1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:12,720 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:16,680 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Holly, 4 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:19,599 Speaker 1: were you ever a Girl Scout? No? I was a 5 00:00:19,680 --> 00:00:23,400 Speaker 1: camp fire girl, really yeah, and I actually like um. 6 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:27,000 Speaker 1: For many years, I was pretty snooty about that fact. 7 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:29,880 Speaker 1: I was. Really I was a camp fire girl when 8 00:00:29,880 --> 00:00:32,240 Speaker 1: I lived outside of Seattle when I was little, and 9 00:00:32,240 --> 00:00:36,239 Speaker 1: then we moved to Florida and the only option was 10 00:00:36,479 --> 00:00:40,640 Speaker 1: Girl Scouts. And I may have made some disparaging comments 11 00:00:40,680 --> 00:00:43,040 Speaker 1: about how I thought my uniform was a lot sharper 12 00:00:43,080 --> 00:00:45,239 Speaker 1: than the Girl Scout ones. But that's because I was 13 00:00:45,720 --> 00:00:48,640 Speaker 1: not a nice child, just like I was an adult. 14 00:00:49,479 --> 00:00:52,720 Speaker 1: I was a Brownie and that was as far as 15 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:57,640 Speaker 1: I got because for reasons I really cannot put my 16 00:00:57,760 --> 00:01:00,520 Speaker 1: finger on at this point, you know, all my forty 17 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:05,520 Speaker 1: years later, I didn't enjoy brownies as much. Uh. And 18 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 1: I was also in four H and when I was 19 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:11,200 Speaker 1: getting ready to move up in school, my mom was like, 20 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,080 Speaker 1: we should pick one of these two activities, and I 21 00:01:15,120 --> 00:01:17,480 Speaker 1: picked four h rather than going on farther with the 22 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:21,399 Speaker 1: Girl Scouts. But anyway, that was probably smarter than what 23 00:01:21,480 --> 00:01:24,920 Speaker 1: I did, which was always just add more activities, just 24 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:29,399 Speaker 1: like I do is an adult. Yeah, my mom was 25 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:31,760 Speaker 1: the person who was responsible for all of the driving 26 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:33,679 Speaker 1: when it came to these kinds of activities. So I 27 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:36,679 Speaker 1: think this was largely my mom wanting one less thing 28 00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 1: to have to ship us all the way from way 29 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:41,440 Speaker 1: out in the country to slightly less far out in 30 00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:46,360 Speaker 1: the country. Anyway, we're having this conversation because today we 31 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 1: have the extremely frequent listener request of Juliette Gordon Lowe, 32 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:52,800 Speaker 1: who was the founder of the Girl Scouts to the 33 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 1: United States of America. And when I say a frequent 34 00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: listener request, this is just from the last couple of 35 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 1: years of email and our Twitter mentions, and it has 36 00:02:02,720 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: come from Becky, Camille, Sarah, Katie, Anna, Alison, Lindsay, Nicola 37 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:10,600 Speaker 1: and Amy and I know, farther back in the world 38 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:13,080 Speaker 1: of things we can no longer really search easily, there 39 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:14,880 Speaker 1: are other people who have asked for us to talk 40 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:17,360 Speaker 1: about her. Aside from the fact that so many people 41 00:02:17,360 --> 00:02:20,520 Speaker 1: have asked us to talk about juliet Gordon Lowe, really 42 00:02:20,560 --> 00:02:23,840 Speaker 1: a lot of things about her life surprised me and 43 00:02:23,919 --> 00:02:26,400 Speaker 1: are very different from what I imagined her life to 44 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:29,119 Speaker 1: be like before getting into this. If the only pictures 45 00:02:29,160 --> 00:02:31,160 Speaker 1: of her you have seen are the ones from later 46 00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:34,280 Speaker 1: in her life in her Scout uniform, she looks like 47 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:37,480 Speaker 1: an almost totally different person from her pictures from her youth. 48 00:02:37,760 --> 00:02:41,360 Speaker 1: So I was very intrigued by all that. Juliette Gordon 49 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:45,519 Speaker 1: Lowe was born Juliette McGill Kinzie Gordon on October thirty one, 50 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:49,320 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty. She was nicknamed Daisy, and that's still the 51 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:51,359 Speaker 1: name that she's known by in much of the world 52 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: of Girl Scouts, as well as by some of her biographers. 53 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:57,919 Speaker 1: H and her parents were William Washington Gordon the second 54 00:02:58,240 --> 00:03:02,280 Speaker 1: and Eleanor Kinsey Gordon, who is known as Nellie. Juliette 55 00:03:02,320 --> 00:03:07,720 Speaker 1: was the second of six children. Her siblings were Eleanor, Alice, William, Mabel, 56 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: and Arthur. The family were committed Episcopalians who attended Christ 57 00:03:12,160 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 1: Church in Savannah, Georgia. The gardens were a really good 58 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:19,480 Speaker 1: example of how one family could have complicated loyalties during 59 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:22,720 Speaker 1: the U. S Civil War. William's family had been in 60 00:03:22,760 --> 00:03:25,520 Speaker 1: Georgia for generations, and part of their wealth came from 61 00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:29,000 Speaker 1: the cotton industry, so in addition to having an enslaved 62 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:32,639 Speaker 1: workforce at the Gordon home, their income was coming from 63 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:37,080 Speaker 1: enslaved labor. But then Nellie's family conversely went all the 64 00:03:37,080 --> 00:03:39,720 Speaker 1: way back to the founders of Chicago, Illinois, and in 65 00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:42,320 Speaker 1: general they were opposed to slavery, and some of them 66 00:03:42,360 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: were dedicated abolitionists. So in very broad strokes, Nellie's and 67 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:50,920 Speaker 1: William's families were on opposite sides of the war. The 68 00:03:50,960 --> 00:03:54,040 Speaker 1: men in Nellie's family served in the US military, while 69 00:03:54,080 --> 00:03:57,360 Speaker 1: Williams served to the Confederacy, But at the same time 70 00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 1: it was more complicated than that. Nellie gradually came to 71 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,560 Speaker 1: believe that the war was necessary for Southern independence, and 72 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:09,280 Speaker 1: that Southern independence itself was necessary. But even then, after 73 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:13,640 Speaker 1: Savannah surrendered, she entertained people like US General William too 74 00:04:13,640 --> 00:04:17,280 Speaker 1: come to sherman at the family home. Juliette, of course, 75 00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:19,760 Speaker 1: is only six months old when the war started, so 76 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:22,040 Speaker 1: she was too young to really understand what was going 77 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:24,680 Speaker 1: on for most of it as she became a toddler, 78 00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:27,880 Speaker 1: though she was just fiercely loyal to her father and 79 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 1: sure that whatever he was doing was the right thing. 80 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:33,760 Speaker 1: Nellie Gordon and the children went to Chicago for the 81 00:04:33,800 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 1: last few months of the war, and by the time 82 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:40,280 Speaker 1: they arrived the whole family was malnourished. Juliette was also 83 00:04:40,400 --> 00:04:43,760 Speaker 1: extremely sick with what her mother described as brain fever, 84 00:04:44,360 --> 00:04:46,279 Speaker 1: and this was kind of a catch all term that 85 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:52,200 Speaker 1: included serious illnesses like meningitis and encephalitis. Juliette eventually recovered 86 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:54,839 Speaker 1: from this illness, but she was chronically ill for most 87 00:04:54,839 --> 00:04:58,159 Speaker 1: of her life. She contracted malaria sometime in her youth, 88 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:01,000 Speaker 1: and she was prone to earaches and ear infections that 89 00:05:01,040 --> 00:05:03,880 Speaker 1: could cause her to temporarily lose summer all of her hearing. 