Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff
Speaker 1: works dot com. Hey guys, welcome to the podcast. This
Speaker 1: is Alison, I don't know, like, the science editor at
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. This is Robert Lamb, science
Speaker 1: writer at how stuff works dot com. And this week
Speaker 1: we're talking about toilets in space. Yes, indeed, we thought
Speaker 1: we'd preface the podcast by opening up with some frightening
Speaker 1: bathroom stories of our own. Um yeah, well this one's
Speaker 1: I'm generally pretty um horrified by porta potties anyway, yes, understandably,
Speaker 1: And uh I found myself at the Cachella Music Festival
Speaker 1: a few years back, oh, yes, which which is a
Speaker 1: great music festival. And to their credit, they didn't just
Speaker 1: have your normal stinky um port of John's there. They
Speaker 1: also had this deal that was on the back of
Speaker 1: a truck that they they brought in and it was
Speaker 1: like basically like a full restaurant bathroom. I mean, it's
Speaker 1: still heavily trafficked and was, you know, kind of yucky,
Speaker 1: but it wasn't as yucky as the other bathroom. So
Speaker 1: I'm like, all right, I need a you know, use
Speaker 1: the restroom real quick. I'm gonna go on there and
Speaker 1: then try not to use the restroom for the rest
Speaker 1: of the weekend, which generally my my plan when it
Speaker 1: comes to outdoor events. So I get on board, right,
Speaker 1: I go inside. I'm taking here of my business and
Speaker 1: and then suddenly I'm the only one in there, and
Speaker 1: do the trucks start moving? It didn't start moving, but
Speaker 1: I heard like an engine roaring, and some guy like
Speaker 1: opened the door and he's like, is everybody out? And
Speaker 1: I'm like, no, don't leave with me on board, because
Speaker 1: then I wouldn't get to enjoy the music festival and
Speaker 1: I would be dumped in a landfill somewhere something. So
Speaker 1: that was a close call. Brobert, I'm glad you saved
Speaker 1: that one for the podcast because that's that's the truly
Speaker 1: amazing story. Um yeah, I think on my part, I
Speaker 1: occasionally like to run races, and um so before the
Speaker 1: start of a marathon or a half maraw fun or
Speaker 1: a ten k whatever, what are you gonna want to do?
Speaker 1: You're you're not gonna want to you know, go while
Speaker 1: you're running that like those crazy marathon runners. I mean,
Speaker 1: I'm just people go on they're running, Yes, absolutely, haven't
Speaker 1: ever seen them like the marathon, the serious ones do.
Speaker 1: I I don't know about number two, but there was
Speaker 1: that one woman. Anyway, we don't need to get into
Speaker 1: that because it's a podcast about space. Toilet. Um. But yeah,
Speaker 1: some of my more frightening bathroom moments have occurred at
Speaker 1: the Porta John's before before racist. But I would like
Speaker 1: to point out, as you did, that some of them
Speaker 1: are nice. We had Portay John's at our wedding and
Speaker 1: they're very cleanly cool, I would hope, I mean, especially
Speaker 1: if they're new. That's the thing. Once one of Porta
Speaker 1: John's new, that's when to go. And I have that
Speaker 1: lovely air freshener scent. Yeah, so let's talk about going
Speaker 1: in space. Yeah, if you're going to go up to
Speaker 1: the International Space Station right now and use the restroom,
Speaker 1: you'd find a unisex facility and there's a they have
Speaker 1: a funnel that fits over the genital region for both
Speaker 1: men and women. There's like a separate attachment for each
Speaker 1: and you can go standing up or sitting down. Okay,
Speaker 1: I mean you're gonna be virtually weightless anyway, and floating
Speaker 1: it's gonna be awkward no matter how how you choose
Speaker 1: to position yourself. Um. And then to prevent the astronaut
Speaker 1: from from floating away to kind of strap them in, right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: you basically have to strap yourself down. So their foot restraints. Um,
Speaker 1: there's a toebar to slip slip the feet under, and
Speaker 1: there's that even this five bar, there's a lot like
Speaker 1: what you put on when you go in and climb
Speaker 1: into a roller coaster, and it's gonna be the same
Speaker 1: sort of upset stomach feeling, you know, on on board
Speaker 1: the space station. So that that makes sense. Um. And
Speaker 1: there's no water in the bowl of the toilet. Um,
Speaker 1: It's it's all using air. So the air kind of
Speaker 1: pulls the waist away. It acts like the water would
Speaker 1: in a you know, an earthbound toilet. Um, and it
Speaker 1: kind of pushes the waist away from the astronauts body
Speaker 1: and you know flushes it essentially like a spinning blade
Speaker 1: in the bottom of the of the of the bowl
Speaker 1: and it uh, it like sucks everything down, slings it
Speaker 1: against the sides and the Yeah, and then like little
Speaker 1: holes in the side that like suck up the moisture.
