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Speaker 1: Hello and Happy Saturday. Since Leonard Ottier got a name

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Speaker 1: drop in our episode on Permanent Waves this week, Today's

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Speaker 1: Saturday Classic is going to be on him. This originally

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Speaker 1: came out as a two part episode on September fourth

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Speaker 1: and six, twenty seventeen, so we're combining it all into

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Speaker 1: one episode today, so as we just did recently. If

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Speaker 1: you hear something about next time or last time, just

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Speaker 1: roll with it. It'll be fine. There's so much French hair.

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Speaker 1: Enjoy Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, a

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Speaker 1: production of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm

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Speaker 1: Holly from and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So Leonard Ottier

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Speaker 1: became so much a part of French court in the

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Speaker 1: eighteenth century that many people actually believe that he was

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Speaker 1: a member of the nobility. He was not, but as

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Speaker 1: coiffure to Marie Antoinette, he was afforded access to her

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Speaker 1: that even most nobles would not have had, and after

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Speaker 1: her ladies in waiting, for example, would complete the long

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Speaker 1: codified ritual of dressing the Queen, Leonard would enter Marie

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Speaker 1: Antoinette's apartment and create the hairstyle masterpieces that have really

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Speaker 1: become a hallmark of the young ruler's iconic image. I

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Speaker 1: think most of us when we think of Marie Antoinette,

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Speaker 1: we think of her giant, stacked hair going with a

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Speaker 1: ship in it. Yeah, which we're gonna talk about a

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Speaker 1: little bit. And that is all because of this one person,

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Speaker 1: and that iconic hair is very, very tied as well

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Speaker 1: to the image of debauchery and corruption that Marie Antoinette

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Speaker 1: was associated with. As the French monarchy came under attack,

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Speaker 1: her hairstyles to many not only looked ridiculous, but they

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Speaker 1: were also very expensive and they were dangerous. Their sheer

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Speaker 1: size made them difficult to manage. There is story after

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Speaker 1: story of them just having to take things out and

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Speaker 1: change hair to get in and out of carriages, and

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Speaker 1: in a time when candles provided all illumination, they were

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Speaker 1: huge fire hazards. There are also many stories of people

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Speaker 1: getting hair ignited or catching on chandeliers as they walked around.

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Speaker 1: Like basically, they were just a problem. And not only

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Speaker 1: was Louis the sixteenth Queen spending massive sums of money

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Speaker 1: to keep her hairstyle. This way, we're going to talk

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Speaker 1: a little bit about how much Leonard was able to

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Speaker 1: charge for some of these, but other women of France

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Speaker 1: were of course following her lead to try to keep

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Speaker 1: up with trends. So Marie Antoinette was skewered in the

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Speaker 1: press not only for her own loose purse strings when

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Speaker 1: it came to pursuing fashion and style, but also for

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Speaker 1: the financial irresponsibility that her style choices inspired in other

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Speaker 1: women of the country. And the man with the comb

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Speaker 1: who created all of that furor is the topic of

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Speaker 1: today's episode and the next it is a two parter.

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Speaker 1: Before we get into this, we have to talk about

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Speaker 1: the term hairdresser because it's one of those things that

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Speaker 1: in the modern parlance, I think most people that do

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Speaker 1: hair would like to be called stylists. Okay, hairdresser has

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Speaker 1: in some salons, not all. Hairdresser has become more like

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Speaker 1: the person who does it's almost like the assistant who

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Speaker 1: handles rinsing prep, you know that kind of stuff, whereas

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Speaker 1: stylist is the person that actually decides what your hair

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Speaker 1: is gonna look like, you know, color. There's it's varied,

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Speaker 1: there's a whole different hierarchy of words. It's not consistent,

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Speaker 1: even salon to salon. Some stylists don't even care. Just

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Speaker 1: let me do. Let me do hair, and I'm good.

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Speaker 1: But just in case anyone is wondering about that, because

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Speaker 1: you may go to someone who says, I'm not a hairdresser,

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Speaker 1: I'm a stylist. In this context, hairdresser was pretty much

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Speaker 1: the term, and we're going to use that, so don't

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Speaker 1: think that we're in any way demeaning anyone who designs colors,

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Speaker 1: et cetera. Hair. But Leonard called himself a hairdresser, and

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Speaker 1: as we'll learn, his call to hairdressing was not because

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Speaker 1: he thought he was, you know, an artiste that needed

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Speaker 1: to do it. He thought, stupid people can do this

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Speaker 1: and make a ton of money, so I'm gonna do it.

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Speaker 1: So we're gonna talk about Leonard Attier. Leonard Alexis Attier

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Speaker 1: was born somewhere in the five year span between seventeen

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Speaker 1: forty six and seventeen fifty one in the southwest of France,

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Speaker 1: in a town called Pamier. His parents made their living

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Speaker 1: as domestic servants, but even from a very young age,

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Speaker 1: Leonard longed for more than life in a rural town

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Speaker 1: could really offer him, and he learned his trade in

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Speaker 1: styling hair as an apprentice in Marseilles and Toulouse, and

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Speaker 1: then he spent time in Bordeaux crafting the latest hairstyles.

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Speaker 1: But his work never really caught on with the upper

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Speaker 1: class there, and he was unwilling to style the hair

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Speaker 1: of women farther down the social hierarchy. So he decided

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Speaker 1: that he was going to leave Bordeaux and he set

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Speaker 1: his eyes on Paris. He moved to Paris in seventeen

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Speaker 1: sixty nine, when Louis the fifteenth was still king, and

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Speaker 1: when the popular hairstyle for women consisted of curls arranged

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Speaker 1: close to the head called a tete de mouton or

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Speaker 1: sheep's head. Autier settled into lodgings in a less than

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Speaker 1: stellar part of town at number fifteen Rue des Noyer.

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Speaker 1: He paid for two weeks worth of lodging and then

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Speaker 1: set out the next morning to try to make his

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Speaker 1: way as a gentleman of Paris. I sort of love

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Speaker 1: this because in the beginning this was definitely a fake

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Speaker 1: it till you make it situation. He had walked into

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Speaker 1: Paris with basically nothing but was in his pockets and

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Speaker 1: a comb. He couldn't afford wig powder, so he used

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Speaker 1: some baking flower, some leftover baking flower to whiten his hair,

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Speaker 1: and he carefully prepared these garments that were secondhand, so

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Speaker 1: that they would look really clean and tidy and artfully assembled.

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Speaker 1: There's even discussion of how he very carefully tied his

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Speaker 1: cravat so that all of the pleats were perfect and

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Speaker 1: that he looked completely assembled. And he put on a sword,

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Speaker 1: which was common for French noblemen at the time, and

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Speaker 1: he went out to seek his fortune, and according to

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Speaker 1: his account, and we're going to talk about his memoirs

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Speaker 1: a little bit later, people in the street just stopped

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Speaker 1: and commented on what an attractive and fine looking gentleman

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Speaker 1: he was. He made his way to the business of

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Speaker 1: a monsieur Le Grolle, was a well known hairdresser in

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Speaker 1: Paris at the time, looking for job. Legreaux had written

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Speaker 1: a book on hairstyling called The Art of Hairdressing, which

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Speaker 1: Leonard had read, and in fact it was one of

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Speaker 1: the things that inspired the young man from the country

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Speaker 1: to start pursuing a career in coiffure. But this was

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Speaker 1: not a case of admiration. This argons back to what

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Speaker 1: I said earlier. Autier felt that if someone such as Legreaux,

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Speaker 1: who was obviously, in his mind a buffoon, could cultivate

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Speaker 1: a successful career for himself based on dressing hair and

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Speaker 1: complimenting rich women, then certainly he could do the same thing,

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Speaker 1: and he managed to establish an industry contact in Lgreau.

