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Speaker 1: Get in touch with technology, with tech stuff from stuff.

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Speaker 1: Say that everyone, and welcome to tech stuff. I'm Jonathan

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Speaker 1: Strickland and I and today we're going to talk about

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Speaker 1: arc archie, archie LOGI. Oh, come on, you've seen you've

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Speaker 1: seen Indiana Jones. You know what archaeology is. Oh yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's Xbox the Spot. Yeah, okay, that's Pirates. That well,

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Speaker 1: I will XP okay, never mind, last crusade, Last crusade,

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Speaker 1: I remember it now. Um so yeah, archaeology, of course.

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Speaker 1: And we're gonna be talking about not just the technology

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Speaker 1: using archaeology. We're going to talk a little bit about

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Speaker 1: an overview of what it is and how it evolved

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Speaker 1: over time, because that's kind of hand in hand with

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Speaker 1: what is going on now in the field of archaeology. Right.

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Speaker 1: The technology being used today is some really vance stuff,

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Speaker 1: but for a long time that was not the case,

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Speaker 1: because archaeology is actually a fairly young field. So I

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Speaker 1: guess first we should explain what it is. I suppose sure, Yes,

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Speaker 1: it's it's the study of human activity, um, in the past.

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Speaker 1: In the past, yeah, not now right, So essentially it's

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Speaker 1: it's related to history, it's related to anthropology. Uh, it's

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Speaker 1: got some similarities with other disciplines, but this is mainly

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Speaker 1: all about studying what human life was like in the past,

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Speaker 1: based mostly on the stuff that our ancestors left behind. Well,

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Speaker 1: you know, kind of necessarily because what they didn't leave

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Speaker 1: behind we have very little record of. Yeah, exactly, we

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Speaker 1: can't study what wasn't left behind. That's actually very true,

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Speaker 1: not profound, but true. Um. But yeah, So so it's

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Speaker 1: a crossover with a lot of other disciplines, and lots

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Speaker 1: of other scientists will kind of work hand in hand

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Speaker 1: with archaeologists to to promote research for for both of

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Speaker 1: their fields. Oh sure, Yeah, it's interdisciplinary, so you can

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Speaker 1: have people from multiple disciplines and expertise is coming in

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Speaker 1: on a on a single project for multiple reasons, including

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Speaker 1: people who might not technically be considered scientists by everyone,

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Speaker 1: like a historians or um or artists. Right, yeah, you've

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Speaker 1: got you've got a lot of art historians and other

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Speaker 1: types of historians as well. In fact, archaeology as a

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Speaker 1: discipline kind of straddles the line between science and uh

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Speaker 1: a humanity. Uh. And it's sort of because the techniques

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Speaker 1: have been evolving over time as well. We're getting to

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Speaker 1: a point now where there are some archaeologists are using

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Speaker 1: some very high tech, sophisticated techniques, whereas in the past

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Speaker 1: it was a lot more well Indiana Jones ish in

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Speaker 1: the sense that you were getting down and dirty with it,

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Speaker 1: although you were rarely chased by a giant rolling ball

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Speaker 1: or uh, you know, things of that nature that that

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Speaker 1: we've heard of personally. I mean, I'm sure that someone

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Speaker 1: out there, actually I'm not sure at all. Maybe if

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Speaker 1: they were lost in a giant game of mouse trap, right,

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Speaker 1: that's that's about as close as we can get. Um.

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Speaker 1: But okay, So, so the thing is is that Indiana

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Speaker 1: Jones was a terrible archaeologist, but it's not his fault.

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Speaker 1: He did not have access to all of the tools

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Speaker 1: that we have today, as dashing as he was and

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Speaker 1: as good as he was with a whip, which sounds

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Speaker 1: weird when I say it out loud, that he you know,

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Speaker 1: it's it's not his fault. Although a lot of the

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Speaker 1: things that you know that we kind of see him

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Speaker 1: doing in those films are things that archaeologists, archaeologists have

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Speaker 1: done and still do today, especially the predecessors of today's archaeologists. Well,

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Speaker 1: I mean, you know, there's still a certain amount of

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Speaker 1: digging and brushing a little gently of things a little less. Uh.

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Speaker 1: There are fewer examples of um unauthorized tomb rating in

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Speaker 1: in established archaeology, which is really, when you get down

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Speaker 1: to it, what Indiana Jones was doing. Like if you

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Speaker 1: watch that first movie where he's trying to get the

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Speaker 1: idol and they being chased off by the indigenous people

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Speaker 1: of that jungle that he's in, it's pretty clear he

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Speaker 1: did not have full permission to go in there. Well,

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Speaker 1: and the entire kind of terrible notion of like it

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Speaker 1: this belongs in a museum as opposed to with the

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Speaker 1: people who created it is a little bit weird. But um,

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Speaker 1: but but that's actually stealing stuff from ancient cultures is

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Speaker 1: how archaeology began. Wow, well, I mean shouldn't be a surprise.

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Speaker 1: You could argue that chemistry kind of started off with

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Speaker 1: people trying to figure out how to make worthless stuff

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Speaker 1: into very valuable stuff. Okay, So, so archaeology really originated

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Speaker 1: in Europe our circle than fourteen hundreds is when wealthy

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Speaker 1: Renaissance collectors started acquiring antiquities from from Greece and Rome

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Speaker 1: as art rather than artifacts. They weren't really interested in

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Speaker 1: the history of these items. They were like, this is

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Speaker 1: pretty I wanted in my house. Yeah, this is very

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Speaker 1: typical of the Renaissance, I mean Renaissance. Of course, the

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Speaker 1: whole Rebirth it was mostly about how Europe kind of

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Speaker 1: rediscovered this amazing civilization that existed a thousand years earlier.

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Speaker 1: But for between the time of the Fall of Rome

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Speaker 1: and uh and the Renaissance, there was a whole lot

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Speaker 1: of We're gonna just concentrate on not getting killed by

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Speaker 1: all those other people out there. And this is to

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Speaker 1: the point where they're finally saying, hey, look, we're smart,

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Speaker 1: but there were smart people a long time ago to

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Speaker 1: their stuff, and let's stop burning books, read them instead.