Speaker 1: Because that's a big thing, is to separate the moisture
Speaker 1: from the solids. Yeah, because the moisture can be recycled
Speaker 1: and of course you have to have some way to
Speaker 1: filter the air, right right, yeah, yeah, and then you
Speaker 1: have to filter filter out the air which can then
Speaker 1: be breathed again um on the on the I S
Speaker 1: s Liquid waste to recycle through special water treatment facility
Speaker 1: and then turned back into drinking water which will go
Speaker 1: into a little more later and solid waste goes into
Speaker 1: a plastic bag. So as you can imagine, there have
Speaker 1: been some pretty historic moments um between astronauts or cosmonauts
Speaker 1: as the case may be. And it was kind of
Speaker 1: a a long way getting to the modern super toilet
Speaker 1: in space. Yeah. Yeah, we actually do have an article
Speaker 1: top ten moments in space bathroom history should you care
Speaker 1: to delve into the subject a little bit more. But
Speaker 1: let's start off with one of the first memorable moments,
Speaker 1: compliments of Allen B. Shepherd and his historic first manned
Speaker 1: US space flight on May five. Yeah, and this is
Speaker 1: I think the only entry, uh they were the only
Speaker 1: is storical event they were going to discuss that has
Speaker 1: been filmed, um that and it has been dramatized for
Speaker 1: the big screen. This is featured in the right stuff.
Speaker 1: Poor Alan, you know, he was supposed to go into
Speaker 1: space for fifteen minutes, you know, not not not too long.
Speaker 1: Maybe he could hold it if you know, he'd done
Speaker 1: whatever he had done, or maybe drunk some coffee or
Speaker 1: hydrated a little bit before he got on the flight.
Speaker 1: But of course NASA, you know, if it's just delays
Speaker 1: and there are some technical difficulties, some weather issues, and
Speaker 1: so you know, Alan was sitting there for four hours,
Speaker 1: that's a long time. And so he, uh, he threw
Speaker 1: in the proverbial towel and he he told mission control, Hey, listen, guys,
Speaker 1: I gotta go, and they said, no way. So Shepherd
Speaker 1: had to had to go in a suit essentially, but
Speaker 1: he didn't. Yeah, everything was okay. But yeah, it's like
Speaker 1: that they hadn't quite planned that out exactly in aboard
Speaker 1: the Space Shuttle Discovery. Um, this is really fascinating. Uh.
Speaker 1: Here the the aircraft, a wastewater ent ventning system failed
Speaker 1: and so it ended up you ended up having this
Speaker 1: giant icicle made of urine began to form on the
Speaker 1: outside of the shovel. Taking the sort of picture it
Speaker 1: like this dagger of this yellow frozen dagger like sticking
Speaker 1: out of the side of the of the of the ship,
Speaker 1: and of course they couldn't leave it there, right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: they realized that that they started into re entry, the
Speaker 1: the icicle could detach, It could damage the heat tiles
Speaker 1: and then put everybody in real jeopardy. So they had
Speaker 1: to use their shuttle's robotic arm to reach out and
Speaker 1: like attack the urine cicckle and break it off so
Speaker 1: that they could re enter. It's like, I mean, this
Speaker 1: is robots versus urine space urine. I mean, it's it.
Speaker 1: It doesn't get me anymore amazing than that. Yeah, the
Speaker 1: robot one tiles were saved. The crew hadn't had no
Speaker 1: trouble returning, but they had to shut down the urine
Speaker 1: collection system for the rest of the trip just six days,
Speaker 1: which brings me to my point. I mean, we're talking
Speaker 1: about this, how long could you feasibly hold it? I mean,
Speaker 1: you're not gonna be able to hold it for six days,
Speaker 1: So maybe you just go back to more primitive methods
Speaker 1: of collection. Yeah, you could. You could just try and
Speaker 1: hold it as long as possible, I guess. Yeah, So
Speaker 1: what does happen to you physiologically if you hold it?
