WEBVTT - Featuring Neil deGrasse Tyson 0:00:02.080 --> 0:00:04.560 Hey guys, it's Sammy Jay and welcome back to this 0:00:04.600 --> 0:00:07.960 week's episode of The Left Bureau Podcast. I am so 0:00:08.039 --> 0:00:11.920 thrilled you're here. This week's episode is so special. We've 0:00:11.960 --> 0:00:14.160 never had an episode like this before, and we're probably 0:00:14.160 --> 0:00:16.440 never going to have an episode like this again because 0:00:16.480 --> 0:00:20.240 I got to chat with astrophysicists Neil de grass Tyson. 0:00:20.600 --> 0:00:23.400 You heard that right, And I am so excited for 0:00:23.440 --> 0:00:26.680 you to listen to this episode because I genuinely learned 0:00:26.800 --> 0:00:29.600 so much and I know you will too. I hope 0:00:29.600 --> 0:00:34.040 you guys enjoy it. Welcome to my podcast. I am 0:00:34.120 --> 0:00:37.320 so honored that you're here. You're my first astrophysicist on 0:00:37.360 --> 0:00:39.839 the show. And now I have to say, science is 0:00:39.880 --> 0:00:43.000 something that I've always been super fascinated by, but it's 0:00:43.040 --> 0:00:46.920 something I've always struggled with learning and understanding like many others. 0:00:47.440 --> 0:00:49.479 And I just want to simply start with what do 0:00:49.520 --> 0:00:51.360 you love about what you do? What do you love 0:00:51.400 --> 0:00:57.920 about space in the universe? So much? Everything, And first 0:00:57.960 --> 0:01:01.120 of all, for you to say i'm your astro physicists 0:01:01.200 --> 0:01:04.800 on the show, there aren't many of us in the world, Okay, 0:01:05.720 --> 0:01:09.039 So basically everything, I like the immensity of it, I 0:01:09.160 --> 0:01:13.400 like that that the boundary between what is known and unknown, 0:01:14.120 --> 0:01:16.440 and you put one foot in what is known and 0:01:16.480 --> 0:01:20.040 one foot in the unknown, and you try to deduce 0:01:20.840 --> 0:01:29.200 or invent or discover what lies beyond. And so so 0:01:29.280 --> 0:01:32.480 I think that the takeaway is as a scientist, you 0:01:32.560 --> 0:01:37.240 have to learn to love the questions themselves, because if 0:01:37.280 --> 0:01:39.800 you if you only think of science the way the 0:01:39.840 --> 0:01:42.720 media reports on it, because the media does a story 0:01:42.760 --> 0:01:45.560 when there's a discovery, right, and you think their discoveries 0:01:45.560 --> 0:01:47.840 are happening all the time. But you have to learn 0:01:47.880 --> 0:01:50.640 to love the journey. And in your whole life you 0:01:50.720 --> 0:01:55.040 might make only one discovery or no discoveries. So the 0:01:55.200 --> 0:02:00.120 journey is what excites you every morning, the possibility of 0:02:00.360 --> 0:02:04.320 reaching into the unknown and pulling something back in and say, WHOA, 0:02:04.840 --> 0:02:07.800 I knew this before. Does that give you any comfort 0:02:07.840 --> 0:02:10.000 in knowing everything you know? Or does it make you 0:02:10.000 --> 0:02:13.119 a little bit more terrified of the beyond? I think 0:02:13.160 --> 0:02:15.880 you have to train yourself. I don't think it's natural 0:02:16.560 --> 0:02:21.320 to walk around in stupefied ignorance of what's going on. 0:02:21.520 --> 0:02:24.960 You know, nobody wants that, all right, And I get it. 0:02:25.120 --> 0:02:28.359 I have sympathy for people who feel that way. And 0:02:28.520 --> 0:02:32.920 one way that that shows up is someone might ask 0:02:32.960 --> 0:02:36.959 me what was around before the Big Bang, and I'll say, 0:02:37.040 --> 0:02:39.720 I don't know. Go top people working on it, and 0:02:39.720 --> 0:02:42.400 they say, that had to be something. It must have 0:02:42.480 --> 0:02:45.680 been something, it must have been God, God did it. Yeah, 0:02:45.800 --> 0:02:49.480 that was it. And so once they say God, they 0:02:49.520 --> 0:02:53.000 have their answer. And then you know, if you wanted 0:02:53.040 --> 0:02:56.560 to insert deity every place where we have yet to 0:02:56.639 --> 0:03:02.079 tread scientifically, then that's that's kind of a slippery slope, 