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Speaker 1: They talked about him possibly working there, and that was

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Speaker 1: thanks in part to a friend of Ottier's named Fremont,

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Speaker 1: who was already working for the established hairdresser. Leonard felt

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Speaker 1: that he would quickly surpass Ligreau, and he told Fremont

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Speaker 1: that he believed he would be quote the foremost hairdresser

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Speaker 1: in the universe within three years. This was a bold

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Speaker 1: most for anyone, but particularly someone who had arrived in

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Speaker 1: the city the day before with almost nothing, but it

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Speaker 1: evidenced the boastful and often overconfident personality that he would

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Speaker 1: really become famous for. Yeah, this was a man that

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Speaker 1: did not lack for confidence, like to the point that

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Speaker 1: as I read his memoirs and the biography that I

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Speaker 1: read of him, I was really quite envious. I was like, man,

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Speaker 1: it must be like a delight to walk through the

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Speaker 1: world with like absolutely no self doubt. And with the

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Speaker 1: help of Fremont, Leonard quickly made additional friends, and he

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Speaker 1: started doing the hair of one of the actresses at

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Speaker 1: Nicolette's theater for a role as a fairy. And this

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Speaker 1: was initially sort of a fun thing where he was like, oh,

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Speaker 1: let me do your hair, it'll be fun. But his concoction,

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Speaker 1: which made use of jewelry and flowers and stars as

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Speaker 1: accent pieces in this really lavish hairdoo that also involved

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Speaker 1: a little bit of architecture to defy gravity, won the actress,

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Speaker 1: who had been doing okay but not exactly having a

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Speaker 1: breakout star moment won her a great deal of attention

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Speaker 1: quite quickly, and in turn, Leonard also was given a

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Speaker 1: lot of attention. The young hairdresser moved immediately out of

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Speaker 1: his lodgings and the more dodgy part of town so

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Speaker 1: he could live nearer to the theatre's performers than Within

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Speaker 1: just a few days, he had become such a sensation

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Speaker 1: that he gained the attention of Etienne Francois, Duke dischoise Oi.

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Speaker 1: While Leonard was glad to make a connection so closely

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Speaker 1: tied to the king, he also knew that court politics

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Speaker 1: could easily shift, and any given connection could just fall

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Speaker 1: out of favor, so he also sought to expand his

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Speaker 1: connections to the nobility, and his posthumously published memoirs he

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Speaker 1: wrote during this time quote greedy for gold and fame,

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Speaker 1: I may very well decide the destiny of my whole

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Speaker 1: life within just a single stroke of my calm. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he was very astute in realizing that he needed to

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Speaker 1: He couldn't count on any one stroke of luck to

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Speaker 1: propel him into the life that he wanted, so he

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Speaker 1: really had sort of cast his net very wide. He

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Speaker 1: was really quite shrewd as a businessman. Leonard had a

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Speaker 1: rapidly growing clientele in the theater. Numerous actresses and dancers

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Speaker 1: demanded to have him perform the same magic on them

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Speaker 1: that he had done on the actress who played the

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Speaker 1: faery at Nicolette's, and incidentally, he seems to have also

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Speaker 1: had a romantic involvement with that actress as well. And

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Speaker 1: he was well aware that part of his appeal was

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Speaker 1: that he was handsome and charming, and that some of

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Speaker 1: the women who were seeking his services were also interested

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Speaker 1: in him as a potential romantic interest. But even as

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Speaker 1: he shot to fame, inside just a couple of weeks

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Speaker 1: in Paris, There was also a bit of jealous sabotage afoot. Legroux,

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Speaker 1: the established hairdresser whom Leonard had visited his first full

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Speaker 1: day in the city, was jealous of all the attention

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Speaker 1: that this new upstart was getting. Le grou attempted to

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Speaker 1: launch a smear campaign against Leonard's morals, suggesting it seems

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Speaker 1: a tendency to engage in impropriety with his patrons. But

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Speaker 1: it seems like, at least to some, this rumor only

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Speaker 1: made the handsome Leonard more appealing. They're like, oh, really,

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Speaker 1: I could get my hair done and maybe have a

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Speaker 1: little action. I would like to book an appointment please,

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Speaker 1: So he really, I mean, it was insane how quickly

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Speaker 1: he became super super popular, and one of his new

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Speaker 1: patrons during this time was the Marquise de Lanjacques, who

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Speaker 1: was to be a part of Marie Antoinette's arranged social circle.

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Speaker 1: When the new Dauphine arrived from Vienna, Lanjacques made clear

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Speaker 1: to Leonard that she was interested in introducing him to

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Speaker 1: the French court and promoting him as a hairdresser there,

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Speaker 1: but on the condition that he really couldn't be dallying

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Speaker 1: with dancers and actresses if he wished to move into

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Speaker 1: higher society. But there's really a pretty strong suggestion that

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Speaker 1: what she was really indicating was that she would like

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Speaker 1: to sort of be his patron and have a romantic

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Speaker 1: relationship with him. But if that were going to be

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Speaker 1: the case, he could not be involved with other people.

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Speaker 1: Latier's memoirs indicate that the two of them began a

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Speaker 1: sexual relationship almost immediately. He did, not, however, sever tize

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Speaker 1: with his actress paramour. The Marquis seem to need constant

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Speaker 1: appointments with Leonard, but as described in Wilbashore's biography of

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Speaker 1: Leonard quote, according to one onlooker, her hair never seemed

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Speaker 1: so badly arranged. Yeah, she was having sometimes two appointments

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Speaker 1: a day, one in the morning and one in the evening. Hmm,

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Speaker 1: and yet her hair didn't never look very good. La

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Speaker 1: Jacques introduced Leonard to Madame Duberry, the King's favorite, and

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Speaker 1: it was actually an invitation from Duberry that first granted

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Speaker 1: Leonard an opportunity to visit Versailles, and at their meeting

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Speaker 1: she made an appointment with him to visit her at

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Speaker 1: her home the next day. During that appointment, du Berry,

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Speaker 1: who had just exited her bath, explained to Leonard what

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Speaker 1: a massage was and asked that he give her one,

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Speaker 1: a request that he obliged. When he later told the

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Speaker 1: Marquise de Lanjacques about it, though she became quite jealous

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Speaker 1: and told him never to go to Duberry again. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: apparently this is a time when massage was not like

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Speaker 1: a thing yet it was so though this is a

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Speaker 1: new thing from the Orient I've heard about. Would you

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Speaker 1: like to try giving me a massage? It's unclear whether

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Speaker 1: there was sexual activity or not. It's entirely possible, but

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Speaker 1: we just don't know sure. Leonard, however, had already made

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Speaker 1: his Versaye contact, and with the imminent arrival of the

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Speaker 1: new Dauphine Marie Antoinette, he was not about to let

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Speaker 1: that go. So when he first saw the young Austrian

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Speaker 1: not long after she had arrived in France, It's funny

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Speaker 1: because he was not exactly bowled over by her. He

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Speaker 1: didn't find her especially attractive, although he thought that she

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Speaker 1: had potential. Her hair, which had been styled by arrival

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Speaker 1: to Monsieur Autier named Larsigneur, was especially disappointing, and, according

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Speaker 1: to accounts of other royals, who had been involved in

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Speaker 1: negotiating the marriage of the Austrian princess to the future

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Speaker 1: King of France. There was definitely going to be a

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Speaker 1: need for a good hairdresser. R Antoinette had a very

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Speaker 1: high forehead and her hair grew quote badly, which probably

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Speaker 1: means it was then. I'm glad you clarified that, Holly

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Speaker 1: in the outline that you wrote, because in my head

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Speaker 1: just imagine it being full of calyx. Regardless, this was

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Speaker 1: considered a defect. Yeah, she definitely had a high forehead,

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Speaker 1: and yeah, it's unclear what badly means, but it seems

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Speaker 1: like probably she just didn't have like a really lush

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Speaker 1: head of hair, and there will be some hair loss

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Speaker 1: later in the story, so that to me links up

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Speaker 1: a little bit. And as the new Dauphine became integrated

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Speaker 1: into life at Versailles, Leonard's friend and paramore, the Marquise

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Speaker 1: de Lanjacques, became one of the princess's favorites. As Lady

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Speaker 1: in waiting, Lanjacques had much closer access to the future

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Speaker 1: Queen than most people, and Lanjacques and others, including Madame Duberry,

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Speaker 1: had mentioned Leonard's skills at coaffuir to Marie Antoinette, but

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Speaker 1: initially she retained Larsigneur as her hairdresser for a time. Eventually,

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Speaker 1: the princess decided that she would indeed retire Lasigneur with

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Speaker 1: a lovely pension and instead take on Leonard as her hairdresser.

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Speaker 1: She received him for their first appointment and her bedchamber,

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Speaker 1: which was outside of palace etiquette. Only ladies were supposed

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Speaker 1: to attend the princess a place of such privacy. The

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Speaker 1: Dauphin insisted, however, but also ensured that a number of

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Speaker 1: her lady attendants remained with them to appease members of

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Speaker 1: the household who were concerned with scandal. Yeah, as most

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Speaker 1: people that have read much on Marie Tooinette know, she

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Speaker 1: was really put out by all of the really codified

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Speaker 1: rules of existence, particularly for a high ranking royal at Versailles,

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Speaker 1: which she can think Louis the fourteenth for he kind

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Speaker 1: of put all those in place. But she would just

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Speaker 1: just like, I just want to talk to a person

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Speaker 1: in my room. We just do that. But Leonard won

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Speaker 1: the heart of the future Queen almost immediately by addressing

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Speaker 1: one of her concerns. So she did not like wearing bonnets.

