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Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature, a production of I Heart Radio.

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Speaker 1: I'm your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied

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Speaker 1: psychology and evolutionary biology, and I've never been stung by

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Speaker 1: a bee. I guess that's why my blood type is

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Speaker 1: A being negative. Yep. Okay. Anyways, today on the show,

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Speaker 1: Invasion of the murder Hornets and More Invasive Species. That's right,

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Speaker 1: I've looked into this whole murder hornet business to see

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Speaker 1: if it's a big deal. You know, all the murders

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Speaker 1: these hornets do. And I'll also be talking about two

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Speaker 1: of the world's other most notorious invasive species, a big

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Speaker 1: toad with a bad attitude and an adorable little fuzzy

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Speaker 1: noodle who just loves to kill things. Discover this and

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Speaker 1: more as we answer the age old question how many

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Speaker 1: decapitations a minute can the murder hornet? It do more

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Speaker 1: than is necessary? Probably, so, murder hornets are they bad? Well,

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Speaker 1: first of all, let's call them by their real name,

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Speaker 1: Vespa Mandarinia, their giant hornets, and when they're in their

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Speaker 1: natural range, I wouldn't say they're bad anymore than any

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Speaker 1: other insect or animal. They've simply carved out their evolutionary

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Speaker 1: niche by being the biggest, baddest, most murdery hornet out there.

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Speaker 1: But when a non native species invades a new region,

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Speaker 1: either by accidentally hitching a ride on some cargo or

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Speaker 1: because humans are a bunch of power craze primates who

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Speaker 1: like to pluck an animal from one side of the

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Speaker 1: globe and drop it down on the other, this can

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Speaker 1: spell trouble for the local ecology. So should you be

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Speaker 1: afraid of murder hornets, Well, let's go on a learning

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Speaker 1: journey to turn that fear into education. Joining me today

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Speaker 1: is my friend, host of the Cracked podcast and also

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Speaker 1: host of the new podcast mini series One Way to

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Speaker 1: Make an Emoji, Alec Schmidt. Katie, thank you so much

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Speaker 1: for having me. This is awesome. Yeah, welcome back to

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Speaker 1: the pod, Alex, and you you just described, you just

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Speaker 1: described two podcasts that you're excellent on, so people should

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Speaker 1: go here those. Yeah. I got to be a guest

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Speaker 1: on Well, I've been a guest on the crac podcast,

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Speaker 1: and I got to be a guest on One Way

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Speaker 1: to Make an Emoji, which was excellently talked about bison. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: if people want to check it out, it's it's a

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Speaker 1: very special mini series to me. There's a lot of

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Speaker 1: personal stuff to it and the last stuff I've never

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Speaker 1: really done before and as a podcast or anything, but

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Speaker 1: it's about creating the Bison emoji. Any any citizen. Any

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Speaker 1: person can propose I don't know why I said citizen.

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Speaker 1: You don't have to be from anywhere. Anyone can propose

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Speaker 1: a citizen of the planet Earth exactly. Anybody can propose

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Speaker 1: a new emoji. And I proposed to Bison emoji and

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Speaker 1: they said yes. So sometime let's fall your your device.

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Speaker 1: Everybody's device will have a Bison and the emoji keyboard.

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Speaker 1: I think that's wonderful. And I love the podcast. It's

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Speaker 1: emotional and sweet and full advice and what more could

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Speaker 1: you want from a podcast? Spice and soup for the soul.

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Speaker 1: You made it really special, so thanks again for doing it.

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Speaker 1: Of course, Well today we're gonna do something a little

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Speaker 1: less heartwarming or I don't know, we'll find the heartwarming

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Speaker 1: somewhere because we're talking about murder hornets. I'm sure you've

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Speaker 1: probably heard of murder hornets. Alex. I'm pretty I'm pretty

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Speaker 1: excited because I, like you know, found out a few

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Speaker 1: seconds ago that that's the topic, and I have like

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Speaker 1: seen the phrase in trending topics on Twitter and don't

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Speaker 1: really know anything else, So that was great. I'm gonna

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Speaker 1: like find out what's going on. Yeah. Yeah, I think

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Speaker 1: a lot of people are a little scared right now

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Speaker 1: because it's it sounds very apocalyptic. We've been hearing things

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Speaker 1: about murder hornets have invaded the US, and the question

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Speaker 1: is should we panic And the answer is maybe a little. Okay, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: So want to get down to the facts about murder hornets?

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Speaker 1: What are they? Why are they called murder hornets? Are

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Speaker 1: they deadly to humans? Are they deadly to native honeybee populations?

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Speaker 1: How do we find them off? And what are they?

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Speaker 1: What's their story? How did they become so murdering? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: when you say we should panic a little, I'm glad.

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Speaker 1: I have so little else that I'm panicking about right now,

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Speaker 1: you know, like everything else is super chill, so I

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Speaker 1: have the bandwidth to everything. I mean, we've got our

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Speaker 1: plates are clear, it's you know, blue skies, and then

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Speaker 1: it's like we could handle this one bad thing in

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Speaker 1: the world happening. Murder hornets. That's fine. Yeah, Yeah, tomorrow

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Speaker 1: in the news I'm just gonna wake up and it's

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Speaker 1: like fire rain rain made out of deadly fire. But yeah, okay, cool.

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Speaker 1: So what is a murder hornet? First? So, so this

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Speaker 1: is the Vespa Andarinia, which are Asian giant hornets. They

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Speaker 1: are native to East, South and Southeast Asia as well

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Speaker 1: as parts of Russia, and they are the largest hornet

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Speaker 1: in the world. Mandarinia sounds like an Italian motorcycle. Are

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Speaker 1: you sure this is the right That's that's my bad

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Speaker 1: Italian accent. I'm sorry. I apologize for that, um, but yeah,

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Speaker 1: it does. It does sound. It kind of looks like

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Speaker 1: one too. They're very sleek, almost a motorcycle personified or

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Speaker 1: bugsonified into a horrible insane So what are hornets? So?

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Speaker 1: Hornets are a type of large youth social wasp, meaning

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Speaker 1: that they work together for a hive and a queen.

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Speaker 1: Because there are a lot of wasps that are actually

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Speaker 1: solitary they just kind of do their own thing murder

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Speaker 1: on their own time. But these are team murderers. So

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Speaker 1: that's neat. I mean, yeah, they're they're working together. At

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Speaker 1: least they're not having some kind of civil war or something.

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Speaker 1: That's good meant it it's a lot of team building

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Speaker 1: murders happening with with these hornets. And did you did

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Speaker 1: you say they're you social? Is that right? You social?

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Speaker 1: That's right, just like honey bees are you social? Oh yeah, sorry, yeah,

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Speaker 1: I was gonna say I've heard about that with ants

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Speaker 1: and humans. Yes, ants, humans arguably a little bit maybe ants, termites,

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Speaker 1: honey bees, other other bee species. And yeah, it basically

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Speaker 1: means you work for a colony and for a queen,

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Speaker 1: and it's this social structure where you are basically the work.

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Speaker 1: It's a it's a hierarchy where workers are all working

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Speaker 1: towards the common goal of the hive and the queen,

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Speaker 1: which is you know that cool? Because I I am

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Speaker 1: not an entomologist or an expert or anything, but I

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Speaker 1: read a book once by E. O. Wilson and and

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Speaker 1: the super short gist of it is basically that ants

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Speaker 1: and humans have spread across the earth because those two

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Speaker 1: species are very use social compared to other ones. Like

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Speaker 1: they work together and they see a greater purpose to

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Speaker 1: their group, whether it's instinctual or conscious or not. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean that is true. I think that humans like

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Speaker 1: ants are and some bees. It's like our successfu lies

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Speaker 1: in our society and our ability to make a lot

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Speaker 1: of hexagons. So so these hornets, the murder hornets, they

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Speaker 1: apply those same ideas of teamwork, but towards murder, which

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Speaker 1: is neat. So they're about two inches long, about four centimeters.

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Speaker 1: They have a wingspan of three inches about seven and

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Speaker 1: a half centimeters, and they have a fourth inch long

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Speaker 1: stinger that can inject a large amount of venom. So

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Speaker 1: they're they're you know, they're they're big girls. These are

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Speaker 1: these are some some large ladies coming around to sting

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Speaker 1: you with a lot of vintage. Each one of them

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Speaker 1: is two inches long, Yeah, just a lot. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a little bigger than can you'd imagine. Right, that's good.

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Speaker 1: It's cool. It's good. It's cool. So they have been

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Speaker 1: recently spotted in North America, which is you know cool

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Speaker 1: and yeah, yeah, I'm in North America too. The first

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Speaker 1: sighting was in Washington State last December, so a fun

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Speaker 1: Christmas surprise. They are a big threat to the honeybee

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Speaker 1: population that lives in North America, the APIs mellifera, and

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Speaker 1: also you know, a threat to basically a lot of

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Speaker 1: different insects, a lot of different like the wild bee

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Speaker 1: ease and bumble bees, and you know, probably us to

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Speaker 1: a little bit not not. I think the biggest concern

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Speaker 1: right now is the b population. Actually, so let's talk

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Speaker 1: a little bit about the honeybee in North America. The

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Speaker 1: APIs mellifera, so it's actually not native to North America.

