WEBVTT - S3 – 1: Temple Mount 0:00:00.680 --> 0:00:03.880 Welcomed unobscured a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minky. 0:00:08.480 --> 0:00:11.959 Theodore Bryant knew where his bread was buttered and who 0:00:12.000 --> 0:00:15.000 would butter it. He was a member of a prominent 0:00:15.080 --> 0:00:19.239 Quaker family who had risen to prestige as successful London grocers. 0:00:19.600 --> 0:00:22.440 The law cut off Quakers from much of British life. 0:00:22.800 --> 0:00:26.000 They couldn't serve in the military, they couldn't practice law 0:00:26.120 --> 0:00:29.319 or medicine. But what they could do was by and sell, 0:00:29.840 --> 0:00:32.400 and like many others, the Bryant family took to the 0:00:32.400 --> 0:00:36.839 market with enthusiasm. Starting with the small grocery, their business 0:00:36.880 --> 0:00:41.879 grew and flourished and expanded, and one of the things 0:00:41.960 --> 0:00:45.240 their grocery sold like hot cakes, was the indispensable tool 0:00:45.320 --> 0:00:48.960 and light source of every Victorian household, the humble match. 0:00:49.680 --> 0:00:53.000 Whether you were lighting a stove, a pipe of fireplace, 0:00:53.080 --> 0:00:56.120 a candle or a gas lamp, the match was in 0:00:56.200 --> 0:01:01.080 demand and the Bryants were ready to supply. Theodore Bryant 0:01:01.120 --> 0:01:04.360 had seen as family's grocery become profitable, and then, what's 0:01:04.400 --> 0:01:09.400 more powerful, they went from selling to manufacturing. After all, 0:01:09.440 --> 0:01:13.160 it was the industrial Age. By two of the Bryant's 0:01:13.160 --> 0:01:15.920 had a factory in London's East End, employing more than 0:01:16.000 --> 0:01:19.320 five thousand workers in a time when many Quakers still 0:01:19.319 --> 0:01:21.920 found themselves on the outside of the law looking in. 0:01:22.360 --> 0:01:24.800 The Bryant's had risen so high they even had the 0:01:24.840 --> 0:01:28.039 ear of Britain's Liberal Party. So it should be no 0:01:28.160 --> 0:01:32.680 surprise that Theodore Bryant's had a bright idea. Here's historian 0:01:32.760 --> 0:01:36.160 Louise raw So Brian and may As I said to 0:01:36.160 --> 0:01:39.560 we very well in with the Liberal Party. And Gladstone 0:01:39.680 --> 0:01:42.640 was always being Prime Minister Jenes period is Prime Minster 0:01:42.800 --> 0:01:46.440 for several different terms. So the ultimate act of sucking 0:01:46.520 --> 0:01:49.720 up my goodness took about ass kissing Brant. And they 0:01:49.720 --> 0:01:53.760 just said they will build a statue of William Gladstone, 0:01:53.760 --> 0:01:55.760 and they will build it on the Bow Road. And 0:01:55.800 --> 0:01:59.920 it's actually gesturing with the right hand towards their fact 0:02:00.000 --> 0:02:03.000 three such humidlity. You know, this is Fladstone saying you 0:02:03.000 --> 0:02:06.560 look at this wonderful factory. So they decided to build it. 0:02:07.000 --> 0:02:09.160 They could have paid for themselves. They could have paid 0:02:09.160 --> 0:02:13.120 for a thousand statues themselves, I'm sure very easily. But again, 0:02:13.360 --> 0:02:15.560 why would you when you can make your work is 0:02:15.639 --> 0:02:20.360 pay That's right, Bryant followed one bright idea with another. 0:02:20.800 --> 0:02:24.600 To pay for his statue celebrating William Gladstone, Titan of 0:02:24.639 --> 0:02:28.560 the Liberal Party, Bryant took money out of his workers pay, 0:02:28.639 --> 0:02:31.120 and of course, on the day of the Statues unveiling, 0:02:31.240 --> 0:02:34.560 he shut down the factory. Bryant said he was giving 0:02:34.600 --> 0:02:37.480 them a holiday. What he wasn't giving them, though, was 0:02:37.560 --> 0:02:41.560 their day's wage. And to add insult to injury, attendance 0:02:41.600 --> 0:02:45.399 at the Statues unveiling was mandatory. All the women who 0:02:45.400 --> 0:02:48.360 worked in Theodore Bryant's factory were required to be there 0:02:48.720 --> 0:02:52.720 a dressed to the nines. The streets certainly had the 0:02:52.760 --> 0:02:55.880 atmosphere that Bryant had hoped for. A crowd of thirty 0:02:55.919 --> 0:02:59.320 thousands surrounded the monument. The Bow Road was lined with 0:02:59.440 --> 0:03:03.200 Venetian masts and a profusion of bunting, while the railroad 0:03:03.240 --> 0:03:05.679 bridge that crossed the road was draped with red banners 0:03:05.720 --> 0:03:12.639 proclaiming England's greatest statesman, Gladstone. Leading dignitaries and politicians attended. 