1 00:00:02,240 --> 00:00:05,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to zero. I'm oscoboid. Over the past couple of days, 2 00:00:05,360 --> 00:00:07,960 Speaker 1: smoke coming from Canada's worst ever forest fire season has 3 00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:10,719 Speaker 1: blanketed much of the country and spread southeast to the 4 00:00:10,840 --> 00:00:15,200 Speaker 1: United States, smashing pollution records in both countries. On Wednesday afternoon, 5 00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 1: New York had the worst air quality of any city worldwide. 6 00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:21,160 Speaker 1: As the smoke turnder sky are sickly orange. It looked 7 00:00:21,160 --> 00:00:24,279 Speaker 1: like it was gloomy looking. It just I don't know, 8 00:00:24,280 --> 00:00:27,760 Speaker 1: it looked like something out of a movie, apocalyptic type 9 00:00:27,760 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: of movie. 10 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:31,280 Speaker 2: I think everyone in our school was freaked out. It 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 2: was so dark first of all, and then everything was orange. 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,440 Speaker 3: It felt like weird, sort of horrifying to see, not 13 00:00:37,600 --> 00:00:40,200 Speaker 3: only how much of an effect it has, just because 14 00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:42,920 Speaker 3: I mean the entire city was lit yellow, and just 15 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:46,320 Speaker 3: how far everything travels and what that means for the environment. 16 00:00:47,120 --> 00:00:49,720 Speaker 1: Wildfires are not new, but they are increasing in scale 17 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 1: and intensity as we warm the planet, exposing more and 18 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:55,600 Speaker 1: more people to dangerous levels of air pollution. So today 19 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:57,560 Speaker 1: on zero, I'm talking with ACTUA about the effects of 20 00:00:57,560 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: that pollution on the body and what you can do 21 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:05,080 Speaker 1: take yourself from it. Actually, currently more than four hundred 22 00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:08,199 Speaker 1: fires are burning across Canada, with smoke blanketing cities across 23 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:11,240 Speaker 1: North America. And this is going to have huge impacts 24 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:13,440 Speaker 1: on people's health as they breathe in the polluted air. 25 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:16,400 Speaker 1: But North America isn't alone in this. How big is 26 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:17,840 Speaker 1: the problem of air pollution globally? 27 00:01:18,120 --> 00:01:20,560 Speaker 2: It's actually quite big. You know, we're talking about it 28 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:23,600 Speaker 2: during a time of an intense event. But the World 29 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 2: Health Organization estimates that nine million people die every year 30 00:01:28,160 --> 00:01:31,080 Speaker 2: from air pollution. And just to put that in context, 31 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:35,080 Speaker 2: about fifty five million people die every year, So that 32 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:38,839 Speaker 2: means twenty percent of deaths annually are in some way 33 00:01:38,959 --> 00:01:42,240 Speaker 2: linked to bad air. Because again the World Health Organization 34 00:01:42,360 --> 00:01:46,200 Speaker 2: estimates that ninety nine percent of people alive today are 35 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:50,120 Speaker 2: breathing air that is bad. Some are breathing air that's 36 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:52,800 Speaker 2: very bad. So you said nine million people are killed 37 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 2: anonally by this. What are the main sources of air pollution? 38 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:58,840 Speaker 2: So about fifty percent of those deaths are from indoor 39 00:01:58,880 --> 00:02:02,720 Speaker 2: air pollution, and that is mainly from people burning wood 40 00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 2: and biomass, which is the choice of fuel in poor 41 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:09,480 Speaker 2: countries even today, but also things like gastos and even 42 00:02:09,560 --> 00:02:13,480 Speaker 2: kerosene heaters. The other half is from outdoor air pollution, 43 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 2: so that's things like industrial emissions or from exhaust of 44 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:23,560 Speaker 2: vehicles in cities and increasingly wildfire smoke. And when we 45 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:26,760 Speaker 2: say pollution, what kind of things are we actually talking about? 