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Speaker 1: She thought she looked better without something covering her face,

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Speaker 1: and that it was important because of her status for

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Speaker 1: people to be able to see her face when she

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Speaker 1: went walking around. But as this was late autumn, if

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Speaker 1: she wanted to go for a walk in the gardens,

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Speaker 1: which was one of her favorite activities, she would need

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Speaker 1: to wear a hat to ward off chill. And at

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Speaker 1: this point the hairdresser came up with a novel approach

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Speaker 1: to solving this problem. So he decided he would incorporate

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Speaker 1: bits of sheer, lightweight fabric into the hairstyle itself to

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Speaker 1: give her hair a little bit of covering and warmth

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Speaker 1: without hiding her face. The style delighted Marie Antoinette, and

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Speaker 1: it became a common request for her to make of Leonard. Incidentally,

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Speaker 1: it was actually this use of fabric and trim interwoven

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Speaker 1: with the hair that put previous podcast subject Rose Bertant

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Speaker 1: in front of the princess. Leonard suggested her as a

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Speaker 1: supplier of such adornments so that the Dauphine's style stayed

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Speaker 1: fresh and new, and having pleased the future Queen so greatly,

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Speaker 1: really cemented Autier's position at Versailles. The Dauphine assured him

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Speaker 1: his position was secure, and she soon came to rely

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Speaker 1: on him for his opinion, not just on her hair,

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Speaker 1: but on anything involving style. He was named Valet Deuchambre

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Speaker 1: for the princess, which expanded his already impressive reputation. Finding

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Speaker 1: himself in constant demand, Leonard decided to extend his good

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Speaker 1: fortune to his friend Framon. We took on as an assistant,

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Speaker 1: but he called him his lieutenant. When two men knew

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Speaker 1: that the favor of the royal could have an abrupt end,

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Speaker 1: but together they thought that one of them could bolster

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Speaker 1: the other one. And it was shortly after this partnership

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Speaker 1: was struck that Leonard called suddenly to style the Dauphine's

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Speaker 1: hair for a trip to Paris, found himself needing to

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Speaker 1: sober up for the job. He and Fremont apparently had

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Speaker 1: concocted this plan where Fremont was going to be his assistant,

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Speaker 1: and they had this long dinner where they talked about

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Speaker 1: the future, and they had a lot of drinks, which

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Speaker 1: apparently Leonard was not normally a big drinker, so he

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Speaker 1: was suddenly like, I gotta go do some hair, so

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Speaker 1: he rapidly drank several cups of coffee, and it was

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Speaker 1: at that appointment that he went to that he allegedly

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Speaker 1: created one of the fashion trends that is now commonly

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Speaker 1: associated with late eighteenth century style, and that is the

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Speaker 1: use of ostrich plumes to accent very, very tall hairstyle.

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Speaker 1: Leonard claimed that the coaffure he gave Marie Antoinette that

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Speaker 1: evening was more than a yard high from her chin

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Speaker 1: to the top of the hair. And while this was

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Speaker 1: a gamble, in fact, when he told fray Mom about it,

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Speaker 1: he was like, what did you do, We're going to

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Speaker 1: get fired already. The daffine actually loved it, and soon

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Speaker 1: sky high hair covered in feathers was all the rage,

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Speaker 1: which had an effect on ostriches. While Leonard was happy

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Speaker 1: to have found himself in the unique circumstance of having

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Speaker 1: achieved success so rapidly, he wanted more, and he remained

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Speaker 1: ever aware that fortunes linked to Versailles could, as we've

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Speaker 1: said a couple of times, now, change in an instant.

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Speaker 1: So his next step in becoming the dominant name in

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Speaker 1: hair in Paris was actually to open a school for

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Speaker 1: hairdressing with his friend Fremont, and not only would taking

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Speaker 1: students earn additional income, but becoming the teacher of the

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Speaker 1: latest hairstyles in Paris and Versailles added yet another new

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Speaker 1: level to his fame and status. The school enabled Leonard

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Speaker 1: to have help himself out, along with two of his brothers,

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Speaker 1: Pierre and Jean Francois, as well as a cousin named

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Speaker 1: villaneaut He sent for his siblings and cousin to move

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Speaker 1: from the country to Paris to assist him, and, through

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Speaker 1: the Academy de Cuoiffure, to become hairdressers themselves. He was

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Speaker 1: also able to use his connections to get them regular

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Speaker 1: jobs and the households of Versailles. And while this habit

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Speaker 1: of using his success to help others in his circle,

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Speaker 1: and particularly his brothers and bring them along is admirable,

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Speaker 1: it also causes problems in the historical record, and here

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Speaker 1: is why all of the Autier brothers began to use

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Speaker 1: the name Leonard at various times, presumably to capitalize on

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Speaker 1: the popularity of the name and to manage multiple bookings.

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Speaker 1: So Leonard could just send one of his brothers and

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Speaker 1: they would show up and say hello, I'm Leonard, I'm

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Speaker 1: here to do your hair, which is great business sense.

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Speaker 1: It's like franchising your siblings. But of course this makes

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Speaker 1: the movements of the true life Leonard Autier a little

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Speaker 1: bit tricky to pin down, and that's actually going to

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Speaker 1: come up in the second episode in terms of a

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Speaker 1: death notice. So it is well documented the Dauphine Marie

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Speaker 1: Antoinette loved defertismo. One of the activities she became interested

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Speaker 1: in attending was a masked ball. She first learned of

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Speaker 1: them through her brother in law, Charles Felippe, the Count

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Speaker 1: of Artois, and she got the idea that the Count

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Speaker 1: and Leonard should plan such an event secret from her

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Speaker 1: husband and the rest of the court, so that she

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Speaker 1: could attend one in disguise and experience anonymity. And Leonard,

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Speaker 1: of course he anticipated this did the Lion's share of

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Speaker 1: the planning. But the ball came together and the Count

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Speaker 1: of Artois, the Marquise de Lanjacques, and the Dauphine all

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Speaker 1: attended together, and this actually ended up being an occasion

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Speaker 1: where Leonard further ingratiated himself to the future queen, aside

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Speaker 1: from simply having thrown the party in the first place

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Speaker 1: and having become really one of her trusted friends. One

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Speaker 1: of the other men that was in attendance at this

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Speaker 1: mass ball had figured out who Marie Antoinette was. Many

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Speaker 1: people did not, but this one man did, and he

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Speaker 1: was being a little bit aggressive in his attempts to

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Speaker 1: woo her. Leslie was taking liberties in terms of putting

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Speaker 1: his arm around her waist and pulling her very close

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Speaker 1: to him. But Leonard witnessed this and stepped in, and

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Speaker 1: this actually got him into a brief fisticuffs with the

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Speaker 1: man's friends. So these two men came at the hairdresser

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Speaker 1: with clubs, and according to Leonard's account, which we will

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Speaker 1: mention again, he was very confident, and his memoirs really

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Speaker 1: talk up what a great dude he was. But according

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Speaker 1: to his account, he disarmed one of these men and

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Speaker 1: he used the club that he took from them to

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Speaker 1: fend off the attack, and the original offender, who turned

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Speaker 1: out to be the Duke of Chautre, fled after jumping

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Speaker 1: from a window. It might come as a surprise that,

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Speaker 1: in the midst of all of his appointments and romantic dalliances,

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Speaker 1: Leonard actually married one of the kitchen assistants of Versailles

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Speaker 1: named Marie Luise Jackalbie. The couple had a daughter together,

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Speaker 1: but it seems that the marriage itself was more of

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Speaker 1: a convenient and security situation for both of them. Lanard

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00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,560
Speaker 1: established one more tigh to Versailles, even if it was

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Speaker 1: on the lower end of the social hierarchy there, and

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Speaker 1: Marie Luise got the financial security of having a rich husband,

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Speaker 1: even if they lived very separate lives. For the most part. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they would go on to have more children, but initially

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Speaker 1: they had one very quickly. And Leonard really continued to

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Speaker 1: be incredibly shrewd about bolstering his position in a variety

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Speaker 1: of ways. So, for example, comment talk was all the rage.

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Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy three. There had been a warning that

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Speaker 1: a comment was going to hit France, and it was

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Speaker 1: a big discussion. There was fear and excitement, and while

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Speaker 1: no comment hit France, there was a comment observed in

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Speaker 1: October of that year. But all of that sort of

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00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:48,840
Speaker 1: commet furor inspired Leonard to create a comet hairstyle for

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Speaker 1: the Dauphine, and she loved it so much she wore

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Speaker 1: it to the opera that night, and it was a

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Speaker 1: huge hit. It garnered just a plethora of compliments, and

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Speaker 1: it launched an obsession with comment themed merchandise Paris. And

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Speaker 1: it turned out that in something akin to a pre

404
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Speaker 1: internet social network marketing scheme, though Leonard had masterminded this

405
00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:11,399
Speaker 1: whole thing, he had paid people at the opera to

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Speaker 1: talk up Marie Antoinette's outlandish hairstyle and create good buzz

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Speaker 1: around it. I cannot stress what a shrewd businessman he wants.