0:03:12.840 --> 0:03:16.760 Gladstone's wife and children, the chairman of the London School Board, 0:03:16.840 --> 0:03:20.080 and members of Parliament. That even attracted a clutch of 0:03:20.160 --> 0:03:23.440 lords who served in Gladstone's cabinets or on the Crowns 0:03:23.480 --> 0:03:27.200 Privy Council. It was precisely the gala for Britain's ruling 0:03:27.240 --> 0:03:32.000 Liberal Party that Theodore Bryant's had planned. What he didn't 0:03:32.040 --> 0:03:34.360 plan was the response from the women who worked in 0:03:34.400 --> 0:03:37.760 his factory. They did come in their best clothes, but 0:03:37.880 --> 0:03:40.480 some of them also had rocks and bricks clutched in 0:03:40.520 --> 0:03:44.200 their fists. The newspapers would later politely whitewash over the 0:03:44.240 --> 0:03:48.920 friction by calling it unbounded enthusiasm, but looking back, we 0:03:49.040 --> 0:03:51.360 know that many of those women hoped their stones and 0:03:51.440 --> 0:03:56.360 bricks would make some impression on Mr Bryant's conscience. Whatever 0:03:56.400 --> 0:03:59.880 their intentions, they were outnumbered by the crowd. But once 0:04:00.000 --> 0:04:03.520 the politicians and peerage were done glad handing and proclaiming 0:04:03.560 --> 0:04:06.680 each other a great statesman, they cleared out, leaving the 0:04:06.680 --> 0:04:09.920 neighborhood to its residence. And that's when the working women 0:04:10.000 --> 0:04:14.080 surrounded the statue. Their effort had paid for it, after all, 0:04:14.560 --> 0:04:18.000 their lives, their work, their blood. In a moment of anger, 0:04:18.160 --> 0:04:21.240 some of the women cut themselves and smeared their blood 0:04:21.279 --> 0:04:24.240 on the monuments. Later, when the blood had dried and faded, 0:04:24.279 --> 0:04:27.040 they came back with red paint and splashed it over 0:04:27.080 --> 0:04:32.159 the statues outstretched hand. In London's East End, myths were 0:04:32.200 --> 0:04:36.120 praised and greatness was celebrated. But like the women around 0:04:36.120 --> 0:04:41.039 Gladstone Statue, east Enders understood something else. That their work 0:04:41.160 --> 0:04:44.240 had lifted the Empire and its loyal bagman to the 0:04:44.320 --> 0:04:48.240 heights of imperial power. That price was paid right where 0:04:48.240 --> 0:04:51.279 they lived in the East End, and it was paid 0:04:51.320 --> 0:04:59.120 with the ultimate sacrifice their blood. This is unobscured. I'm 0:04:59.160 --> 0:05:25.200 Aaron Manky. However, they chose to vent their anger over 0:05:25.320 --> 0:05:28.239 lost wages. The match women still went back to work. 0:05:28.560 --> 0:05:31.159 After all, if they were furious over a single day's 0:05:31.240 --> 0:05:35.680 loss wage, how would they afford to lose it all Two. 0:05:35.839 --> 0:05:38.560 The Bryant and May match factory employed more women in 0:05:38.600 --> 0:05:41.599 the East End than any other company. They were putting 0:05:41.680 --> 0:05:45.440 other match manufacturers out of business or gobbling them up. 0:05:45.839 --> 0:05:49.240 They poured money into advertising campaigns, and in order to 0:05:49.320 --> 0:05:53.159 keep them operating, the Liberal government massaged manufacturing laws to 0:05:53.240 --> 0:05:56.760 make sure that match boxes kept marching out their factory doors, 0:05:57.200 --> 0:06:00.320 whether it was the Gladstone statue or all the behind 0:06:00.360 --> 0:06:03.440 the scenes glad handing that Theodore and his brothers. Their 0:06:03.480 --> 0:06:07.480 relationship to govering officials paid off in many ways big 0:06:07.480 --> 0:06:11.719 and small. Their factory in the East End had started 0:06:11.760 --> 0:06:14.520 when a Swedish match factory closed down and the family 0:06:14.560 --> 0:06:18.279 of grocers lost their foreign source of cheap matches. Bryant's 0:06:18.279 --> 0:06:21.320 decided to bring the operation home and run it themselves 0:06:21.320 --> 0:06:25.080 from a neighborhood teaming with life and laborers. So they 0:06:25.120 --> 0:06:27.960 moved into the old home of the British Sperm Candle Company. 