1 00:00:00,680 --> 00:00:03,880 Speaker 1: Welcomed unobscured a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Minky. 2 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:11,959 Speaker 1: Theodore Bryant knew where his bread was buttered and who 3 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:15,000 Speaker 1: would butter it. He was a member of a prominent 4 00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:19,239 Speaker 1: Quaker family who had risen to prestige as successful London grocers. 5 00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:22,440 Speaker 1: The law cut off Quakers from much of British life. 6 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:26,000 Speaker 1: They couldn't serve in the military, they couldn't practice law 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:29,319 Speaker 1: or medicine. But what they could do was by and sell, 8 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:32,400 Speaker 1: and like many others, the Bryant family took to the 9 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:36,839 Speaker 1: market with enthusiasm. Starting with the small grocery, their business 10 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:41,879 Speaker 1: grew and flourished and expanded, and one of the things 11 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:45,240 Speaker 1: their grocery sold like hot cakes, was the indispensable tool 12 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: and light source of every Victorian household, the humble match. 13 00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:53,000 Speaker 1: Whether you were lighting a stove, a pipe of fireplace, 14 00:00:53,080 --> 00:00:56,120 Speaker 1: a candle or a gas lamp, the match was in 15 00:00:56,200 --> 00:01:01,080 Speaker 1: demand and the Bryants were ready to supply. Theodore Bryant 16 00:01:01,120 --> 00:01:04,360 Speaker 1: had seen as family's grocery become profitable, and then, what's 17 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:09,400 Speaker 1: more powerful, they went from selling to manufacturing. After all, 18 00:01:09,440 --> 00:01:13,160 Speaker 1: it was the industrial Age. By two of the Bryant's 19 00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:15,920 Speaker 1: had a factory in London's East End, employing more than 20 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:19,320 Speaker 1: five thousand workers in a time when many Quakers still 21 00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:21,920 Speaker 1: found themselves on the outside of the law looking in. 22 00:01:22,360 --> 00:01:24,800 Speaker 1: The Bryant's had risen so high they even had the 23 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:28,039 Speaker 1: ear of Britain's Liberal Party. So it should be no 24 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:32,680 Speaker 1: surprise that Theodore Bryant's had a bright idea. Here's historian 25 00:01:32,760 --> 00:01:36,160 Speaker 1: Louise raw So Brian and may As I said to 26 00:01:36,160 --> 00:01:39,560 Speaker 1: we very well in with the Liberal Party. And Gladstone 27 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:42,640 Speaker 1: was always being Prime Minister Jenes period is Prime Minster 28 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,440 Speaker 1: for several different terms. So the ultimate act of sucking 29 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 1: up my goodness took about ass kissing Brant. And they 30 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: just said they will build a statue of William Gladstone, 31 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:55,760 Speaker 1: and they will build it on the Bow Road. And 32 00:01:55,800 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: it's actually gesturing with the right hand towards their fact 33 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,000 Speaker 1: three such humidlity. You know, this is Fladstone saying you 34 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,560 Speaker 1: look at this wonderful factory. So they decided to build it. 35 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:09,160 Speaker 1: They could have paid for themselves. They could have paid 36 00:02:09,160 --> 00:02:13,120 Speaker 1: for a thousand statues themselves, I'm sure very easily. But again, 37 00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:15,560 Speaker 1: why would you when you can make your work is 38 00:02:15,639 --> 00:02:20,360 Speaker 1: pay That's right, Bryant followed one bright idea with another. 39 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:24,600 Speaker 1: To pay for his statue celebrating William Gladstone, Titan of 40 00:02:24,639 --> 00:02:28,560 Speaker 1: the Liberal Party, Bryant took money out of his workers pay, 41 00:02:28,639 --> 00:02:31,120 Speaker 1: and of course, on the day of the Statues unveiling, 42 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:34,560 Speaker 1: he shut down the factory. Bryant said he was giving 43 00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:37,480 Speaker 1: them a holiday. What he wasn't giving them, though, was 44 00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:41,560 Speaker 1: their day's wage. And to add insult to injury, attendance 45 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:45,399 Speaker 1: at the Statues unveiling was mandatory. All the women who 46 00:02:45,400 --> 00:02:48,360 Speaker 1: worked in Theodore Bryant's factory were required to be there 47 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:52,720 Speaker 1: a dressed to the nines. The streets certainly had the 48 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:55,880 Speaker 1: atmosphere that Bryant had hoped for. A crowd of thirty 49 00:02:55,919 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: thousands surrounded the monument. The Bow Road was lined with 50 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:03,200 Speaker 1: Venetian masts and a profusion of bunting, while the railroad 51 00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:05,679 Speaker 1: bridge that crossed the road was draped with red banners 52 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:12,639 Speaker 1: proclaiming England's greatest statesman, Gladstone. Leading dignitaries and politicians attended. 53 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: Gladstone's wife and children, the chairman of the London School Board, 54 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:20,080 Speaker 1: and members of Parliament. That even attracted a clutch of 55 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:23,440 Speaker 1: lords who served in Gladstone's cabinets or on the Crowns 56 00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:27,200 Speaker 1: Privy Council. It was precisely the gala for Britain's ruling 57 00:03:27,240 --> 00:03:32,000 Speaker 1: Liberal Party that Theodore Bryant's had planned. What he didn't 58 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:34,360 Speaker 1: plan was the response from the women who worked in 59 00:03:34,400 --> 00:03:37,760 Speaker 1: his factory. They did come in their best clothes, but 60 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:40,480 Speaker 1: some of them also had rocks and bricks clutched in 61 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 1: their fists. The newspapers would later politely whitewash over the 62 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: friction by calling it unbounded enthusiasm, but looking back, we 63 00:03:49,040 --> 00:03:51,360 Speaker 1: know that many of those women hoped their stones and 64 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:56,360 Speaker 1: bricks would make some impression on Mr Bryant's conscience. Whatever 65 00:03:56,400 --> 00:03:59,880 Speaker 1: their intentions, they were outnumbered by the crowd. But once 66 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,520 Speaker 1: the politicians and peerage were done glad handing and proclaiming 67 00:04:03,560 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: each other a great statesman, they cleared out, leaving the 68 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 1: neighborhood to its residence. And that's when the working women 69 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:14,080 Speaker 1: surrounded the statue. Their effort had paid for it, after all, 70 00:04:14,560 --> 00:04:18,000 Speaker 1: their lives, their work, their blood. In a moment of anger, 71 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: some of the women cut themselves and smeared their blood 72 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:24,240 Speaker 1: on the monuments. Later, when the blood had dried and faded, 73 00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:27,040 Speaker 1: they came back with red paint and splashed it over 74 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:32,159 Speaker 1: the statues outstretched hand. In London's East End, myths were 75 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:36,120 Speaker 1: praised and greatness was celebrated. But like the women around 76 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:41,039 Speaker 1: Gladstone Statue, east Enders understood something else. That their work 77 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:44,240 Speaker 1: had lifted the Empire and its loyal bagman to the 78 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:48,240 Speaker 1: heights of imperial power. That price was paid right where 79 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:51,279 Speaker 1: they lived in the East End, and it was paid 80 00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:59,120 Speaker 1: with the ultimate sacrifice their blood. This is unobscured. I'm 81 