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Speaker 1: You're listening to American Shadows, a production of I Heart

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Speaker 1: Radio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey. Her name

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Speaker 1: was Maria Rosetta O'Neill, but everyone called her Rose. Born

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Speaker 1: in nineteen thirteen, she grew up in poverty on a

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Speaker 1: small farm in Maryland. Shortly after her thirteenth birthday, her

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Speaker 1: mother died, leaving her to care for her siblings. A

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Speaker 1: farm and children were too much for their father, so

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Speaker 1: he sent Rose and his other children to any relative

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Speaker 1: who would take them. Rose went to live with family

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Speaker 1: in Washington, d c. Naturally, she was upset to have

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Speaker 1: lost her own family. Over time, though, she found city

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Speaker 1: life and a full social circle to her liking. As

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Speaker 1: a young woman, she caught the eye of Dr Robert Greenhouse,

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Speaker 1: a federal librarian with degrees in medicine and law. The

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Speaker 1: two wed and headed west for a few years, but

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Speaker 1: California life didn't suit the couple or their three children,

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Speaker 1: and they made plans to return, but Robert stayed behind

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Speaker 1: too tidy up some loose ends, promising Rose, now pregnant

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Speaker 1: with their fourth child, that he'd rejoin her soon. Unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: they never saw each other again. Robert had a fall

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Speaker 1: and died from his injuries. The death of a spouse

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Speaker 1: spelled financial disaster for most women in the eighteen hundreds,

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Speaker 1: but not Rose. With her husband's pension, she remained comfortable

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Speaker 1: enough to stay in her beloved city and busied herself

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Speaker 1: with her high society lifestyle. That lifestyle came under threat

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Speaker 1: when the Civil War erupted. So when Rose heard about

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Speaker 1: the Union army's plans to march on Manassas, Virginia, Rose

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Speaker 1: used to cipher to encrypt this information in a letter

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Speaker 1: and handed it to a Confederate spy, Bettie all And,

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Speaker 1: disguising herself as a farm woman, Duval hid Rose's letter

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Speaker 1: in her hair, snuck out of Washington, d c. And

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Speaker 1: delivered the letter to Confederate commanders. The South went on

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Speaker 1: to win the first battle at Manassas. Rose herself became

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Speaker 1: a spy after that, establishing a network of forty eight

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Speaker 1: women and two men. Though brilliant in her ability to

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Speaker 1: code and transport letters, she was careless about destroying evidence.

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Speaker 1: You see, Rose kept copies of the letters, along with

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Speaker 1: maps and other documents in her home, and that would

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Speaker 1: be her downfall. After searching her home in August of

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty one, and finding the incriminating evidence, authorities arrested Rose,

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Speaker 1: but her sentence was short, and on May thirty one,

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty two, she was released on the condition that

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Speaker 1: she leave Washington. She settled in Richmond and accepted a

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Speaker 1: diplomatic mission to gain Confederate support from France and the

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Speaker 1: United Kingdom. After one triple overseas, Rose returned home on

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Speaker 1: a British blockade ship named the Condor. Just before reaching

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Speaker 1: the coast, the captain spotted Union ships. Fearing a capture,

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Speaker 1: Rose and the other agents acquired a rowboat, ill equipped

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Speaker 1: to handle the number of passengers and their cargo two

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Speaker 1: thousand dollars worth of gold. Under the added weight, the

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Speaker 1: rowboat capsized and Rose drowned. Confederate troops found her body

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Speaker 1: days later. For her service as a spy, the Confederacy

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Speaker 1: gave Rose O'Neill greenhow a military burial with full honors.

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Speaker 1: I'm Lauren Vogelbaum. Welcome to American Shadows. It's often said

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Speaker 1: that soldiers don't enter battle because they hate the person

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Speaker 1: in front of them. They fight because of what's behind them,

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Speaker 1: their beliefs and values and fears, and those tasked with

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Speaker 1: strategy know the importance of turning the opponent's weaknesses into

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Speaker 1: their strengths and misfortunes into gain. During the Civil War,

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Speaker 1: brother fought against brother. Families were as divided as the

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Speaker 1: nation itself, and while generals on both sides were highly

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Speaker 1: regarded for strategy, some of the more critical events leading

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Speaker 1: up to the end weren't determined on a battlefield. The

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Speaker 1: outcome of the war wasn't entirely decided that day in Gettysburg,

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Speaker 1: though that's the Civil War history we know best. No,

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Speaker 1: the event that almost changed the United States forever happened

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Speaker 1: in a field of clover with a corporal and an envelope.