0:06:28.200 --> 0:06:31.120 It was a sign of the changing times. Here's Louise 0:06:31.240 --> 0:06:38.560 raw once again. Everything really changes with industrialization. People come 0:06:38.640 --> 0:06:43.359 in from the countryside from working in you perhaps on 0:06:43.480 --> 0:06:46.240 farms or working in a by feudal set up really 0:06:46.279 --> 0:06:49.840 perhaps the lord of the manner in some capacity. They 0:06:49.880 --> 0:06:54.039 come flooding into the new towns and cities in especially London, 0:06:54.600 --> 0:06:58.400 to work in the new factories. Nothing's ready for them, 0:06:58.560 --> 0:07:03.920 nothing's prepared, so they just come crowding into London and 0:07:04.200 --> 0:07:06.840 the rich get the hell out as soon as they can, 0:07:07.120 --> 0:07:10.520 and steam trains, of course make that possible. Suddenly we 0:07:10.560 --> 0:07:14.280 have new suburbs, so you can get out, you can 0:07:14.320 --> 0:07:16.360 come back into London for work and then you can 0:07:16.400 --> 0:07:19.000 get away from all the dirt and the dust and 0:07:19.040 --> 0:07:22.559 the disorder of industrialization, and you know, it's a pretty 0:07:22.600 --> 0:07:25.560 stinky process. Industrialization, particularly in the East En where we 0:07:25.600 --> 0:07:27.920 had a lot of slaughter houses as well, at absolutely 0:07:27.960 --> 0:07:31.240 stuck on some days so they could get out and 0:07:31.280 --> 0:07:35.400 they left the poor, particularly in the East End, just 0:07:35.560 --> 0:07:39.200 to get the hell on with it, and get on 0:07:39.280 --> 0:07:42.760 with it they did. But like the matchwomen, Londoners were 0:07:42.840 --> 0:07:45.080 daily confronted with the fact that they were living at 0:07:45.080 --> 0:07:48.000 the heart of a powerful empire, an empire that made 0:07:48.000 --> 0:07:52.480 its rulers incredibly rich. But close beside the splendid homes 0:07:52.480 --> 0:07:56.200 of the bankers and bureaucrats of London's financial center, men 0:07:56.280 --> 0:07:59.480 and women in the East End, we're working themselves to death. 0:08:00.040 --> 0:08:02.240 And it wasn't just the match women who looked at 0:08:02.240 --> 0:08:04.920 their skimpy wages and thought that something was wrong with 0:08:04.960 --> 0:08:08.480 that picture. If some gatherings, like the dedication of the 0:08:08.480 --> 0:08:12.600 Gladstone Statue brought honor to the government's heavyweights, other meetings 0:08:12.600 --> 0:08:16.440 were not so flattering, especially when times got hard. Eight 0:08:16.720 --> 0:08:19.960 eighty four saw Britain in a deep depression. Families like 0:08:20.040 --> 0:08:23.040 the Bryant's may have enjoyed the friendship of the governing powers, 0:08:23.120 --> 0:08:26.680 but not every working family enjoyed the same attention, and 0:08:26.720 --> 0:08:29.800 that was bound to end in unrest. Take for instance, 0:08:29.840 --> 0:08:32.880 a gathering that was organized on a cold February Monday 0:08:32.960 --> 0:08:36.559 in eighteen eighties six by the London United Workers Committee. 0:08:37.559 --> 0:08:40.560 They planned a meeting in Trafalgar Square to cast blame 0:08:40.640 --> 0:08:45.480 for massive unemployment on foreign businesses squeezing out Britain's sugar refineries. 0:08:45.760 --> 0:08:48.120 The London Police knew that there was some potential for 0:08:48.160 --> 0:08:51.640 a scuffle, so the Commissioner assigned five hundred officers to 0:08:51.679 --> 0:08:55.600 the gathering. Thousands of demonstrators arrived from the East End. 0:08:56.400 --> 0:08:59.360 Crowds of socialists, led by the likes of Eleanor Marx 0:08:59.360 --> 0:09:02.680 and William Morris, joined the crowd. They're more simple demand 0:09:02.800 --> 0:09:06.400 that the government provide work or bread had gathered crowds 0:09:06.440 --> 0:09:09.480 throughout London over the past few years. Bearing that a 0:09:09.640 --> 0:09:12.920 clash between the two groups would prove violent, police ordered 0:09:12.920 --> 0:09:15.400 the socialist to carry their red flags from Sir Falgar 0:09:15.440 --> 0:09:18.960 Square to Hyde Park, a mile to the west. They 0:09:19.000 --> 0:09:22.120 were only too happy to oblige. In their wake, ten 0:09:22.160 --> 0:09:25.439 thousand marchers took their hunger, their demands, and their pent 0:09:25.559 --> 0:09:28.439 up fury through the streets of Pall Mall, but they 0:09:28.440 --> 0:09:31.679 were met with scorn along the way. Here's Louise raw 0:09:31.840 --> 0:09:37.040 once again. The servants of the posh clubs and poal money. 