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Speaker 1: It was introduced by European colonizers, and it is not

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Speaker 1: commonly called an invasive species because we don't consider it

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Speaker 1: to be harmful. But they kind of can be like

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Speaker 1: they can harm wild native bee species when they have

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Speaker 1: to compete for food. But on the other hand, they

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Speaker 1: have become incredibly important pollinators and honey producers for our society,

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Speaker 1: so they are responsible for a lot of pollination that

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Speaker 1: happens in our agriculture. So yeah, it's kind of it's

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Speaker 1: one of the cases where this is actually an introduced species.

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Speaker 1: But we're okay with a although maybe some of our

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Speaker 1: wild bees aren't as cool with it. I mean, if

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Speaker 1: anybody's gonna come to me and say, hey, that honey

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Speaker 1: bee on the honey nut cheerios box is some form

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Speaker 1: of invader, I'm gonna push back on that way into

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Speaker 1: that be he's very friendly he provides a delicious serial

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Speaker 1: like that. What's his name? Is his name? What's his name?

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Speaker 1: So he probably has a name. I don't know, is

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Speaker 1: it buzz or something. It's probably buzz. It's probably buzz.

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Speaker 1: It's probably buzz. I'm gonna say it's buzz. I'm not

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Speaker 1: even gonna bother googling it because I'm certain it's got

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Speaker 1: to be that. Yeah, I remember I got a I

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Speaker 1: got a buzz doll in a honey nut cheerio box

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Speaker 1: once and it was I thought it was going to

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Speaker 1: look a lot more like the thing on the box.

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Speaker 1: That's all I'm going to say about that. It was

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Speaker 1: like clearly made for b movie or something. But they

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Speaker 1: just made an error. And Joel Joel just wrote to

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Speaker 1: us Joel as a producer of the show. She just

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Speaker 1: told us Buzzby is the name of the v Thank you.

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Speaker 1: What like Buzzby, like Buzzby, like Buzby Berkeley or something

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Speaker 1: like the US b y. Yeah, but but no, no,

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Speaker 1: be you z z buz Buzzby. Yeah, Buzzby co Coruel

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Speaker 1: trivia fact about about the b on the honeynut cheero box.

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Speaker 1: Thanks for joining me on This Animal's podcast. So let's

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Speaker 1: go back to talking about murder hornets. Yeah, so murder

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Speaker 1: hornets are called murder hornets on account of all the

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Speaker 1: murders they do. So the worker hornets are all female.

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Speaker 1: So Alex, I want you to imagine a gang of

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Speaker 1: bloodthirsty women on motorcycles raising the countryside, going around with

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Speaker 1: huge machetes and decapitating entire cities, because that's basically what

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Speaker 1: murder hornets do. I feel like, I feel like you

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Speaker 1: would see like a double feature of at a drive in,

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Speaker 1: and like it's both movies are about the gang of ladies. God, yes,

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Speaker 1: I'd love to see that. They all for some reason,

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Speaker 1: they're all wearing impeccable makeup too, and perfect hair does

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Speaker 1: but they're just going around on their motorcycle gangs and

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Speaker 1: like and it's like, and this is what cannabis does

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Speaker 1: to women. So the murder hornet has gigantic mandibles that

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Speaker 1: can easily decapitate a honeybee. They can kill forty honey

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Speaker 1: bees a minute, which is bad or honey bees. Because

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Speaker 1: I I am not a super expert on bees and

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Speaker 1: hornets and stuff, but I feel like people associate hornets

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Speaker 1: with honey just because bees do that. But it seems

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Speaker 1: like these hornets just murder and that's how they get food,

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Speaker 1: Like they're just eating all these bees all this, yes, exactly,

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Speaker 1: so they are carnivorous and they feed these well, essentially,

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Speaker 1: they will take over these hives and then plunder it

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Speaker 1: for meat and then feed that to their young, whereas

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Speaker 1: honey bees will eat nectar and then you know the

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Speaker 1: whole process of making honey and royal jelly, and that's

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Speaker 1: how they feed their colony. So so these hornets are

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Speaker 1: like a tiny wolf for hyena or other pack animal

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Speaker 1: basically in terms of the exactly yeah, ok, yeah, no,

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Speaker 1: that's a very good way to think of it. Exactly.

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Speaker 1: So they work in groups to raid and destroy entire

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Speaker 1: honey bee hives. So what will happen is one of

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Speaker 1: the hornets will place a pheromone marker on a honey

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Speaker 1: bee hive, which will invite her sisters to participate in

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Speaker 1: a gold old fashion pillage. In so they efficiently kill

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Speaker 1: all the worker bees and queen, ripping their heads off,

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Speaker 1: and then they use the hive as a buffet, eating

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Speaker 1: the honey bee larva and pup a right out of

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Speaker 1: their little honeycomb cribs. So you know, just killing all

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Speaker 1: the babies and eating them, even the pupe combined, even

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Speaker 1: the pupe. They don't even spare the pupe monsters. So

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Speaker 1: in Japan, where the murder hornet is actually this is

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Speaker 1: its native range, the Japanese honey bees. I didn't I

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Speaker 1: didn't realize that was gonna rhyme until I said. The

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Speaker 1: Japanese honey bee, which lives in the murder hornets native range,

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Speaker 1: has developed a unique strategy to defend themselves from these invaders.

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Speaker 1: So when a honeybee in Japan senses the hornet pheromones,

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Speaker 1: it goes first oh, and then it forms a b ball,

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Speaker 1: so it sends its own messaging to the rest of

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Speaker 1: the hive to create a giant ball of angry vibrating bees,

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Speaker 1: and they beat their wings and dogpile on the invading hornet.

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Speaker 1: So what they're doing is they're vibrating their wings and

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Speaker 1: flight muscles and generating body heat in this giant dog pile,

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Speaker 1: and combined, a bee ball can create a core temperature

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Speaker 1: of over a hundred and fifteen degrees fahrenheit, which is

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Speaker 1: forty six degrees celsius, and also creates a chamber of

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Speaker 1: increased carbon dioxide so this will actually cook and suffocate

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Speaker 1: the hornet that is trapped inside this giant bee mosh pit.

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Speaker 1: I love how like each time I learned about an

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Speaker 1: organized society of animals, it's because they're doing something like that,

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Speaker 1: you know, like doing a mosh pit essentially. I mean,

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Speaker 1: have you ever found a society that doesn't include involved

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Speaker 1: mosh pits? I don't think so. The dawn of time

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Speaker 1: that the enderthal mash is on cave walls, oh yes,

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Speaker 1: I've seen it. So you might think that this would

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Speaker 1: be a self sacrificial thing that the bees do, but

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Speaker 1: they're actually much more adept at surviving this giant mosh

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Speaker 1: pit because they can withstand higher temperatures and the higher

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Speaker 1: levels of c O two. Although you know, some of

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Speaker 1: them may die in the line of mosh pit duty,

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Speaker 1: but you know there that's it's an honor. It's an

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Speaker 1: honor to die in the bee mosh pit, I think.

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Speaker 1: And this this thing with Japan's bees knowing how to

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Speaker 1: mash the hornets, like, is this like a centuries and

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Speaker 1: centuries old war between bees and hornets in their country

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Speaker 1: and then just the hornets came here and RBS are

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Speaker 1: like we we don't know any mashing, what do we do? Yes, sadly, Alex,

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Speaker 1: You're exactly right about that. So this is when you

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Speaker 1: have a predator and a prey species, you often have

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Speaker 1: these arms races where the predator evolves the strategy to

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Speaker 1: take advantage of the prey, and then the prey will

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Speaker 1: evolve the strategy to defend itself. And so you see

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Speaker 1: this like increasing complexity of attacks and defenses. Unfortunately, when

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Speaker 1: you have an invasive species, the native species have not

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Speaker 1: developed any of these strategy GE's, they are caught completely

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Speaker 1: off guard. So the honey bees who live in North

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Speaker 1: America have not developed this defense strategy, so they are

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Speaker 1: vulnerable to the murder hornets, which is why a lot

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Speaker 1: of conservationists are very very concerned. And if the murder

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Speaker 1: hornets are allowed to spread, they might decimate the already

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Speaker 1: struggling bee populations here in North America, which is not great.

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Speaker 1: I like I like bees. I like our honey bees. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because I like all plants, and as I understand it,

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Speaker 1: they're important for that. I'm right. And and even if

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Speaker 1: you're like, oh, well, the honey bee itself is not

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Speaker 1: is you know, not native, It's an introduced species and

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Speaker 1: somehow you don't care about that. I mean, they're also

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Speaker 1: these murder hornets are also going to be really bad

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Speaker 1: for the wild bee populations and for bumble bees. And basically,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's whenever you I've described the ecosystem like

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Speaker 1: a Jenga tower before, it's like whenever you fuss around

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Speaker 1: with one piece, you're not going to know like at

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Speaker 1: what point, like everything's gonna crumble down. So, yeah, it's bad.

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Speaker 1: It's not great to have have this this murder hornet. Surprisingly,

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Speaker 1: I know it doesn't sound like a big deal to

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Speaker 1: have a murder hornet invade the US or not the US,

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Speaker 1: a murder hornet invade North America, but it is shockingly bad. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because when I saw that name murder hornet coming up

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Speaker 1: on Twitter, for one thing, I thought, just like everybody

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Speaker 1: had seen the same Nature documentary. I was just laughing

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Speaker 1: about it because you know, everybody, especially in quarantine, will

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Speaker 1: like I'll see tiger king at the same time, and

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Speaker 1: suddenly there's memes I don't know about. But oh god,

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Speaker 1: I wish there was a Netflix special called like murder

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Speaker 1: Hornet and it's just about beekeepers and all of their drama,

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Speaker 1: like like, I want to see in an apiary that's

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Speaker 1: actually a cult, Please Netflix deliver. Yeah, But and it

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Speaker 1: turns out with this one like, no, it's just a

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Speaker 1: news event going on. And I feel like everyone like

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Speaker 1: found the name murder Hornets so funny. They didn't talk about, Hey,

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Speaker 1: there's like a new invader that's a two inch long

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Speaker 1: sky wolf you know, sky Wolf. Yeah, Skywolf is cool.