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Speaker 1: Intentions in the States had reached a fever pitch by

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Speaker 1: April of eighteen sixty one. Southern states decided that if

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Speaker 1: Abraham Lincoln became president did succeed. Of course, the hostility

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Speaker 1: between the North and South had been simmering for decades.

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Speaker 1: Both sides disagreed on matters of slavery, westward expansion, and

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Speaker 1: states rights. With exponential growth in the US had come

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Speaker 1: a shift in economics between northern and Southern states. The

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Speaker 1: North had become a hub for manufacturing industry and finance.

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Speaker 1: The South's economy relied on large scale farming, primarily of

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Speaker 1: tobacco and potton. After abolitionist John Brown raided Harper's Ferry,

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Speaker 1: Maryland in eighteen fifty nine, the South felt certain the

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Speaker 1: North wanted to destroy their way of life. Of course,

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Speaker 1: we know that Lincoln did become president, and we know

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Speaker 1: that many states hadn't been bluffing on the threat to succede.

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Speaker 1: During his first three months in office, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,

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Speaker 1: and Texas seceded from the Union. Not long afterward, Tennessee, Arkansas, Virginia,

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Speaker 1: and North Carolina joined them, and while Maryland, Kentucky, and

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Speaker 1: Missouri didn't follow suit, they strongly sympathized with the South.

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Speaker 1: With Lincoln in office, the South feared that being enslaved

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Speaker 1: people would affect the labor force, and many businesses worried

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Speaker 1: that'd lose income or simply ceased to exist Without slave labor,

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Speaker 1: the South believed their entire economy would collapse. Taxation and

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Speaker 1: the issue of federal rights versus states rights had also

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Speaker 1: come under fire. None of Lincoln's propositions sat well with

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Speaker 1: the Southern states, especially wealthy plantation owners who lived there.

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Speaker 1: It didn't take long before an uprising loom to cross

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Speaker 1: the US. If it came down to war, the North

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Speaker 1: and South each believed they had the power to end

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Speaker 1: the conflict within months. The Union had twenty three states

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Speaker 1: and a well formed military, though not tightly united to

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Speaker 1: the cause, and while the South didn't have as many

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Speaker 1: states or the same number of soldiers, they were fiercely

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Speaker 1: united to protect their way of life. The South was

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Speaker 1: also home to some of the best military officers, including

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Speaker 1: Robert E. Lee. Regarded as highly intelligent and possessing an

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Speaker 1: uncanny knack for strategy, Lee was also a brilliant commander,

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Speaker 1: easily able to rally and organize troops. He had been

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Speaker 1: born into the military. His father had been a Revolutionary

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Speaker 1: war hero. Lee himself graduated second in his class from

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Speaker 1: West Point. After graduation, he wed Mary Anna Randolph Custis,

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Speaker 1: Ever ready to defend his country. He went on to

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Speaker 1: win three Brevets for gallantry in the War with Mexico

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Speaker 1: in eighty six, and was promoted to colonel for his

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Speaker 1: skills and bravery. Other formidable Confederate military leaders included Thomas

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Speaker 1: Stonewall Jackson, and Samuel Cooper. Meanwhile, one of the Union's

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Speaker 1: most accomplished leaders was Ulysses S. Grant. Serving under Grant

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Speaker 1: was William Sherman, who received criticism for his scorched earth

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Speaker 1: policy in burning anything and everything he perceived useful to

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Speaker 1: the Confederates. The Union also had George McClellan. Intelligent and studious,

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Speaker 1: he also fated second in his class from West Point,

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Speaker 1: though in eighteen fifty three, while under the command of

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Speaker 1: Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, McClellan showed a propensity for

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Speaker 1: in subordination and overcautious military decisions. Both Davis and McClellan

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Speaker 1: moved on in their careers. Davis served as President of

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Speaker 1: the Confederate States, and McClellan also dabbled in politics, but

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Speaker 1: with the Civil War looming, McClellan returned to the military

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Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty one. On April twelfth of eighteen sixty two,

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Speaker 1: Confederate forces fired on the United States naval ships at

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Speaker 1: Fort Sumter, officially starting the Civil War. Union forces in

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Speaker 1: the harbor surrendered within thirty four hours. Not long after

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Speaker 1: the First Battle of bull Run showed just how ill

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Speaker 1: prepared and poorly trained Union soldiers were the Confederate army

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Speaker 1: continued to best the Union despite having far fewer soldiers.