0:09:37.040 --> 0:09:39.640 You know, the gentleman's clubs in Palma, come out on 0:09:39.679 --> 0:09:41.839 the door sorts and throw things at the poor who 0:09:41.840 --> 0:09:44.720 were marching past them. They throw heavy glass as tis. 0:09:44.760 --> 0:09:47.120 They throw shoes, you're cluding the gentleman's shoes and they 0:09:47.120 --> 0:09:49.400 gets the card where they throw them at the poor. 0:09:49.640 --> 0:09:51.920 You know, go home, what are you doing here? Get 0:09:51.960 --> 0:09:56.520 out of here. Met with violence and told that this 0:09:56.600 --> 0:09:59.680 part of London was not theirs to occupy. The marchers 0:09:59.720 --> 0:10:02.480 were to earned the greeting in kind. They smashed the 0:10:02.520 --> 0:10:06.040 windows of the Gentlemen's club. They broke into shops and 0:10:06.120 --> 0:10:09.920 loaded themselves with the clothes on display for London's upwardly mobile. 0:10:10.200 --> 0:10:13.400 When they reached Hyde Park, the crowd milled for three hours. 0:10:13.760 --> 0:10:16.679 Some even tried on their new attire, stripping in the 0:10:16.720 --> 0:10:21.440 open air. At least a thousand destitute Londoners weren't done. 0:10:21.840 --> 0:10:25.240 They knew where the money was. They marched on jewelers, stores, 0:10:25.400 --> 0:10:29.280 China's shops and wine merchants, tailors weren't exempt either, nor 0:10:29.320 --> 0:10:33.160 were perfumers and art shops. But despite all this, the 0:10:33.240 --> 0:10:36.960 police were nowhere to be seen. In their wake, the 0:10:37.000 --> 0:10:40.760 crowd left a trail of smashed carriages, emptied businesses, and 0:10:40.920 --> 0:10:45.040 respectable ladies lightened of their jewels. The wealthy residents of 0:10:45.040 --> 0:10:49.400 West London were horrified and outraged. In the days of 0:10:49.440 --> 0:10:52.720 dense fog that followed, rumors spread that gangs were assembling 0:10:52.720 --> 0:10:55.320 on the outskirts of the city to march in. Once again, 0:10:55.800 --> 0:10:58.960 the doors of upscale London were locked. The city was 0:10:59.000 --> 0:11:01.800 a ghost town. The Times of London called it a 0:11:01.840 --> 0:11:05.400 disaster and shame such as London has not known within 0:11:05.559 --> 0:11:10.000 living memory. Queen Victoria wrote to her Prime Minister, none 0:11:10.040 --> 0:11:14.000 other than William Gladstone, that's if steps and very strong 0:11:14.040 --> 0:11:17.439 ones are not speedily taken to put these proceedings down, 0:11:17.800 --> 0:11:21.679 the government will suffer severely. The effect abroad is already 0:11:21.760 --> 0:11:26.840 humiliating the country. The city's leadership, in other words, was disgraced, 0:11:27.240 --> 0:11:30.160 and much of that blame ultimately landed on the shoulders 0:11:30.160 --> 0:11:33.680 of London's Commissioner of Police. In the shattered remains of 0:11:33.679 --> 0:11:37.720 the neighborhood, he resigned his post. But the Home Office 0:11:37.840 --> 0:11:40.480 and the city leaders knew that the London poor would 0:11:40.480 --> 0:11:44.040 not resign their fight. They were still without work and bread. 0:11:44.360 --> 0:11:47.000 Then the marchers and match women were bound to take 0:11:47.040 --> 0:11:50.560 the streets again. So it was decided that London needed 0:11:50.559 --> 0:11:53.080 a police commissioner who would know what to do when 0:11:53.080 --> 0:11:57.040 the locals got restless. They looked for a gladstone of 0:11:57.040 --> 0:11:59.959 the battlefield who would understand the way that the Police 0:12:00.160 --> 0:12:03.400 of London had an effect abroad, someone who would bring 0:12:03.440 --> 0:12:07.040 the order of the Empire to its tempestuous hearts. They 0:12:07.040 --> 0:12:09.960 looked for a hero, and they landed on a man, 0:12:11.040 --> 0:12:20.400 Charles Warren. He was a soldier, He was an engineer. 