0:03:02.200 --> 0:03:09.279 because science ever moves forward. So I empathize with the 0:03:09.360 --> 0:03:14.360 need to have an explanation for everything. But if that's 0:03:14.400 --> 0:03:18.000 how you are, you won't make a good scientist because 0:03:18.120 --> 0:03:21.160 most of what we think about every day has no 0:03:21.240 --> 0:03:24.200 answer yet yet, and we don't even know if we're 0:03:24.240 --> 0:03:30.680 asking the right questions. Crazy, it's crazy, It's completely crazy. So, 0:03:30.800 --> 0:03:35.200 Storry Messenger, A Cosmic Perspective on Civilization. You said, the 0:03:35.360 --> 0:03:38.080 troll of insights, informed by the universe and brought to 0:03:38.120 --> 0:03:42.160 you by methods and tools of science. I love that sentence, 0:03:42.240 --> 0:03:45.400 and I was wondering if you can expand more upon that. Well, 0:03:45.440 --> 0:03:51.000 thank you, thank you. So this book, Starry Messenger Cosmic 0:03:51.240 --> 0:03:57.800 Perspectives on civilization. Each chapter has a different title, as 0:03:58.320 --> 0:04:02.680 most chapters would, but in this case, the chapters address 0:04:03.280 --> 0:04:09.480 different sectors of society that have historically been rather combative, 0:04:10.440 --> 0:04:14.960 uh in social settings. So there's a chapter on truth 0:04:15.000 --> 0:04:18.159 and beauty, All right, that that might be good sort 0:04:18.200 --> 0:04:21.000 of bar conversations there, But let's get a little more 0:04:21.040 --> 0:04:26.120 intense a conflict and resolution where I go into political 0:04:26.200 --> 0:04:30.920 factions who are battling for who has access to, if 0:04:30.960 --> 0:04:35.960 not control of the truth. Objective truths, which I'd like 0:04:36.000 --> 0:04:38.680 to distinguish from other kinds of truths. There is an 0:04:38.720 --> 0:04:41.040 objective truth, and there is opinion. Then those need to 0:04:41.160 --> 0:04:44.520 be right right right, Or there's there's like political truths. 0:04:44.520 --> 0:04:47.320 I'll call it that because the politicians think it's true, 0:04:47.320 --> 0:04:51.080 but it's what becomes true simply by them repeating it 0:04:51.640 --> 0:04:56.880 often and with intensity. And our brain has a weakness 0:04:57.279 --> 0:05:00.440 in it where if you see something repeat he did it, 0:05:00.560 --> 0:05:03.640 or here's something repeated, the urge to think that it 0:05:03.720 --> 0:05:07.719 must be true, otherwise why would it be repeated so often? Exactly, 0:05:08.279 --> 0:05:11.760 So I applaud the fact that we have that urge 0:05:11.920 --> 0:05:15.560 to think that way, But that urge that evolutionary urs 0:05:15.920 --> 0:05:19.960 can be and has been hijacked by people who would 0:05:20.560 --> 0:05:24.400 want to exercise control over you and what you think. 0:05:24.400 --> 0:05:26.760 In the old days they called it brainwashing. Yeah, so 0:05:26.760 --> 0:05:28.279 that would be a political truth. And then there's a 0:05:28.279 --> 0:05:31.560 personal truth, right. Personal truth is just stuff that you believe, 0:05:31.680 --> 0:05:34.560 and they don't require that other people have to believe. 0:05:34.600 --> 0:05:37.680 It is your own personal sense of the world. And 0:05:37.720 --> 0:05:41.279 all religions come under personal truths. So that's why I 0:05:41.320 --> 0:05:45.560 distinguish those truths from objective truths. And objective truths are 0:05:45.600 --> 0:05:50.440 true whether or not you believe in them, and high science. 0:05:50.640 --> 0:05:55.280 And so getting back to the sentence that you extracted, Um, 0:05:55.320 --> 0:05:57.840 and thank you for looking for cool sentences, because I 0:05:57.880 --> 0:06:01.240 do spend a lot of effort composing sentences that go 0:06:01.320 --> 0:06:04.360 in the book, and if the fact that they sort 0:06:04.360 --> 0:06:07.719 of rise up off the page or in your because 0:06:07.720 --> 0:06:10.600 you listen to the audiobook, as you told me, I'd 0:06:10.600 --> 0:06:15.560 want those sentences to to live within you. You're very powerful. 