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00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,119
Speaker 1: So yeah, he found a new way. It seems like

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Speaker 1: almost every day to be like, I need to solidify

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Speaker 1: my position even more. I know I'm getting super rich

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Speaker 1: and I'm very busy, but I want to be super

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Speaker 1: richer and even busier. So on that note, we are

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Speaker 1: going to pause here with Leonard truly at the top

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Speaker 1: of his game. Obviously, he did not stay it or

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Speaker 1: side forever. So in the next episode we're going to

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Speaker 1: talk about how his career as the Queen's hairdresser wound

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Speaker 1: down and his other business ventures and the ways in

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Speaker 1: which his life changed in the face of the French Revolution.

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Speaker 1: In the first episode of this two parter, we talked

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Speaker 1: about Leonard Attier, who was a young man from the

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Speaker 1: French countryside who strolled into Paris with nothing, and he

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Speaker 1: managed to become the country's most celebrated hairdresser in a

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Speaker 1: startlingly short period of time. He quickly found himself styling

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Speaker 1: the hair of the Dauphine of France, Marie Antoinette, and

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Speaker 1: their friendship and their business relationship continued and deepened when

426
00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:24,919
Speaker 1: the Austrian born princess transitioned into the role of queen.

427
00:23:25,240 --> 00:23:28,600
Speaker 1: He really reminds me of like kids making amazing makeup

428
00:23:28,680 --> 00:23:32,679
Speaker 1: videos on YouTube who then get to become a spokesmodeus.

429
00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:37,480
Speaker 1: And as his time adversise stretched on, Leonard took on

430
00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:40,520
Speaker 1: additional tasks as needed, but always had a keen sense

431
00:23:40,560 --> 00:23:43,959
Speaker 1: of what was in his best interest. For example, he

432
00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:47,080
Speaker 1: helped Marianne when it revive a French fashion magazine called

433
00:23:47,280 --> 00:23:51,000
Speaker 1: Journal de Dames, with the intent that his own work

434
00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:54,680
Speaker 1: would be featured in its pages. Yeah, he's no fool,

435
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:57,919
Speaker 1: but always he was creating the next big thing, and

436
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:02,800
Speaker 1: often quite literally big hairstyles. After a style developed by

437
00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:06,400
Speaker 1: Rose Bertin appeared in jeanalde Dames and became quite popular,

438
00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:09,960
Speaker 1: Leonard was driven to concoct a hairstyle that would surpass it.

439
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,320
Speaker 1: There was some definite jealousy in the mix. There Almost

440
00:24:13,359 --> 00:24:16,679
Speaker 1: everyone has heard of or seen drawings of Marie Antoinette's

441
00:24:16,680 --> 00:24:20,720
Speaker 1: wild hairstyles that had accessories such as miniature figures and

442
00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,280
Speaker 1: birds nest and yards of fabric trims as part of

443
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:27,080
Speaker 1: the coiffure, and those are examples of what Leonard came

444
00:24:27,119 --> 00:24:32,000
Speaker 1: to call the pouf sentimental. As hoped, the poof Sentimental

445
00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:37,360
Speaker 1: eclipsed the much simpler Kazako hairstyle that Bartanne had created,

446
00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:42,439
Speaker 1: and from there Leonard continued to just invent flamboyant styles.

447
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:47,400
Speaker 1: One called a hedgehog involved stacks of full curls, then

448
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:50,800
Speaker 1: a number of ringlets falling around the wearer's neck. The

449
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:54,760
Speaker 1: Zephyr featured numerous flowers that moved and shook like a

450
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,000
Speaker 1: garden in a breeze. But of course, the most famous

451
00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:00,800
Speaker 1: of all of Marie Antoinette's hairstyles was the one that

452
00:25:00,880 --> 00:25:03,520
Speaker 1: had a ship in it. Yep, that was Leanard's work.

453
00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:06,800
Speaker 1: That style was called the coiffure a la belle Pool,

454
00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:09,960
Speaker 1: which was named for the ship called the Bellpool, which

455
00:25:09,960 --> 00:25:13,160
Speaker 1: had recently won a naval battle. It's so famous, that's

456
00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:16,680
Speaker 1: what everybody thinks of ship hair. So when King Louis

457
00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:19,920
Speaker 1: the fifteenth died. Lanard was on hand for the coronation

458
00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:23,680
Speaker 1: preparations for Louis the sixteenth, and so was rose ber Town.

459
00:25:24,359 --> 00:25:27,480
Speaker 1: Once he became the queen's hairdresser, he delegated more and

460
00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:32,080
Speaker 1: more responsibility to his friend and business partner Frammel, running

461
00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:34,760
Speaker 1: the hair school, and all the appointments for anyone but

462
00:25:34,840 --> 00:25:38,440
Speaker 1: the Queen were handled by Fremmel or one of Leanard's brothers,

463
00:25:38,880 --> 00:25:42,600
Speaker 1: sometimes calling themselves Leonard, so that Leonard himself could be

464
00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:45,920
Speaker 1: at her Royal Highness's beck and call at any moment. Yeah,

465
00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:48,480
Speaker 1: he had had his tendrils in so many different business

466
00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:52,879
Speaker 1: interests to kind of foster and bolster his name that

467
00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:55,159
Speaker 1: then when he suddenly became hairdresser to the Queen, he

468
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:58,119
Speaker 1: was like, oh, we gotta figure out how to delegate

469
00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:04,000
Speaker 1: and as the Queen's hairdresser, Leonard's relationship with Marie Antoinette

470
00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:07,920
Speaker 1: really did deepen quite a great deal. He allegedly knew

471
00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:10,480
Speaker 1: her every secret and even for example, in the late

472
00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 1: stages of her first pregnancy, when she was confined to bed,

473
00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:16,000
Speaker 1: Leonard was there. He would lie in bed with her

474
00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:18,439
Speaker 1: so that he can comb and style her hair and

475
00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:20,440
Speaker 1: He would later joke that he and the Queen had

476
00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:24,480
Speaker 1: shared the same bed, but that joke was often misinterpreted

477
00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:28,360
Speaker 1: and used as evidence of the Queen's lascivious lifestyle. In

478
00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:32,199
Speaker 1: his memoir, he recounted all the seedy gossip associated with

479
00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:35,840
Speaker 1: Marie Antoinette, of affairs and indulgent and a complete disregard

480
00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:39,040
Speaker 1: for the needs of the people when spending money on herself.

481
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:42,880
Speaker 1: Even though he included all that gossip, he also said

482
00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:46,240
Speaker 1: it wasn't true. It comes across as him wanting the

483
00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:50,000
Speaker 1: fun of a rumor mill while also defending his very

484
00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:54,680
Speaker 1: important friend and also employer. Yeah, I mean he was theoretically.

485
00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:58,159
Speaker 1: We'll talk about the legitimacy of his memoirs at the

486
00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:00,560
Speaker 1: end of the episode, but he had remained very loyal

487
00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:04,440
Speaker 1: to Marie Antoinette until Louis the sixteenth. Throughout and beyond

488
00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:08,760
Speaker 1: their rain and after the Queen's second pregnancy, which resulted

489
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,280
Speaker 1: in the birth of the Dauphin Luis Joseph in the

490
00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:14,879
Speaker 1: fall of seventeen eighty one, it became apparent that the

491
00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:17,000
Speaker 1: Queen was losing her hair. We talked about in the

492
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,320
Speaker 1: first episode that even when she first came to France.

493
00:27:20,160 --> 00:27:22,880
Speaker 1: There was discussion about her hair growing badly, which seemed

494
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:25,480
Speaker 1: to indicate it was quite thin, but at this point

495
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:30,560
Speaker 1: she really was having a pretty significant hair loss, and Leonard,

496
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:34,320
Speaker 1: ever the inventor and also incredibly fearful that his fate

497
00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:37,240
Speaker 1: was so closely tied to the hair that mari Antoinette

498
00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:40,600
Speaker 1: was losing, suggested that she let him cut her hair

499
00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:44,080
Speaker 1: for an entirely new and less architectural style called a

500
00:27:44,160 --> 00:27:48,240
Speaker 1: coiffure a l'enfand. And this style was basically shorter hair

501
00:27:48,320 --> 00:27:50,639
Speaker 1: that was cut in layers and then curled and arranged

502
00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:53,800
Speaker 1: in stacked ringlets. This idea of cutting hair short at

503
00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:57,560
Speaker 1: this period in time was really breaking all of the

504
00:27:57,640 --> 00:28:00,760
Speaker 1: rules that had gone forth in style prior to it.