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Speaker 1: Crazy um and and so some of these wealthy collectors

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Speaker 1: even even wrote really expansive travelogs and guides to ruins

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Speaker 1: to you know, tell their fellow rich people how to

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Speaker 1: go rob right. So again it still was not a

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Speaker 1: way of documenting something for a historical record. It was

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Speaker 1: more of guys, I found the best antique small. Uh,

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Speaker 1: you just have to break in there and take whatever

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Speaker 1: you want, and it's all old and awesome. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: eventually even bigger patrons of the arts as as much

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Speaker 1: as they were got into us, have been this and

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Speaker 1: drove really large excavations, um like the initial digs at

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Speaker 1: Pompeii Um, which was both victimized and preserved by Vesuvius's

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Speaker 1: explosion and what like circle like seventy nine CE. I've

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Speaker 1: been there, by the way. Yeah, fascinating place, absolutely, and

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Speaker 1: you can see where things have been perfectly preserved after

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Speaker 1: there were excavations where things have been buried with ash

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Speaker 1: and things of that nature. And it is amazing. All

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Speaker 1: those early excavations were due to basically the Queen of

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Speaker 1: Naples saying I want some statues, go get some from

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Speaker 1: that place. And I hear that the famous not actually

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Speaker 1: short Napoleon Bonaparte was interested in this kind of thing too.

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Speaker 1: He was of average height for his time, in fact,

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Speaker 1: not just for his time. I think it was like

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Speaker 1: five ft seven or five ft eight, so it was

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Speaker 1: actually six or five seven. Yeah, so a little bit

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Speaker 1: short for now, but totally average for the time. It's

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Speaker 1: a whole inconsistency in uh in English, Yeah, exact leads.

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Speaker 1: It's uh. That's another podcast and stuff you missed in

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Speaker 1: history class I'm sure has covered it, but at any rate, right, No,

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Speaker 1: So when he invaded Egypt in seventeen, he brought a

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Speaker 1: group of a hundred and seventy five scholars that we're

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Speaker 1: calling themselves the Institute of Egypt UM. And they came

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Speaker 1: with like a traveling library, scientific tools, measuring instruments, and

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Speaker 1: they published this huge illustrated tome called Description of Egypt.

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Speaker 1: I'm assuming the title was originally in French UM, but uh.

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Speaker 1: And and that helped launch kind of the first wave

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Speaker 1: of egypt Mania in the in the West. And we're

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Speaker 1: starting to see here actual scholarly work being applied to this,

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Speaker 1: as opposed to just I like this, I like the

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Speaker 1: stuff that these people made, get it for me. So

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Speaker 1: now we're starting to see this develop, at least informally,

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Speaker 1: into more of a scholarly discipline as opposed to to

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Speaker 1: tomb robbing. Right. Meanwhile, lots of other scholarly disciplines were advancing.

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Speaker 1: Geology and biology were both coming into their own. UM.

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Speaker 1: Charles L. Really helps spread UM this this modern geologic

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Speaker 1: system of uniformitarian stratigraphy UM. And this gave archaeologists a

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Speaker 1: kind of time scale on which date items based on sediment,

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Speaker 1: and that along with Charles Darwin's Origin of Species um

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Speaker 1: popularized evolution and and allowed prehistoric archaeology to actually become

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Speaker 1: a thing where people could actually look for uh, for

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Speaker 1: examples of prehistoric civilizations by the stuff they left behind.

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Speaker 1: And because of this other these other disciplines, they could

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Speaker 1: start to at least give a range of dates for

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Speaker 1: when those civilizations may have been active. Now, in these

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Speaker 1: early days, that range was not very precise, right, you

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Speaker 1: could coute not like when you're talking about geologic ages. Obviously,

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Speaker 1: mankind has only been around for a very tiny fraction

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Speaker 1: of a geologic age, so your your precision is pretty

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Speaker 1: touch and go. But it could still at least give

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Speaker 1: some indication as to how old any particular finding would be.

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Speaker 1: And that was sort of the footholds of modern archaeology. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and and we'll get a little bit into some of

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Speaker 1: those some of those geologic methods in just a minute.

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Speaker 1: But um uh Meanwhile, I think the real founding of

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Speaker 1: archaeology as a science was when Flinders Petrie published Methods

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Speaker 1: and Aims in Archaeology in nineteen o four, and that

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Speaker 1: described a systematic method for excavation that was that was

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Speaker 1: the basis I mean, it's kind of sort of a

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Speaker 1: little bit still the basis of how people go about

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Speaker 1: go about a dig and making sure that everything is

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Speaker 1: well documented and laid out in a way that you

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Speaker 1: can take enough notes and gather enough data. Because okay,

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Speaker 1: archaeology is a destructive science. Necessarily, as you're taking apart

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Speaker 1: a site, you are you are taking it apart. It's

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Speaker 1: not going to be the way that it was ever again.

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Speaker 1: It's it's the same thing for for crime scene forensics.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's and in the investigation of where everything

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Speaker 1: was and how it is laid out, you have to

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Speaker 1: move it around right, So you have to you have

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Speaker 1: to take a lot of really exhaustive initial measurements without

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Speaker 1: without disturbing as much as you possibly can, and then

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Speaker 1: you progressively get more and more involved. That's why those

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Speaker 1: notes are so important, because three or four steps down

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Speaker 1: the line is not going to resemble what it did

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Speaker 1: when you first got there. And uh in the United

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Speaker 1: States again early in the nineteen hundreds realized this and

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Speaker 1: passed the Antiquities Act, which prohibits the excavation or destruction

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Speaker 1: of archaeological materials on any kind of government land. And

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Speaker 1: I think that that's the point at which we have

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Speaker 1: like legal documentation that archaeology was a science. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: this is that they're saying, there are people who will

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Speaker 1: be uh certified and ratified and allowed to do this

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Speaker 1: sort of stuff. Everyone else, keep your grubby myths off it, right,

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Speaker 1: That's essentially the message. And then just a little bit

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Speaker 1: further on, in the nineteen hundreds, archaeology became really popularized

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Speaker 1: through some huge discoveries like King Tut's tomb um, the

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Speaker 1: Sumerian royal tombs that are you know, these are huge

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Speaker 1: newspaper headline inducing kind of digs and and that's kind

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Speaker 1: of where we get the sort of pulp novels that

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Speaker 1: led to Indiana Jones right exactly. This this kind of

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Speaker 1: led to this sort of exotic you know, the heroic

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Speaker 1: explorer who is uncovering uh, you know, history itself and

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Speaker 1: discovering stuff that was long thought to have been gone forever.