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Speaker 1: I like that. It's just just a pilot about an

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Speaker 1: airplane I'm working on. To worry about it. It's cool, Alex,

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Speaker 1: I told you can't pitch your pilots on this episode. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so it's like air Wolf, but I changed the name

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Speaker 1: forget it forget So yeah, I mean there's actually a

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Speaker 1: little bit of debate about naming the murder hornets. Some

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Speaker 1: biologists are saying like, ah, but you don't, you know,

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Speaker 1: this stigmatizes animals. You don't want it to be like,

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Speaker 1: you know, to dramatized. But other biologists are like, no,

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Speaker 1: this is a big deal, Like we it's good that

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Speaker 1: people are scared of this, this terrible hornet. So it's

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Speaker 1: interesting to see that back and forth of now now

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Speaker 1: everybody calmed down and like some biologists are going like, no,

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Speaker 1: they have to panic, Yeah, wow, because isn't that isn't

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Speaker 1: that a story with especially the movie Jaws, but kind

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Speaker 1: of the book to or suddenly people needed sharks, even

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Speaker 1: though sharks have like a positive role in the overall ecosystem. Like,

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Speaker 1: I guess they're worried about that with hornets, huh, right, exactly,

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Speaker 1: because you know, hornets are not I don't want everyone

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Speaker 1: to hate hornets or even hate murder hornets when they're

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Speaker 1: you know, not invading North America. That sounds weird, But

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Speaker 1: let me be clear, I don't hate the murder hornets.

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Speaker 1: I'm concerned because they have been introduced to a region

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Speaker 1: that they are not native to, which is really bad

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Speaker 1: for the populations of other insects in that region, so

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Speaker 1: that you know, it's they have their place, Yeah exactly.

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Speaker 1: And like if it takes a sensationalist name to get

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Speaker 1: people interested, like maybe that's good. Maybe it's like I

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Speaker 1: don't know, maybe it's a bad strategy in the long run,

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Speaker 1: Like we need to be able to be interested in

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Speaker 1: stuff without having a super metal name applied to to

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Speaker 1: the insect. But I don't know, I mean, yeah, I

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Speaker 1: kind of I'm okay with the name murder hornets personally

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Speaker 1: because I think it does make people interested in what

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Speaker 1: what is happening and so that yeah, which is good. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I never would have heard about it otherwise. Right, And

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Speaker 1: they do murder, it's accurate. I mean they murder a

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Speaker 1: lot of bees. Yeah, I guess. I wonder if we're

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Speaker 1: going there. But have they ever murdered a person in

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Speaker 1: the United States? Not? Not in North America as far

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Speaker 1: as I know. They have killed people in their native

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Speaker 1: range unfortunately, So they are actually pretty nasty to humans.

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Speaker 1: I want to preface this with the main problem of

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Speaker 1: them being in the US is not that they're going

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Speaker 1: to kill us all, but it is they are actually

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Speaker 1: somewhat dangerous to people. So with these murder hornets, about

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Speaker 1: fifty stings can kill you due to kidney damage, even

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Speaker 1: if you're not allergic. Fatal encounters are more likely to

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Speaker 1: happen if you stumble upon or disturb a hornet hive.

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Speaker 1: So if one kind of flies on you and stings

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Speaker 1: you once, it's unlikely unless you have an allergy, that

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Speaker 1: it's going to really harm you. It'll it'll give you

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Speaker 1: like I could give you a nasty well, but in

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Speaker 1: Japan about fifty people die a year from murder hornet stings,

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Speaker 1: which I don't want to realize that that's it's horrible,

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Speaker 1: but it's you know, it's not like five zero people

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Speaker 1: die a year in Japan from murder hornet stings. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean, like that's about the it's a little bit

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Speaker 1: more than people die a year of just wasp and

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Speaker 1: be stings in the US per year. So but that

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Speaker 1: again it's like a it's I think there's about I

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Speaker 1: think about thirty to forty people die per year in

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Speaker 1: the US from wasp and beastings, so it's about on

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Speaker 1: the same scale. But again it's just one species doing

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Speaker 1: all of that damage. So they are they are more

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Speaker 1: dangerous than bees in and other wasps. So it's like

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Speaker 1: I would say, it's something where it's concerning and it'll

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Speaker 1: it's really sad that it hurts people. I don't want

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Speaker 1: to trivialize that. But it's also not like it's not like, oh,

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Speaker 1: we're all going this is going to kill us all like,

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Speaker 1: it's not. It's this is not the the final male

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Speaker 1: and humanity's coffin. Wow, that sounded grim, But because when

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Speaker 1: because when they're scary things going on. You wanna as

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Speaker 1: a person know which things are less scary like these

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Speaker 1: these a problem, but not not something to panic about. It, right,

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Speaker 1: a problem, and I understand people's concern about it, and

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Speaker 1: I think it is worrisome, but I think like the

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Speaker 1: main worrisomething about it is the impact to the ecology

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Speaker 1: in North America, which is a it's a big deal.

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Speaker 1: And of course, I mean, I don't think it's silly

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Speaker 1: to be concerned about something that can hurt a person.

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Speaker 1: I think that's always concerning, Like it's concerning, But it's

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Speaker 1: not like these bees aren't going to like raid a

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Speaker 1: human town and decapitate everyone. That's just what they're going

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Speaker 1: to do to the honey bees. Yeah, just because you

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Speaker 1: saw ladies do that in the nineteen fifties Motorcycle Woman

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Speaker 1: movie franchise does not mean that these Japanese hornets will

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Speaker 1: do that. It's very different, Right, So you might be wondering, like,

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Speaker 1: how should we get rid of these murder hornets, Like

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Speaker 1: maybe we should introduce a species that murders the murder hornets.

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Speaker 1: But we are in the next section going to talk

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Speaker 1: about why this logic is not great because when we

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Speaker 1: return after a break, we're actually going to talk about

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Speaker 1: the cane toad story. That this is not a bug

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Speaker 1: at all, very exciting. I mentioned earlier that honeybee populations

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Speaker 1: are already struggling. Over the past decade or so, beekeepers

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Speaker 1: have reported higher and higher loss of honey bees, either

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Speaker 1: due to colony collapse disorder where worker bees abandoned a colony,

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Speaker 1: or due to winter deaths. Currently, colony collapse disorder is

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Speaker 1: not as much of an issue, but increased bee deaths continue.

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Speaker 1: This is estimated to be due to the combined factors

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Speaker 1: of agricultural growth reducing the amount of diversity of flowering

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Speaker 1: plants for bees to eat, pesticides killing the bees, and

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Speaker 1: parasites such as veroa destructor a tiny mite that wedges

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Speaker 1: itself into a bees exoskeleton, spits out digestive juices into

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Speaker 1: the bee and drinks up the bee smoothie yum. So,

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Speaker 1: as you can see, there are a lot of things

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Speaker 1: that bees are struggling with, not to mention the possible

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Speaker 1: introduction of a giant murder hornet. But as humans were

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Speaker 1: not helpless when it comes to helping the bees, we

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Speaker 1: could reduce agricultural growths much that there are more areas

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Speaker 1: of diverse wildflowers and vegetation to feed the bees. We

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Speaker 1: could reduce pesticide usage and use less dangerous pesticides, which

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Speaker 1: will allow bees to be healthier and more able to

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Speaker 1: fight off things like parasites and disease. As for the

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Speaker 1: murder hornets, beekeepers can set traps for the hornets to

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Speaker 1: hopefully slow their spread. So we can't just give up

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Speaker 1: every time a new murder hornet comes to town. We

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Speaker 1: gotta fight, fight for the bees. Be a hero like

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Speaker 1: buzz All drin. I'm sorry, Okay, no more bee puns.

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Speaker 1: I'll behaved. Sorry, okay, just that one, No more, no

421
00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:41,120
Speaker 1: more starting now, will be right back. I'm sorry, I

422
00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:53,120
Speaker 1: have to. I'm sorry. Imagine you're minding your own business,

423
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:56,080
Speaker 1: eating bugs or whatever you like to do on a Wednesday.

424
00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:59,080
Speaker 1: I don't judge oft In the distance, you hear a

425
00:26:59,359 --> 00:27:08,280
Speaker 1: strange sound. You've never heard such a sound before. Often

426
00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:11,680
Speaker 1: the horizon, you see a large group of strange, huge,

427
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:17,359
Speaker 1: bumpy skinned aliens approach. They crawled towards you on stubby legs.