Speaker 1: We we looked into this because I was curious. You know,
Speaker 1: it's not actually your bladder bursting so much, because your
Speaker 1: bladder is this amazingly like tough muscular bag. It's really
Speaker 1: more question of the flow kind of backing up and
Speaker 1: going back into your kidneys and then having all sorts
Speaker 1: of issues with disrupting your chemical balance. Supposedly that's how
Speaker 1: Tycho Brahi died, the famed astronomer. Yeah, that's not that
Speaker 1: on the straight dope. I don't buy it. Well, no,
Speaker 1: there are two there are two different versions of this. Well,
Speaker 1: there's also a really big theory that he may have
Speaker 1: been poisoned by a rival. But the older story was
Speaker 1: that he was setting at the at the banquet table
Speaker 1: and he's having such a great time that he didn't
Speaker 1: want to get up and relieve himself, so he just
Speaker 1: he just held it and it ended up backing up
Speaker 1: and killing him. So there you go, another space connection.
Speaker 1: That doesn't sound like a pleasant way to go. So then,
Speaker 1: of course you guys are familiar with the wearable toilet,
Speaker 1: essentially the space diaper. Babies use a lot, right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: I am familiar with the disposable kind, as I see
Speaker 1: a lot of those these days. Um, having children two
Speaker 1: young ones. Um actually one of whom is almost finished
Speaker 1: potty training her, right, So yeah, going to the bathroom
Speaker 1: becomes even more challenging when astronauts take a walk outside
Speaker 1: the spacecraft. So what are they going to use? Then
Speaker 1: they can't really, you know, just drop their space suit
Speaker 1: or whatever, So they have to use one of these
Speaker 1: super absorbent adult diapers. And these things are crazy, crazy absorbent.
Speaker 1: They can hold a quart of liquid. And then of
Speaker 1: course astronauts are going to use diapers on takeoff and
Speaker 1: landing and um, you know, after the takeoff and landing
Speaker 1: or the space walk, whatever it is that you have
Speaker 1: to wear a diaper for, they just dispose them in
Speaker 1: a storage area and you know, be done with it.
Speaker 1: And as we learned in two thousand four with the
Speaker 1: case of Lisa and No whack uh um, you can
Speaker 1: also wear them if you have just a really long,
Speaker 1: angry drive ahead of you to go confront a a
Speaker 1: rival suitor. Right. Yeah. I believe Lisa's rival was Colleen Shipman,
Speaker 1: and they were it was basically an astronaut love triangle here,
Speaker 1: and she had some of these magnificent space diapers with
Speaker 1: her and so yeah, she brought them along. I didn't
Speaker 1: understand she didn't actually use them, but the idea was
Speaker 1: that she brought them in case she just wanted to
Speaker 1: keep driving. Yeah, Lisa was always prepared, it seems like.
Speaker 1: And it seems that one of her diapers may have
Speaker 1: ended up for auction on eBay with a starting bit
Speaker 1: of about two. So I about that. But I'm not
Speaker 1: quite done with this subject yet, because we also need
Speaker 1: to tell you with the Japanese Airspace Exploration Agency has
Speaker 1: a has been working on. So they've been working on
Speaker 1: this toilet that's a lot like a high tech diaper. Well,
Speaker 1: there you go. I mean that anytime there's some sort
Speaker 1: of technology, the Japanese always come up with something more amazing. Well,
Speaker 1: so this one's pretty ingenious. And if it goes through, um, basically,
Speaker 1: if you're an astronaut, you will never have to take
Speaker 1: a bathroom break. And that's pretty handy because you have
Speaker 1: a lot of important stuff to do on uh these missions.