90 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 1: These ear infections and her malaria tended to recur anytime 91 00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:10,839 Speaker 1: she was exhausted or stressed or sick with something else, 92 00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:14,320 Speaker 1: and she was also prone to abscesses, including in her ears, 93 00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:16,480 Speaker 1: and then later on in her life, she developed gout. 94 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:20,600 Speaker 1: Once the Civil War was over, the Gordon's returned to Savannah, 95 00:05:20,800 --> 00:05:24,440 Speaker 1: and from that point overall Juliette had a happy childhood. 96 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: The family had to adjust to a new economy, one 97 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:31,320 Speaker 1: that did not rely on enslaved labor, but Juliette was 98 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 1: not really conscious of this shift. She was accident prone 99 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:38,080 Speaker 1: and eccentric, which led her family to start calling her 100 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:43,040 Speaker 1: crazy Daisy. Her eccentricity also carried over to her written correspondence, 101 00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:46,560 Speaker 1: which tended to have so many spelling mistakes that historians 102 00:05:46,600 --> 00:05:50,000 Speaker 1: have speculated that she actually had a learning disability. And 103 00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:52,039 Speaker 1: there are scans of a lot of her letters online, 104 00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: and in addition to there being a lot of mistakes, 105 00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:56,159 Speaker 1: there is a lot of talk about the mistakes and 106 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 1: how many there are. She also had a very kind 107 00:05:59,160 --> 00:06:01,520 Speaker 1: and generous heart. She and her friends like to put 108 00:06:01,520 --> 00:06:04,039 Speaker 1: on plays and sell tickets to them to raise money 109 00:06:04,040 --> 00:06:06,760 Speaker 1: for charities, including some that were set out to help 110 00:06:06,839 --> 00:06:10,080 Speaker 1: Native Americans. One of her favorite plays to stage was 111 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:13,880 Speaker 1: about Mary, Queen of Scott's. Another of her childhood projects 112 00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:17,200 Speaker 1: included a short lived club called Helping Hands, which was 113 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:19,440 Speaker 1: meant to help people who were less fortunate than they were, 114 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:22,560 Speaker 1: but this club had to be disbanded during an epidemic 115 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:25,920 Speaker 1: of yellow fever. You could describe some of her childhood 116 00:06:25,920 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 1: work as it's the thought that counts. Some of Juliet's 117 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:33,280 Speaker 1: family called Helping Hands helpless hands because, for example, they 118 00:06:33,360 --> 00:06:36,120 Speaker 1: wanted to make clothes to donate to a family in need, 119 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:38,200 Speaker 1: but they really didn't know how to do that, so 120 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:42,799 Speaker 1: the results of their labors were not really wearable. Ideas. 121 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:45,440 Speaker 1: Yeah they were. They were trying to make clothes for people, 122 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:47,120 Speaker 1: and they didn't They didn't really know how to sew. 123 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 1: Starting when she was twelve, Juliette was educated in a 124 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:53,720 Speaker 1: series of boarding schools, two of them in Virginia, one 125 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:56,839 Speaker 1: in New Jersey, and then a French finishing school called 126 00:06:57,040 --> 00:07:01,159 Speaker 1: Mademoiselle Charbonnier in New York City. She made several very 127 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 1: close friends in these schools, including Abby Lippett and Mary 128 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 1: Gail Carter, who were her very best friends for the 129 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:10,200 Speaker 1: rest of her life. She also studied art in New York, 130 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:13,320 Speaker 1: including sculpture and painting, and she became very good at 131 00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 1: painting onto China. In eighty tragedy struck the Gordon family. 132 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:21,880 Speaker 1: Juliette's seventeen year old sister, Alice died of scarlet fever. 133 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: The entire family was grief stricken. Juliet's older sister, Eleanor 134 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: was away in Europe, so since Juliette was then the 135 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 1: oldest daughter at home, she had to keep things running 136 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:36,960 Speaker 1: while her mother was consumed with grief. Juliette also tried 137 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:39,120 Speaker 1: to keep her chin up and suthe the rest of 138 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:42,080 Speaker 1: the family's heartbreak that on its own would have just 139 00:07:42,160 --> 00:07:45,160 Speaker 1: been a huge load to try to shoulder, but to 140 00:07:45,160 --> 00:07:48,400 Speaker 1: make things even harder, Juliette's mother interpreted her sort of 141 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:51,280 Speaker 1: soldiering on as evidence that she wasn't all that sad 142 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:55,640 Speaker 1: about her sister. Nellie accused Juliette of being selfish and shallow, 143 00:07:56,280 --> 00:07:59,440 Speaker 1: and Juliette knew that, in her own words quote, there 144 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:01,800 Speaker 1: is more than one kind of sorrow, and that born 145 00:08:01,880 --> 00:08:04,320 Speaker 1: in silence is not less genuine because it is not 146 00:08:04,400 --> 00:08:08,040 Speaker 1: always seen. But Juliett also did worry that maybe her 147 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:11,000 Speaker 1: sister Alice had died thinking that she didn't love her. 148 00:08:11,920 --> 00:08:13,960 Speaker 1: I feel like this whole thing is like evidence of 149 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:16,600 Speaker 1: how grief can just mess with people, like, oh yeah, 150 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:19,080 Speaker 1: I'm sure her mom also was seeing that through a 151 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: veil of her own grief and like did not have 152 00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:25,200 Speaker 1: the magnanimity of heart available to be like, oh no, 153 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:28,920 Speaker 1: this is just how she's doing it, um yea. And 154 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:32,200 Speaker 1: they had they sort of butted heads a lot for 155 00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 1: for pretty much all of of Juliette's life. They had 156 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:38,840 Speaker 1: personalities that conflicted with each other a lot of times 157 00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:42,160 Speaker 1: and in ways that could just come off as seeming 158 00:08:42,200 --> 00:08:43,800 Speaker 1: like they were angry at each other, but it was 159 00:08:43,880 --> 00:08:46,120 Speaker 1: really more like they just had different ways of approaching 160 00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:50,920 Speaker 1: the world, the misunderstandings of family. But in the midst 161 00:08:50,960 --> 00:08:54,280 Speaker 1: of all of this emotional turmoil, Juliette became acquainted with 162 00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:58,400 Speaker 1: William mackay Lowe. His family had previously been the Gordon's 163 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:00,800 Speaker 1: neighbors in Savannah, but they had moved to England in 164 00:09:00,880 --> 00:09:05,160 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven. Because Juliet's father, brother, and now love 165 00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:08,320 Speaker 1: interest were all named William, h We're gonna call this 166 00:09:08,400 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: William by his nickname of Billow, just to try to 167 00:09:11,559 --> 00:09:15,079 Speaker 1: simplify a little bit, especially because we're going to get 168 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:18,440 Speaker 1: to parts where multiple Williams are in the same room. 169 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,439 Speaker 1: Below was very handsome, and he listened to all of 170 00:09:21,520 --> 00:09:25,079 Speaker 1: Juliette's grief about her sister and her frustrations with her 171 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:29,240 Speaker 1: relationship with her mother. Juliette compared these conversations with him 172 00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,040 Speaker 1: to her most intimate friendships with her girlfriends in boarding school. 