0:12:20.800 --> 0:12:22.800 He was a man who had already made his mark 0:12:22.880 --> 0:12:27.959 on history by going underground. His father, a major general 0:12:28.000 --> 0:12:30.520 in the British Army, made sure that young Charles had 0:12:30.520 --> 0:12:33.640 a way into the force. After all, Warren's father and 0:12:33.720 --> 0:12:36.560 older brother were both wounded during the Crimean War of 0:12:36.600 --> 0:12:40.360 eighteen fifty four, when Britain tangled with Russia over control 0:12:40.440 --> 0:12:44.160 of the Ottoman Empire, including the Holy Land. The Warren's 0:12:44.280 --> 0:12:46.760 shed blood for the sake of the Empire. It was 0:12:46.800 --> 0:12:51.840 their family way. Charles, though had a penchant for calculations, 0:12:52.280 --> 0:12:54.439 so when he was just seventeen, he was selected to 0:12:54.559 --> 0:12:58.560 join the Royal Engineers. His first orders were weighty ones too. 0:12:58.760 --> 0:13:01.240 He was sent to Gibraltar to join the survey of 0:13:01.240 --> 0:13:05.000 that strategic shrine at the mouth of the Mediterranean, and 0:13:05.080 --> 0:13:08.760 Charles shown his detailed mapping of the rock of Gibraltar 0:13:08.880 --> 0:13:11.640 and his design of new cannons for its towering height, 0:13:12.000 --> 0:13:14.760 secured the Crown's grasp over the sea, just as a 0:13:14.800 --> 0:13:19.000 flood of new ships flowed through the Suez Canal. Making 0:13:19.000 --> 0:13:21.640 your mark on Gibraltar was one thing. It was an 0:13:21.640 --> 0:13:24.760 achievement that made Warren fit to serve as an instructor 0:13:24.760 --> 0:13:29.280 at School of Military Engineering. When the Palestine Exploration Fund 0:13:29.320 --> 0:13:32.600 came calling and requested that the War Office provide engineers 0:13:32.640 --> 0:13:35.520 for their work, Charles was their man, and it was 0:13:35.640 --> 0:13:38.439 the digging that followed which would make Charles Warren more 0:13:38.480 --> 0:13:42.120 than just another servant of the Crown. In fact, in 0:13:42.240 --> 0:13:45.800 eighteen sixty seven, still in his twenties, Charles had drawn 0:13:45.840 --> 0:13:49.040 praise from the pillars of British society because he was 0:13:49.080 --> 0:13:51.120 the man who offered the Crown a new look at 0:13:51.160 --> 0:13:56.680 one of the most coveted and contested places in world history. Jerusalem, 0:13:56.720 --> 0:13:59.200 the city had been a place where Christian, Muslim, and 0:13:59.280 --> 0:14:02.280 Jewish pilgrim him had climbed the hills to a holy place. 0:14:02.800 --> 0:14:06.280 But Charles Warren took a different approach. He went under it. 0:14:07.640 --> 0:14:09.520 Charles had been sent to the Holy Land with the 0:14:09.520 --> 0:14:13.480 heavy task. Yes, he was mapping geography and taking notes 0:14:13.520 --> 0:14:17.160 on culture and history, but there were bishops and archbishops 0:14:17.160 --> 0:14:20.120 in the Palestine Exploration Fund who made it clear that 0:14:20.240 --> 0:14:23.280 Charles Warren's duty was to show the unbelieving world that 0:14:23.320 --> 0:14:25.920 the Bible was true. He was sent to locate the 0:14:25.960 --> 0:14:28.920 tombs of King David and King Solomon, to find the 0:14:28.960 --> 0:14:32.600 ancient city walls, to map the foundations and features of 0:14:32.640 --> 0:14:36.160 the Temple Mount, in short, to vindicate the trust that 0:14:36.200 --> 0:14:40.440 the British public had placed in an ancient faith. He 0:14:40.560 --> 0:14:43.600 and his team of two military engineers took their orders 0:14:43.640 --> 0:14:46.520 and set out to match the terrain to the biblical text. 0:14:46.920 --> 0:14:50.080 But Charles Warren wasn't one to make assumptions or to 0:14:50.320 --> 0:14:54.520 blindly follow orders. In a letter, he wrote, we must 0:14:54.520 --> 0:14:57.040 go on the principle that we know nothing until it 0:14:57.120 --> 0:15:00.480 is fully established. Ever ready to acquire idea yas and 0:15:00.560 --> 0:15:04.360 to suspend judgment. We are busy collecting facts and have 0:15:04.440 --> 0:15:07.320 no time for speculation, so long as we can apply 0:15:07.480 --> 0:15:10.400 to the ground for information. It was the kind of 0:15:10.400 --> 0:15:14.320 attention to detail and suspension of judgment that allowed him 0:15:14.360 --> 0:15:18.040 to make headway. In fact, his work was a revelation. 