428
00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:21,080
Speaker 1: They lose poison out of their shoulder blades, and they

429
00:27:21,119 --> 00:27:25,639
Speaker 1: are opening their huge hungry mounths and shooting out their long,

430
00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:34,119
Speaker 1: disgusting tongues to eat you. So, Alex, have you heard

431
00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:38,800
Speaker 1: of the Kane toad in Australia story? I think it

432
00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:41,080
Speaker 1: rings a bell and the only thing I thought of

433
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:43,160
Speaker 1: beyond when you said Kane toad, that rang a bell

434
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:45,480
Speaker 1: and I thought of Australia maybe, And that's that's about

435
00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:49,160
Speaker 1: all I know. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, Well this will

436
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:52,720
Speaker 1: be a refresher course for you, and I think this

437
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:55,480
Speaker 1: is one of my well, I don't want to say

438
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:59,200
Speaker 1: favorite stories of invasive species because it sounds like I'm

439
00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:02,479
Speaker 1: happy about it, but it is a really interesting story

440
00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:07,240
Speaker 1: about an invasive species. So little background on the cane

441
00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,520
Speaker 1: toad first, So it is a big, old terrestrial toad

442
00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:14,520
Speaker 1: that uses toxins from a gland on its shoulders. So

443
00:28:14,640 --> 00:28:19,120
Speaker 1: it is from South and Central America. These are beefy

444
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:22,600
Speaker 1: toads that can grow around five to six inches long,

445
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,760
Speaker 1: which is about ten to fifteen centimeters. But they've been

446
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:28,000
Speaker 1: known to be able to reach a length of nine

447
00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:32,520
Speaker 1: inches centimeters, which is I don't know, too big. Maybe

448
00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:34,600
Speaker 1: I don't want to I don't want to judge. But

449
00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:37,600
Speaker 1: when you gave those inches honestly, I thought of it

450
00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:39,640
Speaker 1: in hornets. It was like, oh, three to four and

451
00:28:39,680 --> 00:28:45,720
Speaker 1: a half hornets of measurement. The murder hornet m H

452
00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:52,400
Speaker 1: is Yeah, so, like I mentioned earlier, it excretes toxins

453
00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:55,480
Speaker 1: from the glands near its shoulders, so its skin is

454
00:28:55,560 --> 00:28:59,400
Speaker 1: highly toxic and will kill animals that try to eat it,

455
00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:03,400
Speaker 1: which you know, I mean, that's that's a good idea.

456
00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:05,600
Speaker 1: I guess if you're a cane toade and you don't

457
00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:10,680
Speaker 1: want to be eaten, to just make yourself deadly. I

458
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:12,760
Speaker 1: feel like what I learned about poison dart frogs as

459
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:15,760
Speaker 1: a kid, I was like, oh, any colorful amphibian is

460
00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:18,360
Speaker 1: probably full of murder. That's probably what's going on. It

461
00:29:18,360 --> 00:29:20,320
Speaker 1: seems like this is kind of one of those Yeah,

462
00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:23,680
Speaker 1: it's not even colorful. It's like it barely even warns you.

463
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:28,000
Speaker 1: It's just kind of a sandy color, brownish, yellowish, all

464
00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,840
Speaker 1: of sandy color. It seems pretty innocuous. But nope, it

465
00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:37,840
Speaker 1: is full of ooz eating poison. It's more of more

466
00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:39,560
Speaker 1: of a low key hit man kind of guy. I

467
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:42,000
Speaker 1: get it. Cool. Yeah, yeah, it's it's less of a

468
00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:45,200
Speaker 1: less of a man. It's less of a mad Max

469
00:29:45,240 --> 00:29:49,000
Speaker 1: and more of a Liam Neeson. Are those two murder

470
00:29:49,080 --> 00:29:52,080
Speaker 1: people in the media. I'm trying to think of different

471
00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:55,040
Speaker 1: styles of murder people in movies, and I feel like

472
00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:58,240
Speaker 1: Mad Max versus Liam Neeson makes sense to me in

473
00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:01,840
Speaker 1: this moment. Yeah, that works. Like, isn't John Wick generally

474
00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:05,520
Speaker 1: dressed pretty conservatively? You know, like maybe it's a John Wick. Yeah,

475
00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:08,240
Speaker 1: I guess I think of John Wick as being flamboyant

476
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:11,440
Speaker 1: just because the movies are kind of in your face.

477
00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:15,400
Speaker 1: But yeah, yeah, like I'm thinking of like a really

478
00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:22,040
Speaker 1: drab murderer, like I'm here to kill you. Don't mind me,

479
00:30:22,240 --> 00:30:28,160
Speaker 1: I'm here to kill you. So they have a lifespan

480
00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:32,720
Speaker 1: of about ten to fifteen years, but one individual was

481
00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:35,960
Speaker 1: recorded as having lived to thirty five years, which is

482
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:42,920
Speaker 1: older than Jesus. Not to brag, not to brag. Listen,

483
00:30:42,920 --> 00:30:46,360
Speaker 1: we measure lengths in hornets that we measure ages in Jesus.

484
00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:49,160
Speaker 1: And that's how we do it. Okay, Like like, hop

485
00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:50,920
Speaker 1: off if it's not for you. Yeah, this is like

486
00:30:51,040 --> 00:30:56,960
Speaker 1: one point zero zero five Jesus about Yeah, please don't

487
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,320
Speaker 1: check my math on that, because I can assure you

488
00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:03,360
Speaker 1: it's wrong. So they have warty all of brownish skin,

489
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,000
Speaker 1: and they are great at reproducing, which is fun to know.

490
00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:11,120
Speaker 1: So females lay thousands of eggs at once which come

491
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:15,720
Speaker 1: out in jelly like strings, kind of like remember nerds ropes, nerds,

492
00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:20,120
Speaker 1: nerds ropes, whereas like those like uh, ropes of candy

493
00:31:20,480 --> 00:31:25,280
Speaker 1: covered in nerds in this case, unfortunately I do remember, yes, yeah,

494
00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:30,600
Speaker 1: but imagine that except toad eggs. So it is an

495
00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:36,320
Speaker 1: absolutely unstoppable monster that can replicate itself almost infinitely. So

496
00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:42,400
Speaker 1: of course Australia decided they had to have it. Australia,

497
00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:47,520
Speaker 1: don't you have enough crazy animals, you scamps over there.

498
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:52,960
Speaker 1: So in ninety five Australian farmers were having a problem

499
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:58,000
Speaker 1: with cane beetles which were destroying their sugarcane crops in Queensland,

500
00:31:58,520 --> 00:32:02,280
Speaker 1: and they saw that prayer to Rico introduced the cane

501
00:32:02,280 --> 00:32:06,080
Speaker 1: toad to their sugarcane crops and had some success in

502
00:32:06,160 --> 00:32:10,960
Speaker 1: finding back the sugarcane beetles there. And the cane toad

503
00:32:11,120 --> 00:32:14,720
Speaker 1: was known to have a voracious appetite and eat basically

504
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:18,440
Speaker 1: anything alive or dead. So what could possibly go wrong?

505
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:21,560
Speaker 1: I don't, I don't know if anyone knows this, but

506
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:23,640
Speaker 1: like the toad is called the cane toad because it

507
00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:26,920
Speaker 1: likes hanging out in sugarcane and generally being around that

508
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:30,080
Speaker 1: crop or something that's fun. Yeah, because the other thing

509
00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:32,080
Speaker 1: I think that is the frog and toad books where

510
00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:34,080
Speaker 1: they're both dressed pretty fancy and maybe they would have

511
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:36,360
Speaker 1: a cane like a gentleman. You know. That's the only

512
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:39,280
Speaker 1: other reason I could pick or that or that Looney

513
00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:44,160
Speaker 1: Tunes the Looney Tunes puts on the little top hat. Yeah.

514
00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:47,680
Speaker 1: Oh it's a frog. Yeah yeah, hello by hello Ma Darland,

515
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:55,360
Speaker 1: gonna poison all your native species. So yeah, like let's

516
00:32:55,400 --> 00:33:00,760
Speaker 1: just introduce this unstoppable like insatiable poi is in this toad.

517
00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:04,080
Speaker 1: What could go wrong? Well a lot. So the toad

518
00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,080
Speaker 1: was introduced, and first of all, it didn't actually help

519
00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:10,280
Speaker 1: at all with the cane beetle problem. So the cane

520
00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:14,200
Speaker 1: beetles in Australia, as opposed to elsewhere, like to live

521
00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:17,760
Speaker 1: at the top of the cane plant. So the toad,

522
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:20,880
Speaker 1: which is not a good climber or a good jumper,

523
00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:24,200
Speaker 1: could not reach its prey, so it can't actually eat

524
00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:27,720
Speaker 1: the beetles it was supposed to eat, and the cane

525
00:33:27,760 --> 00:33:30,560
Speaker 1: fields in Australia did not provide enough cover for the

526
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:34,400
Speaker 1: toads to hunt undetected. But the toads are like, yeah,

527
00:33:34,440 --> 00:33:39,239
Speaker 1: but I'm voracious. I'll eat basically anything, So yeah, I'm

528
00:33:39,280 --> 00:33:43,480
Speaker 1: gonna go do that somewhere else. And they turned their

529
00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:48,680
Speaker 1: attention to the rest of northern Australia. So when they

530
00:33:48,680 --> 00:33:53,080
Speaker 1: were introduced, they were about I've seen different numbers. I've

531
00:33:53,120 --> 00:33:56,680
Speaker 1: also read that they were like contained within two suitcases

532
00:33:56,760 --> 00:34:00,800
Speaker 1: or something. I think there was like under a thousand possibly,

533
00:34:01,360 --> 00:34:05,760
Speaker 1: And now there are over two hundred million Kane toads

534
00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:11,560
Speaker 1: in Australia, two million, two hundred million, over two hundred million.

535
00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,919
Speaker 1: How do they How does that island fit people? Now?