173 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:37,520 Speaker 1: Less than three months after Alice's death, Juliette was deeply 174 00:09:37,640 --> 00:09:40,760 Speaker 1: in love with Billow, and she was also ashamed of 175 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,560 Speaker 1: those feelings because she thought that she should really still 176 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:46,480 Speaker 1: be mourning her sister and not finding joy with a 177 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:49,439 Speaker 1: young man. On top of that, she knew that her 178 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:52,480 Speaker 1: family was not going to approve of this match. The 179 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:55,959 Speaker 1: Gordons were very well off, but they also valued hard work, 180 00:09:56,240 --> 00:10:00,120 Speaker 1: and Billow did not. He was set to inherit a 181 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:02,640 Speaker 1: massive fortune when his father died, and he had no 182 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:05,960 Speaker 1: plans to work at all, and Billow's family wouldn't have 183 00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:09,400 Speaker 1: approved of juliet either. Billow's father had made it clear 184 00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:11,040 Speaker 1: that he did not want his son to marry an 185 00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:15,040 Speaker 1: American or Mary during his own lifetime at all. So 186 00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:19,040 Speaker 1: Juliette and Billow courted in secret. They wrote to each 187 00:10:19,080 --> 00:10:21,959 Speaker 1: other after Billow went back to England, but eventually he 188 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,679 Speaker 1: stopped writing to her, and at first juliet I just 189 00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:27,600 Speaker 1: thought something must have gotten misdirected or lost in the mail, 190 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 1: But as time went on with still no more letters, 191 00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:34,040 Speaker 1: she became determined to go see him and find out 192 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:38,480 Speaker 1: what was going on. To that end, in two juliet 193 00:10:38,559 --> 00:10:41,040 Speaker 1: convinced her parents to let her take a tour of Europe, 194 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:44,720 Speaker 1: as her older sister had done, but really she was 195 00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:47,559 Speaker 1: on a secret mission to find Billow and get him 196 00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:49,880 Speaker 1: to answer for his behavior. And we're going to talk 197 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:52,480 Speaker 1: about all of that after we first pause for a 198 00:10:52,480 --> 00:11:03,600 Speaker 1: little sponsor break. So, as we said earlier, the Gordons 199 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:06,040 Speaker 1: and the Lowe's had been neighbors back in Savannah. They 200 00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:09,559 Speaker 1: were family friends, so it was reasonable for juliet to 201 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:12,800 Speaker 1: go call on Billow's sisters while she was in England. 202 00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:15,320 Speaker 1: She didn't do that. She paid them a visit, she 203 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 1: did not tell them why she was really there. It 204 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:20,280 Speaker 1: turned out that Billow was not home that day, but 205 00:11:20,440 --> 00:11:22,959 Speaker 1: Juliette did manage to take a look around the house 206 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:27,480 Speaker 1: and find his room. His mirror was covered with letters 207 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:30,040 Speaker 1: and sketches that she had sent to him, but not 208 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:34,480 Speaker 1: from anything from her more recent correspondence. She concluded that 209 00:11:34,520 --> 00:11:38,480 Speaker 1: Billow's father had discovered their letters and was keeping her 210 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,560 Speaker 1: mail from him. Juliette went on her tour of the 211 00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:44,920 Speaker 1: European continent, but she was driven to distraction by the 212 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:48,880 Speaker 1: thought of seeing Billow the whole time. She finally resigned 213 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:51,520 Speaker 1: herself to the idea that it just wasn't going to happen. 214 00:11:52,360 --> 00:11:55,079 Speaker 1: Shortly before she returned home, she sent him a telegram 215 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:59,080 Speaker 1: that said goodbye. I sail on the Gala. But then 216 00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:01,760 Speaker 1: and a drum add a turn of events. Just before 217 00:12:01,760 --> 00:12:04,360 Speaker 1: the ship set sail, one of the crew brought her 218 00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:07,200 Speaker 1: a telegram of her own, and it was from Billow, 219 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:10,200 Speaker 1: who revealed that he had been looking for her as well. 220 00:12:10,480 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: This is such a good movie moment, and it did 221 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:16,760 Speaker 1: lift Juliette's spirits, but not for long. She decided that 222 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:19,679 Speaker 1: a relationship would Billow just could not work out. Both 223 00:12:19,679 --> 00:12:22,480 Speaker 1: of their families objected, and on top of that, Billow 224 00:12:22,520 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 1: was going to spend the next few years studying at Oxford. Juliette, though, 225 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,640 Speaker 1: was I mean. She was an available, attractive, lovely young woman, 226 00:12:29,679 --> 00:12:31,800 Speaker 1: and on the way home she caught the eye of 227 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:34,600 Speaker 1: another passenger on the ship. This was a captain who 228 00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:37,520 Speaker 1: fell for her completely, but as soon as she realized 229 00:12:37,559 --> 00:12:40,840 Speaker 1: that he was serious about her, Juliette rejected him because 230 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:43,800 Speaker 1: if she could not have Billow, she did not want anyone. 231 00:12:44,559 --> 00:12:47,600 Speaker 1: She had made her formal debut into society, and after 232 00:12:47,640 --> 00:12:50,720 Speaker 1: getting home again, she received other proposals as well, and 233 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,079 Speaker 1: she turned all of them down. Two years later, one 234 00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:56,960 Speaker 1: of Juliette's sisters got married and that brought all of 235 00:12:56,960 --> 00:13:00,280 Speaker 1: her feelings about Billow back to the surface. She came 236 00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: up with another reason to go abroad, this time to 237 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:06,800 Speaker 1: visit her school friend Mary, but once again Juliet's real 238 00:13:06,880 --> 00:13:10,120 Speaker 1: motive was to try to see Billow. She left in 239 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:13,120 Speaker 1: May of eighty four, two years after deciding to give 240 00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:15,840 Speaker 1: Billow up and four years after having met him in 241 00:13:15,840 --> 00:13:18,680 Speaker 1: the first place. Even though she was there to visit Mary, 242 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,599 Speaker 1: Juliette accepted an invitation to stay with the Low sisters, 243 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:24,800 Speaker 1: and of course this was because she hoped it would 244 00:13:24,880 --> 00:13:28,000 Speaker 1: let her run into their brother. This time, this worked. 245 00:13:28,280 --> 00:13:31,560 Speaker 1: Juliette and Billow confess their loved each other in person, 246 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:34,520 Speaker 1: and then once again they decided, because of all those 247 00:13:34,559 --> 00:13:37,880 Speaker 1: reasons from two years ago that still existed, not to 248 00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:42,280 Speaker 1: pursue it. Juliette reunited with Mary's family in Scotland, and 249 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:44,199 Speaker 1: they were a little annoyed to learn what had been 250 00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,040 Speaker 1: going on with that visit to the Lows, And before 251 00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:49,640 Speaker 1: she went back to the United States, Juliette paid the 252 00:13:49,720 --> 00:13:52,920 Speaker 1: Lows yet another visit. While she was there, she and 253 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 1: Below saw one another again, and then the two of 254 00:13:56,320 --> 00:14:00,760 Speaker 1: them decided, in spite of all of those law tical reasons, 255 00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:04,560 Speaker 1: that they had previously decided against it to actually try 256 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:09,560 Speaker 1: to be together. About six months later, in January, the 257 00:14:09,679 --> 00:14:12,360 Speaker 1: ear pain that had been troubling Juliette off and on 258 00:14:12,480 --> 00:14:15,400 Speaker 1: for much of her life became really acute. She went 259 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:19,040 Speaker 1: to a specialist who tried a procedure involving silver nitrate, 260 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:21,840 Speaker 1: and there were some complications, and that led to even 261 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:24,520 Speaker 1: more pain and the loss of most of her hearing. 