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Speaker 1: Lee and his men won Second Battle at bull Run

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Speaker 1: as well. With a string of victories behind him, the

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Speaker 1: Confederate star general turned his sights on Maryland. The timing

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Speaker 1: couldn't have been better. The North's morale had hit an

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Speaker 1: all time low that sustained heavy casualties, and families wanted

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Speaker 1: their sons, brothers, and husband's home. Of course, that would

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Speaker 1: necessitate a swift end to the war, and Lee had

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Speaker 1: a plan to do just that. Lee's strategy was to

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Speaker 1: push north of Virginia and force Washington, d C. The

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Speaker 1: capital of the Union, to surrender. He and his men

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Speaker 1: set out across the Potomac on September four of eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty two. On September nine, he issued a Special Order

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Speaker 1: one which detailed his plans to overtake the Union garrison

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Speaker 1: stationed at Harper's Ferry. Taking Harper's Ferry would effectively shut

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Speaker 1: down supplies to the Union Army. It would also put

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Speaker 1: the weapons from the by US Arsenal and Armory into

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Speaker 1: Confederate hands. The plan was a bold move, since the

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Speaker 1: Union had eighty five thousand men in the area, plus

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Speaker 1: another seventy two thousand in Washington, compared to Lee's forty.

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Speaker 1: Of course, Lee wanted Washington, but the army surrounding the

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Speaker 1: capital was too formidable to take on directly. However, if

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Speaker 1: Lee put off the Union supplies and Lord McClellan and

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Speaker 1: his men to a battlefield of his choosing, hid ensure

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Speaker 1: a path northward. To gain a foothold, he needed to

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Speaker 1: get his men across the Shenandoah Valley and marched toward

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Speaker 1: Pennsylvania's Cumberland Valley, and to do that, Harper's Ferry came

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Speaker 1: into play once more. He needed to eliminate the twelve

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Speaker 1: thousand soldier Union garrison stationed there. He planned to divide

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Speaker 1: his men into two parts. Two thirds would go with

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Speaker 1: Stonewall Jackson to capture Harper's ferry. Lee and the remainder

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Speaker 1: of the men would take Hagerstown, Maryland, near the Pennsylvania border.

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Speaker 1: Their numbers wouldn't be enough, and neither would stealth. But

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Speaker 1: Lee had studied McClellan well and knew his opponents cautious,

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Speaker 1: slow to react method of command would give him the

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Speaker 1: edge he needed. Lee detailed everything roots time, and Direction

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Speaker 1: Adjutant Robert H. Chilton penned the orders and endorsed them

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Speaker 1: in Lee's name, then sent them to Stonewall Jackson and D. H. Hill,

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Speaker 1: who had recently been tasked with commanding the rear Guard.

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Speaker 1: Stonewall Jackson then made a copy and sent it to D. H. Hill. Yes,

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Speaker 1: that's right, Hill had been sent two copies of order.

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Speaker 1: The plans called for Jackson to sweep Harper's Ferry with

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Speaker 1: divisions from the west. Two more divisions would seize Maryland Heights.

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Speaker 1: If all went according to plan, it would take three

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Speaker 1: days to carry out. If successful, the war would swiftly

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Speaker 1: come to an end. For the was living in the South,

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Speaker 1: winning key battles on Confederate territory wasn't enough. They wanted

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Speaker 1: lead to push even further into Union territory to drive

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Speaker 1: home that the South was nothing to mess with. Seizing

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Speaker 1: the city of Washington would be the end game. Of course,

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Speaker 1: Bully hoped that capturing the Union capital would persuade other

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Speaker 1: nations to recognize the Confederate States of America. The United Kingdom,

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Speaker 1: along with France and other European nations, were dependent on

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Speaker 1: the cotton and tobacco that the Confederate States provided. After all,

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Speaker 1: leaders abroad were already deciding whether they should become involved

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Speaker 1: and whether their best interests economically speaking, were better off

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Speaker 1: siding with the South. While the Union considered the odds

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Speaker 1: that Lee might advance on Washington to be slight, they

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Speaker 1: still took precautionary measures. A steamboat waited off shore to

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Speaker 1: whisk President Lincoln and members of the cabinet away should

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Speaker 1: the Confederate army actually managed to breach the city. Harper's Weekly,

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Speaker 1: the most read journal of the day, didn't want to

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Speaker 1: lose Southern readers and took a moderate approach to reporting

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Speaker 1: the war. Without knowing about Lee's plans, the Confederacy felt

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Speaker 1: confident that he had succeed in overtaking the Union capital.

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Speaker 1: Southern newspapers reported on the cunning and brilliance of their

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Speaker 1: military leaders and speculated a celebration would soon be at hand.

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Speaker 1: At the White House, President Lincoln made it clear he

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Speaker 1: was counting on mc clellan to give him the victory

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Speaker 1: needed to announce a preliminary emancipation proclamation. No pressure there.