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Speaker 1: And that that's a very romanticized version of what an

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Speaker 1: archaeologist really does. I think any archaeologist who has done

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Speaker 1: a lot of field work would be like, look, I

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Speaker 1: obviously love what I do and I am passionate about it. However,

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Speaker 1: most of the time, I'm not running around fighting bad

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Speaker 1: guys for access to precious historical artifacts. There's very few

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Speaker 1: saving hot babes involved. I mean, I would imagine probably

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Speaker 1: not as much whipping at least. I'm gonna leave the

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Speaker 1: rest of that alone. So at any rate, um, at

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Speaker 1: any rate, do we have time for something about Nazis?

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Speaker 1: We have to talk about this, okay, okay, So speaking

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Speaker 1: of Indiana Jones, the Nazis totally had a thing for archaeology.

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Speaker 1: I mean, this is a super legit story. I mean,

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Speaker 1: Indiana Jones is not a super legit story, but except

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Speaker 1: behind it, Yeah, the idea that Indiana Jones was competing

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Speaker 1: against Nazis to get access to certain things has a

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Speaker 1: basis and historical fact. Yes, um, Chuck wrote a really

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Speaker 1: good chuck of course of stuff you should know. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a little show. You might, Yeah you might. You

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Speaker 1: might have listened to it once or twice. Has a

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Speaker 1: great article on how stuff works called what did the

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Speaker 1: Nazis have to do with Archaeology? And uh and and

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Speaker 1: plumbed directly from that. So part of Hitler's entire plan um,

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Speaker 1: you know, as of his swearing in in ninety three,

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Speaker 1: was aligning the curriculum of German universities with the interests

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Speaker 1: of the Nazi Party, which we kind of touched on

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Speaker 1: in our Heisenberg episode where off about physics. Yeah yeah, um.

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Speaker 1: And this was including the idea that their Germanic people

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Speaker 1: were descendants of this original Aryan master race. So he

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Speaker 1: sent teams of archaeologists excavate sites around the world that

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Speaker 1: he believed would help back up this theory. So in

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Speaker 1: other words, he's searching for evidence to prove the philosophy

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Speaker 1: that he was he was writing at the time. Yes,

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Speaker 1: uh it failed, yeah a lot, basically, um, I mean.

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Speaker 1: And and they put they put a huge budget into this,

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Speaker 1: uh Himmler himself led a group called the Ancestral Heritage

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Speaker 1: Research and Teaching Society that went everywhere looking for this history.

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Speaker 1: Um that They also you know, dug up part of Poland,

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Speaker 1: hoping to prove that the Germans had lived there first

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Speaker 1: and had legit claim to the land after, you know,

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Speaker 1: after they invaded again, trying to search for evidence to

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Speaker 1: justify their actions. So not a not a bright chapter

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Speaker 1: in human history, obviously, but another example of how archaeology

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Speaker 1: was becoming a really important field of study. So let's

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Speaker 1: talk about some of the tools that are important for archaeologists,

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Speaker 1: things that that they rely on, and we should go

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Speaker 1: ahead and say maybe I should have said this earlier.

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Speaker 1: This is gonna be a two part episode. This first

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Speaker 1: part we're looking at some of the basic tools and

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Speaker 1: just the basic philosophies that guide archaeology and in um.

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Speaker 1: In our next episode, we're going to dive into more

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Speaker 1: detail about some of the more high tech tools that

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Speaker 1: have become more available recently. We'll get a little bit

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Speaker 1: into some of the high tech sort of science that

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Speaker 1: has that that from mid century has started to to

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Speaker 1: really develop how we can evaluate archaeological digs. Right, So

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Speaker 1: starting with the hand tools, the basic hand tools. Now,

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Speaker 1: keep in mind, archaeology is something where often we're looking

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Speaker 1: for evidence that has been at least partially, if not entirely,

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Speaker 1: covered up by soil and rocks and often sand, Like

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Speaker 1: when we're talking about the the Egyptian digs, they are

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Speaker 1: usually it's things that after hundreds of years, have been

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Speaker 1: covered up by by sand. So a lot of the

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Speaker 1: tools are basic hand tools meant to remove that kind

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Speaker 1: of stuff. Like, you don't want to get too many big,

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Speaker 1: heavy right, because you could just inadvertently damage very stuff

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Speaker 1: that you're looking for. So, but you do get some

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Speaker 1: stuff that is pretty heavy duty for hand tools. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it's not all like a very light brush where you

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Speaker 1: can gently brush the dirt away. Right. Well, that's by

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Speaker 1: the time you get down to something that you that

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Speaker 1: you suspect might be an artifact, you're going to use

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Speaker 1: a very gentle brush. But until then, it's time to

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Speaker 1: put your back into it. So you've got some pick axes,

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Speaker 1: some shovels, hose, yeah, maddox. Maddox are tools that are

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Speaker 1: used to break up hard ground. So any of my

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Speaker 1: fellow farmer folks out there, I say fellow farmer folk

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Speaker 1: because as a kid, I used to have to do

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Speaker 1: this kind of stuff. I had no idea what that

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Speaker 1: thing is. Yeah, it's no, it's a hand tool. Use

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Speaker 1: it to break up hard ground. It's you know, if

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Speaker 1: if the shovel is not going to do it because

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Speaker 1: the ground is too hard, you bring in a mannequin,

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Speaker 1: you break it up, and then you use the shovel.