505
00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:03,800
Speaker 1: The Queen was really really nervous about having her haircut

506
00:28:03,840 --> 00:28:07,520
Speaker 1: relatively short, but she eventually agreed. But her status and

507
00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:11,360
Speaker 1: Leonard's ability to just sell any style as the latest

508
00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:15,040
Speaker 1: innovation led to the coaffirra on L'En font being adopted

509
00:28:15,080 --> 00:28:17,320
Speaker 1: by most of the ladies of the court within just

510
00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:19,960
Speaker 1: a few weeks. Yeah, it's not quite as dramatic as

511
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,119
Speaker 1: the stories of women cutting their hair short in the

512
00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:26,320
Speaker 1: twenties because there still was some length and curl to it,

513
00:28:26,359 --> 00:28:28,560
Speaker 1: but it really was a massive departure, and it was

514
00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:31,160
Speaker 1: this huge you know, after people had kept their hair

515
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:33,600
Speaker 1: long and styled in elaborate styles for so long, to

516
00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:36,159
Speaker 1: just go I'm cutting it all off was huge and

517
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,640
Speaker 1: it caught on super quickly. But as the unrest among

518
00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:42,640
Speaker 1: the people of France grew during this time, Leonard was

519
00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:45,160
Speaker 1: certainly aware of it, though whether he was self aware

520
00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:48,640
Speaker 1: enough to recognize his own contribution to the problem is unclear.

521
00:28:48,920 --> 00:28:51,680
Speaker 1: We talked about in the first episode that he created

522
00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:54,600
Speaker 1: these expensive and lavish hairstyles from Marie Antoinette, which were

523
00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:58,480
Speaker 1: then imitated by other women, which made them lose money

524
00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:00,920
Speaker 1: that they didn't need to be spending. He really sort

525
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:03,800
Speaker 1: of contributed to that whole kind of cult of style

526
00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:07,800
Speaker 1: that was irresponsible. Anyways, We don't know though, whether he

527
00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:10,840
Speaker 1: was really aware that he was such a key player

528
00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:13,120
Speaker 1: in that he had at this point made a great

529
00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:15,840
Speaker 1: deal of money both styling hair and by selling beauty

530
00:29:15,880 --> 00:29:18,760
Speaker 1: products to the Queen through his beauty school in the

531
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,160
Speaker 1: decade and a half that he had been working at Versailles,

532
00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:23,640
Speaker 1: and at a time, for example, when a loaf of

533
00:29:23,680 --> 00:29:26,840
Speaker 1: bread had reached the then exorbitant sum of eight sous.

534
00:29:27,040 --> 00:29:30,200
Speaker 1: Due to scarcity, Leonard was charging as much as four

535
00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:34,520
Speaker 1: thousand sous for creating a new hairstyle. He was, after

536
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:36,400
Speaker 1: more than a decade and a half of working with

537
00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:40,320
Speaker 1: the nobility, a very, very rich man. But as the

538
00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:44,120
Speaker 1: people's dislike of Louis the sixteenth and Marie Antoinette grew,

539
00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:47,680
Speaker 1: Lanard became less and less involved in their everyday lives.

540
00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:51,160
Speaker 1: He continued to do the Queen's hair for special occasions,

541
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:54,400
Speaker 1: but stopped being his everyday job, and for other clients

542
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:57,480
Speaker 1: he would usually send one of his assistants. In February

543
00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:00,960
Speaker 1: of seventeen eighty eight, Lanard moved out of to pursue

544
00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:05,000
Speaker 1: other interests. With the Queen's blessing, he was, however, still

545
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:08,120
Speaker 1: referred to as the coaffair to the Queen, even though

546
00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:10,640
Speaker 1: he was no longer working every day with the queen.

547
00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:15,240
Speaker 1: To honor Marie Antoinette's love of Italian opera, Monsieur Leonard

548
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:19,280
Speaker 1: decided to venture into theater production. In partnership with the

549
00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:23,280
Speaker 1: director of the theater at Versailles, Mademoiselle Montanesier, and with

550
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:27,560
Speaker 1: permission from the King, Outier opened the Teatle de Monsieur

551
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:31,880
Speaker 1: at the Tulirise Palace on January twenty sixth, seventeen eighty nine.

552
00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:35,240
Speaker 1: He was quite good at managing his theater, and reviews

553
00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:38,240
Speaker 1: for the productions were also quite good, but it was

554
00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:42,200
Speaker 1: costly and the former hairdresser struggled to fund his operas.

555
00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,360
Speaker 1: That was why he ended up in partnership with Montenesier,

556
00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,560
Speaker 1: but he and the verside director clashed over the nature

557
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,000
Speaker 1: of the operas and the plays to be staged there.

558
00:30:51,760 --> 00:30:55,320
Speaker 1: Montansier tended toward the sorts of traditional fair that were

559
00:30:55,360 --> 00:30:59,479
Speaker 1: appropriate for Versailles, whereas Leonard wanted to expand into other

560
00:30:59,520 --> 00:31:03,680
Speaker 1: types of reductions. Leonard eventually found an investor to buy

561
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:08,480
Speaker 1: Mademoiselle Mattansier's interest in the theater. Yeah, and that's actually

562
00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:12,240
Speaker 1: gonna come up again later. Additionally, this theater was a

563
00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:15,040
Speaker 1: combination of two troops of actors, one that was French

564
00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:17,520
Speaker 1: and one that was Italian, and the two groups did

565
00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:20,920
Speaker 1: not mesh well and there was constant fighting, and even

566
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,040
Speaker 1: with additional financial backers, by the end of the spring,

567
00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:26,960
Speaker 1: just like four months after they had opened, Leonard was

568
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:30,120
Speaker 1: pretty much out of money. When King Louis the sixteenth

569
00:31:30,160 --> 00:31:33,840
Speaker 1: assembled the Estates General in early May of seventeen eighty nine.

570
00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:37,560
Speaker 1: Lanard was requested by Marie Antoinette to style her hair

571
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:40,440
Speaker 1: for the gathering. He immediately saw that she was not

572
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:43,400
Speaker 1: the woman he had served for so many years, and

573
00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:45,840
Speaker 1: she told her old friend that she had quote sad

574
00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:50,040
Speaker 1: thoughts followed by gloomy premonitions. Knowing that the public was

575
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:53,200
Speaker 1: likely to jeer when she made her appearance, she wanted

576
00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:55,960
Speaker 1: to at least look her best, and tasked Leonard with

577
00:31:56,040 --> 00:32:00,800
Speaker 1: achieving that wish and Leonard saw the queen pretty regularly

578
00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:02,960
Speaker 1: in the months leading up to the official start of

579
00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,080
Speaker 1: the revolution, and he undoubtedly witnessed many of the key

580
00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:09,680
Speaker 1: events that were involved, including the women's march on Versailles

581
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,840
Speaker 1: and the royal family being captured and taken to Paris,

582
00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:15,160
Speaker 1: and he also engaged in a bit of spy work

583
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:17,959
Speaker 1: for the king on occasion, which indicates he was deeply

584
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,680
Speaker 1: trusted by Louis the sixteenth. When the royal family fled

585
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:26,200
Speaker 1: Paris for Verennes, Leonard's younger brother, Jean Francois, traveled with them.

586
00:32:26,240 --> 00:32:28,440
Speaker 1: Although it appears that Leonard did not know that he

587
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:30,280
Speaker 1: was part of the party that left. At the time,

588
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:33,640
Speaker 1: in the midst of all this upheaval, Leonard and his

589
00:32:33,680 --> 00:32:37,000
Speaker 1: wife Marie Louise, were still adding to their family. They

590
00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:39,880
Speaker 1: had three daughters already, and then they welcomed a son

591
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:42,320
Speaker 1: at the end of seventeen ninety By the end of

592
00:32:42,360 --> 00:32:45,160
Speaker 1: seventeen ninety one, though, the couple had ended their marriage,

593
00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:47,959
Speaker 1: and when the king and the Queen were arrested at

594
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:52,160
Speaker 1: Verennes and returned to Paris in June of seventeen ninety one,

595
00:32:52,280 --> 00:32:56,400
Speaker 1: Leonard once again visited the queen, and he found her

596
00:32:56,760 --> 00:32:59,320
Speaker 1: to be so different from her normal self that it

597
00:32:59,360 --> 00:33:03,960
Speaker 1: really him and was very affecting. She was constantly under guard,

598
00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:07,160
Speaker 1: but in this case, instead of seeming gloomy, she had

599
00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:10,120
Speaker 1: almost achieved through all of this stress, a level of

600
00:33:10,200 --> 00:33:13,080
Speaker 1: ease with the men who watched over her. She would

601
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,640
Speaker 1: converse with them, and she abandoned the trappings of court

602
00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:19,360
Speaker 1: hierarchy to sort of just be a normal human and

603
00:33:19,440 --> 00:33:22,920
Speaker 1: have fairly common level relationships with these people that were

604
00:33:23,320 --> 00:33:27,840
Speaker 1: guarding her. In the meantime, Leonard Atier's name had become

605
00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:32,480
Speaker 1: a hindrance to the already struggling theater. His ongoing association

606
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:35,880
Speaker 1: with Marie Antoinette was basically poisoned to the business, so

607
00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:38,320
Speaker 1: first his name was removed and then he was asked

608
00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:42,440
Speaker 1: to step away by the investors. It was renamed teaftra Fasse.