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Speaker 1: On September tenth of eighteen sixty two, Lee's army moved

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Speaker 1: west out of Frederick, dividing themselves into four widely set columns.

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Speaker 1: This time, they wouldn't be outnumbered. Lee knew that mc

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Speaker 1: clellan had only a fraction of his troops near Harper's Ferry.

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Speaker 1: Coupled with mc clellan's unwillingness to be more proactive, the

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Speaker 1: attack wouldn't take too long. Every Thing was going just

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Speaker 1: as planned, and the Union didn't suspect a thing. The

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Speaker 1: reports of sparse Confederate soldier sightings confused McClellan. They weren't

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Speaker 1: showing up in any one area, or even in the

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Speaker 1: locations he had expected, and certainly not in any numbers.

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Speaker 1: It's signaled an attack. On September twelve, he wrote to

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Speaker 1: his wife that Lee's men were so scattered that Pete

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Speaker 1: couldn't catch them. He evidently don't want to fight me,

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Speaker 1: he added. Over confident, McClellan and his men slowly advanced

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Speaker 1: into Maryland arrogance aside. He knew some regiments would undoubtedly

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Speaker 1: come into contact with the Confederates rambling Path, and urged

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Speaker 1: his superiors to order and evacuation. The officials reminded him

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Speaker 1: that the Union had far superior numbers and promptly denied

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Speaker 1: the request with orders to keep moving. Indiana's twenty seven

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Speaker 1: regiment made camp in a clover field on the outskirts

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Speaker 1: of Frederick, Maryland. The men stacked their arms and were

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Speaker 1: settling in when Corporal Barton W. Mitchell came across a

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Speaker 1: bulky envelope near the road. He noticed the envelope had

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Speaker 1: been opened. Curious, he emptied the contents. Inside. There were

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Speaker 1: three cigars wrapped in a sheet of paper. The paper

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Speaker 1: had been marked as confidential, so naturally the inquisitive corporal

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Speaker 1: opened it. He read the contents, then read them again. Headquarters,

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Speaker 1: Army of Northern Virginia, September two, Special Order. Numb. He

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Speaker 1: couldn't believe what had found in his hand. He held

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Speaker 1: Confederate battle plans signed by General Robert E. Lee's command,

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Speaker 1: and they held an important revelation. They were walking into

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Speaker 1: a trap. Mitchell brought the envelope and its contents to

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Speaker 1: his commanding officer, who immediately sent it up the chain

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Speaker 1: of command. It didn't take long before McClellan himself had

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Speaker 1: read the letter. The tensions between him and Lincoln had

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Speaker 1: and high, but now he knew just how to defeat Lee.

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Speaker 1: He telegraphed Lincoln. I think Lee has made a gross mistake,

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Speaker 1: and that he will be severely punished for it. I

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Speaker 1: have all the plans of the rebels and will catch

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Speaker 1: them in their own trap. Will send you trophies. How

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Speaker 1: the letter came to be in that clover field that

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00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:23,840
Speaker 1: day is still speculated. A courier may have carelessly dropped

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Speaker 1: one of Lee's orders while delivering them. The Confederate General D. H. Hill,

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Speaker 1: of course, He'll insisted he had received his letter from Jackson.

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Speaker 1: One thing is clear. Though ad Mitchell not discovered the envelope,

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Speaker 1: or if McClellan had evacuated his troops, the Civil War

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00:16:40,760 --> 00:16:44,680
Speaker 1: might have ended very differently. The United States might today

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00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:49,720
Speaker 1: be divided into two separate sovereign nations. The discovery of

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00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:56,040
Speaker 1: lost order should have sealed Lee's fate and ended the war. Yet,

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Speaker 1: even with Lee's plans right in front of him, McClellan

250
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Speaker 1: perceive did with what Lincoln referred to as a case

251
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Speaker 1: of the slows, had been handed the enemy's battle plans

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00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:10,439
Speaker 1: on a platter, and decided to wait things out. With

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Speaker 1: his troops in position to take out nine of the

254
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:19,320
Speaker 1: Confederate's infantry divisions, McClellan delayed sending his men across South Mountain. Instead,

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Speaker 1: he chose to stay at camp an additional eighteen hours,

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Speaker 1: giving the rebels an advantage. The move cost McClellan dearly,

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Speaker 1: all that sitting around drew attention. Confederate scouts reported back

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Speaker 1: to Lee the Union troops unusual behavior. They also noted

259
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:43,720
Speaker 1: McClellan's obvious excitement, making Lee suspicious. Unlike his opponent, the

260
00:17:43,760 --> 00:17:47,360
Speaker 1: Confederate general wasted no time in ordering his divided troops

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Speaker 1: to regroup into a single unit, then they join another

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Speaker 1: division at South Mountain. Lee's troops reached the mountain pass

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00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,760
Speaker 1: late in the day on September four. Union soldiers were

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Speaker 1: waged for them, but the order to reorganize and meet

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Speaker 1: with the second division saved the Confederates from complete defeat.