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:25,200 Speaker 1: Aaron Manky. However, they chose to vent their anger over 82 00:05:25,320 --> 00:05:28,239 Speaker 1: lost wages. The match women still went back to work. 83 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:31,159 Speaker 1: After all, if they were furious over a single day's 84 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:35,680 Speaker 1: loss wage, how would they afford to lose it all Two. 85 00:05:35,839 --> 00:05:38,560 Speaker 1: The Bryant and May match factory employed more women in 86 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:41,599 Speaker 1: the East End than any other company. They were putting 87 00:05:41,680 --> 00:05:45,440 Speaker 1: other match manufacturers out of business or gobbling them up. 88 00:05:45,839 --> 00:05:49,240 Speaker 1: They poured money into advertising campaigns, and in order to 89 00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:53,159 Speaker 1: keep them operating, the Liberal government massaged manufacturing laws to 90 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:56,760 Speaker 1: make sure that match boxes kept marching out their factory doors, 91 00:05:57,200 --> 00:06:00,320 Speaker 1: whether it was the Gladstone statue or all the behind 92 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:03,440 Speaker 1: the scenes glad handing that Theodore and his brothers. Their 93 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:07,480 Speaker 1: relationship to govering officials paid off in many ways big 94 00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:11,719 Speaker 1: and small. Their factory in the East End had started 95 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: when a Swedish match factory closed down and the family 96 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:18,279 Speaker 1: of grocers lost their foreign source of cheap matches. Bryant's 97 00:06:18,279 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 1: decided to bring the operation home and run it themselves 98 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:25,080 Speaker 1: from a neighborhood teaming with life and laborers. So they 99 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:27,960 Speaker 1: moved into the old home of the British Sperm Candle Company. 100 00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:31,120 Speaker 1: It was a sign of the changing times. Here's Louise 101 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:38,560 Speaker 1: raw once again. Everything really changes with industrialization. People come 102 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:43,359 Speaker 1: in from the countryside from working in you perhaps on 103 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:46,240 Speaker 1: farms or working in a by feudal set up really 104 00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:49,840 Speaker 1: perhaps the lord of the manner in some capacity. They 105 00:06:49,880 --> 00:06:54,039 Speaker 1: come flooding into the new towns and cities in especially London, 106 00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:58,400 Speaker 1: to work in the new factories. Nothing's ready for them, 107 00:06:58,560 --> 00:07:03,920 Speaker 1: nothing's prepared, so they just come crowding into London and 108 00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:06,840 Speaker 1: the rich get the hell out as soon as they can, 109 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: and steam trains, of course make that possible. Suddenly we 110 00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:14,280 Speaker 1: have new suburbs, so you can get out, you can 111 00:07:14,320 --> 00:07:16,360 Speaker 1: come back into London for work and then you can 112 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:19,000 Speaker 1: get away from all the dirt and the dust and 113 00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:22,559 Speaker 1: the disorder of industrialization, and you know, it's a pretty 114 00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:25,560 Speaker 1: stinky process. Industrialization, particularly in the East En where we 115 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:27,920 Speaker 1: had a lot of slaughter houses as well, at absolutely 116 00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: stuck on some days so they could get out and 117 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: they left the poor, particularly in the East End, just 118 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:39,200 Speaker 1: to get the hell on with it, and get on 119 00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:42,760 Speaker 1: with it they did. But like the matchwomen, Londoners were 120 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:45,080 Speaker 1: daily confronted with the fact that they were living at 121 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: the heart of a powerful empire, an empire that made 122 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,480 Speaker 1: its rulers incredibly rich. But close beside the splendid homes 123 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 1: of the bankers and bureaucrats of London's financial center, men 124 00:07:56,280 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 1: and women in the East End, we're working themselves to death. 125 00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: And it wasn't just the match women who looked at 126 00:08:02,240 --> 00:08:04,920 Speaker 1: their skimpy wages and thought that something was wrong with 127 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,480 Speaker 1: that picture. If some gatherings, like the dedication of the 128 00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:12,600 Speaker 1: Gladstone Statue brought honor to the government's heavyweights, other meetings 129 00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:16,440 Speaker 1: were not so flattering, especially when times got hard. Eight 130 00:08:16,720 --> 00:08:19,960 Speaker 1: eighty four saw Britain in a deep depression. Families like 131 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:23,040 Speaker 1: the Bryant's may have enjoyed the friendship of the governing powers, 132 00:08:23,120 --> 00:08:26,680 Speaker 1: but not every working family enjoyed the same attention, and 133 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:29,800 Speaker 1: that was bound to end in unrest. Take for instance, 134 00:08:29,840 --> 00:08:32,880 Speaker 1: a gathering that was organized on a cold February Monday 135 00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:36,559 Speaker 1: in eighteen eighties six by the London United Workers Committee. 136 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:40,560 Speaker 1: They planned a meeting in Trafalgar Square to cast blame 137 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:45,480 Speaker 1: for massive unemployment on foreign businesses squeezing out Britain's sugar refineries. 138 00:08:45,760 --> 00:08:48,120 Speaker 1: The London Police knew that there was some potential for 139 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:51,640 Speaker 1: a scuffle, so the Commissioner assigned five hundred officers to 140 00:08:51,679 --> 00:08:55,600 Speaker 1: the gathering. Thousands of demonstrators arrived from the East End. 141 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:59,360 Speaker 1: Crowds of socialists, led by the likes of Eleanor Marx 142 00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:02,680 Speaker 1: and William Morris, joined the crowd. They're more simple demand 143 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: that the government provide work or bread had gathered crowds 144 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:09,480 Speaker 1: throughout London over the past few years. Bearing that a 145 00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:12,920 Speaker 1: clash between the two groups would prove violent, police ordered 146 00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:15,400 Speaker 1: the socialist to carry their red flags from Sir Falgar 147 00:09:15,440 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 1: Square to Hyde Park, a mile to the west. They 148 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:22,120 Speaker 1: were only too happy to oblige. In their wake, ten 149 00:09:22,160 --> 00:09:25,439 Speaker 1: thousand marchers took their hunger, their demands, and their pent 150 00:09:25,559 --> 00:09:28,439 Speaker 1: up fury through the streets of Pall Mall, but they 151 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:31,679 Speaker 1: were met with scorn along the way. Here's Louise raw 152 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 1: once again. The servants of the posh clubs and poal money. 153 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:39,640 Speaker 1: You know, the gentleman's clubs in Palma, come out on 154 00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:41,839 Speaker 1: the door sorts and throw things at the poor who 155 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:44,720 Speaker 1: were marching past them. They throw heavy glass as tis. 156 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: They throw shoes, you're cluding the gentleman's shoes and they 157 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:49,400 Speaker 1: gets the card where they throw them at the poor. 158 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:51,920 Speaker 1: You know, go home, what are you doing here? Get 159 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 1: out of here. Met with violence and told that this 160 00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:59,680 Speaker 1: part of London was not theirs to occupy. The marchers 161 00:09:59,720 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 1: were to earned the greeting in kind. They smashed the 162 00:10:02,520 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: windows of the Gentlemen's club. They broke into shops and 163 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:09,920 Speaker 1: loaded themselves with the clothes on display for London's upwardly mobile. 