609
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:48,640
Speaker 1: Marie Antoinette, finding her family in desperate financial circumstances, asked

610
00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:51,640
Speaker 1: Leonard to travel to London with a collection of diamonds

611
00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:54,680
Speaker 1: that had traveled with her to France from Vienna when

612
00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:57,240
Speaker 1: she was just a teenage girl. This was important that

613
00:33:57,280 --> 00:33:59,000
Speaker 1: she didn't want it to be a diamond that was

614
00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:03,200
Speaker 1: a tech from France's money. It was her own that

615
00:34:03,280 --> 00:34:04,840
Speaker 1: she had had well before she was part of the

616
00:34:04,920 --> 00:34:08,040
Speaker 1: royal family in France. And Autier agreed that he would

617
00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:10,000
Speaker 1: do this, and he made his arrangements and he went

618
00:34:10,040 --> 00:34:12,880
Speaker 1: to England as requested, arriving there at the end of

619
00:34:12,880 --> 00:34:17,000
Speaker 1: December seventeen ninety one. Leonard was able to sell the diamonds,

620
00:34:17,120 --> 00:34:19,600
Speaker 1: and he also set out to see who might be

621
00:34:19,719 --> 00:34:22,680
Speaker 1: sympathetic to Louis the sixteenth and willing to help the

622
00:34:22,719 --> 00:34:25,040
Speaker 1: French royals, which he did over the course of the

623
00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:28,719
Speaker 1: next year and a little beyond. That was ultimately a

624
00:34:28,760 --> 00:34:32,880
Speaker 1: disappointing exercise. He did manage to connect with dubery in England,

625
00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:36,160
Speaker 1: and although she had been exiled from Versilles, she was

626
00:34:36,200 --> 00:34:39,440
Speaker 1: still loyal to the crown, especially as Louis the sixteenth

627
00:34:39,440 --> 00:34:41,520
Speaker 1: had set her up with a pension, yeah, as the

628
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:44,360
Speaker 1: king's favorite. As the king was nearing death, she basically

629
00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:47,520
Speaker 1: was sent away because he was having last rites and

630
00:34:47,640 --> 00:34:49,920
Speaker 1: she could not be part of that. But yeah, they

631
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:53,560
Speaker 1: set her up with was really a pretty nice amount

632
00:34:53,560 --> 00:34:55,520
Speaker 1: of money after that, and she did remain loyal to

633
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:58,920
Speaker 1: the crown. She had actually stayed in France when others

634
00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,920
Speaker 1: had fled, and many of the royals and members of

635
00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:04,279
Speaker 1: the palace households had appealed to her to send the

636
00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:07,239
Speaker 1: money as they had fled with very little. She had

637
00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:09,880
Speaker 1: been unable to really send anything because her home was

638
00:35:09,960 --> 00:35:12,400
Speaker 1: under constant surveillance, so she knew if she tried to

639
00:35:12,719 --> 00:35:15,080
Speaker 1: get money out to somebody else, it would immediately cause

640
00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:19,760
Speaker 1: basically a raid of her house, and eventually she decided

641
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:22,520
Speaker 1: that she would leave France to assist the scattered royals.

642
00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:26,000
Speaker 1: She traveled to London to find some diamonds that had

643
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:28,440
Speaker 1: been stolen from her, at least that's what she told

644
00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,400
Speaker 1: government officials. She actually made several trips to London to

645
00:35:31,440 --> 00:35:34,120
Speaker 1: look for these diamonds, but this was the fourth and

646
00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:37,960
Speaker 1: there had been a robbery of Duberry's diamonds, but she

647
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:41,000
Speaker 1: had also traveled to London to sell to others, with

648
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:43,560
Speaker 1: the intent that the proceeds would be sent to parties

649
00:35:43,600 --> 00:35:47,279
Speaker 1: working to fight for the Royalist cause. Leonard suggested that

650
00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:49,800
Speaker 1: they use the same jeweler he had sold the queen's

651
00:35:49,840 --> 00:35:53,480
Speaker 1: diamonds to, and this plan was eventually agreed upon, although

652
00:35:53,560 --> 00:35:56,279
Speaker 1: Leonard entered the shop alone, and he really wanted to

653
00:35:56,360 --> 00:35:59,040
Speaker 1: use his jeweler because when he had sold Marie Antoinette's diamonds,

654
00:35:59,080 --> 00:36:01,680
Speaker 1: he got a lot more for them than they had

655
00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:03,640
Speaker 1: been assessed for in France, so he thought, like this,

656
00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:05,200
Speaker 1: we're going to get more money if we go to

657
00:36:05,239 --> 00:36:07,480
Speaker 1: my guy. And so while he was in the shop alone,

658
00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:11,080
Speaker 1: Duberry wanted to avoid revealing that they were hers and

659
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,160
Speaker 1: consequently exactly how much her time as the King's favorite

660
00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:20,880
Speaker 1: had earned her, and so this entire setup led to problems. First,

661
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:25,319
Speaker 1: a passerby recognized Duberry and chatted her up, even after

662
00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:28,840
Speaker 1: she curtly explained that Leonard was inside selling a small

663
00:36:28,880 --> 00:36:33,000
Speaker 1: diamond so she could settle her debts. Second, Leonard, who

664
00:36:33,040 --> 00:36:36,680
Speaker 1: got more than they were expecting for the diamonds, yelled

665
00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:40,520
Speaker 1: an enormous sum from the jeweler's door to Duberry in

666
00:36:40,719 --> 00:36:44,480
Speaker 1: her carriage, two point two million livre, so the time

667
00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:46,640
Speaker 1: would have been worth around one hundred and sixty five

668
00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:50,440
Speaker 1: thousand pounds in English currency. Yeah. I did one calculation,

669
00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,040
Speaker 1: and we've talked about before how it's really hard to

670
00:36:53,080 --> 00:36:55,920
Speaker 1: do like historical money and what it's worth today. So

671
00:36:56,040 --> 00:36:58,320
Speaker 1: I don't know if this is accurate, but it seemed

672
00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:01,800
Speaker 1: like using calculators that I found online from fairly reputable sources,

673
00:37:02,080 --> 00:37:05,680
Speaker 1: it's like going, we got thirty eight million dollars, which

674
00:37:05,719 --> 00:37:07,719
Speaker 1: you wouldn't want to stand in the street and yell ye,

675
00:37:08,400 --> 00:37:10,319
Speaker 1: why would you just yell that out the door? Yeah,

676
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:14,960
Speaker 1: not the brightest move ever, but this huge number of

677
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:17,360
Speaker 1: and the fact that it was the sale of diamonds

678
00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:20,840
Speaker 1: was overheard in the street and a rumor quickly arose

679
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:25,080
Speaker 1: that the diamonds had been stolen, and by evening police

680
00:37:25,120 --> 00:37:27,600
Speaker 1: came looking for Leonard at the house where he was living,

681
00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:31,200
Speaker 1: and Leonard, assisted by a friend, jumped out the window

682
00:37:31,239 --> 00:37:34,920
Speaker 1: to evade capture. Madame du Berry had heard of the

683
00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:37,880
Speaker 1: misfortune she had, you know, friends in London, and she

684
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,040
Speaker 1: was able to clear the matter up by producing proof

685
00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:43,279
Speaker 1: that the diamonds were in fact hers. Mister Pitt, the

686
00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:46,640
Speaker 1: Chancellor of the Treasury, had already suspected that they were

687
00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:50,799
Speaker 1: legitimately Duberry's diamonds, and he was sympathetic actually to the

688
00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:53,120
Speaker 1: woman and her cause. He knew that she was probably

689
00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:57,279
Speaker 1: trying to get money to help the Royals reachieve their

690
00:37:57,320 --> 00:38:00,879
Speaker 1: position in France. He knew that she was probably trying

691
00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:03,920
Speaker 1: to fund the efforts to restore the French monarchy. But

692
00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:06,719
Speaker 1: he had sent police to arrest Leonard, but only as

693
00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:10,720
Speaker 1: a matter of appearance, and they had actually his policeman

694
00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:13,440
Speaker 1: had been instructed to take this man to dinner and