262 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:27,680 Speaker 1: In that year. Billow was visiting at the time, and 263 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:29,760 Speaker 1: he was there for Juliette as she went through a 264 00:14:29,840 --> 00:14:33,360 Speaker 1: long series of procedures and visits to specialists, all to 265 00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:36,160 Speaker 1: try to repair the damage to her ear, and this 266 00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:39,200 Speaker 1: was what led Juliette's father, William to alter his opinion 267 00:14:39,280 --> 00:14:43,120 Speaker 1: about whether Billow was right for his daughter. Juliette was 268 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:46,400 Speaker 1: in pain and felt terrible about this whole situation, not 269 00:14:46,560 --> 00:14:48,680 Speaker 1: just because of her health, but also because a lot 270 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:51,600 Speaker 1: of blame was being thrown around about exactly whose fault 271 00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:56,840 Speaker 1: this situation was. Billow boosted her spirits and William reluctantly 272 00:14:56,840 --> 00:15:00,120 Speaker 1: he agreed to give the couple his blessing williams us 273 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:03,520 Speaker 1: and came with some conditions, though Billow had to live 274 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,680 Speaker 1: within his financial means. The couple needed to spend at 275 00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:10,360 Speaker 1: least six months of each year in Savannah, and Billow's father, Andrew, 276 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 1: had to agree that Billow would continue to have his 277 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 1: financial support. There was just no way that William was 278 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:19,080 Speaker 1: going to allow his daughter to get married if there 279 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 1: was a chance that her husband might wind up cut 280 00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,800 Speaker 1: off from his inheritance for some reason, which would have 281 00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:28,000 Speaker 1: left him with no way of supporting her. Finally, William 282 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:31,520 Speaker 1: and Andrew finished their negotiation for the marriage, which included 283 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:34,720 Speaker 1: a year long engagement starting when Billow headed back to 284 00:15:34,760 --> 00:15:40,080 Speaker 1: England in February of But what none of the Gordons 285 00:15:40,120 --> 00:15:43,080 Speaker 1: really knew at this point was that Billow's reputation back 286 00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:47,360 Speaker 1: in London would have been considered scandalous. In Savannah, he 287 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:50,440 Speaker 1: ran in the same circles as Edward Albert, also known 288 00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:53,560 Speaker 1: as Bertie, Prince of Wales, whose life was full of 289 00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: affairs and scandals. The Gordons and their friends all knew 290 00:15:57,480 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 1: about the reputation of the Prince of Wales, but they 291 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:03,560 Speaker 1: didn't know that Billow was connected to that same circle 292 00:16:03,760 --> 00:16:06,400 Speaker 1: and was regarded in kind of the same way. They 293 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 1: got a glimpse of it during the engagement, though, when 294 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,560 Speaker 1: Billow placed a bet on a horse race that was 295 00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:14,560 Speaker 1: so big that it was covered in the press, the 296 00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:18,200 Speaker 1: Gordons were livid, and Juliette tried to downplay the bet 297 00:16:18,360 --> 00:16:20,480 Speaker 1: as something that he had placed on behalf of several 298 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:24,800 Speaker 1: other people and not something that was entirely his own money. Then, 299 00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:29,280 Speaker 1: on June six, Billow's father died, he came into his 300 00:16:29,320 --> 00:16:32,920 Speaker 1: whole inheritance. Juliette and Billow decided not to put off 301 00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:35,320 Speaker 1: the wedding in light of Andrew's death, and they got 302 00:16:35,360 --> 00:16:39,960 Speaker 1: married on December six. After the wedding, as guests were 303 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:43,400 Speaker 1: showering the couple with rice, Juliette got a grain of 304 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:46,560 Speaker 1: rice stuck in her ear, that same ear that had 305 00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: gone through all of those complications the year before. After 306 00:16:50,280 --> 00:16:52,760 Speaker 1: the honeymoon, when she hadn't been able to dislodge it, 307 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: Juliette went to the doctor to try to have the 308 00:16:55,320 --> 00:16:58,800 Speaker 1: rice removed, and all of this damaged her ear even further, 309 00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,160 Speaker 1: and she lost almost all of her hearing in it. 310 00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:04,640 Speaker 1: She also contracted bronchitis and spent most of the first 311 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:07,359 Speaker 1: months of her marriage too sick to even climb the 312 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:11,320 Speaker 1: stairs in their home in early May of eight seven, 313 00:17:11,440 --> 00:17:14,440 Speaker 1: Juliette started losing the hearing in her other ear as well. 314 00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:17,439 Speaker 1: She consulted a doctor who suggested that it was a 315 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:21,399 Speaker 1: sympathetic reaction to her previous hearing loss. She saw a 316 00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:24,640 Speaker 1: number of specialists and tried different treatments over the rest 317 00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:27,200 Speaker 1: of her life, but none of them ever restored her hearing. 318 00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:31,119 Speaker 1: It was something that sometimes she would improve as maybe 319 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:33,439 Speaker 1: her ear drum healed up a little, but then a 320 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:36,159 Speaker 1: lot of times it would get worse again. Her hearing 321 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,560 Speaker 1: loss didn't affect her speech, but she couldn't always understand 322 00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:42,359 Speaker 1: people when they were speaking to her. Juliette had a 323 00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:46,679 Speaker 1: really hard time adjusting to being a gentleman's wife. At first, 324 00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:48,600 Speaker 1: they didn't have a permanent home of their own, and 325 00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:52,560 Speaker 1: they were releasing large estates in England and Scotland. Billow 326 00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:55,760 Speaker 1: finally bought a fifty five acre estate in Warwickshire in 327 00:17:55,880 --> 00:18:00,000 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty nine, which they expanded to include twenty bedrooms 328 00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:05,040 Speaker 1: huge stables. Juliette really loved finally having a permanent place 329 00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 1: of her own. It also made it easier for her 330 00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:11,720 Speaker 1: to be a little philanthropic. Billow was really opposed to 331 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:15,040 Speaker 1: the idea of her dedicating herself to philanthropy full time. 332 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:17,240 Speaker 1: He seemed to think that it would lead her to 333 00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:20,439 Speaker 1: judge his life of idleness, so she tended to do 334 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:24,560 Speaker 1: smaller things like visiting people in need and donating vegetables 335 00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:29,160 Speaker 1: and flowers from their gardens. Juliette really wanted to be useful, though, 336 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:31,640 Speaker 1: and she finally got the chance to do that during 337 00:18:31,640 --> 00:18:35,479 Speaker 1: the Spanish American War. Her mother back during the Civil 338 00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: War had hated being separated from her father, so Nellie 339 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:42,320 Speaker 1: had made the decision that she would accompany William to 340 00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:44,560 Speaker 1: Florida while where he was going to be serving in 341 00:18:44,560 --> 00:18:47,080 Speaker 1: the military, and she was going to start a convalescent 342 00:18:47,160 --> 00:18:51,000 Speaker 1: home for soldiers there. Juliette traveled back to the United States. 