Speaker 1: You know, sometimes like like literally your life hangs in
Speaker 1: the balance and there's just no time right right, So
Speaker 1: the Japanese have thought of this, and they they've come
Speaker 1: up with this idea for a toilet that contains motion sensors,
Speaker 1: and these sensors can detect when an astronaut is going
Speaker 1: to the bathroom and trigger this automatic section unit that
Speaker 1: can draw the waste away. Okay, here's the part that
Speaker 1: I really love about this. So once you're done doing
Speaker 1: your business, the machine washes and drives the wear and
Speaker 1: and also, according to Jackson, you can go to the
Speaker 1: bathroom in close quarters without any of your astronaut colleagues knowing. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's I don't buy that at all. I'm thinking you're
Speaker 1: gonna know, like, how are you not gonna look like
Speaker 1: you're soiling yourself while don't you listen to your fellow
Speaker 1: astronauts conversation? I mean, unless you look like that all
Speaker 1: the time, and then God help you must be a
Speaker 1: miserable conversationalist. Anyway, it would be sort of an awkward conversation. Yeah,
Speaker 1: but what do you think about the possibility for future
Speaker 1: like infant diapers. Do you think they'll come a time
Speaker 1: where you put on like one diaper a week, in
Speaker 1: in in in a good way and not in a
Speaker 1: neglecting parent kind of way. You know, just strap them on.
Speaker 1: Diaper takes care of everything, and then you know, like
Speaker 1: after a week right, all right, take care of the diaper.
Speaker 1: I'm not sure how you would take care of sort
Speaker 1: of some of the sanitary issues involved there the diaper
Speaker 1: does it? Yeah, Japanese babies of the future are going
Speaker 1: to be just completely self contained. So take us on
Speaker 1: board the Apollo in some of the horrors there. Oh god, yeah,
Speaker 1: now this is my my favorite. And again these are
Speaker 1: these are your old school UM uh space bathroom facilities,
Speaker 1: and they are our current UM backup plans. So if
Speaker 1: the if the modern toilet fails, this is what they
Speaker 1: may end up doing. Um. If you're gonna go number
Speaker 1: two and then you're gonna have to use something that
Speaker 1: looks that looks apparently a top hat, except it does
Speaker 1: not go on your head. It basically you take this
Speaker 1: to your backside. Yeah, and uh and then you you
Speaker 1: poop in it. Um. But wait, where did you find
Speaker 1: this out? By the way? Um, Well, there are a
Speaker 1: couple of sources for this. UM. Andrew Chicken's description of
Speaker 1: of this is in A Man on the Moon The
Speaker 1: Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts, and then UH Aerospace education
Speaker 1: specialist Gordon Eskridge also wrote about it. In two thousand nine.
Speaker 1: Escot wrote about it in a little more detail that
Speaker 1: we're gonna get to here. So if you want the
Speaker 1: really down and dirty facts, then you need to see
Speaker 1: seek out his h his essay Astronauts Trained for using
Speaker 1: the Bathroom in Space. It's a very riveting read. Um.
Speaker 1: But but yeah, basically, you you you tape this top
Speaker 1: hat um to your rear, you do your business and
Speaker 1: uh and then you have to need germicide into the contents. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and then and you're gonna have to like everything is labeled,
Speaker 1: so it's like in color coded, so you like you
Speaker 1: you write down when you went, who you are, and
Speaker 1: then later this goes back and they can NASA can
Speaker 1: analyze it to see how you're digesting everything. Because it's
Speaker 1: and it makes perfect sense. It's like if you're gonna
Speaker 1: be forced to use the emergency toilet and you're gonna
Speaker 1: have to bag it and bring it back home, you
Speaker 1: might as well be able to and you can gain
Speaker 1: a lot of important health information from looking at its tool.
Speaker 1: That's that simple. However, according to Chicken one, Apollo seven
Speaker 1: astronaut Um shared this bit of advice that you should
Speaker 1: be prepared to quote get naked, allow an hour and
Speaker 1: have plenty of tissues handy. So it does not sound
Speaker 1: like a pleasant or deal at all. And that's just
Speaker 1: going number two. Number one apparently involves hooking. It would
Speaker 1: apparently involve on the Apollo flights, hooking yourself up to
Speaker 1: this kind of tube, which for the men is an
Speaker 1: adhesive condom that kind of empties to the outside of
Speaker 1: the ship, which is also sounds potentially horrible, right section
Speaker 1: could be a problem. Everybody can use your imagination on
Speaker 1: that one. Um. So, yeah, Apollo, of the Apollo astronauts
Speaker 1: really had to rough it. Uh, these guys don't know
Speaker 1: how easy they have it, no doubt. Well, so the
Speaker 1: bathrooms may have gotten better, but today there's a little
Speaker 1: bit of infighting specifically among the Russians and the Americans.