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Speaker 1: It just means making more work for yourself down the line.

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Speaker 1: Of course, you know, you have to have something to

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Speaker 1: move that stuff all the all the spoil away, right,

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Speaker 1: buckets and wheelbarrows, getting I mean, we're talking about lots

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Speaker 1: of physical labor here. Eventually you might get down to

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Speaker 1: a point where you're using something along the lines of

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Speaker 1: a trowel instead of a shovel, because you want to

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Speaker 1: be a little more precise. Perhaps you're starting to see

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Speaker 1: what could be the outline of perhaps like a wall

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Speaker 1: of a settlement, Sure, or even maybe encounter fragments of

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Speaker 1: pottery or something like that that you want to kind

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Speaker 1: of scoop up in preserve. Sure, and uh, of course

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Speaker 1: we'll talk about it more in the second half of

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Speaker 1: this episode. You want to be really careful about what

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Speaker 1: kind of contact you make with this stuff, right, because

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Speaker 1: some of the processes that you can use to identify

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Speaker 1: or to date these objects can be thrown off by

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Speaker 1: by human touch. Yeah, you could actually corrupt your own

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Speaker 1: data just by picking something up, So it's really important

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Speaker 1: to try and maintain that distance. On top of that,

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Speaker 1: of course, you do have the brushes to brush away

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Speaker 1: extra dirt. Other things that you might use to get

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Speaker 1: some dirt and and and sentiment off of an artifact

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Speaker 1: include dental tools, So you can use these little like

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Speaker 1: like dental picks to get to get dirt out of

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Speaker 1: grooves and things like that. Uh So, so you know,

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Speaker 1: a lot of the reason why these early tools were

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Speaker 1: very general purpose or were repurposed from other disciplines was

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Speaker 1: because again archaeology was a young science and so not

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Speaker 1: a lot of work had been had gone into developing

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Speaker 1: tools specifically for archaeology. Early on, they were essentially using

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Speaker 1: whatever else would do the job they needed done and

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Speaker 1: repurposing it. And and and I mean that still happens.

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Speaker 1: I've heard about people using you know, like pen knives

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Speaker 1: and chopsticks in the field, whatever happens to be lying

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Speaker 1: around it tends to be one of those things where

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Speaker 1: you know, there are tools out there that do the

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Speaker 1: ub really well. So there's not a whole demand to

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Speaker 1: start developing things specifically for archaeology. Doesn't mean that there

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Speaker 1: aren't companies that do it. There are, But you know,

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Speaker 1: if you're like, well, this is a relatively inexpensive tool

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Speaker 1: I can get that will do what I needed to do,

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Speaker 1: let's go with that. On top of that, you have things,

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Speaker 1: you know, like basic tools like line levels and plumbobs,

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Speaker 1: which you use to try and make sure that if

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Speaker 1: you're using other types of equipment that require level ground

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Speaker 1: that you're you've got that straight and we'll talk about

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Speaker 1: in the second episode. I'm so excited. Also for for

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Speaker 1: surveying purposes, are important tape measures obviously if you need

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Speaker 1: to start determining things like the size of a particular

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Speaker 1: artifact area or maybe it's even a house or a wall. Again,

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Speaker 1: these are things where you know you're gonna take these measurements,

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Speaker 1: that you can write all this stuff down as early

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Speaker 1: as you possibly can, so you can you can start

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Speaker 1: to form that image of what this site looked like originally,

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Speaker 1: you know, hundreds or perhaps even thousands of years ago. So, uh,

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Speaker 1: interesting little tidbit I did not know until we started

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Speaker 1: to research this podcast. It turns out there are two

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Speaker 1: different styles of measuring depending upon the nature of the

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Speaker 1: site you're looking at. If you're looking at a prehistoric site,

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Speaker 1: you measure using the metric system, because that's what science does. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: metric system is easy, right, I mean, it makes sense,

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Speaker 1: everything's in tens or hundreds, easy to deal with. Here

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Speaker 1: in America, that's not necessarily good enough. You know, we

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Speaker 1: don't like our you don't like our measurements to be easy. No,

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Speaker 1: that's ridiculous, would be silly. So here's the thing. Anything

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Speaker 1: that's of a historical time period, so prehistory versus history,

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Speaker 1: historical time period stuff tends to be measured using English

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Speaker 1: standard measure units like inches and feet because that's what

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Speaker 1: the people of the time we're using when they were

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Speaker 1: building their stuff. Yeah, yeah, I mean especially here here

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Speaker 1: in the West, I I would imagine, and for most

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Speaker 1: ranges of history. Yeah, certain ranges of history, right, and

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Speaker 1: in other parts of the world where the English measuring

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Speaker 1: system would not have been introduced, then it's a little different.

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Speaker 1: But yeah, if you're if you're researching let's say you're

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Speaker 1: researching a an ancient Roman establishment in in in Britain

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Speaker 1: because the Romans had had Britain and you wanted to

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Speaker 1: measure that, then uh, you know, that might be one

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Speaker 1: set of standards. And then let's say that you're looking

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Speaker 1: at maybe it's something from the Middle Ages in Britain,

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Speaker 1: that would be a different set. So you know, it

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Speaker 1: all depends. But it's it's interesting to me that in general,

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Speaker 1: the prehistoric is in metric and the historic sites are

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Speaker 1: in English standard. So yeah, I didn't know that either.