0:15:18.600 --> 0:15:21.400 Over the next three years on the Temple Mount, Warren 0:15:21.440 --> 0:15:24.480 sent home a stream of discoveries, beginning with the news 0:15:24.520 --> 0:15:27.800 that the boundaries of ancient Jerusalem lay beyond the medieval 0:15:27.840 --> 0:15:30.960 walls that contained the modern city. In fact, the ancient 0:15:31.040 --> 0:15:33.920 dwellings were buried under one hundred and thirty feet of 0:15:34.000 --> 0:15:37.400 rubble and dust. The only way to reach the ancient 0:15:37.440 --> 0:15:40.400 world was to dig a series of tunnels straight down 0:15:40.480 --> 0:15:43.800 into the earth. As local officials watched Warren and his 0:15:43.880 --> 0:15:47.160 team of hired workers disappear into the earth, they worried 0:15:47.240 --> 0:15:50.400 that he was opening underground passages for the British Army. 0:15:50.800 --> 0:15:54.800 They started calling Charles the Mole, but it didn't stop 0:15:54.880 --> 0:15:58.120 him from digging. With torch in hand, Warren brought to 0:15:58.200 --> 0:16:01.600 light the actual streets of the city and opened up 0:16:01.600 --> 0:16:05.880 a complicated network of drains and reservoirs. Eventually it became 0:16:05.920 --> 0:16:08.360 clear he had carved into the tunnels that the ancient 0:16:08.400 --> 0:16:12.520 city used to draw water during times of siege. One 0:16:12.560 --> 0:16:16.480 member of the Palestine Exploration Fund proudly proclaimed the extent 0:16:16.560 --> 0:16:19.240 of Warren's achievement when he wrote that Charles and I 0:16:19.360 --> 0:16:23.000 quote restored the ancient city to the world, stripped the 0:16:23.080 --> 0:16:26.600 rubbish from the rocks, and showed the glorious temple standing 0:16:26.680 --> 0:16:30.440 within its walls, opened the secret passages, the aqueducts, the 0:16:30.480 --> 0:16:34.680 bridge connecting the temple and town. Today, the ancient water 0:16:34.760 --> 0:16:38.520 system he uncovered for Victorian Britain still carries his name 0:16:39.040 --> 0:16:42.320 Warren's Shaft, and it was far from the last time 0:16:42.360 --> 0:16:45.080 Warren would be praised in the British press or by 0:16:45.120 --> 0:16:48.400 the government. The British bishops were delighted by his work 0:16:48.440 --> 0:16:52.000 in Jerusalem, but his later campaigns would be even more 0:16:52.080 --> 0:16:56.280 influential in earning praise from the monarchy. Nothing connected temple 0:16:56.320 --> 0:17:00.080 and town or church and Crown like praising Charles war 0:17:00.560 --> 0:17:03.360 He was given his knighthood in eighteen eighty three. A 0:17:03.440 --> 0:17:06.400 year later he was made a member of the Royal Society. 0:17:07.520 --> 0:17:11.240 So when the Home Secretary Huge Shoulders needed a military 0:17:11.280 --> 0:17:13.760 man to wade into the rubble and chaos left in 0:17:13.760 --> 0:17:16.480 the wake of the eighteen eighties six riots. I hope 0:17:16.520 --> 0:17:20.160 you can see why he chose Charles Warren. Here's historian 0:17:20.280 --> 0:17:24.760 Adam Wood. Warren had enjoyed a hugely successful military career, 0:17:24.920 --> 0:17:28.560 and he was a skilled surveyor and archaeologist. He had 0:17:28.560 --> 0:17:31.239 served in Gibralt, to the Palestine, South Africa and in 0:17:31.520 --> 0:17:35.280 and was in Egypt when Home Secretary who Huge Shilders 0:17:35.560 --> 0:17:37.880 wrote to him offering the position of Commissioner of the met. 0:17:39.240 --> 0:17:42.520 He was wanted to take the place of the existing commissioners, 0:17:42.600 --> 0:17:45.919 Redmond Henderson, who had been popular since his appointment in 0:17:45.920 --> 0:17:48.640 eighteen sixty eight, but in recent years had grown out 0:17:48.680 --> 0:17:50.400 of touch with the growing force in his own men. 0:17:51.119 --> 0:17:53.359 When a riot took place in eighty six and the 0:17:53.680 --> 0:17:58.720 bandly bungled its response, Henderson was forced to resign, and Shilders, 0:17:58.720 --> 0:18:01.399 had met Warren four years was obviously impressed. He was 0:18:01.440 --> 0:18:05.440 no nonsense attitude. It was exactly the man. The Childer's 0:18:05.440 --> 0:18:07.840 