0:06:15.839 --> 0:06:19.120 The methods and tools of science are exquisitely tuned to 0:06:19.160 --> 0:06:22.840 find objective truths, and when you do, you then apply 0:06:23.040 --> 0:06:27.800 them to these sectors of society that are famous for 0:06:27.880 --> 0:06:31.800 not embracing objective truths. And because of such people, fight 0:06:32.680 --> 0:06:37.560 and so so, and other chapters are a gender and identity, 0:06:38.080 --> 0:06:43.080 race and color, risk and reward. People really don't understand 0:06:43.200 --> 0:06:46.240 risk and probability and statistics, and I don't want to 0:06:46.240 --> 0:06:50.560 blame people for that. Somehow, it's it's just not natural 0:06:50.720 --> 0:06:53.920 to think statistically about the world, all right. I mean, 0:06:53.920 --> 0:06:57.880 here's't just in an example. Let's say you're ready to 0:06:57.960 --> 0:07:00.359 drive a car off the lot. You just it, and 0:07:00.480 --> 0:07:04.760 someone is driving into the lot saying, wanting to return 0:07:04.800 --> 0:07:07.200 the cars. There's the worst card had it broke the 0:07:07.600 --> 0:07:10.160 wheel fell off. I hate it. And you're just watching 0:07:10.200 --> 0:07:16.600 this and you begin questioning your decision. And it's amazing 0:07:16.960 --> 0:07:21.560 how impactful the testimony of one person can land within 0:07:21.680 --> 0:07:25.640 you relative to the statistics of thousands. You mentioned a 0:07:25.680 --> 0:07:28.040 really interesting point in your book that scientists don't look 0:07:28.080 --> 0:07:30.800 for other scientists opinions but their data, which I think 0:07:30.840 --> 0:07:33.040 is a very important distinction. I don't care how you 0:07:33.120 --> 0:07:37.040 feel or think. I don't care. That has nothing to 0:07:37.080 --> 0:07:39.400 do with my research here, But I just have nothing 0:07:39.440 --> 0:07:44.840 to do with the data less. How you feel biases 0:07:44.880 --> 0:07:49.000 your data. So we have methods and tools to establish 0:07:49.400 --> 0:07:55.200 objective truths, and it requires repeated, verified experiments on whatever 0:07:55.240 --> 0:07:57.920 the first thing is you said was true. So we're 0:07:57.960 --> 0:08:01.640 living in a world today where social media and misinformation 0:08:02.400 --> 0:08:06.720 is traveling so fast. I feel like as soon as 0:08:06.720 --> 0:08:08.840 you pull up a social media app, there's just new 0:08:08.880 --> 0:08:11.280 information you don't and it's hard to verify whether it's 0:08:11.320 --> 0:08:12.880 true or not. I mean, I want to take away 0:08:12.880 --> 0:08:15.560 from this conversation is what advice do you have for 0:08:15.640 --> 0:08:18.240 like a go to way to shut down a flat earther. 0:08:19.080 --> 0:08:22.880 I'm not that aggressive. It may feel that way sometimes 0:08:22.920 --> 0:08:26.600 if you read my tweets. Uh So, I just tweeted 0:08:26.680 --> 0:08:31.880 yesterday last night there was a total lunar eclipse, and 0:08:31.960 --> 0:08:36.079 I said, here's a lunar eclipse flat earthers have never seen. 0:08:38.840 --> 0:08:42.280 It would be like the disc of Earth casting horizontal shadow, 0:08:42.480 --> 0:08:46.080 which would just be a skinny, little thin thing. And 0:08:46.720 --> 0:08:49.640 that it went almost viral. I mean it was, it 0:08:49.679 --> 0:08:52.120 went pretty high up there. That's so good. Point is, 0:08:52.280 --> 0:08:54.800 in a free country, I'm not going to beat you 0:08:54.840 --> 0:08:57.120 on the head if you want to think Earth is flat. 0:08:57.480 --> 0:09:00.080 There are plenty of jobs for you where you and 0:09:00.120 --> 0:09:02.280 still think Earth is flight. Science isn't one of them. 0:09:03.040 --> 0:09:06.160 Science is not one of them. Here's here's one thing 0:09:06.200 --> 0:09:11.000 to do. You say, what would be the best evidence 0:09:11.480 --> 0:09:15.840 you would need to show that Earth was a sphere 0:09:16.240 --> 0:09:20.320 in space? What what evidence would you seek? If you 0:09:20.440 --> 0:09:25.880 ask that of such people, typically there is none, There 0:09:26.760 --> 0:09:29.680 is none. Well, sorry, I did that once with someone 0:09:29.679 --> 0:09:32.559 who was sure we didn't go to the moon, okay, okay, 0:09:33.800 --> 0:09:37.200 And I said, well, what evidence? I went through this exercise. 