46 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:29,280 Speaker 2: What counts as pollution? That's right, Like air pollution can 47 00:02:29,320 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 2: be a lot of things. So there's carbon monoxide, there's ozone, 48 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 2: there's nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and all of those things 49 00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:39,200 Speaker 2: can have harmful impact. But the one that we should 50 00:02:39,200 --> 00:02:42,680 Speaker 2: focus on today is particulate matter pollution. And that's basically 51 00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:46,840 Speaker 2: as the name suggests, these tiny particles. They are sometimes 52 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:52,800 Speaker 2: unburned fossil fuels or unburned wood or even dust that 53 00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:55,519 Speaker 2: are very very small. You probably have heard the term 54 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:58,840 Speaker 2: PM two point five, where the PM stands for particulate 55 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:02,280 Speaker 2: matter and two five sands for the size of the particle, 56 00:03:02,320 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 2: which is measured in microns, and two point five microns 57 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:09,800 Speaker 2: is tiny. Microns is one millionth of a meter, And 58 00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:12,240 Speaker 2: one way to put it is, if you had to 59 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:15,400 Speaker 2: take a human hair, you could fit thirty different PM 60 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:18,960 Speaker 2: two point five particles on its width. So these are 61 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:22,280 Speaker 2: very tiny particles. When people inhale it, it first goes 62 00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:24,919 Speaker 2: into their lung, but very quickly it's absorbed into the 63 00:03:24,919 --> 00:03:27,799 Speaker 2: bloodstream and then it just ends up everywhere in the body. 64 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:30,360 Speaker 2: So ends up in the bloodstream, is traveling around your body, 65 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:33,399 Speaker 2: whatever the speed of blood is. That can't be good, right, 66 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:37,160 Speaker 2: and no, it's very bad. The thing is, the more 67 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:39,839 Speaker 2: we've studied about air pollution, the more we've found out 68 00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:42,920 Speaker 2: just how bad it is. And it affects the body 69 00:03:42,920 --> 00:03:47,000 Speaker 2: in many different ways. So one reason is because when 70 00:03:47,440 --> 00:03:51,080 Speaker 2: these particles end up in different organs, the body thinks 71 00:03:51,160 --> 00:03:54,280 Speaker 2: it's a virus or a bacteria and it starts attacking 72 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 2: it and there's inflammation and that can cause organs to 73 00:03:57,320 --> 00:03:58,800 Speaker 2: perform poorly or fail. 74 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:01,880 Speaker 1: Sometimes with any infection, what normally happens is you get 75 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:04,920 Speaker 1: that information, your body's immune system takes care of the 76 00:04:04,920 --> 00:04:07,640 Speaker 1: bias of bacteria and they then disappear. But if you've 77 00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: got long term exposure to air pollution, it's constantly triggering 78 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:12,800 Speaker 1: your immune system, then you're going to have this constant 79 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: negative response that damages parts of your body. That's right. 80 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:18,920 Speaker 2: I mean, in the short term, people who are exposed 81 00:04:18,960 --> 00:04:24,280 Speaker 2: to air pollution experience coughing and stinging eyes, running nose, chest, pain, 82 00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:27,719 Speaker 2: even headaches, and those difficulties can go away after you 83 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:31,000 Speaker 2: get to breathe clean air again. But if you're exposed 84 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:34,000 Speaker 2: to air pollution in the long term, which is the 85 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:37,239 Speaker 2: reality for many parts of the world even today, Delli, 86 00:04:37,320 --> 00:04:40,960 Speaker 2: where my wife comes from, is blanketed in air pollution 87 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:44,719 Speaker 2: almost all through the year, and it's very bad air pollution. 88 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:48,920 Speaker 2: So in those places especially, the impact of air pollution 89 00:04:49,080 --> 00:04:54,240 Speaker 2: can be increased risk of lung diseases, even cancer. There 90 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 2: can be impacts on the brain because those particles can 91 00:04:56,760 --> 00:05:00,200 Speaker 2: enter the brain, so there is risk of stroke, increased demas, 92 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:04,720 Speaker 2: and there are even studies showing cognitive impact on students 93 00:05:05,120 --> 00:05:08,200 Speaker 2: who are exposed to air pollution and their performance in school. 