536
00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:17,879
Speaker 1: I don't. I don't. I want to know, Like it's

537
00:34:17,920 --> 00:34:21,719
Speaker 1: more toads than island now, yeah, I mean like there

538
00:34:21,719 --> 00:34:24,200
Speaker 1: are a lot of them and they will sometimes just

539
00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:28,319
Speaker 1: like be out on these roads and a bunch of

540
00:34:28,320 --> 00:34:31,600
Speaker 1: them get flattened by traffic. There there are these like

541
00:34:31,680 --> 00:34:34,680
Speaker 1: huge groups of them. Yeah, it's it's, you know, kind

542
00:34:34,680 --> 00:34:36,759
Speaker 1: of horror. I'm imagining that, like if I watched the

543
00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:39,960
Speaker 1: making of about Crocodiles and just out of frame they're

544
00:34:39,960 --> 00:34:42,400
Speaker 1: stepping on toads everywhere they go, every scene, you know,

545
00:34:42,520 --> 00:34:45,319
Speaker 1: like that's that's obviously what's happening. The gaffer is a

546
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:51,279
Speaker 1: toad toad get dangling off the microphone. Yeah, it's full.

547
00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,879
Speaker 1: It's full of toads, apparently in northern Australia. So they

548
00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:59,000
Speaker 1: are slowly taking over Australia, killing native animals and plant

549
00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:04,600
Speaker 1: species as they go, threatening their native populations of biodiversity.

550
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:09,480
Speaker 1: So they are advancing towards the west at to thirty

551
00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:13,279
Speaker 1: seven miles per year, which is forty to sixty kilometers

552
00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:16,560
Speaker 1: per year, which may not seem very fast, but it

553
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:20,480
Speaker 1: means that in like sixty to seventy years they could

554
00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:24,120
Speaker 1: go from one coast and expand all the way to

555
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:27,799
Speaker 1: the other coast. And they've already started so unless that

556
00:35:27,880 --> 00:35:32,279
Speaker 1: time they could reach the western coast of Australia. So

557
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:37,600
Speaker 1: they are voracious omnivores. Basically they'll eat anything they can

558
00:35:37,640 --> 00:35:42,640
Speaker 1: work their mouth around. According to the Australian Museum website,

559
00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:46,200
Speaker 1: they will eat beetles, honey bees, ants, wing termites, crickets,

560
00:35:46,239 --> 00:35:50,160
Speaker 1: marine snails, smaller toads and native frogs, small snakes, small mammals,

561
00:35:50,239 --> 00:35:53,960
Speaker 1: carrion and pet food that's been left outside. Hey, leave

562
00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:58,719
Speaker 1: some of that for me. Toads, So the pet food

563
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:04,440
Speaker 1: or the carrion, all of it, you know, oh, Alex.

564
00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:09,719
Speaker 1: So they have no predators or diseases specialized to take

565
00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:13,080
Speaker 1: them out in Australia, given that they are and introduced

566
00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:18,239
Speaker 1: species and they are highly poisonous and Australian predators have

567
00:36:18,360 --> 00:36:21,520
Speaker 1: had little success with them. In fact, they are very

568
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:25,160
Speaker 1: dangerous to domesticated dogs, which is probably not news to

569
00:36:25,360 --> 00:36:28,640
Speaker 1: people who live in Northern Australia who have dogs like

570
00:36:28,680 --> 00:36:30,920
Speaker 1: that is a big concern often because if a dog

571
00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:35,719
Speaker 1: eats cane toad, that's a trip to the vet for sure. Yeah. So,

572
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:39,359
Speaker 1: not only do they kill off price species, but they

573
00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:42,880
Speaker 1: actually kill off other predators, either by poisoning them or

574
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:47,400
Speaker 1: out competing with them or destroying their nests. So here's

575
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:52,200
Speaker 1: an example. There's the Northern qual, which is a cute

576
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,240
Speaker 1: little marsupial who looks a bit like a giant mouse

577
00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:58,960
Speaker 1: with brown fur and white spots. Oh hey, hey, buddy,

578
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:01,319
Speaker 1: I wish I'd didn't see you in the context of

579
00:37:01,320 --> 00:37:05,120
Speaker 1: this story. You look so cute. It's a quality qual

580
00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:10,319
Speaker 1: quality quals. Yeah, so they are very very cute. It

581
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,440
Speaker 1: is a carnivore who eats small mammals, reptiles, insects, and birds,

582
00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:19,400
Speaker 1: and they they are populations have been completely decimated in

583
00:37:19,719 --> 00:37:23,399
Speaker 1: cane toad controlled regions because when it tries to eat

584
00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:26,359
Speaker 1: the cane toad, it is poison and killed. And it

585
00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:30,040
Speaker 1: doesn't it hasn't evolved with the cane toad, so it

586
00:37:30,080 --> 00:37:33,120
Speaker 1: doesn't really you know, it has no idea. It's like

587
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:39,400
Speaker 1: I'll put this tode in my mouth. Whoops. Oh problem. Yeah,

588
00:37:39,560 --> 00:37:41,680
Speaker 1: I think I think the main upshot of this is

589
00:37:41,719 --> 00:37:44,239
Speaker 1: to not be a small mammal, reptile, insect or bird

590
00:37:44,239 --> 00:37:48,040
Speaker 1: in Australia. There are way too many species coming, don't

591
00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:52,359
Speaker 1: do it. Yeah, generally, most of the times I talk

592
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:55,640
Speaker 1: about animals on this podcast, it's going to be bad

593
00:37:55,719 --> 00:37:59,920
Speaker 1: news for small mammals, reptiles, insects and birds in Australia.

594
00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:02,319
Speaker 1: It's always bad news for those guys. I'm sorry if

595
00:38:02,320 --> 00:38:04,880
Speaker 1: you're if you're a mouse, build a disneys the rescuers

596
00:38:04,920 --> 00:38:07,400
Speaker 1: playing and get out of there. Just just don't be

597
00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:13,799
Speaker 1: there anymore. But yeah, it is. It is actually very

598
00:38:13,920 --> 00:38:18,840
Speaker 1: very concerning because it is threatening the northern qual populations

599
00:38:19,160 --> 00:38:22,760
Speaker 1: and that's you know, and it's these these poor quals.

600
00:38:22,840 --> 00:38:25,200
Speaker 1: You know, they're just trying to do their jobs as

601
00:38:25,239 --> 00:38:29,319
Speaker 1: a small predator, but they either get out competed or

602
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:34,279
Speaker 1: poisoned by this insane toad. So it sounds like this

603
00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:36,440
Speaker 1: has been building for a while, right, because the toads

604
00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: showed up in the nineteen thirties and now into the

605
00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:42,120
Speaker 1: modern day they are bothering species. Yeah, yeah, it's still

606
00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:45,920
Speaker 1: a big problem. We have not solved the cane toad problem,

607
00:38:45,960 --> 00:38:49,560
Speaker 1: although there have been attempts. In two thousand and four

608
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:54,839
Speaker 1: there was the Great Cane Toad Trap Competition that was

609
00:38:55,320 --> 00:39:00,840
Speaker 1: run by Australia's Northern Territory local government, so just trying

610
00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:04,799
Speaker 1: to like award money to people who could come up

611
00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:07,880
Speaker 1: with the best cane toad trap because it's a big problem.

612
00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:13,320
Speaker 1: Researchers are also trying to control the cane toad population

613
00:39:14,080 --> 00:39:17,000
Speaker 1: because yeah, they're not They're not just threatening the qual,

614
00:39:17,160 --> 00:39:20,279
Speaker 1: although I think the qual is cute enough for that

615
00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:22,560
Speaker 1: to be the main reason to be concerned. But yeah,

616
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:28,320
Speaker 1: there are They are also threatening crocodiles, freshwater turtles, tortoises, lizards, birds,

617
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:31,720
Speaker 1: and anyone who wants to walk barefoot in a field.

618
00:39:31,760 --> 00:39:35,719
Speaker 1: At night because you will just probably step on one

619
00:39:35,719 --> 00:39:37,920
Speaker 1: of these toads. And that's an icky experience. I mean,

620
00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:40,600
Speaker 1: because these these toads sound like just a bag of

621
00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:44,120
Speaker 1: poison walking around, right Like, that's basically the situation. Yeah,

622
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:49,440
Speaker 1: they're big, hungry bags of poison pretty much. That's yeah.

623
00:39:49,719 --> 00:39:53,200
Speaker 1: But there may be some hope and it comes in

624
00:39:53,239 --> 00:39:58,719
Speaker 1: the form of the Australian water rat. Da da da. Yeah,

625
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:02,520
Speaker 1: it looks like it looks to me like a woodchuck,

626
00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:06,279
Speaker 1: but with like some kind of duck boots on, like

627
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:08,399
Speaker 1: if you could get duck feet. It's a boot from

628
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:10,839
Speaker 1: a store and then put that on so you can

629
00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:15,080
Speaker 1: fight toads. That's what this looks like. Yeah, exactly, that's

630
00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:17,920
Speaker 1: exactly what it is. I and I subtitled this this

631
00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:24,120
Speaker 1: picture featured hero because these are these are little heroes.