Speaker 1: And they're not fighting over the top hat. They're not
Speaker 1: fighting over the top hat. Indeed, so leaving on the
Speaker 1: International Space Station, you know, I mean things, people get
Speaker 1: a little cranky. You know, you're in my space. Give
Speaker 1: me some elbow rooms on the bathroom, Big Brother show, right,
Speaker 1: except in space with people who should know better, right right?
Speaker 1: I mean, you know, we're conducting this vaulted research and
Speaker 1: these crazy missions and in one of the most extreme
Speaker 1: and dangerous environments that we venture into, But it all
Speaker 1: comes down to petty stuff like we gets to use
Speaker 1: the bathroom. So in two thousand nine, cosmonaut Padalka, a
Speaker 1: Russian gentleman, took that universal struggle to new Heights and
Speaker 1: he told a Russian newspaper that the Americans weren't letting
Speaker 1: him use the bathroom on their side of the space
Speaker 1: station burn. Yeah. Yeah, So the Americans, as it turns out,
Speaker 1: we're getting back at the Russians who had started finding
Speaker 1: them for who had started finding NASA for resources used
Speaker 1: by the US astronauts, and so this they had started
Speaker 1: doing us back in two thousand three. So NASA had
Speaker 1: enough and they're like, you know what you're gonna find us.
Speaker 1: We're not gonna let you use the camp. And what
Speaker 1: I love about this is that it's generally not the
Speaker 1: the astronaut truly, it's it's I mean, this comes down
Speaker 1: to Russia and the United States. Um, you know, haven't
Speaker 1: been getting along all that wealth of late, so there's
Speaker 1: been some tension and it just sort of spills over
Speaker 1: into orbit and and and and to me, anyway, I
Speaker 1: think it illuminates just how petty like it. It looks
Speaker 1: pretty petty in orbit when it's like fights over food
Speaker 1: or bathrooms, not sharing food and not sharing the bathroom. Um,
Speaker 1: but it kind of illuminates just how petty any of
Speaker 1: the conflict is. You know. Yeah, I got to imagine
Speaker 1: that the astronauts of the cosmonauts in space aren't really
Speaker 1: going to be arguing. I imagine they get along pretty well. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I would hope, So maybe I'm an optimist. But back
Speaker 1: on Earth, you know, in the States or in Russia,
Speaker 1: it's some poor slabs job to to define these policies
Speaker 1: about bathroom use and who may use what. It's crazy
Speaker 1: and it's also some port slav's job. But you're on
Speaker 1: Earth to um to get the budgets approved to pay
Speaker 1: for all this stuff up there, of course. Um yeah,
Speaker 1: how much are we talking? On two thousand eight, uh,
Speaker 1: NASA announced plans to invest two hundred and fifty million
Speaker 1: in a space toilet toilet, and um, I imagined that
Speaker 1: went over well with the constituency. Yeah, because I mean
Speaker 1: pays and the headline rights itself. It's like NASA, you know,
Speaker 1: once to spend two fifty million on a on a toilet,
Speaker 1: Well you know, blah blah blah. You know, it's just
Speaker 1: it's it's ridiculous sounding. But um, the toilet in question
Speaker 1: involved a water processor that filters urine and makes and
Speaker 1: also takes sweat and moisture from hanging wet towels and
Speaker 1: makes it all drinkable again and use. So it's not
Speaker 1: just a you know, one guy uses the bathroom and
Speaker 1: then we're out that water. Um, you'll be able to
Speaker 1: recycle it and uh. And and it's not like it
Speaker 1: would just have uses in space like this kind of technology,
Speaker 1: you know, sort of like velcro. You know, we've developed
Speaker 1: it for up there. We have a peace get down here,
Speaker 1: work on a fancy water filtration system, the water filtration
Speaker 1: system for orbit, and eventually we able to to U
Speaker 1: to reap the fruits of that technology here on Earth. Yeah.
Speaker 1: And they also said it had some serious conservation benefits,
Speaker 1: to the tune of about seven tons of water yearly. Yeah.
