speaker 1: couple of quibbles though. Sometimes people say it's the first

664
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,600
Speaker 1: time we have another way to listen to the universe. Right,

665
00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:53,800
Speaker 1: They say, forever we've been doing astronomy using only light,

666
00:31:54,280 --> 00:31:57,400
Speaker 1: and now we have a second method. It's not exactly true,

667
00:31:57,680 --> 00:32:00,520
Speaker 1: because we also have particles. For example, we've been using

668
00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:03,440
Speaker 1: neutrinos to look at the universe, and we've been detecting

669
00:32:03,520 --> 00:32:06,680
Speaker 1: neutrinos for a while now. So it is true that

670
00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:10,440
Speaker 1: we're adding to our tool belt by adding gravitational waves,

671
00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:13,480
Speaker 1: and it's hugely important and fascinating, but it's not the

672
00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:15,280
Speaker 1: first time we have a new tool in our LIU.

673
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,400
Speaker 7: So primarily before the only way we even know about

674
00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:20,960
Speaker 7: the rest of the universe or what's going on is

675
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:23,720
Speaker 7: by the light or the particles that come to us.

676
00:32:23,880 --> 00:32:27,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, the photons from stars and from other galaxies. Yeah,

677
00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:28,720
Speaker 1: it's all been photons.

678
00:32:28,280 --> 00:32:31,320
Speaker 7: Like the radio waves. Those are all photons and light,

679
00:32:31,520 --> 00:32:34,480
Speaker 7: different kinds of light. But now in addition to particles

680
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:37,080
Speaker 7: and light, we have this other way of like knowing

681
00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:39,560
Speaker 7: what's going on elsewhere in the universe, which is these

682
00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:40,480
Speaker 7: gravitational waves.

683
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:43,200
Speaker 1: And it's really important, not just because it's ooh cool,

684
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:46,440
Speaker 1: new shiny tool, which is fun, but because gravitational waves

685
00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:49,840
Speaker 1: can do things if particles can't. Right, gravitational waves are

686
00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:52,760
Speaker 1: not moving through space, so they're not like blocked the

687
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:55,680
Speaker 1: way things move through space, are right, There's no dust

688
00:32:55,720 --> 00:32:57,960
Speaker 1: cloud that can block a gravitational wave.

689
00:32:58,280 --> 00:33:00,480
Speaker 7: They don't get like attenuated if they hit a big

690
00:33:00,560 --> 00:33:01,800
Speaker 7: black hole or something.

691
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:04,400
Speaker 1: Well, they can be they attenuated the further way you are, right,

692
00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:06,240
Speaker 1: Like everything else, they spread out through space and they

693
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:09,040
Speaker 1: get weaker and weaker, but they can't be blocked by matter.

694
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:10,920
Speaker 1: I mean they can get they can if you have

695
00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:13,360
Speaker 1: another gravitational wave, you can they can get reflected or

696
00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:16,880
Speaker 1: distorted or something. But it penetrates through things which are

697
00:33:16,920 --> 00:33:20,720
Speaker 1: otherwise invisible to us and can send us messages from

698
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:23,760
Speaker 1: inside things that otherwise would be opaque to us. And

699
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,600
Speaker 1: so it's a really powerful, fascinating new tool. It really

700
00:33:26,680 --> 00:33:29,120
Speaker 1: is like we're opening up a new kind of eye

701
00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:31,520
Speaker 1: to the universe for the first time. One of the

702
00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:34,680
Speaker 1: other crazy things about gravitational waves is that we had

703
00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:38,000
Speaker 1: no idea how often they came. Right. One tricky thing

704
00:33:38,120 --> 00:33:40,680
Speaker 1: is can you see them at all? Right? The second

705
00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:43,400
Speaker 1: tricky thing was are there any anyway right? It could

706
00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:45,520
Speaker 1: have been that we're really good at seeing them. We

707
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:48,400
Speaker 1: developed this amazing technology. We're super sensitive to these tiny

708
00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:51,000
Speaker 1: little effects. But they only come once every one hundred years.