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Speaker 1: That's some complicated and fascinating. Yeah, I wonder if there are.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure there are. I mean, there have to be

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Speaker 1: archaeologists who specialize in in certain types, but it makes

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Speaker 1: me wonder what their dinner parties are like. Um. There

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Speaker 1: are other tools that are often used, things like calipers,

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Speaker 1: obviously to be able to pick things up without actually

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Speaker 1: touching them yourself. But also there's a tool called a

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Speaker 1: soil core, which is fairly unique to archaeology. I mean,

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Speaker 1: you can use it in geology too, but a soil

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Speaker 1: core is essentially a imagine a metal tube And what

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Speaker 1: you do with the smell tube is you shove it

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Speaker 1: into the ground and then you yank it back out

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Speaker 1: again and it pulls out a soil sample. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: And then you look at the stuff what you pulled out,

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Speaker 1: and you look to see if there's any evidence for artifacts,

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Speaker 1: organic matter, that kind of thing that could indicate the

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Speaker 1: presence of human settlement or whatever. And if you find it,

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Speaker 1: then that gives you an idea of all right, well,

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Speaker 1: this is definitely an area we need to look at

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Speaker 1: when we're doing our excavation. If you're you know, you

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Speaker 1: might be doing a few you would do lots of

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Speaker 1: soil samples obviously, but it might help you determine all right,

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Speaker 1: I think we're beyond the border now because none of

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Speaker 1: these core samples are coming back with anything, or maybe

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Speaker 1: that you're in a different area and you're thinking, oh,

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Speaker 1: settlement is actually larger than we first anticipated, because we're

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Speaker 1: actually finding quite a bit of stuff over here. It's

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Speaker 1: just that everything has overgrown to the point where we

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Speaker 1: never would have suspected it otherwise. So it's really cool stuff.

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Speaker 1: So those are your basic hand tools, right, the stuff

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Speaker 1: that that archaeologists have been using in one form or

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00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:22,000
Speaker 1: another for decades. You know, some some of these, some

397
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Speaker 1: of these are as old as as people going into

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Speaker 1: tombs to rob them. But so that kind of covers

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Speaker 1: the basic hand tools, you know, the stuff that in

400
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Speaker 1: some form or another has been around for like decades

401
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Speaker 1: or hundreds of years. And yeah, if you've been tomb

402
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Speaker 1: robbing this whole time, you probably used to shovel at

403
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Speaker 1: some point. And and technically shovels and brushes are technology,

404
00:22:43,960 --> 00:22:47,159
Speaker 1: Yeah they are. I mean we talk about how you know,

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Speaker 1: a lot of tech stuff is all about the higher

406
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Speaker 1: text things, but electron that we we do tend to

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Speaker 1: like every now and then revisit stuff that's older technology.

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Speaker 1: And while you know, on the face of it we

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Speaker 1: might dismiss it as it's just a tool, at one

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Speaker 1: time that was a world altering technology. So yeah, I

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Speaker 1: can imagine that for early farmers, shovels were pretty pretty big.

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Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, Okay, so we've got those basic tools out

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Speaker 1: of the way, and before we move on, let's just

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Speaker 1: take a really quick break to thank our sponsor. All right,

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Speaker 1: and we're back. So now we've talked about the basic tools,

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Speaker 1: all right, Lauren, let me let me give you a

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Speaker 1: little scenario. All right, Let's say that I have joined

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Speaker 1: an archaeological dig. Perhaps I've got one of those sort

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Speaker 1: of eco tourism type things going on, or maybe I've

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Speaker 1: taken a class or something, or I don't know, maybe

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Speaker 1: my brain has been swapped with someone way smarter than

422
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Speaker 1: I am, and I've gone out and I've done this

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Speaker 1: archaeological dig and I found something and it looks really neat.

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Speaker 1: How do I tell how old it is? Well, okay,

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Speaker 1: Historically we relied on things like self dating, you know,

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Speaker 1: like like some items like coins will be stamped with

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Speaker 1: a date, which is that's handy more or less reliable

428
00:24:02,920 --> 00:24:06,640
Speaker 1: as soon as assuming you know what the indigenous people's

429
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:09,880
Speaker 1: dating system was, yes, and assuming that you can read

430
00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:14,639
Speaker 1: it clearly, and that they weren't lying right right, you know,

431
00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:17,080
Speaker 1: that could have been backdating their coins. I know, I

432
00:24:17,119 --> 00:24:20,520
Speaker 1: hate it when that happens. Um. And and also relative dating,

433
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:23,520
Speaker 1: which is extrapolating the date of unknown items from the

434
00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:27,760
Speaker 1: known dates of self dated items. Right. So in other words,

435
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:30,760
Speaker 1: you might be like you might think along the lines of, well,

436
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:34,200
Speaker 1: this this settlement existed as far as we can tell

437
00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:37,280
Speaker 1: two hundreds something years before this other one did, and

438
00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:39,160
Speaker 1: we know the dates of this other one, so from

439
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:41,960
Speaker 1: that we're going to extrapolate a lot of information, all right,

440
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:45,040
Speaker 1: But that's also not always reliable because I mean, because

441
00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:47,840
Speaker 1: sediment patterns can change over the years. Um, you know,

442
00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:50,960
Speaker 1: looting and other explorations of the site could have moved

443
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:54,959
Speaker 1: stuff around or left more more recent things with older things.

444
00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:58,360
Speaker 1: And it really only works for for items about five

445
00:24:58,359 --> 00:25:01,600
Speaker 1: thousand years back for for you know, recorded history, right,

446
00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:03,639
Speaker 1: So if you're wanting to look at stuff all the

447
00:25:03,680 --> 00:25:07,960
Speaker 1: way from the Stone Age, then that's not gonna cut it. No. However,

448
00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:11,000
Speaker 1: around the eighteen hundreds or so, um, if if you

449
00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:14,800
Speaker 1: were finding old stuff, you could start using things like

450
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,040
Speaker 1: like clave arf, counting clave ARFs being an annual layer

451
00:25:18,080 --> 00:25:21,600
Speaker 1: of sedimentary rock that's created during wet and dry seasons

452
00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:25,359
Speaker 1: each year. Wow. So this is almost like a geological

453
00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:29,120
Speaker 1: version of tree rings, but it's just depending upon those

454
00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,399
Speaker 1: wet dry seasons, right, interesting exactly. I mean you can

455
00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:35,320
Speaker 1: also use tree rings. Um. There you go. That's another

456
00:25:35,359 --> 00:25:38,760
Speaker 1: thing you could do. That's dender chronology. Um. And that's

457
00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:42,200
Speaker 1: you can use it to date pieces of wood pretty specifically.