164 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:13,400 Speaker 1: When they reached Hyde Park, the crowd milled for three hours. 165 00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:16,679 Speaker 1: Some even tried on their new attire, stripping in the 166 00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:21,440 Speaker 1: open air. At least a thousand destitute Londoners weren't done. 167 00:10:21,840 --> 00:10:25,240 Speaker 1: They knew where the money was. They marched on jewelers, stores, 168 00:10:25,400 --> 00:10:29,280 Speaker 1: China's shops and wine merchants, tailors weren't exempt either, nor 169 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:33,160 Speaker 1: were perfumers and art shops. But despite all this, the 170 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:36,960 Speaker 1: police were nowhere to be seen. In their wake, the 171 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:40,760 Speaker 1: crowd left a trail of smashed carriages, emptied businesses, and 172 00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:45,040 Speaker 1: respectable ladies lightened of their jewels. The wealthy residents of 173 00:10:45,040 --> 00:10:49,400 Speaker 1: West London were horrified and outraged. In the days of 174 00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:52,720 Speaker 1: dense fog that followed, rumors spread that gangs were assembling 175 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:55,320 Speaker 1: on the outskirts of the city to march in. Once again, 176 00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:58,960 Speaker 1: the doors of upscale London were locked. The city was 177 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:01,800 Speaker 1: a ghost town. The Times of London called it a 178 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:05,400 Speaker 1: disaster and shame such as London has not known within 179 00:11:05,559 --> 00:11:10,000 Speaker 1: living memory. Queen Victoria wrote to her Prime Minister, none 180 00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: other than William Gladstone, that's if steps and very strong 181 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,439 Speaker 1: ones are not speedily taken to put these proceedings down, 182 00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:21,679 Speaker 1: the government will suffer severely. The effect abroad is already 183 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:26,840 Speaker 1: humiliating the country. The city's leadership, in other words, was disgraced, 184 00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:30,160 Speaker 1: and much of that blame ultimately landed on the shoulders 185 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,680 Speaker 1: of London's Commissioner of Police. In the shattered remains of 186 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:37,720 Speaker 1: the neighborhood, he resigned his post. But the Home Office 187 00:11:37,840 --> 00:11:40,480 Speaker 1: and the city leaders knew that the London poor would 188 00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:44,040 Speaker 1: not resign their fight. They were still without work and bread. 189 00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: Then the marchers and match women were bound to take 190 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:50,560 Speaker 1: the streets again. So it was decided that London needed 191 00:11:50,559 --> 00:11:53,080 Speaker 1: a police commissioner who would know what to do when 192 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:57,040 Speaker 1: the locals got restless. They looked for a gladstone of 193 00:11:57,040 --> 00:11:59,959 Speaker 1: the battlefield who would understand the way that the Police 194 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:03,400 Speaker 1: of London had an effect abroad, someone who would bring 195 00:12:03,440 --> 00:12:07,040 Speaker 1: the order of the Empire to its tempestuous hearts. They 196 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:09,960 Speaker 1: looked for a hero, and they landed on a man, 197 00:12:11,040 --> 00:12:20,400 Speaker 1: Charles Warren. He was a soldier, He was an engineer. 198 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:22,800 Speaker 1: He was a man who had already made his mark 199 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:27,959 Speaker 1: on history by going underground. His father, a major general 200 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:30,520 Speaker 1: in the British Army, made sure that young Charles had 201 00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:33,640 Speaker 1: a way into the force. After all, Warren's father and 202 00:12:33,720 --> 00:12:36,560 Speaker 1: older brother were both wounded during the Crimean War of 203 00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:40,360 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty four, when Britain tangled with Russia over control 204 00:12:40,440 --> 00:12:44,160 Speaker 1: of the Ottoman Empire, including the Holy Land. The Warren's 205 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:46,760 Speaker 1: shed blood for the sake of the Empire. It was 206 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:51,840 Speaker 1: their family way. Charles, though had a penchant for calculations, 207 00:12:52,280 --> 00:12:54,439 Speaker 1: so when he was just seventeen, he was selected to 208 00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:58,560 Speaker 1: join the Royal Engineers. His first orders were weighty ones too. 209 00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,240 Speaker 1: He was sent to Gibraltar to join the survey of 210 00:13:01,240 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: that strategic shrine at the mouth of the Mediterranean, and 211 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: Charles shown his detailed mapping of the rock of Gibraltar 212 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,640 Speaker 1: and his design of new cannons for its towering height, 213 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 1: secured the Crown's grasp over the sea, just as a 214 00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:19,000 Speaker 1: flood of new ships flowed through the Suez Canal. Making 215 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,640 Speaker 1: your mark on Gibraltar was one thing. It was an 216 00:13:21,640 --> 00:13:24,760 Speaker 1: achievement that made Warren fit to serve as an instructor 217 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:29,280 Speaker 1: at School of Military Engineering. When the Palestine Exploration Fund 218 00:13:29,320 --> 00:13:32,600 Speaker 1: came calling and requested that the War Office provide engineers 219 00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:35,520 Speaker 1: for their work, Charles was their man, and it was 220 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:38,439 Speaker 1: the digging that followed which would make Charles Warren more 221 00:13:38,480 --> 00:13:42,120 Speaker 1: than just another servant of the Crown. In fact, in 222 00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:45,800 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven, still in his twenties, Charles had drawn 223 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:49,040 Speaker 1: praise from the pillars of British society because he was 224 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 1: the man who offered the Crown a new look at 225 00:13:51,160 --> 00:13:56,680 Speaker 1: one of the most coveted and contested places in world history. Jerusalem, 226 00:13:56,720 --> 00:13:59,200 Speaker 1: the city had been a place where Christian, Muslim, and 227 00:13:59,280 --> 00:14:02,280 Speaker 1: Jewish pilgrim him had climbed the hills to a holy place. 228 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:06,280 Speaker 1: But Charles Warren took a different approach. He went under it. 229 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:09,520 Speaker 1: Charles had been sent to the Holy Land with the 230 00:14:09,520 --> 00:14:13,480 Speaker 1: heavy task. Yes, he was mapping geography and taking notes 231 00:14:13,520 --> 00:14:17,160 Speaker 1: on culture and history, but there were bishops and archbishops 232 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:20,120 Speaker 1: in the Palestine Exploration Fund who made it clear that 233 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,280 Speaker 1: Charles Warren's duty was to show the unbelieving world that 234 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:25,920 Speaker 1: the Bible was true. He was sent to locate the 235 00:14:25,960 --> 00:14:28,920 Speaker 1: tombs of King David and King Solomon, to find the 236 00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:32,600 Speaker 1: ancient city walls, to map the foundations and features of 237 00:14:32,640 --> 00:14:36,160 Speaker 1: the Temple Mount, in short, to vindicate the trust that 238 00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:40,440 Speaker 1: the British public had placed in an ancient faith. He 239 00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,600 Speaker 1: and his team of two military engineers took their orders 240 00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:46,520 Speaker 1: and set out to match the terrain to the biblical text. 241 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:50,080 Speaker 1: But Charles Warren wasn't one to make assumptions or to 242 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:54,520 Speaker 1: blindly follow orders. In a letter, he wrote, we must 243 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:57,040 Speaker 1: go on the principle that we know nothing until it 244 00:14:57,120 --> 00:15:00,480 Speaker 1: is fully established. Ever ready to acquire idea yas and 245 00:15:00,560 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 1: to suspend judgment. We are busy collecting facts and have 246 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:07,320 Speaker 1: no time for speculation, so long as we can apply 247 00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:10,400 Speaker 1: to the ground for information. It was the kind of 248 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:14,320 Speaker 1: attention to detail and suspension of judgment that allowed him 249 00:15:14,360 --> 00:15:18,040 Speaker 1: to make headway. In fact, his work was a revelation. 