343 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:53,919 Speaker 1: She joined her mother in Florida, and together they cared 344 00:18:53,960 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: for men who were recovering from illnesses like malaria, measles, 345 00:18:57,320 --> 00:19:00,760 Speaker 1: and typhoid. Juliette loved having me full work to do, 346 00:19:01,080 --> 00:19:03,600 Speaker 1: and when her father was transferred and Nelly planned to 347 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:07,200 Speaker 1: go with him, Juliett volunteered to stay behind and continue 348 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,879 Speaker 1: on with the convalescent home. But then the war ended 349 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:15,280 Speaker 1: in August and that home was closed down. Not long 350 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:17,879 Speaker 1: after this, Juliette had another major change in her life, 351 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:22,880 Speaker 1: and we will get to that after another quick sponsor break. 352 00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,400 Speaker 1: Juliet's marriage to Billow was really struggling. By the turn 353 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:35,440 Speaker 1: of the twentieth century. Juliette had surgery to remove abscesses 354 00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:38,360 Speaker 1: and cists from her abdomen, and this may have affected 355 00:19:38,359 --> 00:19:42,080 Speaker 1: her reproductive system as well. Regardless of whether that was 356 00:19:42,119 --> 00:19:45,040 Speaker 1: a factor, she and Billow did not have any children, 357 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:48,359 Speaker 1: and Juliet really blamed herself about this, and she felt 358 00:19:48,359 --> 00:19:52,040 Speaker 1: a lot of shame about it. I mean, there's still 359 00:19:52,119 --> 00:19:54,679 Speaker 1: some stigma about people who want to have children and 360 00:19:54,840 --> 00:19:58,720 Speaker 1: can't today. This was worse when she was living and 361 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:01,399 Speaker 1: she she had felt ashamed of the fact that she 362 00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:04,600 Speaker 1: had not had any children. As their marriage went on, 363 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:07,600 Speaker 1: Billow spent more and more time away from home, and 364 00:20:07,680 --> 00:20:11,679 Speaker 1: his expenses became really extravagant, including spending a lot on 365 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:15,439 Speaker 1: betting and on race horses. Billow also became involved with 366 00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:18,960 Speaker 1: another woman named Anna Bridges Bateman, and it's not clear 367 00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:23,239 Speaker 1: exactly when that relationship started, but Juliette hosted Anna at 368 00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:25,639 Speaker 1: their home at least once, not knowing that she and 369 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:29,120 Speaker 1: Billow were having an affair. Anna also stayed in their 370 00:20:29,160 --> 00:20:32,880 Speaker 1: home after Juliette did know about that affair, but Juliette 371 00:20:32,880 --> 00:20:35,760 Speaker 1: felt like she couldn't really say anything about it. By 372 00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:38,840 Speaker 1: nineteen o one, Juliette was talking about pursuing a divorce, 373 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:42,200 Speaker 1: and this was something that English law made very difficult. 374 00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:45,800 Speaker 1: The most logical option was to seek a divorce on 375 00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:48,640 Speaker 1: the grounds of infidelity. It was clearly what was going on, 376 00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:51,479 Speaker 1: but she didn't really want to do this because it 377 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:54,920 Speaker 1: meant publicizing to the world that her husband had an affair, 378 00:20:55,480 --> 00:20:57,800 Speaker 1: and Billow did not want her to do it either, 379 00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:00,240 Speaker 1: because it would have meant publicizing to the war world 380 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:03,320 Speaker 1: who he was having an affair with. In nineteen o two, 381 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:07,159 Speaker 1: they separated, and by that fall Juliett was realizing that 382 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: she was happier without Billow than she had been with him, 383 00:21:10,560 --> 00:21:14,000 Speaker 1: and Juliette started visiting family and friends and traveling more. 384 00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:17,560 Speaker 1: After a while, Juliette started hearing rumors that Below was 385 00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:21,480 Speaker 1: drinking heavily and that his health was increasingly poor. He 386 00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:24,959 Speaker 1: died on June n o five, at which point he 387 00:21:25,080 --> 00:21:28,600 Speaker 1: and Juliette were still separated but not divorced. He had 388 00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:32,040 Speaker 1: requested for Anna to handle his funeral arrangements, which the 389 00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:36,160 Speaker 1: family agreed to, and he had also rewritten his will, 390 00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:40,000 Speaker 1: leaving almost everything to Anna, including what was supposed to 391 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:44,240 Speaker 1: be Juliette's annual allowance. With the help of bellow sisters, 392 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:49,600 Speaker 1: Juliette successfully contested the will. Anna still got a sizeable inheritance, 393 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:53,240 Speaker 1: but Juliette got a lovesome and annuity and the Low's 394 00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:56,600 Speaker 1: house in Savannah. It was enough for her to be comfortable. 395 00:21:57,440 --> 00:21:59,960 Speaker 1: Less than a year later, an old family friend named 396 00:22:00,119 --> 00:22:03,160 Speaker 1: Archie Hunter proposed to her, but she turned him down, 397 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:06,159 Speaker 1: describing herself as too old and deaf to try again, 398 00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:09,560 Speaker 1: especially since she was not in love with him. She 399 00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:11,160 Speaker 1: had a whole lot of like, I just don't love 400 00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:13,840 Speaker 1: that guy. He seems to be into me, but I'm 401 00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:17,760 Speaker 1: not that into him. For the next several years after 402 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:22,360 Speaker 1: her estranged husband's death, Juliette traveled the world. She visited relatives, 403 00:22:22,359 --> 00:22:24,760 Speaker 1: and she did some charitable work, and in a lot 404 00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,159 Speaker 1: of ways she was enjoying herself, but she still wanted 405 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:32,440 Speaker 1: something to do. As always, she wanted to be useful, 406 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:35,679 Speaker 1: but she couldn't really find a cause that really just 407 00:22:35,880 --> 00:22:39,840 Speaker 1: captured her heart. This lack of direction changed basically overnight 408 00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:43,360 Speaker 1: when she met General Sir Robert Baden Powell in nineteen eleven. 409 00:22:44,119 --> 00:22:46,679 Speaker 1: Biden Powell was regarded as a war hero for his 410 00:22:46,760 --> 00:22:49,720 Speaker 1: leadership during the Siege of Mafficking in the Boer Wars. 411 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:53,639 Speaker 1: He was also the founder of the Boy Scouts. I 412 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:57,399 Speaker 1: have that siege on my list for a potential future 413 00:22:57,440 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: episode because of course it is a lot more complicated 414 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:04,240 Speaker 1: than that. Uh, And Biden Powell is not universally regarded 415 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:07,199 Speaker 1: as a hero depending on who you're talking to, But 416 00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,959 Speaker 1: we've also had just a lot of nineteenth and twentieth 417 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:13,160 Speaker 1: century lately, so maybe on like a little farther down 418 00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:17,080 Speaker 1: the road. So uh is being the founder of the 419 00:23:17,119 --> 00:23:19,880 Speaker 1: Boy Scouts makes a sound as though founding the Boy 420 00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:22,919 Speaker 1: Scouts was something he intentionally set out to do, but 421 00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:26,560 Speaker 1: really it was almost an accident. During his career with 422 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:29,520 Speaker 1: the British Army, Biden Powell wrote a couple of books 423 00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:32,400 Speaker 1: about scouting. They were meant to teach military men about 424 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:35,439 Speaker 1: reconnaissance and about being a soldier. And then when he 425 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:38,760 Speaker 1: got back to Britain after serving in the Boer Wars, 426 00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:42,359 Speaker 1: he was surprised to discover that groups of boys had 427 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:47,080 Speaker 1: been using these books to