458
00:25:42,280 --> 00:25:44,119
Speaker 1: I did, dude, I did date a few pieces of

459
00:25:44,119 --> 00:25:46,199
Speaker 1: wood in my college. Yes, yeah, me too. It was

460
00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:49,960
Speaker 1: a yeah, you know, eventually you find the personalities out there,

461
00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:53,840
Speaker 1: so stick with it people. We good luck, yeah, good luck.

462
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:56,720
Speaker 1: Yeah yeah. This This entire section, by the way, is

463
00:25:56,760 --> 00:25:59,760
Speaker 1: titled how dating works, um, which cracked me up. And

464
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,320
Speaker 1: but I'm sparing you the majority of the jokes that

465
00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:06,640
Speaker 1: I made. Oh wait for it. So all of these

466
00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:09,080
Speaker 1: kind of kind of geological sort of things helped us

467
00:26:09,160 --> 00:26:13,439
Speaker 1: determine um lots of prehistorical artifacts timeline. Sure, but it

468
00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:17,440
Speaker 1: wasn't until we we didn't get any kind of specificity

469
00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:20,720
Speaker 1: about stuff like this until the nineteen forties. Um, that's

470
00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:24,679
Speaker 1: when one Willard Libby developed the carbon dating process. All right,

471
00:26:24,720 --> 00:26:27,720
Speaker 1: and I know a little bit about carbon dating. I

472
00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:32,640
Speaker 1: understand that it actually requires that you compare two different

473
00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:36,840
Speaker 1: types of carbon against each other, and the differences between

474
00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:41,200
Speaker 1: those two give you an indication of how old something is.

475
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:44,000
Speaker 1: Is that right? That is exactly how it works, yes, um,

476
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:47,760
Speaker 1: specifically Okay. So, so there's a radioactive isotope of carbon

477
00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:50,919
Speaker 1: called carbon fourteen. It has a half life of about

478
00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:54,760
Speaker 1: five thousand, seven hundred years, and it's really plentiful around earth. Um,

479
00:26:54,880 --> 00:26:57,959
Speaker 1: living things absorb it, Plants take it in as as

480
00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,920
Speaker 1: part of carbon dioxide. Other living exeat plants, circle of life,

481
00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:07,160
Speaker 1: so on and so forth. Exactly. But so you've got

482
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,280
Speaker 1: this radioactive isotope, and then you've got, um, the stable

483
00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:13,960
Speaker 1: normal carbon, which is carbon twelve, two different types of carbon.

484
00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:16,159
Speaker 1: You have carbon fourteen in carbon twelve, right, And the

485
00:27:16,280 --> 00:27:18,760
Speaker 1: ratio of these two in the air and in living

486
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,840
Speaker 1: things is pretty much constant, even though the fourteen keeps

487
00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:27,119
Speaker 1: decaying into carbon twelve. Okay, So if that ratio is constant,

488
00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:29,720
Speaker 1: then that suggests to me that in fact, these living

489
00:27:29,760 --> 00:27:33,280
Speaker 1: things are getting new sources of carbon fourteen because otherwise

490
00:27:33,280 --> 00:27:36,399
Speaker 1: the ratio would get out of whack after a while. Right, right, Well,

491
00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:40,320
Speaker 1: we we get carbon fourteen because of cosmic rays hitting

492
00:27:40,440 --> 00:27:43,760
Speaker 1: particles in the atmosphere and and creating it and stuff

493
00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:47,280
Speaker 1: and things, um so, But so we breathe it in constantly.

494
00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:50,760
Speaker 1: It's in our bodies, and it decays slowly over time

495
00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:54,200
Speaker 1: into carbon twelve. Okay, So as long as we're alive,

496
00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:58,280
Speaker 1: we keep getting carbon fourteen, correct, and we maintain that ratio.

497
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:02,840
Speaker 1: But after we die, we stopped taking in carbon fourteen.

498
00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,639
Speaker 1: So therefore, if you compare the amount of carbon fourteen

499
00:28:05,680 --> 00:28:09,160
Speaker 1: to carbon twelve in an artifact, in an organic artifact, anyway,

500
00:28:09,320 --> 00:28:11,120
Speaker 1: you can get a pretty good idea of how old

501
00:28:11,119 --> 00:28:13,760
Speaker 1: it is. I see. So because you know that carbon

502
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:16,960
Speaker 1: fourteen decays over time into carbon twelve in a study

503
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,600
Speaker 1: in constant right, and you know what the ratio is

504
00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:23,080
Speaker 1: in general between carbon twelve and carbon fourteen for a

505
00:28:23,119 --> 00:28:26,880
Speaker 1: living object. By checking that new ratio, you can kind

506
00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:29,840
Speaker 1: of extrapolate how old, or at least how long this

507
00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:32,560
Speaker 1: thing has been dead more or less. Yeah, it's it's

508
00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:35,880
Speaker 1: not a really I mean, it's more precise than previous

509
00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:38,440
Speaker 1: methods were, but it's still giving you a range, it's

510
00:28:38,480 --> 00:28:40,960
Speaker 1: still giving you a range, and there's some downfalls um.

511
00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:43,840
Speaker 1: For example, like we kind of mentioned earlier, UM, if

512
00:28:43,880 --> 00:28:47,720
Speaker 1: you touch organic material um to the object in question,

513
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:51,640
Speaker 1: you know, like like your hand being organic material um,

514
00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:54,320
Speaker 1: then you can contaminate that sample. So in other words,

515
00:28:54,360 --> 00:28:56,520
Speaker 1: you could get a false reading from it because you've

516
00:28:56,560 --> 00:29:00,720
Speaker 1: actually some of your carbon may have actually corrupted it.