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Speaker 1: Had McClellan moved more quickly, he would have stood a

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Speaker 1: chance of capturing Lee and overtaking his army. At first,

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00:18:14,520 --> 00:18:17,760
Speaker 1: Lee had thought retreating might be his better option, but

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Speaker 1: then word came in from Jackson informing Lee that the

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00:18:21,119 --> 00:18:25,240
Speaker 1: attack on Harper's Ferry had been successful. Lee decided to

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Speaker 1: take three divisions through Sharpsburg and sticking to the remainder

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Speaker 1: of his plans laid out in order. Once in Sharpsburg

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Speaker 1: had reunite with Jackson. McClellan still had the advantage of

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Speaker 1: more men and of course, the element of surprise since

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Speaker 1: he knew Lee's plans. Yet he hesitated once again, mistaking

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Speaker 1: the size of the gathering Confederate cohort. In reality, Lee

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Speaker 1: had been bluffing for days while awaiting an additional twelve thousand,

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Speaker 1: five hundred Confederate soldiers. Lee hadn't planned on going to

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Speaker 1: battle so early, but after having repeatedly and soundly defeated

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Speaker 1: McClellan so far, he positioned forces four miles behind Antietam Creek.

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Speaker 1: McClellan pursued, and when the fog rolled in on September,

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00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:19,240
Speaker 1: the two sides collided. McClellan hadn't made a battle plan,

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Speaker 1: nor did he issue any orders. He never rearranged the

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00:19:23,080 --> 00:19:28,520
Speaker 1: attack despite having Lee's plans. The carnage was swift and brutal.

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Speaker 1: He watched the battle from his post, only issuing commands

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00:19:32,359 --> 00:19:35,920
Speaker 1: after a few of his divisions were decimated. The men

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00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:40,080
Speaker 1: on both sides fired at point blank range. By noon,

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00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:42,760
Speaker 1: the fighting shifted to the center of the Confederate line,

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00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:47,760
Speaker 1: which became known as Bloody Lane. The front line of

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00:19:47,760 --> 00:19:51,760
Speaker 1: Confederate soldiers misunderstood in order to realign and pulled back.

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00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:57,360
Speaker 1: Union troops quickly overpowered them by early afternoon. One soldier

292
00:19:57,400 --> 00:19:59,359
Speaker 1: said that he could have walked on top of the

293
00:19:59,359 --> 00:20:03,280
Speaker 1: bodies as far as the eye could see from his post.

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00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:06,920
Speaker 1: McClellan said the Bloody field was as glorious and beautiful

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Speaker 1: as any had ever seen. Yet instead of pressing forward,

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00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:14,840
Speaker 1: he ordered his men the whole the line. This left

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00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,320
Speaker 1: them in the open and direct line of fire from

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00:20:17,359 --> 00:20:21,520
Speaker 1: Confederate forces flanking the sides, costing McClellan five hundred men.

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00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:27,680
Speaker 1: By the following morning, Lee pulled back. Despite prodding from Washington,

300
00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:31,960
Speaker 1: d C. McClellan didn't pursue Lee again. The death poll

301
00:20:32,119 --> 00:20:35,880
Speaker 1: was staggering. A combined total of eighty six thousand men

302
00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:39,800
Speaker 1: had gone into battle. Over twelve thousand, four hundred Union

303
00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:44,040
Speaker 1: soldiers were dead, wounded, or missing. The Confederates, who had

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00:20:44,080 --> 00:20:48,119
Speaker 1: brought far fewer troops, suffered a proportionately greater loss of

305
00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:52,240
Speaker 1: over ten thousand, three hundred. Had the Confederates had equal

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00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:55,080
Speaker 1: men and weapons, the battle might have turned out differently.

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Speaker 1: McClellan's case of the slows, as Lincoln put it, cost

308
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Speaker 1: him his post. Amid the eighteen sixty two mid term elections,

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00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:07,520
Speaker 1: McClellan was removed from command. Lee didn't find out about

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Speaker 1: the missing orders until after Antietam. The copy of Order

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00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:14,639
Speaker 1: one that had been delivered directly from Jackson to D. H.

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00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:19,040
Speaker 1: Hill and Richmond now rests in the National Archives. You

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Speaker 1: might ask why Hill had been sent two copies of

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Speaker 1: that order, and we know that Jackson was unsure of

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00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:28,680
Speaker 1: who Hill was receiving orders from when Lee split the troops.