0:09:37.240 --> 0:09:41.840 What evidence would you want? And he said, well, photographs 0:09:42.000 --> 0:09:45.640 of the landing sites? That would that would work. So 0:09:45.679 --> 0:09:48.000 I said, well, we do have photos of the landing site. 0:09:48.000 --> 0:09:51.040 You said really, I said, because there are satellites that 0:09:51.080 --> 0:09:54.480 were put in orbit around the Moon. That's close enough 0:09:54.679 --> 0:09:56.920 and you could see the rover tracks. You can see 0:09:56.960 --> 0:09:59.520 the landing site. And so go to this web page. 0:10:00.600 --> 0:10:02.839 So he so the next day, but this is a 0:10:02.880 --> 0:10:11.040 full grown adult human being with with kids, always concerning right. 0:10:11.400 --> 0:10:16.320 So the next day, uh, he says, nil, I went 0:10:16.440 --> 0:10:18.800 to that website and sure enough I saw the tracks 0:10:18.840 --> 0:10:20.880 and I saw this. But then I looked at the 0:10:20.920 --> 0:10:25.079 bottom and it said that the web page was sponsored 0:10:25.080 --> 0:10:28.559 by NASA. So how am I going to know that 0:10:28.640 --> 0:10:33.559 they didn't fake this? And I said, pause, hold up, rewind. 0:10:34.640 --> 0:10:38.560 You asked me what would convince you, and I provided 0:10:38.600 --> 0:10:42.600 that evidence, and now that evidence isn't working for you. 0:10:42.800 --> 0:10:45.880 So this is the end of our conversation. But anyhow, 0:10:45.960 --> 0:10:49.960 so a good test would be ask what would convince 0:10:50.000 --> 0:10:53.480 you otherwise if you don't really have a good answer 0:10:53.520 --> 0:10:58.040 for that then, or if your only answer is I 0:10:58.240 --> 0:11:01.680 know the truth, it's just be hidden from us by 0:11:01.760 --> 0:11:05.360 this organization. It's never going to be good enough, never 0:11:05.480 --> 0:11:08.840 good enough. Correct. There's an old saying in the skeptics 0:11:08.840 --> 0:11:14.679 community which I think is correct. It's you can't use 0:11:14.760 --> 0:11:19.000 reason to argue someone out of a point of view 0:11:19.520 --> 0:11:22.480 that they didn't use reason to get into. So true. 0:11:24.160 --> 0:11:27.240 Something that I'm very interested in talking about is what 0:11:27.320 --> 0:11:31.479 are your thoughts on managing space trash and programs like starlink, 0:11:32.160 --> 0:11:35.480 especially with the impact of satellites in space imaging. Yeah, 0:11:36.000 --> 0:11:38.679 so those are two separate issues. Starlink is you know, 0:11:38.800 --> 0:11:42.000 how many elon how many satellites do you need in space? 0:11:42.120 --> 0:11:46.600 How how many? How many do you need? And it 0:11:46.600 --> 0:11:49.640 it becomes a form of light pollution, where especially we 0:11:49.679 --> 0:11:52.040 have a telescope about to come online this coming year 0:11:52.600 --> 0:11:55.839 that will be taking basically snapshots of the entire sky 0:11:56.120 --> 0:12:00.480 every night and and stitching them together. It basedically in 0:12:00.480 --> 0:12:05.000 a movie, which will allow you to watch asteroids that 0:12:05.080 --> 0:12:08.480 might be headed towards Earth. But if while we're trying 0:12:08.480 --> 0:12:11.560 to find an asteroid headed towards Earth, there's you know, 0:12:11.760 --> 0:12:15.640 hundred seventy eleven Starlink satellites coming through your field. If 0:12:15.679 --> 0:12:19.920 you I don't want to miss the asteroid, because you're 0:12:19.960 --> 0:12:23.760 contaminating my data with things that otherwise look like asteroids 0:12:24.360 --> 0:12:30.319 but they're not. So there's the how it will contaminate science, 0:12:30.840 --> 0:12:34.000 but there's also how it will change what the night 0:12:34.040 --> 0:12:37.040 sky will beat to you as you look up affect 0:12:37.040 --> 0:12:41.040 the Earth. So there's fortunately, there are there's an organ 0:12:41.120 --> 0:12:44.520 