632
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:29,680
Speaker 1: So the Australian water rat is also known as the racali,

633
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,799
Speaker 1: is a large aquatic rodent who looks a bit like

634
00:40:32,960 --> 00:40:35,960
Speaker 1: a mix between an otter and a rat with duck feet,

635
00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:40,640
Speaker 1: and they have learned how to slice open cane toads

636
00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:44,520
Speaker 1: with surgical precision and eat their hearts out and other

637
00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:49,200
Speaker 1: internal organs, avoiding the poison skin and glands, which is

638
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:54,239
Speaker 1: a little serial killery. But I guess like when it

639
00:40:54,320 --> 00:40:57,520
Speaker 1: comes to the cane toad, that's what you have to do. Yeah.

640
00:40:57,680 --> 00:40:59,359
Speaker 1: If the cane toes didn't want that to happen, they

641
00:40:59,360 --> 00:41:02,080
Speaker 1: should have been made of less poison. I think I

642
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:05,600
Speaker 1: think it's their fall. Ultimately. I feel like this is

643
00:41:05,800 --> 00:41:08,520
Speaker 1: very silence of the lambs, where you you can't like

644
00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:11,439
Speaker 1: you're like, oh, we gotta take down this kane tone.

645
00:41:11,480 --> 00:41:17,160
Speaker 1: It's like, well, hello, Clarice, I know how to vivisector

646
00:41:17,239 --> 00:41:22,840
Speaker 1: toad if you'll just please letally out of my confinement

647
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:29,479
Speaker 1: I'm around. And then because it's captors are Australians, they're

648
00:41:29,520 --> 00:41:32,360
Speaker 1: just like all right and just like immediately, no worried, no,

649
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:41,280
Speaker 1: nothing wrong. Yeah. So but these are these are actually

650
00:41:41,320 --> 00:41:44,480
Speaker 1: native species. So it's it's good that they're murdering the toads,

651
00:41:44,560 --> 00:41:48,280
Speaker 1: is what I'm saying. And so these smart little murderous

652
00:41:48,320 --> 00:41:52,160
Speaker 1: water rats will even remove the gall bladder which contains toxins,

653
00:41:52,239 --> 00:41:54,560
Speaker 1: and they just eat the good stuff inside the toad

654
00:41:54,640 --> 00:41:59,959
Speaker 1: that isn't covered in poison. So Dr Morrissa Parrot, reproductive

655
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:04,240
Speaker 1: biologist and conservationist, said this of the water rats habits

656
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,719
Speaker 1: quote the rats appeared to hold the toad on its

657
00:42:07,760 --> 00:42:12,960
Speaker 1: back and then inside the thoracic cavity to consume organs

658
00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:17,960
Speaker 1: while the toad was still alive. And he does that.

659
00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:20,879
Speaker 1: If I'm looking at the thumbnail of that article, right,

660
00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:25,240
Speaker 1: it has like a picture of the toad after that happened. Wow. Yeah,

661
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:28,920
Speaker 1: I put that in there just for for you to

662
00:42:28,920 --> 00:42:32,160
Speaker 1: look at. This is just a fun little image of

663
00:42:32,239 --> 00:42:35,719
Speaker 1: a toad that's been dissected, probably while still alive, so

664
00:42:35,760 --> 00:42:38,920
Speaker 1: it's organs could be eaten by a giant water roadent

665
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:43,239
Speaker 1: I mean this, this arms race has to stop at

666
00:42:43,280 --> 00:42:45,760
Speaker 1: some point, right, like like the road and gets hunted

667
00:42:45,760 --> 00:42:47,680
Speaker 1: by an eagle with a gun or something like it.

668
00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:52,000
Speaker 1: Where where does it go? Where does it end? A

669
00:42:52,080 --> 00:43:01,200
Speaker 1: bunch of murder hornets riding vespas holding machete. Oh and

670
00:43:01,320 --> 00:43:04,200
Speaker 1: just just um, I know I've been really mean to

671
00:43:04,320 --> 00:43:07,040
Speaker 1: these toads. So just a fun fact I want to

672
00:43:07,080 --> 00:43:10,120
Speaker 1: just toss out like a fun fact about toads in general,

673
00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:13,799
Speaker 1: just because like it's true that there are an invasive

674
00:43:13,840 --> 00:43:17,080
Speaker 1: species and that's not great in Australia. But I don't

675
00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:21,080
Speaker 1: want people to hate toads. I think they're cool and

676
00:43:21,560 --> 00:43:24,720
Speaker 1: I here's a here's a fun fact about toads. In general,

677
00:43:25,200 --> 00:43:29,040
Speaker 1: males have something that is called a bitters organ, which

678
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:33,040
Speaker 1: regulates sex hormones, and if the male toads testes are

679
00:43:33,040 --> 00:43:37,680
Speaker 1: injured or removed, the bitters organ will develop ovaries. So

680
00:43:37,719 --> 00:43:41,640
Speaker 1: that's pretty cool, right, So so male toads, if their

681
00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:47,239
Speaker 1: genitals are injured, can generate female sex organs. Yes, yes,

682
00:43:47,719 --> 00:43:53,359
Speaker 1: guess how we know that, alex Uh, we asked them, Oh,

683
00:43:53,640 --> 00:44:01,000
Speaker 1: it's only no. We researchers cut off their dusties. See

684
00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:07,760
Speaker 1: what would happen. I'm I'm very much for research and science.

685
00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:12,080
Speaker 1: Sometimes once in a while I'm like, how did why

686
00:44:12,120 --> 00:44:15,200
Speaker 1: did okay? But why did you think? How did you

687
00:44:15,280 --> 00:44:17,719
Speaker 1: think of this idea? Though? Like were you just like

688
00:44:17,760 --> 00:44:19,840
Speaker 1: sitting there and me like, I want to see what

689
00:44:19,960 --> 00:44:24,560
Speaker 1: happens if we cut off some tote testicles, like you know,

690
00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:30,200
Speaker 1: I'm just I'm just a little concerned. Yeah, I assume

691
00:44:30,239 --> 00:44:32,920
Speaker 1: when the scientists had their press conference, at least one

692
00:44:32,920 --> 00:44:34,920
Speaker 1: of them was in the middle of drinking a Foster's

693
00:44:34,960 --> 00:44:37,480
Speaker 1: as they shared this information, Like this is crazy. Why

694
00:44:37,480 --> 00:44:42,560
Speaker 1: are you doing this? Think that to be wild? Listen,

695
00:44:42,719 --> 00:44:46,360
Speaker 1: we're gonna cut off now listen, cut off its bowls

696
00:44:46,760 --> 00:44:50,000
Speaker 1: and see what hapens. That's not that's not an Australian

697
00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:52,759
Speaker 1: next at all. No, that didn't do it. That wasn't good.

698
00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:56,680
Speaker 1: Just decided to drinking a fosters and smoking like science

699
00:44:56,719 --> 00:45:03,840
Speaker 1: science science? Like why science? Science don't seem professional if

700
00:45:03,880 --> 00:45:08,600
Speaker 1: it's bulls all. I don't know if these were Australian

701
00:45:08,680 --> 00:45:12,640
Speaker 1: researchers either, so, but I imagine they must be. They

702
00:45:12,719 --> 00:45:16,279
Speaker 1: must be. Sorry, sorry my Australian listeners, but you gotta

703
00:45:16,280 --> 00:45:19,279
Speaker 1: admit they have to be right. Yeah, I mean it

704
00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:23,640
Speaker 1: could be them, but it's them. Yeah it is. I

705
00:45:23,719 --> 00:45:29,640
Speaker 1: love you Australia, I truly do. Cane toads aren't the

706
00:45:29,719 --> 00:45:32,680
Speaker 1: only type of frog wreaking havoc on the world. And

707
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:36,320
Speaker 1: by the way, toads are a subset of frogs. Sorry, kermit,

708
00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:40,880
Speaker 1: your cousins are monsters. The North American bullfrog is fine

709
00:45:40,880 --> 00:45:43,759
Speaker 1: and dandy when it's hopping and swimming around east of

710
00:45:43,760 --> 00:45:47,000
Speaker 1: the Rocky Mountains in North America, but it's decided to

711
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:49,839
Speaker 1: invade the rest of the world as well. It's been

712
00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:54,800
Speaker 1: found further south in America, decimating the chericho, who leopard

713
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:59,560
Speaker 1: frog and Mexican garter snake populations in Arizona. They've invaded

714
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:03,680
Speaker 1: west in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. And

715
00:46:03,880 --> 00:46:07,120
Speaker 1: let's not be too hard on these little guys. Humans

716
00:46:07,120 --> 00:46:09,840
Speaker 1: imported the frogs to California and other parts of the

717
00:46:09,880 --> 00:46:14,000
Speaker 1: world for frog leg culinary purposes. And oops, now they've

718
00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:17,840
Speaker 1: escaped and are unstoppable. And wait, did I say little guys?

719
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:20,520
Speaker 1: They can actually grow to be around eight inches long,

720
00:46:20,920 --> 00:46:23,319
Speaker 1: the size of a dessert plate, and way up to

721
00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:28,000
Speaker 1: one and a half pounds. Normally, in their natural habitat, alligators,

722
00:46:28,120 --> 00:46:31,960
Speaker 1: snapping turtles, and other predators prevent their populations from exploding,

723
00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:36,040
Speaker 1: but when introduced to a new environment, they can propagate

724
00:46:36,080 --> 00:46:39,400
Speaker 1: without natural predators, devouring all sorts of little animals in

725
00:46:39,440 --> 00:46:43,680
Speaker 1: their path, including other frogs and smaller bull frogs. They

726
00:46:43,760 --> 00:46:47,640
Speaker 1: also may be immune carriers of the katrid fungus that

727
00:46:47,760 --> 00:46:51,480
Speaker 1: is deadly to other frog populations. So when you introduce

728
00:46:51,560 --> 00:46:54,439
Speaker 1: a non native species to a new area, there are

729
00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:58,239
Speaker 1: all sorts of deadly surprises, the worst kind of surprise.