695
00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:17,040
Speaker 1: then just let him go. So coming up, we will

696
00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:20,440
Speaker 1: talk about the serious downturn in the royal family situation,

697
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:22,719
Speaker 1: but before we get to that, we'll have one more

698
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:35,160
Speaker 1: quick sponsor break. So after that little skirmish with the

699
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:38,480
Speaker 1: police was settled, Duberry and Leonard were able to send

700
00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:41,440
Speaker 1: a pretty significant sum of money to the cause. But

701
00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:44,560
Speaker 1: things in Paris, they did not know yet, had already

702
00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:48,520
Speaker 1: gotten much worse for the royal family. On January twenty first,

703
00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,920
Speaker 1: seventeen ninety three, before the money that Leonard and Duberry

704
00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:55,840
Speaker 1: sent had gotten to its intended Royalist recipients, King Louis

705
00:38:55,840 --> 00:39:00,880
Speaker 1: the sixteenth was executed by guillotine. Leonard continue to communicate

706
00:39:00,920 --> 00:39:02,799
Speaker 1: and work with the princes of France who were living

707
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:05,440
Speaker 1: in exile and still plotting away for the monarchy to

708
00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:08,640
Speaker 1: regain its power, and he also during this time received

709
00:39:08,680 --> 00:39:11,239
Speaker 1: word that one of his brothers had been executed, though

710
00:39:11,480 --> 00:39:14,880
Speaker 1: there's actually some inconsistency in the account of when he

711
00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:17,920
Speaker 1: received the news and precisely who had been put to death.

712
00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:20,959
Speaker 1: For some time there was actually confusion as to whether

713
00:39:21,080 --> 00:39:23,759
Speaker 1: or not it had actually been Leonard who was executed.

714
00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:26,640
Speaker 1: So you remember we mentioned in the first episode that

715
00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:30,319
Speaker 1: problem where Leonard recruited his brothers as assistance and they

716
00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:33,360
Speaker 1: all used the same name for business purposes, and it

717
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:35,719
Speaker 1: appears that was the case in this mix up over

718
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:38,719
Speaker 1: exactly who had been guillotined. It said Eutier Leonard and

719
00:39:38,719 --> 00:39:41,600
Speaker 1: then in parentheses Jean Francois, But for a long time

720
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:45,000
Speaker 1: people just thought it was Monsieur Leonard. And in any case,

721
00:39:45,080 --> 00:39:47,920
Speaker 1: it was clear that France was not a safe place

722
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,960
Speaker 1: for one so closely associated with the monarch who had

723
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:54,440
Speaker 1: been overthrown and executed, and the bad news continued to

724
00:39:54,520 --> 00:39:58,680
Speaker 1: come for Leonard. Marie Antoinette was executed on on October sixteenth,

725
00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:03,040
Speaker 1: seventeen ninety three. Duberry, who had returned to France despite

726
00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:05,919
Speaker 1: Leonard begging her not to, was also put to death

727
00:40:05,920 --> 00:40:08,640
Speaker 1: on December eighth of the same year. Yeah, she wanted

728
00:40:08,640 --> 00:40:10,480
Speaker 1: to go back for her things, basically, like she had

729
00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:13,879
Speaker 1: left everything she had and he was like, please, don't,

730
00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:15,640
Speaker 1: it's not worth it. She was like, that's all I have.

731
00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:17,759
Speaker 1: I gotta go get them. And that did not work out.

732
00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:20,920
Speaker 1: So after spending a brief time in Verona, where the

733
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,879
Speaker 1: French King Louis the eighteenth was set up in an

734
00:40:23,880 --> 00:40:27,680
Speaker 1: exile's court after the young King Louis the seventeenth, the

735
00:40:27,760 --> 00:40:30,320
Speaker 1: child of Mari Antoinette Louis the sixteenth, had died in prison.

736
00:40:30,960 --> 00:40:33,560
Speaker 1: Leonard next moved on to the German Duchy of Brunswick,

737
00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:36,600
Speaker 1: which he quite enjoyed, but he eventually left there and

738
00:40:36,640 --> 00:40:40,359
Speaker 1: he ended up in Saint Petersburg in seventeen ninety eight. There,

739
00:40:40,440 --> 00:40:42,920
Speaker 1: at the age of fifty eight, he rebooted his career

740
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:46,440
Speaker 1: as a hairdresser, Czar Paul the First greeted him warmly,

741
00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:50,600
Speaker 1: and Empress Maria employed Leonard at once. He established a

742
00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:53,200
Speaker 1: comfortable life for himself there, even though it was nothing

743
00:40:53,320 --> 00:40:56,160
Speaker 1: vaguely akin to the really lavish life that he had

744
00:40:56,160 --> 00:41:00,360
Speaker 1: had in Versailles. He worked in Saint Petersburg for sixteen years,

745
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:02,520
Speaker 1: and just three years into his stay he had been

746
00:41:02,560 --> 00:41:06,080
Speaker 1: asked to style the corpse of Zarpaul the First after

747
00:41:06,120 --> 00:41:10,160
Speaker 1: he was murdered for refusing to advocate. After Leonard applied

748
00:41:10,320 --> 00:41:12,920
Speaker 1: makeup to the deceased and arranged his hair, it was

749
00:41:12,960 --> 00:41:15,000
Speaker 1: said that the man looked better in death than he

750
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:20,160
Speaker 1: ever had alive. Yeah, he wasn't a classically attractive man,

751
00:41:20,440 --> 00:41:23,239
Speaker 1: but Leonard really made him look quite good. And while

752
00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,680
Speaker 1: Lanard lived in Saint Petersburg, a fire actually destroyed all

753
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:29,120
Speaker 1: of his personal papers, so consequently we don't have a

754
00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:32,440
Speaker 1: whole lot of information on his personal life during this time,

755
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:36,120
Speaker 1: though he clearly managed to keep himself very busy styling

756
00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:39,080
Speaker 1: the hair of Russian nobles. When the French monarchy was

757
00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:42,840
Speaker 1: restored in eighteen fourteen, Lanard returned to France, hoping that

758
00:41:42,920 --> 00:41:45,920
Speaker 1: his years of loyal service and the great amounts of

759
00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:48,799
Speaker 1: money that he had lent various members of the nobility

760
00:41:48,840 --> 00:41:51,640
Speaker 1: in the early years of the revolution would be rewarded,

761
00:41:51,719 --> 00:41:54,239
Speaker 1: and maybe he would get a title. He was given

762
00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:58,120
Speaker 1: a job as the doorkeeper of King Louis the eighteenth apartments,

763
00:41:58,960 --> 00:42:02,920
Speaker 1: obviously a position far below what he had hoped for. Yeah,

764
00:42:03,239 --> 00:42:05,560
Speaker 1: I thought maybe I'd be a marquis. I'm a door guy.

765
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:08,600
Speaker 1: Encouraged by a friend who was a woman that had

766
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,600
Speaker 1: actually been his mistress before the revolution and who he

767
00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:16,080
Speaker 1: reconnected with after returning to Paris, Leonard petitioned to open

768
00:42:16,080 --> 00:42:19,560
Speaker 1: another theater, but getting a royal privilege to open the

769
00:42:19,640 --> 00:42:22,640
Speaker 1: venue was bound up in red tape and lack of interest.

770
00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:25,720
Speaker 1: There were already many theaters throughout the city, so adding

771
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:28,799
Speaker 1: yet another seemed like an enterprise unlikely to take off

772
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:32,839
Speaker 1: with any real success. But he also had supporters within

773
00:42:32,840 --> 00:42:35,800
Speaker 1: the nobility who pointed out that one more theater privilege

774
00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:39,160
Speaker 1: granted by the king was really not a particularly big risk,

775
00:42:39,280 --> 00:42:41,760
Speaker 1: so it would be better to grant a loyal servant

776
00:42:41,840 --> 00:42:44,839
Speaker 1: of the royal line such a privilege than someone who

777
00:42:44,920 --> 00:42:48,879
Speaker 1: might not be a loyalist, So Lanard persisted. He had

778
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:51,480
Speaker 1: been told to draw up a petition for the opera

779
00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:54,640
Speaker 1: comique for the Minister of the Interior, with the assurance

780
00:42:54,640 --> 00:42:58,600
Speaker 1: that the royal family would support it. So Monsieur Leonard

781
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:01,200
Speaker 1: had a friend help write the patient, and that same

782
00:43:01,239 --> 00:43:03,520
Speaker 1: friend promised to have an acquaintance that worked within the

783
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:06,640
Speaker 1: ministry keep an eye on it and report its progress.