there are people today who are thinking about this and 0:12:44.559 --> 0:12:48.400 trying to find ways to reduce the impact of this 0:12:49.320 --> 0:12:53.040 technological progress on what is otherwise the sanctity of the 0:12:53.160 --> 0:12:57.240 night sky. And as for trash, we've got nothing for you, okay. 0:12:57.280 --> 0:12:59.240 And I think people say, where the aliens? How come 0:12:59.280 --> 0:13:01.120 they haven't visited. I think they tried to visit and 0:13:01.160 --> 0:13:04.840 they saw all the trash around the Earth. We're going 0:13:04.880 --> 0:13:07.440 to pass on this one. Let's let's let's go to 0:13:07.480 --> 0:13:12.080 the next planet. Okay. Yeah, these folks are just nasty. 0:13:12.520 --> 0:13:15.480 It's the trash that's in the higher orbits that will 0:13:15.520 --> 0:13:18.680 basically be there forever unless someone goes around and vacuums 0:13:18.679 --> 0:13:22.080 it up. And we have no such plans nor such 0:13:22.120 --> 0:13:25.320 ideas about how to make that happen. It's too trashy. 0:13:25.600 --> 0:13:27.720 We need to fix it, too trashy. Give it up. 0:13:28.800 --> 0:13:30.440 We have to take a quick break. But when we 0:13:30.480 --> 0:13:32.360 come back, I'm going to talk about what types of 0:13:32.400 --> 0:13:34.440 research and that's going on in the world of science 0:13:34.720 --> 0:13:38.120 you're most excited about and what you love list about learning. 0:13:38.440 --> 0:13:47.760 We'll be right back and we're back. Are there any 0:13:47.760 --> 0:13:52.720 scientists work that you're really interested in that isn't very 0:13:52.800 --> 0:13:56.160 well known or talked about. I generally look at sort 0:13:56.160 --> 0:13:59.959 of consensus work. So uh, it's not whether one science 0:14:00.080 --> 0:14:04.120 just did one particular thing, because that's not what makes 0:14:04.120 --> 0:14:07.240 an objective truth. As I said earlier, it hasn't been 0:14:07.320 --> 0:14:10.679 verified by someone else. So for me, one of the 0:14:10.720 --> 0:14:15.680 more interesting sub branches of astrophysics is one where we 0:14:15.720 --> 0:14:19.720 have people looking for bio markers in the atmospheres of 0:14:19.840 --> 0:14:23.840 exo planets. Well, so, can you explain what bio markers 0:14:23.880 --> 0:14:27.480 are for totally? Well, first, ex planet is so exo 0:14:27.480 --> 0:14:32.680 planets are planets orbiting other stars, and the first of 0:14:32.720 --> 0:14:37.880 these was discovered in all right, so what year were 0:14:37.920 --> 0:14:43.040 you BORNO? Two two? So you count as someone who 0:14:43.040 --> 0:14:47.680 has been born since and so I now I will 0:14:47.840 --> 0:14:55.400 night you generation X planet. You've only known life in 0:14:55.440 --> 0:14:58.080 a world where we've had exo planets to talk about, 0:14:58.480 --> 0:15:00.880 all right, that is that is if you want to 0:15:00.920 --> 0:15:04.520 attach a generation to a scientific result, there you have it, 0:15:04.880 --> 0:15:06.480 all right. And when you were born, we might have 0:15:06.560 --> 0:15:10.920 known maybe a few dozen exoplanets, and now we know 0:15:11.000 --> 0:15:13.640 more than five thousand. That's how old you are. We're 0:15:13.680 --> 0:15:16.080 up in the five thousands. A lot can happen in 0:15:16.120 --> 0:15:19.560 twenty years. A lot can happen in twenty years. So 0:15:19.640 --> 0:15:21.480 you're just an old fart now because we're up in 0:15:21.520 --> 0:15:26.160 the thousands. But will we ever know if they have life? Well, 0:15:26.200 --> 0:15:30.400 if the planet has an atmosphere, light from the star 0:15:30.560 --> 0:15:34.960 will pass through the atmosphere on the edges and continue 0:15:35.080 --> 0:15:38.640 on to us, so that whatever is the chemistry of 0:15:38.680 --> 0:15:43.240 that atmosphere, it leaves its fingerprint on the starlight. Oh, 0:15:43.480 --> 0:15:47.360 this is this opened up an entire new field in 0:15:47.400 --> 0:15:50.800 the search for life in the universe, because if your 0:15:50.800 --> 0:15:57.520 planet has life. Life has certain gaseous consequences. Alright, Oxygen 0:15:57.600 --> 0:16:02.160 on Earth is only here because we have photosynthesizing life, 0:16:02.760 --> 0:16:07.440 trees and plankton. That's the only reason why we have oxygen. 