organize themselves into little scouting patrols, 428 00:23:47,280 --> 00:23:49,680 Speaker 1: often with their own names for the patrol and their 429 00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 1: own uniforms. At the time, British society was concerned about 430 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:57,040 Speaker 1: whether boys and young men were self reliant enough, and 431 00:23:57,080 --> 00:24:01,000 Speaker 1: whether British citizens were adequately prepared from a mill terry perspective, 432 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:05,760 Speaker 1: so people started calling for Baden Powell to formalize these patrols, 433 00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:09,080 Speaker 1: and the result of that was the Boy Scouts. And 434 00:24:09,160 --> 00:24:11,680 Speaker 1: of course there were girls who were interested in scouting 435 00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:14,680 Speaker 1: as well, and some girls had formed their own patrols 436 00:24:14,720 --> 00:24:17,520 Speaker 1: already or had tried to join in with the boys. 437 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:20,160 Speaker 1: But Biden Powell and others thought that it was best 438 00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,359 Speaker 1: to separate these groups by gender, so he enlisted his 439 00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:27,879 Speaker 1: sister Agnes to start the corresponding girl Guides. When Juliette 440 00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:30,639 Speaker 1: Gordon Lowe met Robert Baden Powell and learned about the 441 00:24:30,680 --> 00:24:34,160 Speaker 1: Scouting movement, that was it. At the age of fifty one, 442 00:24:34,560 --> 00:24:38,760 Speaker 1: low had found her life's work. Scouting combined so many 443 00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: traits that had been central to her life and her worldview. 444 00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:45,080 Speaker 1: She had always wanted to be helpful. She had a 445 00:24:45,119 --> 00:24:48,520 Speaker 1: strong sense of civic duty. She loved the outdoors, including 446 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:53,159 Speaker 1: hiking and hunting. Some of the most important relationships in 447 00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: her life were friendships with other girls now women, that 448 00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:00,520 Speaker 1: she had made when she was young. Her religious faith, 449 00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:03,399 Speaker 1: and her compassion, and her idea that childhood should be 450 00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:05,800 Speaker 1: fun and happy. It was all right there in the 451 00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:09,600 Speaker 1: Scouting movement. She and Biden Powell began working together within 452 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:13,440 Speaker 1: the Scouting movement in Britain. In nineteen eleven, Low helped 453 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:17,400 Speaker 1: established two Girl Guy patrols in Scotland and one in England. 454 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:21,159 Speaker 1: Then in nineteen twelve, she and Biden Powell traveled across 455 00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 1: the Atlantic to bring the Scouting movement to the United States. 456 00:25:25,680 --> 00:25:28,160 Speaker 1: It's clear that there was an attraction between the two 457 00:25:28,160 --> 00:25:30,520 Speaker 1: of them, and, according to some accounts, at one point, 458 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:33,639 Speaker 1: while they were working together in the UK, he proposed 459 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:36,560 Speaker 1: to her, But on that voyage to New York, Biden 460 00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:41,160 Speaker 1: Powell became secretly engaged to another passenger named Alive st 461 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:45,240 Speaker 1: Clair Solmes. We don't really know how Low felt about this. 462 00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:47,800 Speaker 1: She found out along with the rest of the world, 463 00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:50,439 Speaker 1: when it was formally announced more than six months later. 464 00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:53,399 Speaker 1: Once she got back to Savannah, Low called her cousin 465 00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:57,280 Speaker 1: Nina Anderson Pape and said, come right over, I've got 466 00:25:57,320 --> 00:26:00,280 Speaker 1: something for the girls of Savannah and all America, and 467 00:26:00,320 --> 00:26:03,280 Speaker 1: we're going to start it tonight. And then they got 468 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 1: to work establishing Savannah's first Girl Guide's patrol. And although 469 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:09,760 Speaker 1: a lot of things about this patrol have become part 470 00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:12,640 Speaker 1: of Girl Scout lore, including exactly when they had their 471 00:26:12,640 --> 00:26:16,200 Speaker 1: first meeting, who their first members were, and that one 472 00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:19,119 Speaker 1: of Juliette's nieces was the first to be enrolled, the 473 00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: documentation of those first few months is pretty fuzzy. Regardless. 474 00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:27,400 Speaker 1: Though there were several Girl Guide patrols in Savannah, including 475 00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:31,560 Speaker 1: one at the Savannah Female Orphan Asylum, Low particularly wanted 476 00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:33,679 Speaker 1: the Girl Scouts to be a positive force in the 477 00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:35,960 Speaker 1: lives of girls who were living in poverty, so she 478 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:38,680 Speaker 1: made a special effort to make sure that patrols were 479 00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:42,879 Speaker 1: established for them and that participating was affordable. Those first 480 00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:47,479 Speaker 1: patrols in Savannah often included Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish girls together, 481 00:26:48,119 --> 00:26:51,440 Speaker 1: but in general the patrols were separated by social class. 482 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,600 Speaker 1: Organizers worried that upper class parents would prohibit their daughters 483 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,080 Speaker 1: from participating if less affluent girls were included in the 484 00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:03,160 Speaker 1: same patrol, and in Savannah they were also segregated by race. 485 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:07,520 Speaker 1: Separate patrols were established for African American girls, including one 486 00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,400 Speaker 1: that was led by one of the Gordon family's household staff. 487 00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:14,080 Speaker 1: Juliette's family was happy to see that she had found 488 00:27:14,160 --> 00:27:17,080 Speaker 1: something to occupy herself and that it was clearly making 489 00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:20,760 Speaker 1: her so happy, But at the same time they also 490 00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:24,639 Speaker 1: remembered her being quote crazy Daisy and the group that 491 00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:28,080 Speaker 1: they nicknamed the Helpless Hands, So they really thought Juliette 492 00:27:28,119 --> 00:27:30,000 Speaker 1: might make a mess of this whole thing or just 493 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:34,720 Speaker 1: lose interest, but the opposite happened. Girl Guides continued to 494 00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:39,240 Speaker 1: grow in n Juliette started contacting the leaders of similar 495 00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:42,800 Speaker 1: organizations for girls, encouraging them to become part of the 496 00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,680 Speaker 1: Girl Guides. It was clear that only one organization could 497 00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:49,720 Speaker 1: be viewed as the sister organization to the Boy Scouts, 498 00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:53,280 Speaker 1: and Juliette wanted that to be the Girl Guides, so 499 00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:56,280 Speaker 1: she tried to get the Girl Pioneers, the Campfire Girls, 500 00:27:56,320 --> 00:28:01,280 Speaker 1: and other organizations to join her. This was not altogether successful, 501 00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:05,840 Speaker 1: and sometimes it became outright acrimonious. Low had an ongoing 502 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:09,159 Speaker 1: dispute with Lynda Beard, who had established the Girl Pioneers 503 00:28:09,160 --> 00:28:12,920 Speaker 1: in nineteen twelve, and Clara Elicitor Lane had also formed 504 00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:15,520 Speaker 1: a group called the Girl Scouts of America in Chicago, 505 00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:18,320 Speaker 1: and she went on to accused low of stealing her 506 00:28:18,359 --> 00:28:22,359 Speaker 1: idea and the name for it, but Juliette Gordon Lowe persisted. 