fault was needy to restore public ordering a tomb of 0:18:07.920 --> 0:18:11.359 ross and to bring them back into shape. Of course, 0:18:11.560 --> 0:18:14.600 life is never as simple as that. Pleasing the Church 0:18:14.680 --> 0:18:17.800 and the Crown was one thing. Policing London would be 0:18:17.880 --> 0:18:21.679 something else entirely. The aqueducts of the ancient world suited 0:18:21.680 --> 0:18:25.119 a man with Charles Warren's calculating mind, but mapping the 0:18:25.119 --> 0:18:28.160 city of London would require an understanding of a very 0:18:28.240 --> 0:18:32.360 different infrastructure. Because while the Kings of Jerusalem designed its 0:18:32.359 --> 0:18:36.040 tunnels and waterways for the demands of conflict, the builders 0:18:36.080 --> 0:18:40.480 of modern London built their temples not with stone but 0:18:40.560 --> 0:18:47.320 with steel. There was another empire advancing inside the first. 0:18:47.880 --> 0:18:51.000 It was a technological lace work that drew Brittain's hubs 0:18:51.040 --> 0:18:54.639 of manufacturing closer than ever to its bustling ports and 0:18:54.760 --> 0:18:58.600 beating financial core. It was the circulatory system of the 0:18:58.640 --> 0:19:04.760 imperial heart, the British Railway. Even as it carved open fields, towns, 0:19:04.880 --> 0:19:08.679 mountains and cities, the railroad became ever more a place 0:19:08.760 --> 0:19:11.959 where all human life played out. Too many it seemed 0:19:11.960 --> 0:19:15.520 like advanced industry and order, the straight line drawn through 0:19:15.560 --> 0:19:19.720 the rolling chaos of a landscape civilization made manifest in 0:19:19.840 --> 0:19:24.040 whirling wheels and richly appointed cars. But the fantasy of 0:19:24.080 --> 0:19:27.040 the rail as a sign of Britain's advancement beyond human 0:19:27.080 --> 0:19:32.919 tragedies was shattered in a bloody crime in one. In 0:19:33.040 --> 0:19:35.399 July of that year, a London police surgeon by the 0:19:35.480 --> 0:19:38.720 name of Dr Thomas Bond found himself on his way south. 0:19:39.240 --> 0:19:42.080 He was headed for the railway in at Balcom. A 0:19:42.160 --> 0:19:45.160 body had been carried there, and although the local authorities 0:19:45.200 --> 0:19:48.280 were examining it, they had called for backup. They wanted 0:19:48.320 --> 0:19:51.960 someone with experience piecing together the torn flesh of wounds 0:19:52.040 --> 0:19:56.080 into the evidence required to convict a criminal assailant, so 0:19:56.119 --> 0:20:00.639 they called Thomas Bond. Doctor Bond was Fellow of the 0:20:00.720 --> 0:20:04.240 Royal College of Surgeons and a lecturer on forensic medicine 0:20:04.280 --> 0:20:07.840 at Westminster Hospital. But since eighteen sixty seven he'd been 0:20:07.880 --> 0:20:10.800 in a particularly important line of work. He wasn't just 0:20:10.840 --> 0:20:13.919 wielding his scalpel in the service of London's pain public. 0:20:14.240 --> 0:20:16.680 For years. He had been using his sharp mind in 0:20:16.760 --> 0:20:19.960 the service of Scotland Yard, and he had a storied 0:20:20.000 --> 0:20:24.119 past as an excellent diagnetician. Here's Adam Wood once again. 0:20:26.240 --> 0:20:28.600 Dr Thomas Bond was a divisional surgeon attached to a 0:20:28.640 --> 0:20:31.400 division of Scotland Yard. He'd been involved in so many 0:20:31.400 --> 0:20:35.359 howe profile cases since been appointed in eighteen sixty seven. 0:20:35.800 --> 0:20:37.760 He was cooled down to Brighton to examine the body 0:20:37.800 --> 0:20:40.040 of a man found on the tracks in a railway 0:20:40.160 --> 0:20:42.440 arch and it was not initially clear with the cause 0:20:42.480 --> 0:20:44.680 of death was that he'd been hit by a train 0:20:44.800 --> 0:20:48.120 or falling from a carriage. The body had been discovered 0:20:48.160 --> 0:20:50.480 on the tracks of the railway tunnel by a plate 0:20:50.560 --> 0:20:54.040 layer who ventured inside. What he saw was terrible. The 0:20:54.160 --> 0:20:56.560 light of his gas lamp revealed the body of a 0:20:56.560 --> 0:20:59.879 heavy set man, clearly in his latter years, and he 0:21:00.080 --> 0:21:03.960 was riddled with injuries. When Dr Bond examined the body, 0:21:04.000 --> 0:21:06.840 he noted that