0:16:08.240 --> 0:16:10.600 And so if you find an exo planet and you 0:16:10.800 --> 0:16:14.040 let the light of the star pass through and you 0:16:14.080 --> 0:16:17.240 see oxygen in that atmosphere, oh yeah, I put that 0:16:17.400 --> 0:16:20.040 higher on your list of one of the first planets 0:16:20.040 --> 0:16:22.720 you might want to visit. So what am I following. 0:16:23.000 --> 0:16:26.480 I'm following the work of that group of researchers who 0:16:26.760 --> 0:16:31.440 are searching for bio markers in the atmospheres of exoplanets, 0:16:31.560 --> 0:16:33.920 and the James Web Space Telescope is helping with that. 0:16:34.600 --> 0:16:37.480 By the way, Sorry, I'm just processing all that you said. 0:16:37.520 --> 0:16:40.760 That's incredible. Yeah, No, I'm totally I'm all in on it. 0:16:40.840 --> 0:16:45.960 Oh yeah, that's amazing. Yeah. So I'm assuming you love stars, 0:16:47.400 --> 0:16:50.160 don't we all? Actually, I'm sure I'm not alone there. 0:16:50.280 --> 0:16:53.240 You know, our star is pretty important. I think clouds 0:16:53.240 --> 0:16:57.320 are also very underrated. I love seeing them. They're so 0:16:57.360 --> 0:17:00.000 beautiful and I just see them. Gonna go shout out 0:17:00.040 --> 0:17:02.960 clouds because they don't get enough appreciation out there. Okay, 0:17:03.120 --> 0:17:10.560 So uh, in the book Starry Messenger. Um, I quote clouds. 0:17:10.600 --> 0:17:15.200 I quote a line from Joni Mitchell her song both Sides. Now, 0:17:15.520 --> 0:17:17.399 that's so good. Wait wait, wait, we have to be 0:17:17.520 --> 0:17:24.320 very precise here. Okay, I just want to properly quote. Okay, 0:17:24.359 --> 0:17:26.919 I'm gonna pull up this quote. The glasses are coming on. 0:17:27.000 --> 0:17:28.760 That's when you know it's been serious. I've got to 0:17:28.800 --> 0:17:32.320 go there. Okay. Yes, So clouds are one of the 0:17:32.359 --> 0:17:35.159 things she looks at in one of the verses. But 0:17:35.640 --> 0:17:38.520 I get that's not the verse I chose. I'm really 0:17:38.560 --> 0:17:40.480 I'm remembering now, but I will get you that cloud 0:17:40.560 --> 0:17:42.399 verse because you sound like a cloud person. I'm a 0:17:42.480 --> 0:17:46.439 cloud person because they're just not appreciated and they do 0:17:46.600 --> 0:17:49.760 so much. Okay, they make my day. So here we 0:17:49.800 --> 0:17:55.040 go rose and flows of angel hair, and I scream 0:17:55.200 --> 0:17:58.520 castles forgive Mike because I can't. I think you should 0:17:58.520 --> 0:18:02.920 become a singer and a rare path for you. Everywhere 0:18:03.640 --> 0:18:09.040 looked at clouds that way, but now they only block 0:18:09.200 --> 0:18:14.040 the sun. They rain, and they snow on everyone. So 0:18:14.080 --> 0:18:18.639 many things I would have done, but clouds got in 0:18:18.840 --> 0:18:24.399 my way. I've looked at clouds from both sides, now 0:18:24.760 --> 0:18:30.480 from up and down and still somehow it's clouds illusions. 0:18:30.760 --> 0:18:36.080 I recall I really don't know cloud so any that 0:18:36.080 --> 0:18:37.600 that's all those singing I'm going to give you here 0:18:37.640 --> 0:18:40.280 because I was like, I do not expect a performance. 0:18:40.400 --> 0:18:42.199 I feel like this is a new career path for you. 0:18:42.880 --> 0:18:45.480 So here's the so for me, obviously, it's a song, 0:18:45.520 --> 0:18:50.119 it's a poem. It's it's metaphorical of course, and so 0:18:51.080 --> 0:18:54.400 um So she starts out by saying, clouds they rain 0:18:54.520 --> 0:18:57.680 and snow on everyone. Yes, they do, but when they're not, 0:18:57.960 --> 0:19:01.280 they're not right. And most of the time they're not, 0:19:01.920 --> 0:19:04.800 They're just floating there. And if you look at it 0:19:04.840 --> 0:19:07.919 from both sides. And I really don't know clouds, and 0:19:08.000 --> 0:19:11.159 most people