Speaker 1: And which is it sounds like a lot here, it's
Speaker 1: even more up there because remember everything UM have, every
Speaker 1: resource in orbit has to be UM transported there at
Speaker 1: great cost. Right, So my question for you is would
Speaker 1: you drink the water totally? Yeah? Right, dune comes up
Speaker 1: in a lot of podcasts. Have you seen it? Have
Speaker 1: you seen it? You have not? Do you about seeing it?
Speaker 1: In the last podcast, Robbert, we don't even need to
Speaker 1: get there because I want to tell you about the
Speaker 1: two thousand nine toilet breakdown. Okay, So what happens when
Speaker 1: when you know your facilities break on Earth? You you
Speaker 1: call the plumber, right, But what happens when a when
Speaker 1: a commode goes on the fritz and space it's not
Speaker 1: as easy. So back in July two thou nine, when
Speaker 1: the toilets on the International Space Station broke when it's
Speaker 1: a pump separator flooded. So it forced the six crew
Speaker 1: members and seven visiting astronauts from the Space Shuttle Endeavor
Speaker 1: to share one one facility, one toilet on the on
Speaker 1: the U S side, Or of course they could ask
Speaker 1: permission to use the Russian facilities. Yeah, nobody wants to
Speaker 1: do that, so at least the astronauts had other working
Speaker 1: facilities available. A year earlier, the space station was equipped
Speaker 1: with only one toilet, and when that one went and
Speaker 1: was just bring out the top ats right, Well, they're
Speaker 1: left crossing their fingers and their legs. I guess they're
Speaker 1: able to form some emergency plumbing tricks and they got
Speaker 1: it back up. Yeah, I have to say that. I
Speaker 1: mean that's stressful. Yeah. I mean the stress of being
Speaker 1: an astronaut and then the stress of not being able
Speaker 1: to relieve yourself. Yeah, I mean just a toilet going
Speaker 1: wrong on earth, like in your own house. I mean,
Speaker 1: for me, that's just devastating and and and the little
Speaker 1: maddening like it happen us one time. It wasn't our
Speaker 1: fault at all. It was like some sort of sewage thing,
Speaker 1: and it's like you're like a gurgling and I go
Speaker 1: in and it's just like nightmare, you know, rising up
Speaker 1: from the toilet and then overflowing. And I almost couldn't
Speaker 1: handle it. So I can't imagine if there hadn't been
Speaker 1: gravity Jesus. I remember this one a holiday we had
Speaker 1: my family down. It was one of the first years
Speaker 1: we were living in Atlanta, and uh, my parents came
Speaker 1: down and my brother came down, and we were all
Speaker 1: sharing this one bathroom in this rental house we lived in.
Speaker 1: And of course that's when the you know, that's when
Speaker 1: the facilities go. And one of my family members, who
Speaker 1: shall remove nameless yeah, you know, you it the thing
Speaker 1: got backed up and you other way toilets. You know,
Speaker 1: it was just it was you know, and there were
Speaker 1: all of our towels, towels. Was it was bad. Yeah. So,
Speaker 1: I mean it's stressful on Earth, imagine when it's like
Speaker 1: in space. Right. Um. One thing about urine in space, though, um,
Speaker 1: is that it's supposedly pretty beautiful. No way. Yeah. Some
Speaker 1: of the astronauts accounts have mentioned that that when when
Speaker 1: urine has been ejected outside of a spaceship, that it
Speaker 1: freezes instantly, and so you have all these little golden
Speaker 1: ice crystals that just sort of drift off and they
Speaker 1: catch the sunlight and glint. So it's it's supposed to
Speaker 1: be uh, downright pretty, I believe it. So that's what
Speaker 1: we got. There's a there's some some interesting facts about
Speaker 1: going to the bathroom in space. Yeah, I'm all over
Speaker 1: that the next time you have to hit the throne. So, yeah,
Speaker 1: you can hit our blogs to find out what the
Speaker 1: latest podcast topics are and uh find out about such
Speaker 1: things as the Wonders of the double Sex Chicken. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and if you guys want to send us an email
Speaker 1: about space bathrooms or something related shoot us a note
Speaker 1: at science stuff at us to fricks dot com for
Speaker 1: more on thiss and thousands of other topics. Is that
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. Want more how stuff works,
Speaker 1: check out our blogs on the house stuff works dot
Speaker 1: com home page