730
00:46:58,760 --> 00:47:01,600
Speaker 1: When we return, we'll talk out an adorable animal with

731
00:47:01,680 --> 00:47:13,480
Speaker 1: a not so adorable ambition of global domination. Remember riky

732
00:47:13,520 --> 00:47:17,840
Speaker 1: Tiki Tavi, the adorable mongoose sidekick that protected people from snakes.

733
00:47:18,239 --> 00:47:22,920
Speaker 1: Mongooses are a family of carnivorous, weasel shaped mammals. Mere Cats,

734
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:26,640
Speaker 1: by the way, are a species of mongoose. While mongooses

735
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:30,280
Speaker 1: look similar to a weasel, they're actually more closely related

736
00:47:30,320 --> 00:47:34,440
Speaker 1: to cats and hyenas. Many mongoose species are prose at

737
00:47:34,480 --> 00:47:38,480
Speaker 1: eating venomous critters like scorpions and snakes. They can tear

738
00:47:38,560 --> 00:47:41,760
Speaker 1: off the poisonous stinger of a scorpion, and they're thick

739
00:47:41,800 --> 00:47:45,120
Speaker 1: fur protects them from stings and bites. They even have

740
00:47:45,239 --> 00:47:50,600
Speaker 1: specialized neurotransmitter receptors that don't bind to snake venom, providing

741
00:47:50,640 --> 00:47:55,759
Speaker 1: resistance to neurotoxins. So these are some incredible little fur noodles,

742
00:47:55,800 --> 00:48:02,600
Speaker 1: but sometimes they have a dastardly side on a global scale. So, Alex,

743
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:06,920
Speaker 1: I think that often we judge animals based on their looks.

744
00:48:06,960 --> 00:48:10,040
Speaker 1: So I've talked about a murder hornet and a poison

745
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:13,239
Speaker 1: cain toad, and they're both a little scary looking, and

746
00:48:13,280 --> 00:48:17,080
Speaker 1: so I think it's easy for us to naturally think like, oh,

747
00:48:17,160 --> 00:48:22,480
Speaker 1: look at these scary, murderous, decapitating poisoning animals. How awful.

748
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:27,520
Speaker 1: But I want people to understand that it's not just

749
00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:34,560
Speaker 1: the ugly ones that are people in nature. So sometimes

750
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:39,080
Speaker 1: a little animal that is super cute and very gregarious

751
00:48:39,520 --> 00:48:44,680
Speaker 1: looking is actually a horrible murderer who is destroying the plant.

752
00:48:46,120 --> 00:48:50,279
Speaker 1: So the small Indian mongoose, also known as the job

753
00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:54,440
Speaker 1: in mongoose, is a cute little fella who doesn't seem

754
00:48:54,520 --> 00:48:56,680
Speaker 1: like it would be a big deal if it invaded.

755
00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:58,640
Speaker 1: I have a picture of that for you. I mean,

756
00:48:59,040 --> 00:49:03,680
Speaker 1: look at his little fingkule faith it's like almost I'm

757
00:49:03,719 --> 00:49:06,239
Speaker 1: thinking of that c g I Stuart Little movie where

758
00:49:06,239 --> 00:49:08,040
Speaker 1: Stuart Little is very cute in it, like it kind

759
00:49:08,080 --> 00:49:10,200
Speaker 1: of it kind of has that facial expression. It's like

760
00:49:10,320 --> 00:49:12,840
Speaker 1: I'm a rodent and sentient and I just want to

761
00:49:12,920 --> 00:49:16,600
Speaker 1: love you. I just want to love you. It is

762
00:49:16,640 --> 00:49:21,480
Speaker 1: a brown long mammal with nubby little ears, a pink nose,

763
00:49:21,640 --> 00:49:23,960
Speaker 1: and a long furry tail. So you know he's all

764
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:29,319
Speaker 1: he's kill at noodle boy. It's cute, ki little furry noodle. Well,

765
00:49:29,360 --> 00:49:31,160
Speaker 1: I'm sure that's all I need to know about it. Anyway,

766
00:49:31,239 --> 00:49:35,320
Speaker 1: go on. It's also one of the worst invasive species

767
00:49:35,360 --> 00:49:41,719
Speaker 1: in the world. Oh what a scamper noodles. So it

768
00:49:41,880 --> 00:49:45,920
Speaker 1: is native to the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia,

769
00:49:46,520 --> 00:49:50,359
Speaker 1: and it's you know, I love I love mongooses. They

770
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:55,720
Speaker 1: are champions, they love to kill venomous snakes and scorpions,

771
00:49:55,840 --> 00:50:01,040
Speaker 1: and love love a ricky tiki tavi. They're they're awesome animals.

772
00:50:01,680 --> 00:50:07,200
Speaker 1: So unfortunately though, it has traveled extensively, including to Hawaii,

773
00:50:07,440 --> 00:50:12,280
Speaker 1: the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Croatia, Puerto Rica, Honduras, Panama, Colombia,

774
00:50:12,360 --> 00:50:15,200
Speaker 1: Venezuela and more places. But I ran out of breath,

775
00:50:15,320 --> 00:50:18,879
Speaker 1: so yeah, a lot. It's it's in a lot of places. Now,

776
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:22,400
Speaker 1: So did mongooses just like hop on a boat to

777
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,400
Speaker 1: explore the rest of the world after college, you know,

778
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:29,839
Speaker 1: just of their own volition. Why no Royal Caribbean had

779
00:50:29,880 --> 00:50:34,360
Speaker 1: a deal. So there you go. Yeah, I mean, you know,

780
00:50:34,560 --> 00:50:36,600
Speaker 1: I think one important thing to point out is a

781
00:50:36,640 --> 00:50:41,040
Speaker 1: lot of invasive species is actually anthropogenic, so meaning like humans,

782
00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:45,400
Speaker 1: we did it because we introduced them willfully. The murder hornets,

783
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:49,120
Speaker 1: I think that was I think they were unwitting hitchhikers,

784
00:50:49,160 --> 00:50:52,440
Speaker 1: probably did some hitchhiking on some cargo or something, and

785
00:50:52,480 --> 00:50:56,080
Speaker 1: that's how it got to North America. But the mongooses

786
00:50:56,120 --> 00:50:59,359
Speaker 1: are a different story, because apparently we've been trying this

787
00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:03,080
Speaker 1: whole You know, the little lady who swallowed a fly,

788
00:51:03,360 --> 00:51:07,120
Speaker 1: swallowed a frog, who swalled a cat, and then then

789
00:51:07,160 --> 00:51:09,600
Speaker 1: a dog, and then eventually a horse, because a horse

790
00:51:09,920 --> 00:51:12,799
Speaker 1: somehow helps I don't know. She ate a mongoose and

791
00:51:12,840 --> 00:51:17,880
Speaker 1: brought it here, that lady a little exactly little ladies

792
00:51:17,880 --> 00:51:21,120
Speaker 1: swallow the snake and ate a mongoose and just basically

793
00:51:21,160 --> 00:51:23,400
Speaker 1: she was dead as soon as she ate the snake,

794
00:51:23,520 --> 00:51:26,640
Speaker 1: but we kept trying to shove more mongooses in her.

795
00:51:26,960 --> 00:51:30,359
Speaker 1: That's the situation, is what I'm saying. So the mongooses

796
00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:35,200
Speaker 1: were introduced to these new regions by humans, and Alex,

797
00:51:35,239 --> 00:51:37,600
Speaker 1: can you guess why we would do something like that?

798
00:51:37,760 --> 00:51:40,120
Speaker 1: Probably a really well thought out plan about some some

799
00:51:40,200 --> 00:51:44,640
Speaker 1: past we're trying to deal with. Yeah, and is it what?

800
00:51:45,760 --> 00:51:48,879
Speaker 1: Trying to think? What could it be? What could have? All? Right,

801
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:55,840
Speaker 1: it's sugar cane again. So apparently we tried the old

802
00:51:55,920 --> 00:51:59,239
Speaker 1: introduced a new species to protect our precious sugarcane from

803
00:51:59,280 --> 00:52:03,520
Speaker 1: pest trek back in the late eighteen hundreds. But with mongooses,

804
00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:07,880
Speaker 1: that's right, Australia. We already tried it. It was bad then,

805
00:52:08,080 --> 00:52:11,120
Speaker 1: and then you tried it again with toads. Why do

806
00:52:11,239 --> 00:52:16,920
Speaker 1: we keep doing I guess everyone wants to eat sugarcane,

807
00:52:17,120 --> 00:52:21,000
Speaker 1: like everyone is me looking at a package of cookies.