709
00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:53,520
Speaker 7: You mean, like the kinds of events that would generate

710
00:33:53,560 --> 00:33:56,240
Speaker 7: them in a large enough way for us to detect

711
00:33:57,080 --> 00:33:59,480
Speaker 7: may not be happening as often as we think, Like

712
00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:02,320
Speaker 7: these black holes crashing into each other, with these nutron

713
00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:05,840
Speaker 7: stars flushing down the toilet. Maybe these things were.

714
00:34:05,760 --> 00:34:08,920
Speaker 1: Rare right, Yeah, we didn't know, right, but the first

715
00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:12,399
Speaker 1: time that they turned on the experiment with the new

716
00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:15,640
Speaker 1: powerful capability. They've been incrementally improving it for decades, but

717
00:34:15,880 --> 00:34:17,800
Speaker 1: when they first got to the place where they thought, okay,

718
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:19,759
Speaker 1: now we really think we can see them, they saw

719
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,239
Speaker 1: one within like a day of the first time they

720
00:34:22,239 --> 00:34:23,640
Speaker 1: turned it on. It was incredible.

721
00:34:23,640 --> 00:34:23,879
Speaker 7: Wow.

722
00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:26,440
Speaker 1: And now they've been seeing many, many, many. They have

723
00:34:26,560 --> 00:34:29,080
Speaker 1: like a huge pile of these things they've been studying.

724
00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:31,839
Speaker 1: And so that's really exciting because it could have been

725
00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:33,560
Speaker 1: that you turned on this new telescope in the universe,

726
00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:35,480
Speaker 1: so it's just really quiet and there's nothing, didn't really

727
00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:37,319
Speaker 1: have anything to say, But it turns out it's got

728
00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:39,560
Speaker 1: a lot to say. And these things happen more often

729
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:40,680
Speaker 1: than people hoped.

730
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,200
Speaker 7: And so now we can learn more about like things

731
00:34:43,239 --> 00:34:46,360
Speaker 7: like black holes crashing, right and nutron stars crashing and

732
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,360
Speaker 7: what happens in those like extreme moments of physics.

733
00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:51,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly. So I think one of the really

734
00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:55,279
Speaker 1: exciting things is that we have this new eye on

735
00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:57,240
Speaker 1: the universe, this new way to look at the universe.

736
00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:01,120
Speaker 1: And in addition, there's cool stuff to see. Right, So

737
00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:03,480
Speaker 1: one of the cool things they saw recently was not

738
00:35:03,560 --> 00:35:07,680
Speaker 1: just two black holes colliding, but two neutron stars colliding well.

739
00:35:07,719 --> 00:35:10,279
Speaker 1: And the fascinating thing about that is that they saw

740
00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:13,960
Speaker 1: through the gravitational waves and at the same time they

741
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,960
Speaker 1: saw through telescopes using normal light, So they could see

742
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,400
Speaker 1: these two things happening through two kinds of vision overlaid

743
00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:22,760
Speaker 1: on top of each other. That was really pretty awesome.

744
00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:26,640
Speaker 7: Yeah. I like the way they always describe this project,

745
00:35:26,719 --> 00:35:29,160
Speaker 7: which is which is very poetic. I feel like it's

746
00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:32,680
Speaker 7: like they always say, imagine if your death your whole life.

747
00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:35,200
Speaker 7: I mean, you could look around you, but you could

748
00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:37,719
Speaker 7: hear anything, and then all of a sudden, somebody gives

749
00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:40,000
Speaker 7: you the ability to hear stuff, and so now you

750
00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:43,480
Speaker 7: not only can you see stuff with light, but you

751
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,160
Speaker 7: can also kind of hear them through this whole other channel.