94 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:13,080 Speaker 2: And there's intense impact on vulnerable people. So young people 95 00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,160 Speaker 2: whose bodies are not fully developed can suffer developmental problems 96 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:20,599 Speaker 2: from breathing in air pollution. Old people who can't recover 97 00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,200 Speaker 2: as quickly from these impacts will suffer because their health 98 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:27,760 Speaker 2: outcomes are worse and perhaps their underlying conditions become worse. 99 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:32,840 Speaker 2: And pregnant people have perhaps the worst outcomes because they 100 00:05:32,839 --> 00:05:36,559 Speaker 2: are carrying an unborn child and that child is really 101 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:40,560 Speaker 2: developing very very quickly and air pollution can have pretty 102 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:41,920 Speaker 2: negative consequences. 103 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:45,160 Speaker 1: And on that topic in particular, our colleagues recently published 104 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:47,440 Speaker 1: the story and a documentary film to go alongside it 105 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:50,760 Speaker 1: about what they called bushfire babies, which is kind of 106 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:53,159 Speaker 1: a horrible term to have to use, but this is 107 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: all about the lasting health impacts of Australia's twenty nineteen 108 00:05:56,520 --> 00:05:59,080 Speaker 1: to twenty twenty Black Summer bushfires, one of the worst 109 00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: bushfires on record. There No one's quick to link anything 110 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:05,880 Speaker 1: to the fires here, but yeah, I know in my 111 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:09,280 Speaker 1: heart that the breathing issues happened straight after the fires, 112 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:14,800 Speaker 1: if not during. In the short term. How do you 113 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:17,960 Speaker 1: protect yourself from air pollution? You know our masks back 114 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:20,160 Speaker 1: in Are we going back to COVID days? Yes, they 115 00:06:20,240 --> 00:06:23,200 Speaker 1: kind of are. I mean ideally, in these conditions you 116 00:06:23,240 --> 00:06:25,840 Speaker 1: shouldn't go out. You should be able to check your 117 00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:28,880 Speaker 1: air quality index. You know, just google your city and 118 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:32,520 Speaker 1: air quality or even your neighborhood sometimes in air quality 119 00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:35,000 Speaker 1: and I'll tell you a number. If that number is 120 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:37,880 Speaker 1: more than one hundred and fifty, it's actually a bad 121 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:40,680 Speaker 1: idea to go out. Yeah, So, just for context, on Wednesday, 122 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:42,560 Speaker 1: the air quality rating in New York was actually at 123 00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:44,600 Speaker 1: around three hundred and fifty. That's right. 124 00:06:44,640 --> 00:06:46,920 Speaker 2: I mean, if you do have to go outside, try 125 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:49,360 Speaker 2: and take care by putting on a mask, an N 126 00:06:49,480 --> 00:06:52,920 Speaker 2: ninety five mask or something similar which titally fits is 127 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 2: a good idea. You know, avoid activities that would cause 128 00:06:56,560 --> 00:07:00,360 Speaker 2: you to breathe heavily, don't exercise, and if you can 129 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:04,800 Speaker 2: afford it, get an air filter indoors. So increasingly in 130 00:07:04,839 --> 00:07:08,120 Speaker 2: cities like Delhi, people who can afford it buy air 131 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,080 Speaker 2: filters and run them constantly all through the day to 132 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 2: be able to have cleaner air at least while they 133 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 2: are at home. 134 00:07:14,680 --> 00:07:16,680 Speaker 1: And then thinking a bit longer term, you know, last 135 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 1: year we traveled to Ostwa together to interview Canada's Prime Minister, 136 00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:22,040 Speaker 1: Justin Trudeau, and one of the things that we quized 137 00:07:22,080 --> 00:07:24,960 Speaker 1: him on then was how over the last twenty years, 138 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:27,680 Speaker 1: because of the increased forest fires, Canada's forests have gone 139 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:30,360 Speaker 1: from a carbon sync to actually becoming a carbon source. 