don't understand what clouds are. Why they up 0:19:11.160 --> 0:19:13.760 there and they're not down here? Well, sometimes they are 0:19:13.840 --> 0:19:16.000 down here. But we have a different word for them. 0:19:16.080 --> 0:19:19.240 You know what we call them? Am I totally missing? Yes, 0:19:19.280 --> 0:19:24.800 it's just it's a cloud that's in your face. So 0:19:24.800 --> 0:19:26.280 so we just have a different word for it. But 0:19:26.280 --> 0:19:30.560 it's a cloud, all right. So all air in most 0:19:30.560 --> 0:19:34.639 parts of the Earth has some amount of moisture in it. Yeah, okay, 0:19:35.400 --> 0:19:39.720 And if the air gets heated, and then it rises. 0:19:40.680 --> 0:19:44.440 As you ascend, the temperature drops, so as you ascend 0:19:44.440 --> 0:19:46.840 in the atmosphere, it gets colder and colder and colder. 0:19:47.000 --> 0:19:49.080 You might notice that from the temperature if you see 0:19:49.080 --> 0:19:52.200 it on the video monitor of airplanes outside, it's forty 0:19:52.240 --> 0:19:56.600 degrees below zero outside the window. Okay, so it's because 0:19:56.680 --> 0:20:00.080 the ground is what's heating the air. The sunda and 0:20:00.160 --> 0:20:02.960 heat the air. The sun heats the ground and the 0:20:03.000 --> 0:20:05.120 ground heats the air. So I watched it happens if 0:20:05.119 --> 0:20:06.880 a pocket of air with a little bit of moisture, 0:20:07.119 --> 0:20:10.919 as it ascends, it gets colder, and the colder is 0:20:11.000 --> 0:20:14.719 the pocket of air, the less capable it is of 0:20:14.880 --> 0:20:19.400 carrying that moisture. And so what happens is something called 0:20:19.400 --> 0:20:23.880 the relative humidity goes up because the air can it's 0:20:24.040 --> 0:20:27.119 becoming less and less able to hold the moisture. And 0:20:27.200 --> 0:20:31.000 at a particular temperature at the dew point, which is 0:20:31.000 --> 0:20:32.879 a combination of how much humidity is in it and 0:20:33.000 --> 0:20:38.359 the temperature at that dew point, the the water molecules 0:20:39.000 --> 0:20:44.240 they coalesce and they become basically droplets. Okay, it's no 0:20:44.320 --> 0:20:49.240 longer water vapor, it's water droplets. And in that moment 0:20:49.400 --> 0:20:51.880 that that pocket of air is high above your head 0:20:52.040 --> 0:20:55.080 and bend, a cloud forms and there it is. You're 0:20:55.119 --> 0:20:58.000 making me love clouds even more. Okay, No, it's a 0:20:58.000 --> 0:21:00.919 beautiful thing. That's why the clouds are high up and 0:21:01.240 --> 0:21:04.880 rarely on the ground. How do you know all this information? 0:21:05.720 --> 0:21:08.879 Just off the bat? What about learning do you love? 0:21:08.920 --> 0:21:11.800 I know that's a two parter, but you've just so 0:21:11.880 --> 0:21:14.280 much information. Here's what I here's my normal and we 0:21:14.320 --> 0:21:17.560 only just met, so I don't know, but it for 0:21:17.640 --> 0:21:20.359 most people, for many people in the United States, here's 0:21:20.359 --> 0:21:22.280 what I would tell them. They said, how does it 0:21:22.320 --> 0:21:24.120 you know all of this? How do you have time 0:21:24.160 --> 0:21:26.639 to write these books? And how does you do this? 0:21:26.960 --> 0:21:31.320 And my answer is I bet I watched less football 0:21:31.440 --> 0:21:37.880 than you do. That's a great answer. That's my simplest answer. Okay, 0:21:38.200 --> 0:21:41.120 So whatever you do on the weekends or when you're 0:21:41.160 --> 0:21:46.879 otherwise doing nothing, are you binging? You know the Bachelor? 0:21:47.000 --> 0:21:50.800 Are you whatever else is going on or Jersey Shore 0:21:51.440 --> 0:21:57.520 or whatever whatever people do. I'm not doing that, and 0:21:58.000 --> 0:21:59.560 I'll do it a little bit just so I know 0:21:59.680 --> 0:22:03.199 what interests people, because that I value that. But no, 0:22:03.640 --> 0:22:06.280 I spend a lot of time a lot of time 0:22:06.359 --> 0:22:10.600 that other people spend doing nothing, I spend learning. That's 0:22:10.640 --> 0:22:14.960 so awesome and so cool. I have always loved learning, 0:22:15.040 --> 0:22:16.520 but it's always been a struggle for me because I've 0:22:16.520 --> 0:22:20.720 grown up with learning differences, so being able to understand 0:22:21.000 --> 0:22:24.560 information has been a struggle. But when it's you're very 0:22:24.600 --> 0:22:28.399 good at visualizing it and just explaining it very complicated topics. 