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00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:31,800
Speaker 1: Jackson made the copy because he wanted to be sure

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00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:34,960
Speaker 1: Hill was aware of the plan. And what we don't

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Speaker 1: know is how the letter found its way into that

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00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:41,600
Speaker 1: field of Clover that day. Hill and his men had

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00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,800
Speaker 1: camped in the field just days before, and he insisted

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00:21:44,840 --> 00:21:48,359
Speaker 1: he hadn't dropped any letter. He kept the copy Jackson

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00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:51,399
Speaker 1: sent him until the day he died. Hill believed that

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00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:55,880
Speaker 1: the courier dropped the orders Chilton Penn Trelly. Back then,

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00:21:56,240 --> 00:22:00,240
Speaker 1: envelopes acted as receipts after a recipient opened a better

325
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Speaker 1: they signed the envelope and handed it back to the courier.

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00:22:03,880 --> 00:22:07,480
Speaker 1: The envelope founded the field had been opened but not signed,

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Speaker 1: indicating the orders never reached their destination. We'll never know

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00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:16,560
Speaker 1: how lost order came to be in the field that day,

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00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:20,200
Speaker 1: but we do know that its discovery changed the Civil

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Speaker 1: War and perhaps our nation as well. The Civil War

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00:22:34,560 --> 00:22:39,200
Speaker 1: saw more casualties than any other US conflict. Nearly five

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00:22:39,320 --> 00:22:43,600
Speaker 1: hundred thousand men died, which is considerable since the population

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00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:46,359
Speaker 1: of the United States was only about twenty four million

334
00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:50,200
Speaker 1: during the war. Her perspective, out of the nearly nine

335
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:52,920
Speaker 1: million US men and women who served in the Vietnam War,

336
00:22:53,320 --> 00:22:58,040
Speaker 1: there were just over nine casualties. In fact, more people

337
00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:00,240
Speaker 1: died in the Civil War than World War Two, the

338
00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:05,520
Speaker 1: Korean War, and the Vietnam War combined. One in thirteen

339
00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:10,919
Speaker 1: men returned home disabled, one in four enlisted died, and

340
00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:14,800
Speaker 1: since the recruitment was often localized, some families and communities

341
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:20,320
Speaker 1: lost entire generations. No one had expected such casualties, and

342
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,080
Speaker 1: they weren't prepared for all the burials. Before the war,

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00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:27,920
Speaker 1: most people were buried in their hometowns. Of course, most

344
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:31,360
Speaker 1: of them died in their hometowns, so preserving and transporting

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00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:35,040
Speaker 1: the dead wasn't as much of a problem. Before the war,

346
00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:37,399
Speaker 1: the deceased were laid out in the family home for

347
00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:41,800
Speaker 1: viewings before the burial. During the Civil War, most soldiers

348
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:46,120
Speaker 1: were buried where they died. Others were interred at nearby cemeteries.

349
00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:50,399
Speaker 1: Those were soon overwhelmed, but that was about to change.

350
00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:55,800
Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty two, authorities levied attacks on Robert E.

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00:23:55,920 --> 00:24:00,119
Speaker 1: L's one thousand one acre Virginia estate. It had an

352
00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:02,720
Speaker 1: empty since Lee went away to lead the Confederate Army,

353
00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:05,400
Speaker 1: and his wife, Mary, who had inherited the estate from

354
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,200
Speaker 1: her parents, had fled south to Richmond when the Union

355
00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:13,320
Speaker 1: overtook the area. Mary hated leaving the estate. It had

356
00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:16,400
Speaker 1: been her childhood home. She and Robert had raised three

357
00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:20,520
Speaker 1: children there. Her parents were buried on the grounds. When

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00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:24,160
Speaker 1: her father, George Washington Park Custus, had died, he left

359
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:28,280
Speaker 1: Mary the entire estate. If that name sounds familiar, you're

360
00:24:28,359 --> 00:24:32,280
Speaker 1: on to something. His father had been George Washington's adopted

361
00:24:32,359 --> 00:24:36,399
Speaker 1: son and the product of Martha Washington's first marriage. That

362
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:40,520
Speaker 1: made Mary Anna Custis Lee the great granddaughter of President

363
00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:44,960
Speaker 1: George Washington by marriage. When Mary heard about the tax,

364
00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,520
Speaker 1: she immediately sent a relative with funds to secure the estate.