784
00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:10,759
Speaker 1: And Leonard's friends even managed to have the petition put

785
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:13,640
Speaker 1: in a beautiful, clean envelope and placed directly onto the

786
00:43:13,640 --> 00:43:16,160
Speaker 1: desk of the minister so it would not get lost

787
00:43:16,160 --> 00:43:18,759
Speaker 1: in the flurry of other petitions that were constantly being

788
00:43:18,800 --> 00:43:21,360
Speaker 1: sent to the office. But on his desk it sat

789
00:43:21,560 --> 00:43:24,640
Speaker 1: and sat. It stayed on the desk for four months

790
00:43:24,719 --> 00:43:28,319
Speaker 1: while other petitions piled up as well. When another of

791
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:31,600
Speaker 1: Leonard's friends went to the minister to inquire about the

792
00:43:31,640 --> 00:43:34,439
Speaker 1: status of the petition, the minister pointed to his desk

793
00:43:34,480 --> 00:43:38,360
Speaker 1: and said, I am keeping Leonard's matter before me. Technically

794
00:43:38,360 --> 00:43:41,080
Speaker 1: that was true, but he had not touched it. Kind

795
00:43:41,080 --> 00:43:46,200
Speaker 1: of a smarmy snarkuated and the query. Eventually, one of

796
00:43:46,239 --> 00:43:48,879
Speaker 1: the princes spoke to Leonard on the matter, and when

797
00:43:48,920 --> 00:43:51,560
Speaker 1: Leonard asked if the King had signed his order, he thought, oh,

798
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:53,960
Speaker 1: he wants to talk to me this must be congratulations.

799
00:43:54,560 --> 00:43:56,239
Speaker 1: He was told, in fact, that he needed to let

800
00:43:56,239 --> 00:43:59,480
Speaker 1: this opera comique matter completely go, that he was not

801
00:43:59,480 --> 00:44:03,080
Speaker 1: going to be his theater, but that he was being

802
00:44:03,160 --> 00:44:07,560
Speaker 1: named Orderer General of State Funerals, which is a cushy

803
00:44:07,640 --> 00:44:09,879
Speaker 1: job that was more title than work, and it came

804
00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:13,080
Speaker 1: with an annual salary of twelve thousand francs. At first,

805
00:44:13,080 --> 00:44:15,200
Speaker 1: he thought this appointment was a joke, but he was

806
00:44:15,239 --> 00:44:18,120
Speaker 1: assured that it was not. While Leonard was sad to

807
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:20,360
Speaker 1: let go of his theater plan, he thanked the Prince

808
00:44:20,440 --> 00:44:23,040
Speaker 1: profusely and adjusted to the idea that he was now

809
00:44:23,080 --> 00:44:27,560
Speaker 1: a state funeral director. His installation ceremony was filled with formality,

810
00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:30,640
Speaker 1: as all of his staff appeared rank and file before him.

811
00:44:31,160 --> 00:44:34,520
Speaker 1: That evening, though, they all dined together and attended the opera,

812
00:44:34,719 --> 00:44:37,120
Speaker 1: and Leonard was pleased to discover that his new staff

813
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:40,759
Speaker 1: was quite lively and fun, which he had not expected

814
00:44:40,800 --> 00:44:46,640
Speaker 1: given their profession. Yeah, it seems so bizarre to me. Oh,

815
00:44:46,680 --> 00:44:48,960
Speaker 1: you want to start another theater and you're a hairdresser.

816
00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:52,120
Speaker 1: Would you like to be a funeral director? What? And

817
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:54,520
Speaker 1: While this turn of events, though, it did seem to

818
00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:56,760
Speaker 1: be getting the seventy three year old's life back on track.

819
00:44:56,840 --> 00:44:59,960
Speaker 1: This was certainly better than being a dorman. He was

820
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:03,120
Speaker 1: soon sued by his former business partner in the Teatre

821
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:08,040
Speaker 1: de Monsieux, Madame Montenesier, for unpaid annuities that he owed her.

822
00:45:08,680 --> 00:45:11,480
Speaker 1: The proceedings took place in eighteen nineteen in the court

823
00:45:11,520 --> 00:45:15,200
Speaker 1: found in her favor, and Leonard suddenly found himself responsible

824
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:18,799
Speaker 1: for paying the woman five hundred thousand francs, money that

825
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:23,200
Speaker 1: he absolutely did not have, but he died before he

826
00:45:23,239 --> 00:45:26,520
Speaker 1: could pay it off on March twenty fourth of eighteen twenty.

827
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:31,120
Speaker 1: Leonard presided over only one funeral procession on his job

828
00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:34,560
Speaker 1: as orderer of state funerals, when the Prince de Conde

829
00:45:34,680 --> 00:45:38,880
Speaker 1: died in eighteen eighteen. When Leonard himself died, his staff

830
00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:41,360
Speaker 1: laid him to rest, although it was a very small

831
00:45:41,400 --> 00:45:45,759
Speaker 1: funeral with few in attendants. Of Leonard's children, only two

832
00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:49,280
Speaker 1: of his daughters survived. They inherited seven hundred and sixteen

833
00:45:49,320 --> 00:45:53,520
Speaker 1: francs in an assortment of small jewels, including one tiny

834
00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:56,520
Speaker 1: piece which had been the property of Marie Antoinette, But

835
00:45:56,560 --> 00:45:58,880
Speaker 1: at that point Leonard owed his maid three hundred and

836
00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:02,120
Speaker 1: seventy five francs and his landlord two hundred and fifty francs.

837
00:46:02,480 --> 00:46:05,600
Speaker 1: So other than his famous shell comb, which had styled

838
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:08,560
Speaker 1: the most famous and powerful heads of France, there really

839
00:46:08,680 --> 00:46:12,840
Speaker 1: was not much for his kids to keep. Leonard's memoir

840
00:46:13,480 --> 00:46:17,560
Speaker 1: Souvenir de Leonard coiffior de la rem ri Antoinette weren't

841
00:46:17,560 --> 00:46:21,000
Speaker 1: published until twenty years after his death, and their legitimacy

842
00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:25,360
Speaker 1: has been questioned. While the details of Monsieur Leonard's exploits

843
00:46:25,360 --> 00:46:28,480
Speaker 1: are almost certainly exaggerated, as is the case with a

844
00:46:28,520 --> 00:46:31,399
Speaker 1: lot of memoirs we talk about on the show, many

845
00:46:31,520 --> 00:46:34,040
Speaker 1: of the events in the memoirs do align with events

846
00:46:34,080 --> 00:46:36,239
Speaker 1: that were playing out in France, Europe and Russia at

847
00:46:36,239 --> 00:46:39,879
Speaker 1: the time. These memoirs were reprinted in the eighteen nineties. Yeah,

848
00:46:39,920 --> 00:46:43,120
Speaker 1: and then they got an English language printing in the nineteeneens.

849
00:46:43,160 --> 00:46:45,480
Speaker 1: I think nineteen nineteen, but I'm not sure. But the

850
00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:47,920
Speaker 1: thing that makes Leonard to me a really interesting figure

851
00:46:48,000 --> 00:46:51,200
Speaker 1: is how his creative and outlandish hair designs were, to

852
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Speaker 1: some degree, as we said, held responsible for the moral

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Speaker 1: and fiscal downfall of many of France's women in the

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Speaker 1: country as a whole as a consequence, and this is

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Speaker 1: that thing we always talk about. It serves as a

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Speaker 1: perfect example of how one person, in this case, one

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Speaker 1: person who walked into Paris with nothing but a cove

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Speaker 1: and ambition and a serious case of confidence, can make

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Speaker 1: this really huge impact on world events. Yeah. I don't think, oh,

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Speaker 1: I bet the Queen's hairdresser really was an important figure,

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Speaker 1: but he really was in a lot of ways. So yeah,

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Speaker 1: to me, it kind of you know, fills that that

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Speaker 1: constant litany that I'm always chanting about. Every person is

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Speaker 1: making history all the time. Yeah, even if they're they're

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Speaker 1: just and am using the air quotes because I don't

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Speaker 1: think of it that way, just you know, doing an

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Speaker 1: updo makeing hair. Thanks so much for joining us on

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Speaker 1: this Saturday. Since this episode is out of the archive,

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Speaker 1: if you heard an email address or a Facebook RL

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00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:53,919
Speaker 1: or something similar over the course of the show, that

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Speaker 1: could be obsolete now. Our current email address is History

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Speaker 1: Podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can find us all

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00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:06,680
Speaker 1: over social media at missed indistory, and you can subscribe

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00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:10,840
Speaker 1: to our show on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the iHeartRadio app,

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00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:16,520
Speaker 1: and wherever else you listen to podcasts. Stuff you missed

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00:48:16,520 --> 00:48:19,640
Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more

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00:48:19,719 --> 00:48:24,120
Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or

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00:48:24,160 --> 00:48:26,080
Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.