140 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:34,280 Speaker 1: So reducing forest fires is critical both for this topic 141 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:36,400 Speaker 1: of air polution we're talking about, but also for reducing 142 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:40,680 Speaker 1: carbon emissions. What can be done to actually reduce wildfires 143 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 1: and try and stem this source of pollution it's a 144 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:46,280 Speaker 1: good question. And you know, when I asked Justin Trudeau 145 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 1: this very question, he stumbled with an answer, and that 146 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: just shows that even a climate progressive leader like him 147 00:07:53,440 --> 00:07:56,280 Speaker 1: struggles in a country the size of Canada with such 148 00:07:56,400 --> 00:08:00,200 Speaker 1: huge forests. Of course, the wildfires are naturally occurring events too, 149 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: and some of it can be helpful to a forest. 150 00:08:03,280 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: But what we need to do now is to understand 151 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:08,760 Speaker 1: how on a warming planet that these fires can become 152 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,640 Speaker 1: very intense, very quickly. And there are tools being developed 153 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:18,080 Speaker 1: both from ancient knowledge of managing a forest through prescribe 154 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:20,840 Speaker 1: burns as they are called, so that you can control 155 00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:23,120 Speaker 1: the amount of fuel that's available when a fire does 156 00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:25,760 Speaker 1: come along, but there are other ways in which you 157 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:31,560 Speaker 1: could map and have management around dousing fires quickly, something 158 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:35,160 Speaker 1: that the US West Coast is really at the forefront of, 159 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:39,600 Speaker 1: just given how intense those fires can be. And sometimes 160 00:08:39,600 --> 00:08:42,880 Speaker 1: it's not people, it's infrastructure. So again in the West 161 00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:47,120 Speaker 1: Coast there have been bankruptcies. So PGNE, a utility in California, 162 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 1: has declared bankruptcy tied to having fires that were started 163 00:08:51,320 --> 00:08:55,080 Speaker 1: by power lines, and so utilities are increasingly either if 164 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:58,640 Speaker 1: they can afford it put those cables underground, or make 165 00:08:58,679 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: sure that the cables don't actually go and get in 166 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:05,400 Speaker 1: contact with trees and wood moving from moldfires. To air 167 00:09:05,400 --> 00:09:08,439 Speaker 1: pollution more generally, the world actually has got a decent 168 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,440 Speaker 1: track record of fixing air pollution problems. London back in 169 00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:14,280 Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties was notorious for a smog that's since 170 00:09:14,320 --> 00:09:17,440 Speaker 1: been fixed, and on a global level, in nineteen seventy nine, 171 00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:20,360 Speaker 1: major industrial countries came together to sign the Convention on 172 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:24,199 Speaker 1: Long Range trans Boundary Air Pollution, which was targeting sulfur 173 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:27,439 Speaker 1: emissions that were contributing to acid rain. And that treaty 174 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: was also a huge success, but still nine million people 175 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:32,400 Speaker 1: a year die from air pollution. So do we need 176 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:34,640 Speaker 1: a new kind of treaty to deal with this? Yeah. 177 00:09:34,679 --> 00:09:37,560 Speaker 2: So that dealt with a very specific kind of pollutant, 178 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:40,760 Speaker 2: which is sulfur, and that was causing acid rain, and 179 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,440 Speaker 2: that had all kinds of impact, not just human health impacts, 180 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:47,360 Speaker 2: but also impacts on agricultural productivity, on the infrastructure and 181 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:51,079 Speaker 2: the quality of buildings. You know, there were places around 182 00:09:51,120 --> 00:09:54,600 Speaker 2: the world, including the taj Mahal, that were turning yellow 183 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 2: because of increased