365
00:24:49,160 --> 00:24:52,800
Speaker 1: Officials refused the money, claiming that Mary herself had to

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00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,919
Speaker 1: pay the tax in person. This was impossible because Union

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00:24:56,960 --> 00:25:01,639
Speaker 1: forces and the fighting prevented her from returning. Now in default,

368
00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:05,439
Speaker 1: her estate was auctioned off. There was only one bid,

369
00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:09,800
Speaker 1: the federal government. They planned to use the estate just

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00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:14,879
Speaker 1: as Mary feared, for the Union military, including as a cemetery.

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00:25:15,920 --> 00:25:18,520
Speaker 1: The first soldier laid to rest in the northeastern corner

372
00:25:18,680 --> 00:25:23,320
Speaker 1: was Private William Christman. Other soldiers joined the private, and

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00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:27,440
Speaker 1: soon afterward Union Quartermaster Montgomery Megg's moved to make the

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00:25:27,480 --> 00:25:31,400
Speaker 1: plantation a Federal cemetery. He could think of no better

375
00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:34,479
Speaker 1: way to make the estate uninhabitable should the Lee family

376
00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:39,159
Speaker 1: ever return. He encircled Mary Lee's garden with tombstones of

377
00:25:39,240 --> 00:25:43,359
Speaker 1: fallian Union officers. Megs sent scouts to look for Union

378
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:46,560
Speaker 1: soldiers buried in other cemeteries and had them reinterred at

379
00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:51,200
Speaker 1: the estate. The Lees spent considerable time and effort trying

380
00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:54,880
Speaker 1: to reclaim their former home. When Robert E. Lee died

381
00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:58,320
Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy two, Mary continued the fight to regain

382
00:25:58,359 --> 00:26:02,480
Speaker 1: her inheritance. Meanwhile, the estate had become the eternal resting

383
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:06,520
Speaker 1: place for hundreds of men. Robert and Mary's son Curtis,

384
00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:09,920
Speaker 1: took up the fight after his mother's passing, and eventually

385
00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:13,879
Speaker 1: one but the cost of removing the two thousand plus

386
00:26:13,920 --> 00:26:18,679
Speaker 1: graves proved more expensive than buying the estate itself. In

387
00:26:18,760 --> 00:26:22,280
Speaker 1: the end, the government purchased the estate in three for

388
00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:25,520
Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty thousand dollars over four million in

389
00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:30,679
Speaker 1: modern American dollars. It was Abraham Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln,

390
00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:34,880
Speaker 1: who accepted the title on the federal government's behalf. Today,

391
00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:37,360
Speaker 1: the estate serves as the resting place for over four

392
00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:46,520
Speaker 1: hundred thousand men and women Arlington National Cemetery. There's more

393
00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:49,200
Speaker 1: to the story. Stick around after this brief sponsor break

394
00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:55,440
Speaker 1: to hear all about it. The matter of politics has

395
00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:59,840
Speaker 1: always divided families. During the Civil War, it's no surprise then,

396
00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:04,359
Speaker 1: that families found themselves torn between opposing sides. Those in

397
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,640
Speaker 1: favor of the Union fled north, those favoring the Confederacy

398
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:12,199
Speaker 1: fled south. While we might think those living along the

399
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:14,920
Speaker 1: border between North and South would have been most likely

400
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:19,680
Speaker 1: to switch sides, that wasn't necessarily the case. During the war,

401
00:27:20,280 --> 00:27:24,080
Speaker 1: One more state tried to secede from the Union New York.

402
00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:28,119
Speaker 1: New York was embroiled in a decade's long dispute with

403
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:31,240
Speaker 1: the federal government over federal corruption and the removal of

404
00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:35,480
Speaker 1: states rights in favor of federal rights. In eighteen sixty two,

405
00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:39,879
Speaker 1: New York's mayor Fernando Wood addressed to the city, seeing

406
00:27:39,880 --> 00:27:43,159
Speaker 1: that the war currently favored the Confederacy, and thinking that

407
00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:46,320
Speaker 1: dissolution was inevitable, he thought the time to join the

408
00:27:46,359 --> 00:27:50,600
Speaker 1: South had come in New York, already having established itself

409
00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:53,840
Speaker 1: as the nation's financial center, had long been reaping the

410
00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,160
Speaker 1: rewards for supplying goods and services to the Southern States.

411
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,280
Speaker 1: Aside from favoring states rights, many New York officials saw

412
00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:05,760
Speaker 1: slavery as an economic necessity. One New York Post editor wrote,

413
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:09,120
Speaker 1: New York belongs almost as much to the South as

414
00:28:09,160 --> 00:28:13,919
Speaker 1: to the North. But Wood's cry of federal corruption was ironic.