507 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,760 Speaker 1: She carried on after her father died in nineteen twelve, 508 00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:29,920 Speaker 1: after she learned about Robert Baden Powell's secret engagement, and 509 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:32,800 Speaker 1: after other women she recruited to help moved on to 510 00:28:32,880 --> 00:28:36,359 Speaker 1: different things. She also traveled back and forth between the 511 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,440 Speaker 1: US and the UK, helping the movement in Europe and 512 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:42,440 Speaker 1: bringing new ideas and techniques back to the US with her. 513 00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,600 Speaker 1: She also focused on taking this movement national in the 514 00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:48,280 Speaker 1: United States, and to that end, she changed the name 515 00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:51,360 Speaker 1: from Girl Guides to Girl Scouts, which is something a 516 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:54,160 Speaker 1: lot of people did not want her to do at all, 517 00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:59,120 Speaker 1: including Robert Baden Powell. She did, though, eventually convinced him 518 00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 1: to approve of the cha change. Bo also established a 519 00:29:02,360 --> 00:29:05,120 Speaker 1: national headquarters for the Girl Scouts in Washington, d C. 520 00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:08,880 Speaker 1: And it started growing into a formal organization with a 521 00:29:08,920 --> 00:29:13,720 Speaker 1: professional paid staff. In nineteen thirteen, the first US specific 522 00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:16,920 Speaker 1: Girl Scout handbook was published, called How Girls Can Help 523 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:19,840 Speaker 1: Their Country. As all of this was going on, Low 524 00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: was continuing to struggle with her health. All of the 525 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,719 Speaker 1: same illnesses and conditions that have been part of her 526 00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:29,920 Speaker 1: life so far continued to be present. She also underwent 527 00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:33,239 Speaker 1: radium treatment for her gout in the nineteen teens and 528 00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:37,600 Speaker 1: experienced ongoing back pain from an injury. None of this 529 00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:40,520 Speaker 1: stopped her work, though. She kept crossing the Atlantic and 530 00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:45,120 Speaker 1: recruiting leaders and raising money and evangelizing about the Scouting movement. 531 00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:48,320 Speaker 1: By nineteen fourteen, it was essentially a full time job. 532 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:53,040 Speaker 1: In nineteen fifteen, not directly connected to scouting, Low was 533 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:58,000 Speaker 1: awarded US Patent one one two to five Liquid Container 534 00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:01,560 Speaker 1: for use with garbage cans or the which was basically 535 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,560 Speaker 1: a folding pattern for a sheet of waterproof paper that 536 00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:06,920 Speaker 1: could be used in conjunction with a garbage can to 537 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:10,760 Speaker 1: hold liquid and disposed of along with its contents. She 538 00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:13,840 Speaker 1: was also awarded a design patent for the trefoil design 539 00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:16,960 Speaker 1: of the first Girl Scout badge. I guess this could 540 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:20,440 Speaker 1: really be tangentially connected to scouting because it reminds me 541 00:30:20,560 --> 00:30:23,680 Speaker 1: of the kinds of trash cans we would have at camp. 542 00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:28,160 Speaker 1: Lowe's mother died in February of nineteen seventeen, and by 543 00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:30,440 Speaker 1: then World War One had been going on for nearly 544 00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:34,360 Speaker 1: three years, and Girl Scouts had been flourishing as groups 545 00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,320 Speaker 1: of girls dedicated themselves to the war effort. They were 546 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 1: raising money and rolling bandages and working with the Red 547 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:44,040 Speaker 1: Cross and generally trying to be of service. There were, 548 00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:47,520 Speaker 1: of course, plenty of administrative headaches and growing pains throughout 549 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:50,480 Speaker 1: all of this, and there had been concerns that Scouting 550 00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:53,160 Speaker 1: was going to cause girls to become too masculine or 551 00:30:53,160 --> 00:30:56,440 Speaker 1: too headstrong. But in general, by the end of World 552 00:30:56,440 --> 00:30:59,480 Speaker 1: War One, the Girl Scouts were recognizable all across the 553 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:04,480 Speaker 1: US and generally were associated with being helpful, kind and respectful. 554 00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:07,640 Speaker 1: And then by the nineteen twenties people had started to 555 00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:10,960 Speaker 1: see Girl Scouts as an alternative to the flapper lifestyle. 556 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:15,800 Speaker 1: Biographer Stacy Cordery described it as quote the antidote to flappers. 557 00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,240 Speaker 1: Scouting advocates also viewed the movement as a force for 558 00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:22,800 Speaker 1: world peace because children around the world were participating in 559 00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:25,840 Speaker 1: an organization that had a focus on duty and service 560 00:31:25,920 --> 00:31:28,760 Speaker 1: and common goals no matter what location they were in. 561 00:31:29,480 --> 00:31:32,040 Speaker 1: All of this helped to keep the organization going when 562 00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:36,200 Speaker 1: those immediate wartime needs were over. Throughout all of this, 563 00:31:36,360 --> 00:31:40,160 Speaker 1: the Girl Scout Organization occupied an interesting place in terms 564 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:44,000 Speaker 1: of social issues. Often it tried to remain politically neutral. 565 00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:47,720 Speaker 1: For example, the organization did not take a formal position 566 00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:51,160 Speaker 1: on the issue of women's suffrage, but at the same time, 567 00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 1: in some ways it was more progressive than other similar 568 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:59,040 Speaker 1: organizations when many organizations banned black members in any capacity. 569 00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:02,200 Speaker 1: Some of the first patrols in the North were integrated, 570 00:32:02,480 --> 00:32:05,800 Speaker 1: and troops for African American girls existed in the South 571 00:32:05,920 --> 00:32:09,560 Speaker 1: almost from the beginning. The first troop for Native American 572 00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:12,640 Speaker 1: girls was established in nineteen eighteen, although there were almost 573 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:16,760 Speaker 1: certainly Native girls involved in scouting before that. In ninety two, 574 00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:20,280 Speaker 1: the first Latina group was established in Houston, Texas, and 575 00:32:20,320 --> 00:32:23,400 Speaker 1: in nineteen twenty three, at a time when disability was 576 00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:27,280 Speaker 1: far more visibly stigmatized than it is in the US today, 577 00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:30,760 Speaker 1: the organization decided that Scouts with disabilities would be eligible 578 00:32:30,840 --> 00:32:33,760 Speaker 1: to earn the Golden Eaglet, which was its highest honor, 579 00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:38,640 Speaker 1: and this was something that Lowe argued for strenuously. As 580 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:41,960 Speaker 1: she was making those arguments, Juliette Gordon Lowe was also 581 00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:45,360 Speaker 1: being treated for breast cancer, which may have been connected 582 00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:48,600 Speaker 1: to her earlier radium treatments. By this point, she had 583 00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:51,160 Speaker 1: stepped down as president of the Girl Scouts, taking the 584 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:55,920 Speaker 1: role of founder and focusing on expanding scouting internationally. She 585 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:58,640 Speaker 1: told almost no one about her illness, and she continued 586 00:32:58,680 --> 00:33:01,760 Speaker 1: working even as she got er and developed lead poisoning 587 00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:05,960 Speaker 1: because of one of her treatments. Juliette Gordon Lowe continued 588 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,920 Speaker 1: to work for the international Scouting movement until her death 589 00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:12,720 Speaker 1: on January seventeenth, ninety seven, at the age of sixty six. 590 00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:15,479 Speaker 1: By that point, the Girl Scouts had a hundred and 591 00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:19,560 Speaker 1: sixty eight thousand members and had held national and international 592 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:23,920 Speaker 1: conferences and established camps for girls. The Girl Scouts had 593 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:27,280 Speaker 1: moved from homemade uniforms that varied from one group to 594 00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 1: another to standard uniforms that could be purchased, and troops 595 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:34,719 Speaker 1: had also started selling cookies to raise money. Troops had 596 00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:38,640 Speaker 1: been established all across the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, 597 00:33:38,640 --> 00:33:42,600 Speaker 1: which weren't states yet, and in Puerto Rico. Juliette Gordon 598 00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:45,320 Speaker 1: Lowe is one of only three Americans to be awarded 599 00:33:45,360 --> 00:33:48,680 Speaker 1: the Silver Fish, which is the highest honor in Girl Guides. 