sulfur pollution. So that was a really 184 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:02,720 Speaker 2: interesting way in which we tackle pollution. There's another example 185 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:06,240 Speaker 2: of how we tackle air pollution in the Montreal Protocol, 186 00:10:06,920 --> 00:10:10,439 Speaker 2: which is to do directly in a way with climate change, 187 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:14,600 Speaker 2: because the gases that go into refrigerators, for example, had 188 00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 2: a huge impact on creating a hole in the ozone 189 00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:20,960 Speaker 2: layer but also warming the planet because they're very intense 190 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:25,680 Speaker 2: greenhouse gases, and this treaty forced companies around the world 191 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:31,400 Speaker 2: to come up with an alternative. So regulations, especially globally 192 00:10:31,679 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 2: agreed upon regulations, can have a big impact. We are 193 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:39,480 Speaker 2: starting to see some experiments of that kind happening around 194 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,559 Speaker 2: cities to try and deal with air pollution from tailpipes. 195 00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:46,839 Speaker 2: So we live in London, and London's kind of at 196 00:10:46,880 --> 00:10:50,680 Speaker 2: the forefront of this because it's created what is known 197 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:54,120 Speaker 2: as the Ultra Low emission Zone. A bit of a mouthful, 198 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:56,800 Speaker 2: but really it just tells you that there are places 199 00:10:56,840 --> 00:11:01,480 Speaker 2: in London where you cannot bring in a big polluting car. 200 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:04,200 Speaker 2: So either you bring in an electric car or a 201 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:07,119 Speaker 2: very new car that has a higher standard on particulate 202 00:11:07,160 --> 00:11:10,360 Speaker 2: matter pollution, or if you have to bring in a 203 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 2: polluted car, you have to pay a hefty fee to 204 00:11:12,960 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 2: bring it in and that has made the air quality 205 00:11:15,440 --> 00:11:18,760 Speaker 2: in London just get so much better over the past decade, 206 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 2: and more and more cities, especially in Europe, are starting 207 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:24,520 Speaker 2: to adopt this method. 208 00:11:24,840 --> 00:11:27,480 Speaker 1: And we're talking today about wildfire, smoke and evolution because 209 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:29,600 Speaker 1: of the events that are happening in Canada and that 210 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:33,400 Speaker 1: are impacting major cities like New York. But similar fiers 211 00:11:33,559 --> 00:11:36,360 Speaker 1: do happen every year all around the world. Malaysia and 212 00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:39,440 Speaker 1: Singapore suffer from these kinds of events most years. Deli, 213 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:43,640 Speaker 1: you've mentioned bushfires in Australia helped define their elections last year. 214 00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,360 Speaker 2: Yes, nowhere is immune. That's what Arna Gretta Hunter of 215 00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:52,679 Speaker 2: the Australian National University, told Bloomberg that she worries that 216 00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:55,000 Speaker 2: people think there are privileged parts in the world that 217 00:11:55,040 --> 00:11:58,640 Speaker 2: are not vulnerable to climate events and that's just not 218 00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:01,240 Speaker 2: the case and what's happen right now proves it. 219 00:12:05,679 --> 00:12:07,560 Speaker 1: Thank you for listening to Zero. If you've found this 220 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:09,800 Speaker 1: explainer useful, please take a moment to rate and review 221 00:12:09,840 --> 00:12:13,040 Speaker 1: the show on Apple Podcasts or Spotify. You can email 222 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:15,960 Speaker 1: us at zero pod at Bloomberg dot net. We've linked 223 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:18,240 Speaker 1: to more reporting on this topic in the show notes 224 00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:22,839 Speaker 1: zero's producers me Oscar Boyd and senior producers Christine driscoll Our. 225 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,160 Speaker 1: Theme music is composed by Wandy. Special thanks this week 226 00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:28,199 Speaker 1: to Janet Babin for the voices from New York, as 227 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 1: well as Kira Benjam, Sarah heirj Kendra, P. R. Lewis 228 00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:34,520 Speaker 1: and Todd Woody. We'll be back next week.