415
00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:18,359
Speaker 1: Wood had a long history of bribery, selling public offices,

416
00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:22,560
Speaker 1: and offering citizenship to immigrants in exchange for votes, and

417
00:28:22,680 --> 00:28:25,280
Speaker 1: much of his political success came from a New York

418
00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:28,560
Speaker 1: gang boss with strong ties to the trade of enslaved people.

419
00:28:30,119 --> 00:28:35,560
Speaker 1: To say, Wood's viewpoint was financially skewed would be an understatement. Still,

420
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:38,840
Speaker 1: New Yorkers believed him when he said their economic welfare

421
00:28:38,880 --> 00:28:42,640
Speaker 1: depended on the South. Not to mention, New York was

422
00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:46,920
Speaker 1: home to an illegal slave trade. Skilled attorneys employed by

423
00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:51,880
Speaker 1: the state anonymously, of course, defended captains and crews. Many

424
00:28:51,920 --> 00:28:56,520
Speaker 1: of these lawyers were former federal attorneys, from police to judges.

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00:28:56,720 --> 00:28:59,640
Speaker 1: New York's legal system was about as corrupt as it got.

426
00:29:00,560 --> 00:29:03,680
Speaker 1: Wood's younger brother, who owned the New York Daily News,

427
00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:07,720
Speaker 1: printed article after article telling citizens that if Lincoln was elected,

428
00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:11,240
Speaker 1: but have to compete for jobs with four million formerly

429
00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:18,080
Speaker 1: enslaved people. After the election, woods fearmongering intensified. An equally

430
00:29:18,120 --> 00:29:21,880
Speaker 1: corrupt group of politicians approved the mayor's proposal to secede.

431
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:25,840
Speaker 1: They reversed their decision after the attack at Fort Sumter

432
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,200
Speaker 1: kicked off the Civil War, and sticking to the proposal

433
00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:32,240
Speaker 1: would have made every member of the council traders and

434
00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:37,600
Speaker 1: traders were sent to the gallows. Lincoln's administration replaced two

435
00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:42,000
Speaker 1: corrupt New York officials with more honest ones. These new

436
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:45,680
Speaker 1: officials set to work making New York the primary supplier

437
00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:49,520
Speaker 1: of men and goods to the Union. Effort that didn't

438
00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:54,000
Speaker 1: stop most citizens animosity toward Lincoln, though they'd become firmly

439
00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:56,800
Speaker 1: entrenched in their belief that no good could come from

440
00:29:56,800 --> 00:30:00,680
Speaker 1: the South. Losing the war, angry mobs to the streets,

441
00:30:01,040 --> 00:30:05,640
Speaker 1: burning buildings and leaving dozens of people dead. But as

442
00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:09,080
Speaker 1: New York continued to flourish by providing supplies to the Union,

443
00:30:09,320 --> 00:30:12,600
Speaker 1: and the tide began turning in the North's favor, Union

444
00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:16,880
Speaker 1: pride sword In eighteen sixty one, thousands of New Yorkers

445
00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:20,040
Speaker 1: took to Union Square in support of the North. When

446
00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:23,680
Speaker 1: wood sphere tactics and forecasts of financial ruin didn't come

447
00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:28,760
Speaker 1: to pass, many households found themselves reunited, and in eighteen

448
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,320
Speaker 1: sixty two, Wood found himself out of a job when

449
00:30:31,320 --> 00:30:35,560
Speaker 1: George Opdyke won the election for mayor with Lincoln support.

450
00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:39,560
Speaker 1: The gang boss slave trader who had supported Wood was arrested, tried,

451
00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:43,160
Speaker 1: and hanged. The message was clear to others who still

452
00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:48,480
Speaker 1: supported slavery, and some New Yorkers, however, remained loyal to

453
00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:53,720
Speaker 1: their original political views, forever dividing friendships, families, and communities,

454
00:30:54,440 --> 00:30:56,920
Speaker 1: and proving that the Civil Wars battles were far from

455
00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:05,840
Speaker 1: confined to the Confederate Union Line. American Shadows is hosted

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00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:09,720
Speaker 1: by Lauren Vogelbaum. This episode was written by Michelle Muto,

457
00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:13,720
Speaker 1: researched by Ali Steed, and produced by Miranda Hawkins and

458
00:31:13,720 --> 00:31:18,120
Speaker 1: Trevor Young, with executive producers Aaron Mankey, Alex Williams, and

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00:31:18,160 --> 00:31:21,760
Speaker 1: Matt Frederick. To learn more about the show, visit grim

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00:31:21,760 --> 00:31:24,960
Speaker 1: and mild dot com. For more podcasts from iHeart Radio,

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00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:28,840
Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

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00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:29,960
Speaker 1: get your podcasts