600 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,920 Speaker 1: She earned that award in nineteen nineteen, and honors and 601 00:33:51,960 --> 00:33:55,760 Speaker 1: awards have continued after her death. In ninety four, a 602 00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:58,720 Speaker 1: US Liberty ship was named the S. S. Juliette low 603 00:33:59,480 --> 00:34:02,320 Speaker 1: Juliette Orton Lowe has also been commemorated on a stamp, 604 00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:05,480 Speaker 1: and had schools named after her, and been inducted into 605 00:34:05,520 --> 00:34:09,040 Speaker 1: the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls. Her 606 00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:13,000 Speaker 1: birthplace was registered as a National Historical Landmark in nineteen 607 00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:16,200 Speaker 1: sixty five, and a federal building complex was named after 608 00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:20,000 Speaker 1: her in nineteen eighty three. In twelve, she was posthumously 609 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:23,960 Speaker 1: awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Then Today, of course, 610 00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:26,719 Speaker 1: the Girl Scouts of the United States America still exists. 611 00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,600 Speaker 1: There are two point five million members, including about seven 612 00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:34,239 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty thousand adult members and leaders. And man, 613 00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:40,960 Speaker 1: those cookies and the cookies, I I'm not gonna lie. Um. 614 00:34:41,200 --> 00:34:46,160 Speaker 1: I did not imagine that somebody who started an organization 615 00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:50,520 Speaker 1: that has so much focus on being self reliant and 616 00:34:51,280 --> 00:34:54,719 Speaker 1: supporting other girls would have spent so much of her 617 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:59,360 Speaker 1: young adult life Chason after a boy like that just 618 00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:03,719 Speaker 1: surprised me a little, shouldn't though I might have done 619 00:35:03,719 --> 00:35:06,600 Speaker 1: the same thing if I had been in her place. Yeah, totally. 620 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:08,680 Speaker 1: I mean I was like one of those kids that 621 00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:11,040 Speaker 1: was raised by a dad who was very much like 622 00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:13,120 Speaker 1: from the time I was little, like you gotta take 623 00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:15,520 Speaker 1: care of yourself all the time. But I still would have, 624 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:19,800 Speaker 1: you know, chased after a boy. I imagine I wish 625 00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:23,839 Speaker 1: it had been a boy that was more of her affection. 626 00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:27,960 Speaker 1: The heart wants what it wants, Tracy. Yeah, do you 627 00:35:28,120 --> 00:35:30,680 Speaker 1: have a little bit of listener mail. Yeah, this is 628 00:35:30,719 --> 00:35:34,120 Speaker 1: from Janine and it's um it's related to this podcast, 629 00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:39,080 Speaker 1: which just has a completely, uh completely coincidental connection to 630 00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:42,400 Speaker 1: another recent podcast. So Janine says, I'm quite behind on 631 00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:44,880 Speaker 1: your podcast. So I just listened to the episode from 632 00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:48,120 Speaker 1: back in February on Mary Winston Jackson and was delighted 633 00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:50,720 Speaker 1: to hear she was a Girl Scout leader. I'm also 634 00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:53,319 Speaker 1: a Girl Scout leader and was just so excited and 635 00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:56,400 Speaker 1: moved to hear about her work mentoring girls and especially 636 00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,400 Speaker 1: in integrating the councils in her area. I was not 637 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:02,320 Speaker 1: surprised us that she continued to mentor young people throughout 638 00:36:02,360 --> 00:36:04,680 Speaker 1: her life. I think one of the most rewarding parts 639 00:36:04,680 --> 00:36:06,799 Speaker 1: of being a Girl Scout leader is the opportunity to 640 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:09,680 Speaker 1: mentor girls and young women, and I think Jackson would 641 00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:12,320 Speaker 1: have agreed with me. I just talked to my Daisy 642 00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,160 Speaker 1: Troop about courageous and strong women this week as we 643 00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:18,000 Speaker 1: reviewed the courageous and strong part of the Girl Scout Law. 644 00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:21,720 Speaker 1: I was sadly unfamiliar with Mary Winston Jackson before listening 645 00:36:21,719 --> 00:36:24,280 Speaker 1: to your episode, so she did not feature in the discussion, 646 00:36:24,320 --> 00:36:26,839 Speaker 1: but you can bet she will next time we talk 647 00:36:26,920 --> 00:36:28,759 Speaker 1: about it. Thanks so much for the work you do. 648 00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:31,480 Speaker 1: My degrees are in history and related subjects, and I 649 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:33,799 Speaker 1: appreciate the research you put into the show and the 650 00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:38,160 Speaker 1: sourceless to attach at the end. Keep up the good work, Janine. 651 00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:41,600 Speaker 1: And then Janine also sent us cat pictures, which we 652 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:46,200 Speaker 1: always appreciate. Her cats are a tabby named Walnut and 653 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:49,320 Speaker 1: a black wood named Hildegard, of course, named for Hildegard 654 00:36:49,400 --> 00:36:51,400 Speaker 1: von Bingen. I was delighted by all of that and 655 00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:55,279 Speaker 1: delighted to see these cats, So thank you, Janine. Uh 656 00:36:55,360 --> 00:36:56,839 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about this 657 00:36:57,040 --> 00:36:59,440 Speaker 1: or any other podcast where history podcast and How Stuff 658 00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:01,440 Speaker 1: Works dot com, and then you can find us all 659 00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: over social media at miss in History. That is where 660 00:37:04,160 --> 00:37:08,200 Speaker 1: you will find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. You 661 00:37:08,239 --> 00:37:10,800 Speaker 1: can come to our website, which is missed in History 662 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:13,000 Speaker 1: dot com, where you will find show notes for all 663 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:15,239 Speaker 1: the episodes Holly and I have worked on together, a 664 00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:18,319 Speaker 1: searchable archive of every episode ever, and that's where we 665 00:37:18,320 --> 00:37:21,080 Speaker 1: will have the information about any upcoming shows that we 666 00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:24,560 Speaker 1: have out in the world. You can also subscribe to 667 00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:27,239 Speaker 1: our show on Apple, podcast, to the iHeart radio app, 668 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:35,320 Speaker 1: and wherever else you get podcasts. Stuffy miss in History 669 00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:38,120 Speaker 1: Class is a production of I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. 670 00:37:38,360 --> 00:37:41,040 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the iHeart 671 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:44,120 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 672 00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:44,840 Speaker 1: favorite shows.