250 00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 1: Over the next three years on the Temple Mount, Warren 251 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:24,480 Speaker 1: sent home a stream of discoveries, beginning with the news 252 00:15:24,520 --> 00:15:27,800 Speaker 1: that the boundaries of ancient Jerusalem lay beyond the medieval 253 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:30,960 Speaker 1: walls that contained the modern city. In fact, the ancient 254 00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:33,920 Speaker 1: dwellings were buried under one hundred and thirty feet of 255 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:37,400 Speaker 1: rubble and dust. The only way to reach the ancient 256 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:40,400 Speaker 1: world was to dig a series of tunnels straight down 257 00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 1: into the earth. As local officials watched Warren and his 258 00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,160 Speaker 1: team of hired workers disappear into the earth, they worried 259 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:50,400 Speaker 1: that he was opening underground passages for the British Army. 260 00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:54,800 Speaker 1: They started calling Charles the Mole, but it didn't stop 261 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:58,120 Speaker 1: him from digging. With torch in hand, Warren brought to 262 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:01,600 Speaker 1: light the actual streets of the city and opened up 263 00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:05,880 Speaker 1: a complicated network of drains and reservoirs. Eventually it became 264 00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: clear he had carved into the tunnels that the ancient 265 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:12,520 Speaker 1: city used to draw water during times of siege. One 266 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:16,480 Speaker 1: member of the Palestine Exploration Fund proudly proclaimed the extent 267 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:19,240 Speaker 1: of Warren's achievement when he wrote that Charles and I 268 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:23,000 Speaker 1: quote restored the ancient city to the world, stripped the 269 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:26,600 Speaker 1: rubbish from the rocks, and showed the glorious temple standing 270 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:30,440 Speaker 1: within its walls, opened the secret passages, the aqueducts, the 271 00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:34,680 Speaker 1: bridge connecting the temple and town. Today, the ancient water 272 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:38,520 Speaker 1: system he uncovered for Victorian Britain still carries his name 273 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:42,320 Speaker 1: Warren's Shaft, and it was far from the last time 274 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 1: Warren would be praised in the British press or by 275 00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:48,400 Speaker 1: the government. The British bishops were delighted by his work 276 00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: in Jerusalem, but his later campaigns would be even more 277 00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: influential in earning praise from the monarchy. Nothing connected temple 278 00:16:56,320 --> 00:17:00,080 Speaker 1: and town or church and Crown like praising Charles war 279 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,360 Speaker 1: He was given his knighthood in eighteen eighty three. A 280 00:17:03,440 --> 00:17:06,400 Speaker 1: year later he was made a member of the Royal Society. 281 00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 1: So when the Home Secretary Huge Shoulders needed a military 282 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:13,760 Speaker 1: man to wade into the rubble and chaos left in 283 00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:16,480 Speaker 1: the wake of the eighteen eighties six riots. I hope 284 00:17:16,520 --> 00:17:20,160 Speaker 1: you can see why he chose Charles Warren. Here's historian 285 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 1: Adam Wood. Warren had enjoyed a hugely successful military career, 286 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:28,560 Speaker 1: and he was a skilled surveyor and archaeologist. He had 287 00:17:28,560 --> 00:17:31,239 Speaker 1: served in Gibralt, to the Palestine, South Africa and in 288 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 1: and was in Egypt when Home Secretary who Huge Shilders 289 00:17:35,560 --> 00:17:37,880 Speaker 1: wrote to him offering the position of Commissioner of the met. 290 00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: He was wanted to take the place of the existing commissioners, 291 00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:45,919 Speaker 1: Redmond Henderson, who had been popular since his appointment in 292 00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:48,640 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty eight, but in recent years had grown out 293 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:50,400 Speaker 1: of touch with the growing force in his own men. 294 00:17:51,119 --> 00:17:53,359 Speaker 1: When a riot took place in eighty six and the 295 00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:58,720 Speaker 1: bandly bungled its response, Henderson was forced to resign, and Shilders, 296 00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:01,399 Speaker 1: had met Warren four years was obviously impressed. He was 297 00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:05,440 Speaker 1: no nonsense attitude. It was exactly the man. The Childer's 298 00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:07,840 Speaker 1: fault was needy to restore public ordering a tomb of 299 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:11,359 Speaker 1: ross and to bring them back into shape. Of course, 300 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:14,600 Speaker 1: life is never as simple as that. Pleasing the Church 301 00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:17,800 Speaker 1: and the Crown was one thing. Policing London would be 302 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:21,679 Speaker 1: something else entirely. The aqueducts of the ancient world suited 303 00:18:21,680 --> 00:18:25,119 Speaker 1: a man with Charles Warren's calculating mind, but mapping the 304 00:18:25,119 --> 00:18:28,160 Speaker 1: city of London would require an understanding of a very 305 00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:32,360 Speaker 1: different infrastructure. Because while the Kings of Jerusalem designed its 306 00:18:32,359 --> 00:18:36,040 Speaker 1: tunnels and waterways for the demands of conflict, the builders 307 00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:40,480 Speaker 1: of modern London built their temples not with stone but 308 00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 1: with steel. There was another empire advancing inside the first. 309 00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:51,000 Speaker 1: It was a technological lace work that drew Brittain's hubs 310 00:18:51,040 --> 00:18:54,639 Speaker 1: of manufacturing closer than ever to its bustling ports and 311 00:18:54,760 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: beating financial core. It was the circulatory system of the 312 00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 1: imperial heart, the British Railway. Even as it carved open fields, towns, 313 00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:08,679 Speaker 1: mountains and cities, the railroad became ever more a place 314 00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:11,959 Speaker 1: where all human life played out. Too many it seemed 315 00:19:11,960 --> 00:19:15,520 Speaker 1: like advanced industry and order, the straight line drawn through 316 00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:19,720 Speaker 1: the rolling chaos of a landscape civilization made manifest in 317 00:19:19,840 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: whirling wheels and richly appointed cars. But the fantasy of 318 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:27,040 Speaker 1: the rail as a sign of Britain's advancement beyond human 319 00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:32,919 Speaker 1: tragedies was shattered in a bloody crime in one. In 320 00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:35,399 Speaker 1: July of that year, a London police surgeon by the 321 00:19:35,480 --> 00:19:38,720 Speaker 1: name of Dr Thomas Bond found himself on his way south. 