the skull was badly fractured. There were 0:21:06.880 --> 0:21:08.920 brakes that could have happened when the man fell from 0:21:08.920 --> 0:21:13.320 the train violent contact with the ground, Bond wrote, and 0:21:13.400 --> 0:21:16.640 there was also a jagged, penetrating wound on the left leg, 0:21:16.840 --> 0:21:20.440 exposing the bone all smeared with black grease. Bond would 0:21:20.520 --> 0:21:22.720 later say it could have been from contact with the 0:21:22.720 --> 0:21:25.560 wheel of an engine, but as he looked more closely 0:21:25.600 --> 0:21:27.760 at the body, it was obvious that it was no 0:21:27.920 --> 0:21:31.960 mere accident. Bond reported that a small bullet had been 0:21:32.000 --> 0:21:35.160 fired into the man's head. It punched in just under 0:21:35.200 --> 0:21:38.240 the ear and lodged at the spine. A man's hand 0:21:38.280 --> 0:21:41.000 and face had also been cut deeply with a knife, 0:21:41.400 --> 0:21:44.919 but that wasn't all. There were a total of fourteen 0:21:45.119 --> 0:21:48.440 bone deep knife wounds on the man's body. Dr Bond 0:21:48.480 --> 0:21:50.199 would go on to say that the wounds on the 0:21:50.240 --> 0:21:52.960 face must have been inflicted by a right hand attacker 0:21:53.080 --> 0:21:56.879 swinging for the throat. All told, it was a terrible 0:21:56.960 --> 0:22:02.159 litany of violence. The man, Mr Friederick Gold, had been 0:22:02.520 --> 0:22:04.680 on bold the tray and from from the carriage as 0:22:04.680 --> 0:22:08.240 it passed through the tunnel. It was just the second 0:22:08.320 --> 0:22:11.200 ever murder to occur on a British train. When the 0:22:11.280 --> 0:22:13.720 victim's body was found on the ground, one arm was 0:22:13.800 --> 0:22:16.639 draped over the face. The remnants of a gold watch 0:22:16.760 --> 0:22:19.879 chain still hung from the neck. Following That chain was 0:22:19.960 --> 0:22:24.680 crucial to the investigation that came next. Other passengers on 0:22:24.720 --> 0:22:27.760 the train filled in fragments of what happened. One man, 0:22:27.960 --> 0:22:30.879 a chemist, said that he heard four explosions from the 0:22:30.880 --> 0:22:33.600 back of the train as it traveled from London to Brighton. 0:22:33.960 --> 0:22:36.679 The sounds had terrified his son as the train passed 0:22:36.720 --> 0:22:40.119 through a tunnel's darkness. Of course, once Dr Bond found 0:22:40.119 --> 0:22:42.480 the bullet in the old man's head, it was clear 0:22:42.840 --> 0:22:47.120 those explosions were the sound of gunfire. The train car 0:22:47.200 --> 0:22:50.000 itself had its own story to tell. When it had 0:22:50.080 --> 0:22:52.879 arrived at its destination, the seats, the floor, and the 0:22:52.920 --> 0:22:55.679 walls were covered in blood. There was blood on the 0:22:55.720 --> 0:22:59.840 train's footboard, and not just a splash, but a bloody handprint. 0:23:00.320 --> 0:23:02.560 And fallen to the blood soaked floor of the car 0:23:02.640 --> 0:23:07.119 were two bright coins Hanoverian sovereigns, the poker chips of 0:23:07.160 --> 0:23:10.960 the day. And crucially, there was a man who exited 0:23:10.960 --> 0:23:13.159 the bloody car when it stopped at the station a 0:23:13.200 --> 0:23:16.320 mile from Brighton. His name was le Froy, and he 0:23:16.359 --> 0:23:19.359 stepped from the train calling for help. Like the car, 0:23:19.440 --> 0:23:22.280 he was also covered in blood. It was on his clothes, 0:23:22.359 --> 0:23:25.040 on his face and neck, and on his hands. The 0:23:25.119 --> 0:23:27.720 ticket collectors at the station rushed to help and he 0:23:27.800 --> 0:23:30.679 told them what happened. While on the train from London. 0:23:30.760 --> 0:23:34.000 He had been attacked by two men, an elderly fellow 0:23:34.080 --> 0:23:37.040 and a back country bruiser with broad shoulders and a 0:23:37.119 --> 0:23:40.520 thick beard to match. He was taken to Brighton by 0:23:40.520 --> 0:23:43.360 the station master and on the way he described the assault. 0:23:43.720 --> 0:23:45.720 One of the men had fired a pistol at him, 0:23:45.920 --> 0:23:47.639 the other had struck him on the head with the 0:23:47.680 --> 0:23:51.400 blunt weapon. Six gashes on his scalp showed the evidence. 0:23:51.800 --> 0:23:54.280