517
00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:03,640
Speaker 1: Now what I think one of the things I think

518
00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:08,080
Speaker 1: is interesting here is how, once again, anyone anyone listening

519
00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:10,520
Speaker 1: to this podcast who has watched any kind of movies

520
00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:14,240
Speaker 1: that are about uh, not just archaeology, but anytime you're

521
00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:16,800
Speaker 1: having characters who are digging up an old side or something.

522
00:29:17,280 --> 00:29:21,080
Speaker 1: Carbon dating was like the the the blanket statement to

523
00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:23,520
Speaker 1: find out how old anything was, whether it was organic

524
00:29:23,640 --> 00:29:27,320
Speaker 1: or not. I'm thinking specifically of there was some horrible

525
00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:28,880
Speaker 1: science fiction film. It was one of the ones that

526
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: m ST three k riffed on, where their solution to

527
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:36,480
Speaker 1: figuring out how old this clearly non organic thing was

528
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:39,120
Speaker 1: was through carbon dating, and I thought, I don't think

529
00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:41,760
Speaker 1: that works the way you think it works. It Maybe

530
00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:47,960
Speaker 1: spaceships are made from carbon, and I don't, yeah, from alive.

531
00:29:48,160 --> 00:29:52,320
Speaker 1: So that's something true. UM and and also I mean okay,

532
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,960
Speaker 1: so so you can't really do it with with very

533
00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:58,920
Speaker 1: small samples, although improved techniques are helping to change that,

534
00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:01,800
Speaker 1: UM and the data can be a little bit off

535
00:30:01,880 --> 00:30:05,480
Speaker 1: for for newer samples. UM And they can also be

536
00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:09,719
Speaker 1: off for anything over fifty years old because the too

537
00:30:09,840 --> 00:30:13,360
Speaker 1: much of the carbon has degraded to really accurate. Idea,

538
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:17,760
Speaker 1: so basically more than years old, right, so anything that's

539
00:30:18,080 --> 00:30:21,000
Speaker 1: younger than fifty years old, but not so young as

540
00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:25,160
Speaker 1: to have happened like within the recent past. So that's

541
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:27,840
Speaker 1: what it's good for. So let me ask you this, Uh,

542
00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,360
Speaker 1: large samples obviously something that you need to do. I

543
00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:37,440
Speaker 1: imagine that this also requires that you have to move stuff,

544
00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:39,600
Speaker 1: because I don't I can't imagine there being like a

545
00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:43,160
Speaker 1: carbon dating kit that you drag out with you to

546
00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:46,000
Speaker 1: the archaeological site that you just pick up an artifact

547
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:48,760
Speaker 1: and you scan it and everything's cool. Another thing you

548
00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,440
Speaker 1: have to watch out for. UM there have been periodic

549
00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:55,280
Speaker 1: fluctuations in the ratio of carbon twelve carbon fourteen over

550
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:59,120
Speaker 1: the millennia um and and we're gathering more data about

551
00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:02,240
Speaker 1: that all the time. UM. But you know it's it's

552
00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:04,719
Speaker 1: something that has to be taken into consideration. Right, So

553
00:31:04,760 --> 00:31:07,560
Speaker 1: that could mean that something that you had previously or

554
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:10,360
Speaker 1: at least you thought you had previously previously established to

555
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:14,160
Speaker 1: a particular time might in fact be from a different

556
00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:18,160
Speaker 1: time because of one of those fluctuations be nudged earlier later. Um,

557
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:20,520
Speaker 1: Robert and Julie over a stuff to blow your mind

558
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:23,080
Speaker 1: did a whole episode on this back in April April

559
00:31:24,400 --> 00:31:27,120
Speaker 1: to be precise, called how old is that artifact in

560
00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:29,160
Speaker 1: the window? Um? And it talks a little bit more

561
00:31:29,160 --> 00:31:31,520
Speaker 1: about the process if you're if you're curious to learn more,

562
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:33,800
Speaker 1: and also about some of the controversies that have come

563
00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:36,760
Speaker 1: up with specific artifacts due to all of these kind

564
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:41,240
Speaker 1: of weird behavior exceptions to the rule type of thing. Absolutely. Now,

565
00:31:41,280 --> 00:31:45,560
Speaker 1: I understand there are some other techniques that are similar

566
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,120
Speaker 1: to carbon dating, but they're not using carbon, which would

567
00:31:48,120 --> 00:31:52,360
Speaker 1: allow archaeologists to actually date non organic stuff like rocks

568
00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:56,120
Speaker 1: and minerals, right or spaceships, um. Right, because it clearly

569
00:31:56,400 --> 00:32:01,920
Speaker 1: Indian Jones four taught us, Oh no, it's here, um. Yeah. No.

570
00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:05,640
Speaker 1: Other radioactive isotopes can be used for basically the same job,

571
00:32:05,720 --> 00:32:09,000
Speaker 1: Like a potassium forty is pretty good uh, you can.

572
00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:13,720
Speaker 1: You can compare the the argon in minerals and rocks

573
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:17,240
Speaker 1: to to the amount of potassium forty and that will

574
00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:20,920
Speaker 1: give you a similar effect. And that chronology can can

575
00:32:21,040 --> 00:32:24,880
Speaker 1: date things back to like two million years. So so

576
00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:29,120
Speaker 1: that's how we've gotten done a lot of um paleo archaeology, right, yeah,

577
00:32:29,120 --> 00:32:33,080
Speaker 1: because paleontology and archaeology are similar disciplines but not exactly

578
00:32:33,120 --> 00:32:36,840
Speaker 1: the same thing. So okay, so that makes sense, all right.