322 00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:42,080 Speaker 1: He was headed for the railway in at Balcom. A 323 00:19:42,160 --> 00:19:45,160 Speaker 1: body had been carried there, and although the local authorities 324 00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,280 Speaker 1: were examining it, they had called for backup. They wanted 325 00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:51,960 Speaker 1: someone with experience piecing together the torn flesh of wounds 326 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: into the evidence required to convict a criminal assailant, so 327 00:19:56,119 --> 00:20:00,639 Speaker 1: they called Thomas Bond. Doctor Bond was Fellow of the 328 00:20:00,720 --> 00:20:04,240 Speaker 1: Royal College of Surgeons and a lecturer on forensic medicine 329 00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 1: at Westminster Hospital. But since eighteen sixty seven he'd been 330 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:10,800 Speaker 1: in a particularly important line of work. He wasn't just 331 00:20:10,840 --> 00:20:13,919 Speaker 1: wielding his scalpel in the service of London's pain public. 332 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:16,680 Speaker 1: For years. He had been using his sharp mind in 333 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:19,960 Speaker 1: the service of Scotland Yard, and he had a storied 334 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:24,119 Speaker 1: past as an excellent diagnetician. Here's Adam Wood once again. 335 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:28,600 Speaker 1: Dr Thomas Bond was a divisional surgeon attached to a 336 00:20:28,640 --> 00:20:31,400 Speaker 1: division of Scotland Yard. He'd been involved in so many 337 00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:35,359 Speaker 1: howe profile cases since been appointed in eighteen sixty seven. 338 00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:37,760 Speaker 1: He was cooled down to Brighton to examine the body 339 00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:40,040 Speaker 1: of a man found on the tracks in a railway 340 00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:42,440 Speaker 1: arch and it was not initially clear with the cause 341 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:44,680 Speaker 1: of death was that he'd been hit by a train 342 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:48,120 Speaker 1: or falling from a carriage. The body had been discovered 343 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:50,480 Speaker 1: on the tracks of the railway tunnel by a plate 344 00:20:50,560 --> 00:20:54,040 Speaker 1: layer who ventured inside. What he saw was terrible. The 345 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:56,560 Speaker 1: light of his gas lamp revealed the body of a 346 00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,879 Speaker 1: heavy set man, clearly in his latter years, and he 347 00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:03,960 Speaker 1: was riddled with injuries. When Dr Bond examined the body, 348 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,840 Speaker 1: he noted that the skull was badly fractured. There were 349 00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:08,920 Speaker 1: brakes that could have happened when the man fell from 350 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:13,320 Speaker 1: the train violent contact with the ground, Bond wrote, and 351 00:21:13,400 --> 00:21:16,640 Speaker 1: there was also a jagged, penetrating wound on the left leg, 352 00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:20,440 Speaker 1: exposing the bone all smeared with black grease. Bond would 353 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:22,720 Speaker 1: later say it could have been from contact with the 354 00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:25,560 Speaker 1: wheel of an engine, but as he looked more closely 355 00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:27,760 Speaker 1: at the body, it was obvious that it was no 356 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 1: mere accident. Bond reported that a small bullet had been 357 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:35,160 Speaker 1: fired into the man's head. It punched in just under 358 00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,240 Speaker 1: the ear and lodged at the spine. A man's hand 359 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:41,000 Speaker 1: and face had also been cut deeply with a knife, 360 00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:44,919 Speaker 1: but that wasn't all. There were a total of fourteen 361 00:21:45,119 --> 00:21:48,440 Speaker 1: bone deep knife wounds on the man's body. Dr Bond 362 00:21:48,480 --> 00:21:50,199 Speaker 1: would go on to say that the wounds on the 363 00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:52,960 Speaker 1: face must have been inflicted by a right hand attacker 364 00:21:53,080 --> 00:21:56,879 Speaker 1: swinging for the throat. All told, it was a terrible 365 00:21:56,960 --> 00:22:02,159 Speaker 1: litany of violence. The man, Mr Friederick Gold, had been 366 00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:04,680 Speaker 1: on bold the tray and from from the carriage as 367 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:08,240 Speaker 1: it passed through the tunnel. It was just the second 368 00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:11,200 Speaker 1: ever murder to occur on a British train. When the 369 00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 1: victim's body was found on the ground, one arm was 370 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:16,639 Speaker 1: draped over the face. The remnants of a gold watch 371 00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:19,879 Speaker 1: chain still hung from the neck. Following That chain was 372 00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:24,680 Speaker 1: crucial to the investigation that came next. Other passengers on 373 00:22:24,720 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: the train filled in fragments of what happened. One man, 374 00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:30,879 Speaker 1: a chemist, said that he heard four explosions from the 375 00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:33,600 Speaker 1: back of the train as it traveled from London to Brighton. 376 00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:36,679 Speaker 1: The sounds had terrified his son as the train passed 377 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:40,119 Speaker 1: through a tunnel's darkness. Of course, once Dr Bond found 378 00:22:40,119 --> 00:22:42,480 Speaker 1: the bullet in the old man's head, it was clear 379 00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:47,120 Speaker 1: those explosions were the sound of gunfire. The train car 380 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:50,000 Speaker 1: itself had its own story to tell. When it had 381 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:52,879 Speaker 1: arrived at its destination, the seats, the floor, and the 382 00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:55,679 Speaker 1: walls were covered in blood. There was blood on the 383 00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: train's footboard, and not just a splash, but a bloody handprint. 384 00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:02,560 Speaker 1: And fallen to the blood soaked floor of the car 385 00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:07,119 Speaker 1: were two bright coins Hanoverian sovereigns, the poker chips of 386 00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:10,960 Speaker 1: the day. And crucially, there was a man who exited 387 00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:13,159 Speaker 1: the bloody car when it stopped at the station a 388 00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:16,320 Speaker 1: mile from Brighton. His name was le Froy, and he 389 00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:19,359 Speaker 1: stepped from the train calling for help. Like the car, 390 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:22,280 Speaker 1: he was also covered in blood. It was on his clothes, 391 00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:25,040 Speaker 1: on his face and neck, and on his hands. The 392 00:23:25,119 --> 00:23:27,720 Speaker 1: ticket collectors at the station rushed to help and he 393 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,679 Speaker 1: told them what happened. While on the train from London. 394 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:34,000 Speaker 1: He had been attacked by two men, an elderly fellow 395 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:37,040 Speaker 1: and a back country bruiser with broad shoulders and a 396 00:23:37,119 --> 00:23:40,520 Speaker 1: thick beard to match. He was taken to Brighton by 397 00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:43,360 Speaker 1: the station master and on the way he described the assault. 398 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:45,720 Speaker 1: One of the men had fired a pistol at him, 399 00:23:45,920 --> 00:23:47,639 Speaker 1: the other had struck him on the head with the 400 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:51,400 Speaker 1: blunt weapon. Six gashes on his scalp showed the evidence. 