752
00:35:46,520 --> 00:35:49,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's some poetry there. Sometimes I think they take

753
00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:53,840
Speaker 1: it a little too far because in science communication articles

754
00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:56,319
Speaker 1: about this, they often describe this as listening to the

755
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,319
Speaker 1: universe or and you can hear the chirp, you know.

756
00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:02,040
Speaker 1: I think that gives people the impression that gravitational waves

757
00:36:02,080 --> 00:36:05,200
Speaker 1: are sound, or that colliding black holes make a sound.

758
00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:08,760
Speaker 1: Remember that space is quiet sound can't go through space

759
00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:12,080
Speaker 1: because there's no air. So these are gravitational waves, and

760
00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:15,200
Speaker 1: you can take the frequency of those waves and transform

761
00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:17,960
Speaker 1: it into sound waves and listen to it, the way

762
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:21,040
Speaker 1: you can take the frequency of anything and transform it

763
00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:24,360
Speaker 1: into sound waves. Like people took the Higgs boson events

764
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:26,760
Speaker 1: and transform them into sound waves, and you're like listening

765
00:36:26,760 --> 00:36:29,320
Speaker 1: to the Higgs boson. I don't really think you're listening

766
00:36:29,360 --> 00:36:31,600
Speaker 1: to the Higgs boson, so you're not really listening to

767
00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:34,279
Speaker 1: the universe. But poetically, I agree, it's another way to

768
00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:38,160
Speaker 1: get information from the universe. Yeah, it totally works as

769
00:36:38,200 --> 00:36:41,240
Speaker 1: an analogy, but I think some people think it's literal,

770
00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:42,879
Speaker 1: and I just want to make the point that it's

771
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:44,880
Speaker 1: not literally listening to the universe.

772
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:48,960
Speaker 7: These are gravitational waves, not sound waves, although they kind

773
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,000
Speaker 7: of propagate in a similar way right.

774
00:36:50,960 --> 00:36:53,640
Speaker 1: Well, in the same way that waves do propagate, But

775
00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:56,760
Speaker 1: you know, water waves are compression waves through a medium

776
00:36:56,920 --> 00:37:00,839
Speaker 1: and gravitational waves are ripples in space, and so it's

777
00:37:00,880 --> 00:37:03,640
Speaker 1: a little bit different. But the analogy is very, very

778
00:37:03,719 --> 00:37:06,319
Speaker 1: useful as long as you remember it's an analogy. Don't

779
00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:09,239
Speaker 1: stick your ear into space and expect to hear gravitation always, Yes,

780
00:37:09,719 --> 00:37:10,439
Speaker 1: not a good idea.

781
00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:12,200
Speaker 7: Yeah, I know. It's like it's very poetic. It's like,

782
00:37:12,239 --> 00:37:14,000
Speaker 7: all of a sudden you can hear and suddenly you're

783
00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:17,600
Speaker 7: hearing all these toilet flushings across the cosmos. It's very poetic.

784
00:37:17,960 --> 00:37:22,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, listen to the universe flushing away. It's waste.

785
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,000
Speaker 7: Well, on that note, thank you very much for listening.

786
00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:27,200
Speaker 7: I hope you guys enjoyed that discussion.

787
00:37:27,480 --> 00:37:29,880
Speaker 1: It's a pretty heavy topic and I hope we handled

788
00:37:29,880 --> 00:37:30,839
Speaker 1: it with gravitas.

789
00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:35,359
Speaker 7: Yeah, I hope you didn't get gravitation. Elise back. All right, Well,

790
00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:37,239
Speaker 7: thank you very much. Have a great day. Guys.

791
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:44,439
Speaker 1: Do you have a question you wish we would cover,

792
00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,000
Speaker 1: Send it to us. We'd love to hear from you.

793
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:50,200
Speaker 1: You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

794
00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:54,320
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge one Word, or email us to feedback

795
00:37:54,360 --> 00:38:10,480
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Speaker 10: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

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819
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820
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821
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822
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