579
00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:41,040
Speaker 1: So Unfortunately that the the thing about all of this,

580
00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:44,200
Speaker 1: All of this always got toring me down, I know, right,

581
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:50,040
Speaker 1: science bringing us down. Unfortunately, all of these methods have

582
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:53,880
Speaker 1: been basically screwed over forever by the fact that we

583
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:57,600
Speaker 1: have nuclear weapons and reactors. Oh right, I guess those

584
00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:02,240
Speaker 1: could kind of influence the amounts of radiation that you

585
00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:06,440
Speaker 1: would find in any given sample. And you know, so

586
00:33:06,480 --> 00:33:10,120
Speaker 1: I'm sure that future you know, aliens or human populations

587
00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:12,120
Speaker 1: or whatever could find a way around it. They're probably

588
00:33:12,160 --> 00:33:14,560
Speaker 1: going to be pretty clever, right, Yeah, they'll have a

589
00:33:14,560 --> 00:33:17,240
Speaker 1: holidayck and they'll the person will just appear and say, oh, yeah,

590
00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:21,120
Speaker 1: I was around at this time, but until then, man,

591
00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:25,360
Speaker 1: science shucks, always bringing us down. Now, I gotta ask

592
00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:26,800
Speaker 1: you about this because I see it in the notes.

593
00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:32,000
Speaker 1: I don't know what this is. It's um thermoluminescence. So

594
00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:34,080
Speaker 1: if I have to guess, I would say it's got

595
00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:38,480
Speaker 1: something to do with heat and light. That is entirely correct,

596
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:43,360
Speaker 1: all right. So basically, some pottery includes crystaline materials like

597
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:48,160
Speaker 1: quartz um that when heated, release electrons that were trapped

598
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,840
Speaker 1: in defects in the crystal structure. And that means that

599
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:55,480
Speaker 1: during the initial firing of a piece of pottery um,

600
00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:59,560
Speaker 1: it kind of sets this quartz clock to zero. UM

601
00:33:59,760 --> 00:34:03,440
Speaker 1: be cause the the electrons got into those defects and

602
00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:07,160
Speaker 1: in the crystals through um, through cosmic rays, through the

603
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:11,880
Speaker 1: absorption of electromagnetic radiation, or or through the the the

604
00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:16,440
Speaker 1: effects that probably the piezo electric effects of electromatic magnetic

605
00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:18,319
Speaker 1: radiation on the crystals. We'll have a lot more to

606
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:20,640
Speaker 1: say about piezo electric effects in part two of this show.

607
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:24,319
Speaker 1: We will um and also in another episode that we're

608
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:27,560
Speaker 1: according to. That's right, it's we're all about the piezo

609
00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:30,720
Speaker 1: electric effect up here. They're everywhere. So so over the years,

610
00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:35,799
Speaker 1: defects absorb electrons at a pretty constant rate, and so

611
00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:37,880
Speaker 1: if you find a bit of pottery that has that

612
00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:40,279
Speaker 1: has previously been fired in the ground, dig it up

613
00:34:40,520 --> 00:34:44,480
Speaker 1: and reheat it, and then measure the amount of electrons

614
00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:47,640
Speaker 1: that you get off of it. You can date kind

615
00:34:47,680 --> 00:34:50,200
Speaker 1: of sort of where like like how long it has

616
00:34:50,239 --> 00:34:53,960
Speaker 1: existed since it's been originally fired. That's pretty incredible. I mean,

617
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,200
Speaker 1: it's you know, it's an interesting, very novel approach to

618
00:34:57,239 --> 00:35:00,440
Speaker 1: trying to go around finding how old something is. Uh.

619
00:35:00,480 --> 00:35:03,480
Speaker 1: And this is just an example of the ingenuity that

620
00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:06,480
Speaker 1: people have applied to this discipline to be able to

621
00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:10,040
Speaker 1: learn more about where we come from and the ancestors

622
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:12,560
Speaker 1: that came before us who didn't leave any written records,

623
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:14,720
Speaker 1: and you know, how do we know more about them?

624
00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:16,759
Speaker 1: This is exactly how we have to go about it,

625
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:19,239
Speaker 1: which is why I find it so fascinating. Anytime you

626
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:24,239
Speaker 1: you're talking about unraveling a mystery, obviously that that arouses curiosity, right,

627
00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:27,439
Speaker 1: So not a big surprise that we had a bunch

628
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:29,520
Speaker 1: of pulp action heroes kind of come out of this,

629
00:35:29,680 --> 00:35:33,040
Speaker 1: including the beloved Indiana Jones. Let's not let's not even

630
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:38,720
Speaker 1: you know acknowledge the fourth movie. Yeah no, No, Chyltte

631
00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:41,320
Speaker 1: Booth was never a part never a part of Indiana Jones.

632
00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:46,520
Speaker 1: Uh bad dates. All right? So um, anyway, that wraps

633
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:49,160
Speaker 1: up our first episode about archaeology, but we're going to

634
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,520
Speaker 1: do another episode where we're talking about some of the

635
00:35:51,680 --> 00:35:55,400
Speaker 1: newer technology that's being used in the field and how

636
00:35:55,480 --> 00:36:01,080
Speaker 1: it's really making this a truly exciting discipline for the

637
00:36:01,120 --> 00:36:04,040
Speaker 1: twenty one century. Not that it wasn't exciting before, but

638
00:36:04,080 --> 00:36:06,799
Speaker 1: now we're actually gonna have chances to, at least in

639
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:10,200
Speaker 1: a virtual way, see what these places look like. It's

640
00:36:10,239 --> 00:36:13,279
Speaker 1: exciting in a much nerdier way, which is why I

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Speaker 1: get all excited at the end of the episode. So guys,

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Speaker 1: if you have any suggestions for future topics that we

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Speaker 1: us know. How do you do that? You ask, Well,

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Speaker 1: here's a way. Send us an email our addresses tech

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Speaker 1: social media guru, then you can jump onto Facebook or

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Speaker 1: Twitter and hey, what's that blogging thing that all the

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Speaker 1: kids are doing now? Humbler tumbler and find us at

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Speaker 1: tech Stuff hs W M Lauren and I will talk

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Speaker 1: to you again really soon for more on this and

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Speaker 1: thousands of other topics because it has staff works dot

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Speaker 1: com