401 00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:54,280 Speaker 1: The police took his statements and had him patched up 402 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:57,000 Speaker 1: by the local surgeon, who remarked that the wounds could 403 00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,840 Speaker 1: have come from an umbrella. If that seemed strange to 404 00:24:00,880 --> 00:24:03,840 Speaker 1: the police, it didn't stop them from operating according to 405 00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:07,320 Speaker 1: their normal procedure. Before they escorted him on a train 406 00:24:07,359 --> 00:24:10,240 Speaker 1: back to London, they searched his belongings and showed him 407 00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:12,640 Speaker 1: the sovereigns collected from the floor of the train car, 408 00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:15,280 Speaker 1: despite having two or three of his own in his 409 00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:19,000 Speaker 1: coat pockets. He denied they were his, but the station 410 00:24:19,080 --> 00:24:23,119 Speaker 1: agents had noticed Lefroy carrying one other item, a gold watch. 411 00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:25,760 Speaker 1: It caught their eye when they saw the straight end 412 00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:28,960 Speaker 1: of a chain dangling from his boot. When the detectives 413 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:31,920 Speaker 1: escorting Lefroy home learned that the corpse had a snapped 414 00:24:31,920 --> 00:24:34,800 Speaker 1: watch chain around its neck, they sat him down at 415 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:38,840 Speaker 1: his London boarding house and started asking questions. What was 416 00:24:38,880 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: the number engraved on the back of the watch? They 417 00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:44,720 Speaker 1: asked him, and he got the answer wrong. His whole 418 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:47,680 Speaker 1: story started to sound about as cheap as the worthless 419 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:51,800 Speaker 1: sovereigns in his pocket. So that night the Scotland Yard 420 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:54,680 Speaker 1: ordered surveillance on the house where he was staying. Their 421 00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:57,400 Speaker 1: orders were to not let Lefroy out of their sight. 422 00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: They made a mistake, though, They left just one detective 423 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,320 Speaker 1: to watch a house with two doors. While the officer 424 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:08,919 Speaker 1: watched the front, Lefroy slipped out the back, disappearing into 425 00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:13,159 Speaker 1: the night. The man hunt for the Brighton Railway murderer 426 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:21,000 Speaker 1: had begun. The first thing they needed, of course, was evidence, 427 00:25:21,359 --> 00:25:24,280 Speaker 1: any traces left behind that could put Scotland Yard on 428 00:25:24,359 --> 00:25:27,359 Speaker 1: the trail of the murderer, and in this case, that's 429 00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:31,639 Speaker 1: what the coroner's inquest was all about. Representatives from the 430 00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:35,560 Speaker 1: railway company and the victims family descended on Balcolm. They 431 00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:38,479 Speaker 1: joined a slew of witnesses who would testify before the 432 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:43,080 Speaker 1: East Sussex Corner a lawyer named Winn Baxter. An accomplished solicitor, 433 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:46,000 Speaker 1: He had started his career in his hometown, where his 434 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,240 Speaker 1: grandfather's good reputation as printer of the local paper, The 435 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:53,840 Speaker 1: Success Express, made the Baxters well known. Since eighteen seventy five, 436 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:56,920 Speaker 1: Baxter had practiced law in London. But that wasn't all 437 00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:59,359 Speaker 1: by the time the Brighton railway murder took place in 438 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,000 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty one, he had served as the under Sheriff 439 00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:05,160 Speaker 1: of London and Middlesex and still managed to serve as 440 00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:09,200 Speaker 1: his hometown's senior high Constable and mayor. It goes without 441 00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:13,680 Speaker 1: saying that when Baxter was an ambitious man, he'd only 442 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:15,600 Speaker 1: been the coroner for Sussex for a year and a 443 00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:18,840 Speaker 1: half when the train pulled in from London saturated with blood. 444 00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 1: We can only imagine that when the Chief Inspector of 445 00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: Scotland Yards strolled into the inquest coroner when Baxter must 446 00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:27,639 Speaker 1: have seen that he could do far more with his 447 00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:31,040 Speaker 1: questioning than just establish identity and cause of death for 448 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:33,760 Speaker 1: the man found on the tracks. He could also earn 449 00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:36,879 Speaker 1: his way into the good graces of London's police detectives. 450 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:41,119 Speaker 1: The inquest jury under Baxter's command viewed the body of 451 00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:44,119 Speaker 1: the dead man, who was identified as a retired London 452 00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:47,359 Speaker 1: corn merchant. They viewed the horrors of the train car, 453 00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,080 Speaker 1: they heard from the dead man's widow, and they were 454 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: joined by Dr Thomas Bond, who described in excruciating medical 455 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:56,880 Speaker 1: detail the wounds they had seen with their own eyes. 456 00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:01,280 Speaker 1: As the inquest stretched into to a second, third and 457 00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:04,600 Speaker 1: fourth day. All the ticket takers and railway guards who 458 00:27:04,680 --> 00:27:08,120 Speaker 1: ran into lea Freud described their encounters in minute detail. 459 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:11,199 Speaker 1: For the Corner and for Scotland Yard, no piece of 460 00:27:11,240 --> 00:27:14,399 Speaker 1: evidence was too small, and those efforts produced just the 461 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:18,800 Speaker 1: verdict that Win Baxter expected. After deliberating for just twenty minutes, 462 00:27:18,920 --> 00:27:21,520 Speaker 1: the jury made their decision the cause of the corn 463 00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:26,359 Speaker 1: Merchant's death was willful murder. With the evidence collected at 464 00:27:26,359 --> 00:27:29,639 Speaker 1: the inquest, detectives arrived at a composite picture of the 465 00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,520 Speaker 1: man they were chasing, and that's more than a metaphor. 466 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:35,280 Speaker 1: In fact, they had artists sketched the man's likeness to 467 00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:38,600 Speaker 1: guide their search. But when Baxter wasn't the only one 468 00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:41,800 Speaker 1: who knew the power of the press. Soon enough, the 469 00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:44,639 Speaker 1: portrait of the wanted man was published in London's Daily 470 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:48,240 Speaker 1: Telegraph and then picked up by papers across Britain, making 471 00:27:48,359 --> 00:27:51,480 Speaker 1: history as what some have called the first composite drawing 472 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:54,160 Speaker 1: of a fugitive ever to be published in the papers. 473 00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,480 Speaker 1: The details of the case were spread across the reading public. 