0:22:28.520 --> 0:22:30.760 Thank you, Thank you for that. And I try to 0:22:30.800 --> 0:22:33.840 be a responsive to the what do they call it, 0:22:33.920 --> 0:22:37.840 the neurodiversity of us all? Uh, some people think in pictures, 0:22:37.880 --> 0:22:41.639 some in words, some in gestures, you know, hand gestures. 0:22:42.000 --> 0:22:44.720 So I try to fold all of that in. So 0:22:45.040 --> 0:22:48.040 thank you for noticing that. But what I would say 0:22:48.200 --> 0:22:50.840 is with all the learning differences that exist out there, 0:22:50.880 --> 0:22:56.000 and finally the education system is coming to terms with that, 0:22:56.480 --> 0:23:01.560 figuring out slowly but surely slowly. Um My daughter was 0:23:01.600 --> 0:23:05.919 a special ed teacher and people ask her what's different 0:23:05.960 --> 0:23:11.080 about a special ed teacher? She said, She said, especially 0:23:11.200 --> 0:23:16.199 teachers are simply better teachers. I went to a special 0:23:16.359 --> 0:23:19.440 ed school, so I can vouch for that. Yeah, they're 0:23:19.440 --> 0:23:21.959 just better teachers. They know more about they know how 0:23:22.000 --> 0:23:26.600 to teach in different ways exactly exactly. Oh, I got 0:23:26.600 --> 0:23:30.040 in big trouble one time. What happened? I should have 0:23:30.200 --> 0:23:34.280 left it to my forbidden Twitter file. Um, so I tweeted. 0:23:34.920 --> 0:23:39.720 I said, for the teachers who feel compelled to say, 0:23:40.480 --> 0:23:43.639 these students just don't want to learn, And I said, 0:23:44.320 --> 0:23:47.679 maybe they should consider the possibility that they suck at 0:23:47.680 --> 0:23:53.399 their job. I believe you're not wrong, but you know, 0:23:53.440 --> 0:23:56.679 I put it out there. I've had a maybe in 0:23:56.720 --> 0:24:00.879 front of it. I said possibly, like a possible. You know, 0:24:01.000 --> 0:24:03.200 people said, do you remember? Remember? And then of course 0:24:03.200 --> 0:24:08.200 it's Twitter, so it's the cesspool of opinions. Yeah. So 0:24:08.240 --> 0:24:13.359 not every teacher is sainted, okay, and we all had 0:24:13.440 --> 0:24:15.840 bad teachers in our lives. Well maybe you didn't because 0:24:16.080 --> 0:24:18.639 you had speciales. I did before I moved to special 0:24:18.680 --> 0:24:20.320 at and then I went there. You go, and you know, 0:24:20.480 --> 0:24:22.919 and you can you can list not here, don't do it, 0:24:22.960 --> 0:24:25.680 but you can list bad teachers right who really should 0:24:25.720 --> 0:24:30.159 have never entered the profession. All right, we have to 0:24:30.200 --> 0:24:32.160 take one more quick break. But when we come back, 0:24:32.240 --> 0:24:34.760 I want to talk about how you define success for yourself. 0:24:35.160 --> 0:24:44.679 We'll be right back and we're back. You've accomplished so 0:24:44.720 --> 0:24:47.720 many incredible things. Throughout your career, and everyone has a 0:24:47.720 --> 0:24:50.119 different definition of what success means to them, and I 0:24:50.119 --> 0:24:52.720 was wondering, how do you personally define success for yourself? 0:24:53.080 --> 0:24:57.520 Thank you? That's an excellent question. It's excellent on many levels. 0:24:58.080 --> 0:25:01.600 And I don't often get that because now it gives 0:25:01.640 --> 0:25:06.600 me the opportunity to for me redefined success. All right, 0:25:07.280 --> 0:25:13.679 uh so let me take a slightly windy route to 0:25:13.680 --> 0:25:16.640 get there. So let's say you have someone who wants 0:25:16.680 --> 0:25:19.119 to be an actor, and then you say what kind 0:25:19.119 --> 0:25:20.320 of actor you want to be? Well, I want to 0:25:20.320 --> 0:25:22.680