474 00:27:57,800 --> 00:28:01,239 Speaker 1: Along with some incentive, the Home Office got together with 475 00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:04,240 Speaker 1: the Brighton and South Coast Railway to offer a reward 476 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:07,600 Speaker 1: of two hundred pounds, the equivalent of roughly twenty th 477 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:11,879 Speaker 1: u S dollars today. But if Scotland Yard thought this 478 00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:14,520 Speaker 1: would bring the man hunt to a swift conclusion, they 479 00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:18,439 Speaker 1: were mistaken. A flurry of tips on Lefroy's whereabouts buried 480 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:22,200 Speaker 1: the police forces across the nation. Suddenly le Froy seemed 481 00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:26,439 Speaker 1: to be everywhere, and multiple arrests followed, but over and 482 00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:30,720 Speaker 1: over all these leads were dead ends. In one case, 483 00:28:30,760 --> 00:28:33,480 Speaker 1: a man waving a revolver stepped into the path of 484 00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:38,000 Speaker 1: two women, screaming I am Lefroy, and fired toward them. 485 00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:40,480 Speaker 1: The bullet cut the air between their heads, and the 486 00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:43,120 Speaker 1: man was arrested for the attack, but it was easy 487 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: enough for detectives to determine that his repeated claims to 488 00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:49,960 Speaker 1: be the railway murderer were a drunken fantasy. He merely 489 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,640 Speaker 1: aspired to be the man who captured the attention of 490 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:56,520 Speaker 1: all of England. Even the relatives of the man coming 491 00:28:56,560 --> 00:28:59,320 Speaker 1: forward didn't end the man hunt. The killer's real name, 492 00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:02,959 Speaker 1: Percy Lefroy Mapleton, had come to light, so did his 493 00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:06,600 Speaker 1: catalog of small time cons and desperate pawn broking schemes, 494 00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:09,920 Speaker 1: but none of these small glimmers broke the case. It 495 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,120 Speaker 1: wasn't until a young law clerk walked into Scotland Yard 496 00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:16,440 Speaker 1: with a lead for Inspector Donald Swanson that things started 497 00:29:16,440 --> 00:29:19,360 Speaker 1: turning their way. The clerk offered what he knew to 498 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,920 Speaker 1: the inspector. Lefroy had gone into hiding in London's East End, 499 00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:25,640 Speaker 1: where he was lodging with a family under a false name. 500 00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:28,200 Speaker 1: This clerk had it on good authority, too, that the 501 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:32,440 Speaker 1: family thought their new lodger was acting incredibly suspicious boarded 502 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:36,680 Speaker 1: up in his rented room. Despite the storm of rumors, 503 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:39,560 Speaker 1: Inspector Swanson must have heard something that struck him as 504 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:43,040 Speaker 1: a note of truth. Together with another inspector, and adding 505 00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:46,520 Speaker 1: a constable for extra muscle, Swanson hopped a cab for 506 00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:49,200 Speaker 1: the East End and the address given by the informant 507 00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:54,400 Speaker 1: thirty two Smith Street, Stephane. They arrived as evening fell. 508 00:29:54,920 --> 00:29:58,480 Speaker 1: Perhaps slightly more clever than some of his colleagues, Swanson 509 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:01,320 Speaker 1: sent the constable to watch the back door. Then the 510 00:30:01,440 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 1: two inspectors made for the front entrance, and when a 511 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:06,800 Speaker 1: woman answered the door, they described why they had come. 512 00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:11,880 Speaker 1: She pointed to the stairs Lefroy's room was above them. 513 00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:15,120 Speaker 1: The rest of it was quick. Inspector Swanson bolted up 514 00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:18,080 Speaker 1: the stairs, leaving the second inspector on guard in the hall. 515 00:30:18,480 --> 00:30:21,840 Speaker 1: He burst through Lefroy's door into darkness. But there wasn't 516 00:30:21,840 --> 00:30:25,480 Speaker 1: a struggle. There was the fugitive, pale and thin, sitting 517 00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:30,840 Speaker 1: in an armchair. I expected you, he said. When Swanson 518 00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,760 Speaker 1: arrested him. Lefroy barely put up a fight, and when 519 00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:36,600 Speaker 1: the two inspectors searched his room they found a locked drawer. 520 00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:40,960 Speaker 1: Breaking it open revealed Lefroy's crumpled clothes, stained with blood, 521 00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:43,880 Speaker 1: and a false mustache and beard tucked away among them. 522 00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:48,280 Speaker 1: Lefroy's cons disguises and attacks had all come to an end. 523 00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,120 Speaker 1: At the trial months later, Inspector Swanson would recall that 524 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:55,880 Speaker 1: as they rode back to the police station, Lefroy said 525 00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:58,600 Speaker 1: to him, I'm glad you found me. I am sick 526 00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:02,600 Speaker 1: of it. I could not be the exposure. When he 527 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:05,440 Speaker 1: was back at Scotland Yard, Inspector Swanson was greeted by 528 00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:09,160 Speaker 1: the Director of Criminal Investigation Department, the Chief Constable, a 529 00:31:09,280 --> 00:31:13,360 Speaker 1: round table of senior officials and journalists scribbling it all down. 530 00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:16,720 Speaker 1: He had endeavored to the East End, applied his instincts 531 00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:20,080 Speaker 1: and clever thinking, and had won England's Most Feared and 532 00:31:20,120 --> 00:31:24,200 Speaker 1: Coveted prize. As a result, Inspector Swanson found his name 533 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:27,560 Speaker 1: in the papers, alongside others like the police surgeon Dr 534 00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:31,040 Speaker 1: Thomas Bond and the Sussex corner Win Baxter, who had 535 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,400 Speaker 1: all worked to bring the killer to justice. Lefroy's trial 536 00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:37,480 Speaker 1: saw Bond once again take the stand and recount the 537 00:31:37,520 --> 00:31:41,680 Speaker 1: grizzly details of the dead man's wounds. The details of 538 00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,160 Speaker 1: Lefroy's crime work piece together that he had entered the train, 539 00:31:45,520 --> 00:31:47,960 Speaker 1: failed to kill his victim with the gunshots of the head, 540 00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: and then hacked at him with a knife. Finally, Lefroy 541 00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:54,520 Speaker 1: grabbed the gold watch and pushed his victim's body from 542 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:57,840 Speaker 1: the moving train. It was a horrifying picture for those 543 00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:00,840 Speaker 1: who before could barely have a mad and a railroad 544 00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:04,280 Speaker 1: car as anything other than a sign of progress. A 545 00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,840 Speaker 1: horror must have been somewhat relieved when Swanson recounted the 546 00:32:07,880 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: details of the arrest. A verdict soon came back, condemning 547 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: le Froy to death, and it wasn't the last showing 548 00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:18,960 Speaker 1: for Sussex corner Win Baxter either because just as he 549 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:22,120 Speaker 1: had conducted the inquest for the victim, examining the body 550 00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:25,120 Speaker 1: to determine time and cause of death, well, he would 551 00:32:25,120 --> 00:32:28,320 Speaker 1: play the same role in wrapping up this case. After 552 00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:31,840 Speaker 1: Lefroy's lifeless body was brought down from the gallows, the 553 00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:35,120 Speaker 1: jail surgeon pronounced him dead. When the murderer's body was 554 00:32:35,160 --> 00:32:38,200 Speaker 1: placed in its coffin, Win Baxter stepped forward with the 555 00:32:38,320 --> 00:32:42,520 Speaker 1: jury and held an official, albeit brief in quest. The 556 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:46,320 Speaker 1: time and cause of Lefroy's death were obvious. The killer 557 00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 1: had been caught. The law clerk collected his two pound reward, 558 00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:54,600 Speaker 1: The investigators earned their praise from the public, An order 559 00:32:54,720 --> 00:32:58,400 Speaker 1: was restored, and the empire was set right. When it 560 00:32:58,480 --> 00:33:01,560 Speaker 1: was all over, win back Exter summoned every ounce of 561 00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:05,760 Speaker 1: his authority and set British hearts at rest. The law 562 00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:14,280 Speaker 1: had one the day, but peace wouldn't be permanent. Darker 563 00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:17,760 Speaker 1: things were coming for when Baxter and for Donald Swanson too. 564 00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,800 Speaker 1: More gruesome sights would soon fall under the eye of 565 00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:25,040 Speaker 1: Dr Thomas Bond, and more impenetrable labyrinths lay waiting for 566 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:29,400 Speaker 1: Charles Warren to explore. There would also be more terrible 567 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:32,760 Speaker 1: violations against the women of the East End. In just 568 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,520 Speaker 1: a few short years, all of them would be confronted 569 00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:37,880 Speaker 1: with a series of horrifying events that would come to 570 00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:41,640 Speaker 1: be known by some as the Autumn of Terror. In 571 00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:44,760 Speaker 1: this season of Unobscured, we will come face to face 572 00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:47,360 Speaker 1: with one of the most enduring moments in the history 573 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,040 Speaker 1: of crime. Just like the statue of William Gladstone raised 574 00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,640 Speaker 1: on the Bow Road, it is a legend and a 575 00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:56,239 Speaker 1: legacy that was paid for with the blood of the 576 00:33:56,240 --> 00:33:59,920 Speaker 1: East End women. And it also, like the statue, gave 577 00:34:00,080 --> 00:34:03,560 Speaker 1: its cast of characters a podium on which to raise themselves. 578 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:07,520 Speaker 1: Like the Brighton Railway murder, it was a shocking series 579 00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:11,120 Speaker 1: of events that forced the Victorian world to confront unsettling 580 00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:14,799 Speaker 1: realities overlooked by the grand visions of a civilized and 581 00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:19,439 Speaker 1: civilizing empire. And like that murder, these new events would 582 00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,040 Speaker 1: send Scotland Yard on a man hunt that has never 583 00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:26,640 Speaker 1: been forgotten, complicated and ridiculed at every turn by a 584 00:34:26,719 --> 00:34:32,359 Speaker 1: sensationalist press. But just because something is remembered doesn't mean 585 00:34:32,560 --> 00:34:39,279 Speaker 1: it's understood. Understanding requires time, patience, and careful reflection. Everything 586 00:34:39,320 --> 00:34:43,359 Speaker 1: that Donald Swanson brought to bear on his investigations. Through 587 00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:45,920 Speaker 1: his eyes and the eyes of the Bryant and may 588 00:34:45,960 --> 00:34:48,960 Speaker 1: Match women, we will follow the tale of violence at 589 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:52,239 Speaker 1: the hearts of their empire. In the largest city in 590 00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:56,000 Speaker 1: the world. All the spoils of conquest and exploitation were 591 00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:59,280 Speaker 1: piled up, and the most volatile elements of a rapidly 592 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:03,520 Speaker 1: transform industrial society were heaped in the shadows to smolder. 593 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:07,480 Speaker 1: We will walk into those darkened neighborhoods where history was 594 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:12,480 Speaker 1: made in the worst way possible. In this season of Unobscured, 595 00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:15,560 Speaker 1: we will see the darkest corners of Victorian London in 596 00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:19,319 Speaker 1: as they are lit by the blaze of the White 597 00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:22,960 Speaker 1: Chapel murders and the killer at the center of it all, 598 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:27,720 Speaker 1: a killer that history has come to know as Jack 599 00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:33,359 Speaker 1: the Ripper. That's it for this week's episode of Unobscured. 600 00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:37,200 Speaker 1: Stick around after this short sponsor break for a preview 601 00:35:37,360 --> 00:35:44,520 Speaker 1: of what's in store for next week. The inspector responsible 602 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:47,080 Speaker 1: for Whitechapel told the Deputy Corner that none of the 603 00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:50,120 Speaker 1: soldiers were found with any blood on their clothes or weapons. 604 00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:53,080 Speaker 1: He ended his statement with the plea that was published 605 00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:56,920 Speaker 1: in the London Times on August if anyone had information 606 00:35:56,920 --> 00:36:00,800 Speaker 1: about Martha's death, please let them know they had reached 607 00:36:00,840 --> 00:36:05,759 Speaker 1: a dead end without The inspector responsible for investigating crime 608 00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:10,160 Speaker 1: in Whitechapel moved on literally. He followed Win Baxter's example 609 00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:14,160 Speaker 1: and left London on vacation. The next day, The East 610 00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:17,279 Speaker 1: London Adviser responded with an article of their own. They 611 00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:19,880 Speaker 1: saw the way that the East Ends reputation was looking, 612 00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:22,080 Speaker 1: and they hoped to head it off. A murder in 613 00:36:22,120 --> 00:36:25,920 Speaker 1: Whitechapel or anywhere in the East End was regarded differently 614 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:29,720 Speaker 1: from attacks elsewhere in London, say Regent's Park, for example, 615 00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:33,680 Speaker 1: A murder there would get sympathy from a wide British readership. 616 00:36:34,280 --> 00:36:36,879 Speaker 1: But let a poor man sin in the East End, 617 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,560 Speaker 1: they wrote, and it draws the finger of scorn alongside 618 00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:43,840 Speaker 1: the gasp of horror. After all, fearful readers and the 619 00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:47,640 Speaker 1: journalists who fed them stories truly believed east Enders were 620 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:51,719 Speaker 1: all Ruffians. It seemed the papers used every story to 621 00:36:51,840 --> 00:36:55,120 Speaker 1: reinforce that prejudice too. If the editors of the East 622 00:36:55,239 --> 00:36:58,400 Speaker 1: End Adviser thought Martha Tabram's murder was used to spoil 623 00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:02,759 Speaker 1: their neighborhood's reputation, though they were completely unprepared for what 624 00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:06,760 Speaker 1: was coming, and they had no idea just how bad 625 00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:25,560 Speaker 1: things could get. Unobscured was created by me Aaron Manky 626 00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:29,000 Speaker 1: and produced by Matt Frederick, Alex Williams, and Josh Thane 627 00:37:29,120 --> 00:37:32,480 Speaker 1: in partnership with I Heart Radio. Research and writing for 628 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:34,680 Speaker 1: this season is all the work of my right hand 629 00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:37,920 Speaker 1: man Carl Nellis and the brilliant Chad Lawson composed the 630 00:37:37,960 --> 00:37:42,240 Speaker 1: brand new soundtrack. Learn more about our contributing historians, source 631 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:45,480 Speaker 1: material and links to our other shows over at history 632 00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:50,520 Speaker 1: unobscured dot com, and until next time, thanks for listening 633 00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:00,480 Speaker 1: Unobscured as a production of I Heart Radio and Aaron Benkey. 634 00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:02,759 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for My heart Radio, visit I heart 635 00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:05,200 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 636 00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:05,880 Speaker 1: favorite shows.