808
00:52:22,160 --> 00:52:26,120
Speaker 1: It is true, sugar is the best tasting thing in

809
00:52:26,160 --> 00:52:29,840
Speaker 1: the world. So it kind of makes sense that we

810
00:52:29,920 --> 00:52:35,040
Speaker 1: are willing to introduce murder beasts to our various countries

811
00:52:35,160 --> 00:52:40,680
Speaker 1: to protect our sugar cane. So in this case, the mongoose,

812
00:52:40,880 --> 00:52:48,120
Speaker 1: who is a voracious predator who eats small mammals, reptiles, insects, crabs, frog, spiders, scorpions, snakes, birds,

813
00:52:48,160 --> 00:52:52,920
Speaker 1: and eggs, was introduced to help kill off pests in

814
00:52:53,120 --> 00:52:59,080
Speaker 1: sugarcane plantations in Hawaii and other regions. So while it

815
00:52:59,120 --> 00:53:02,000
Speaker 1: did help kill off some of the rats, mice, and

816
00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:05,760
Speaker 1: insects around the sugarcane plantation, so you know, at least

817
00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:08,520
Speaker 1: fulfilled some of its purpose more than the cane toad.

818
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:11,560
Speaker 1: It's not like it dusted off. It's a little positives

819
00:53:11,640 --> 00:53:13,799
Speaker 1: like job well done, Time to go home. I did

820
00:53:13,880 --> 00:53:15,919
Speaker 1: did what I came here to do. They just kept

821
00:53:15,960 --> 00:53:18,560
Speaker 1: killing things, you know, because that's what they do. They're like,

822
00:53:18,640 --> 00:53:22,160
Speaker 1: all right, I murdered. I murdered these things around these

823
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:26,080
Speaker 1: sugarcane crops. Now I'm gonna go murder other things because

824
00:53:26,120 --> 00:53:28,799
Speaker 1: that's what I do. I told you, I told you

825
00:53:28,880 --> 00:53:31,799
Speaker 1: I'm a murder noodle, and you invited me here, and

826
00:53:31,840 --> 00:53:37,280
Speaker 1: I'm murdering things now right. The police can't let Dexter

827
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:39,480
Speaker 1: get one guy, He's gonna get more guys. That's the

828
00:53:39,520 --> 00:53:42,080
Speaker 1: way it is, like Texter anymore. I thought it was

829
00:53:42,120 --> 00:53:46,360
Speaker 1: apted anyway. Yeah, I think I'd like Dexter if it

830
00:53:46,440 --> 00:53:53,880
Speaker 1: was a like played by a mongoose though, like Ricky Ticky, Yeah, exactly,

831
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:57,200
Speaker 1: And the mongoose is like, I have a code and

832
00:53:57,239 --> 00:53:59,879
Speaker 1: then it just like devours an endangered bird and it's

833
00:53:59,880 --> 00:54:06,960
Speaker 1: like that wasn't part of my code. So these mongooses

834
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:10,799
Speaker 1: have threatened bird species and sea turtles by eating their

835
00:54:10,840 --> 00:54:14,640
Speaker 1: eggs in Hawaii. They've harmed the green iguana population. In

836
00:54:14,680 --> 00:54:19,000
Speaker 1: the Caribbean. They have wiped out the St. Quaix St. Quax.

837
00:54:20,560 --> 00:54:22,680
Speaker 1: I always stumble over that because now I think of

838
00:54:22,800 --> 00:54:27,080
Speaker 1: laqua the drink, but the St. St. Quaix ground lizard

839
00:54:27,120 --> 00:54:30,200
Speaker 1: from the island of Saint Quix. So like the lizard

840
00:54:30,239 --> 00:54:33,040
Speaker 1: has its own Ding Island, and the mongoosees took it

841
00:54:33,120 --> 00:54:35,839
Speaker 1: from him. It's not called Mongoose Island. It's called Saint

842
00:54:35,920 --> 00:54:40,320
Speaker 1: Quis Island, but still now it's mongoose Island, I guess.

843
00:54:40,360 --> 00:54:44,680
Speaker 1: So it was introduced to Okinawa Island in Japan in

844
00:54:44,840 --> 00:54:49,400
Speaker 1: nineteen ten and two amani Oshima Island in nineteen seventy

845
00:54:49,480 --> 00:54:52,919
Speaker 1: nine to try to control the venomous snake populations there.

846
00:54:53,600 --> 00:54:56,200
Speaker 1: Guess what they were trying to protect on those islands,

847
00:54:56,239 --> 00:55:03,319
Speaker 1: alex sugar cane. Well, I what is it with us

848
00:55:03,320 --> 00:55:06,879
Speaker 1: in sugarcane? Guys? You know, fool me four times about

849
00:55:06,880 --> 00:55:10,600
Speaker 1: sugar cane chain on you, But we have to calm

850
00:55:10,680 --> 00:55:16,120
Speaker 1: down about this sugar not so yeah, So we introduced

851
00:55:16,120 --> 00:55:19,280
Speaker 1: the mongooses to these islands to try to protect people

852
00:55:19,280 --> 00:55:23,080
Speaker 1: who worked around the sugarcane crops and other residents on

853
00:55:23,160 --> 00:55:28,000
Speaker 1: the island from these venomous snakes. Unfortunately, the venomous snakes

854
00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:32,240
Speaker 1: were nocturnal and the mongooses are diurnal, so it didn't

855
00:55:32,280 --> 00:55:36,080
Speaker 1: actually work to control the snake population, and now they

856
00:55:36,120 --> 00:55:40,720
Speaker 1: are threatening endangered species on Okinawa Island and the locals

857
00:55:40,760 --> 00:55:44,560
Speaker 1: have been trying to stop them with traps and fences,

858
00:55:45,320 --> 00:55:49,279
Speaker 1: which is like when is awake during the day and

859
00:55:49,280 --> 00:55:51,359
Speaker 1: then the others awake at night, and they just are

860
00:55:51,440 --> 00:55:56,760
Speaker 1: on like a shift schedule for terrorizing everyone, right, exactly exactly, yes,

861
00:55:56,840 --> 00:56:00,799
Speaker 1: exactly exactly. So diurnal means they at night and are

862
00:56:00,840 --> 00:56:04,239
Speaker 1: awake during the day, so as humans were diurnal, Nocturnal

863
00:56:04,280 --> 00:56:06,719
Speaker 1: means you sleep during the day and are awake at night.

864
00:56:07,120 --> 00:56:09,720
Speaker 1: And so the snakes like clock in for their night shift.

865
00:56:09,760 --> 00:56:12,680
Speaker 1: It's like another day of terrorizing the population. And then

866
00:56:12,680 --> 00:56:15,320
Speaker 1: the mongooses clocking in the morning, they're like, hey, Jeff,

867
00:56:15,320 --> 00:56:21,000
Speaker 1: I'm just coming in to terrorize the human population and animals, sorry,

868
00:56:21,080 --> 00:56:24,920
Speaker 1: human and animal populations. And then and then they don't

869
00:56:24,960 --> 00:56:27,880
Speaker 1: like catch each other sleeping because that would be like uncool,

870
00:56:28,239 --> 00:56:30,239
Speaker 1: Like there's your code, right, like you don't you don't

871
00:56:30,239 --> 00:56:32,080
Speaker 1: get them sleeping and then you get them awake otherwise

872
00:56:32,120 --> 00:56:36,120
Speaker 1: forget it, right, well, right, I mean they do. They

873
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:42,759
Speaker 1: sleep in burrows, which protects them, so everything. So I

874
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:46,080
Speaker 1: want to veer into the part of the show where

875
00:56:46,120 --> 00:56:51,520
Speaker 1: I talk about military propaganda on an animals show. So

876
00:56:52,080 --> 00:56:55,399
Speaker 1: there was an article on Stars and Stripes dot com,

877
00:56:55,440 --> 00:56:59,200
Speaker 1: which is a military publication that was titled quote Marines

878
00:56:59,320 --> 00:57:03,319
Speaker 1: helping Oka Nolan's fight the mongoose, And I just like

879
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:06,799
Speaker 1: imagined all these like military guys, all heavily armed, like

880
00:57:06,840 --> 00:57:10,799
Speaker 1: trying to shoot down mongooses. Now it actually looks like

881
00:57:10,960 --> 00:57:14,759
Speaker 1: it's just that the military is allowing Okanawans to put

882
00:57:14,800 --> 00:57:18,480
Speaker 1: traps around their military base, which seems like saying like

883
00:57:18,520 --> 00:57:22,520
Speaker 1: we're helping them fight the mongooses, like overstating slightly what

884
00:57:22,640 --> 00:57:25,720
Speaker 1: they're doing. It's not quite like Heart of Darkness but

885
00:57:25,840 --> 00:57:29,240
Speaker 1: with mongooses. But you know, what do I know? I

886
00:57:29,240 --> 00:57:34,000
Speaker 1: don't know anything about military tactics. It's not the it's

887
00:57:34,040 --> 00:57:36,320
Speaker 1: not the like third act of an Avengers movie where

888
00:57:36,320 --> 00:57:39,400
Speaker 1: everybody finally teams up and gets down to business. They're

889
00:57:39,440 --> 00:57:43,520
Speaker 1: just letting up set up traps. Man. That would that

890
00:57:43,560 --> 00:57:46,120
Speaker 1: movie would have ended differently if it was the Avengers

891
00:57:46,240 --> 00:57:49,080
Speaker 1: versus a bunch of angry mongooses, like that would be

892
00:57:49,320 --> 00:57:53,800
Speaker 1: immediate defeat, just like they like done Da Da Da

893
00:57:53,880 --> 00:57:55,800
Speaker 1: Dune and they stepped through portals like oh they're in

894
00:57:55,800 --> 00:58:05,120
Speaker 1: my life. Oh God. Sadly, the mongooses are suspected of

895
00:58:05,160 --> 00:58:09,560
Speaker 1: being responsible for the extinction of four species of Haitians.

896
00:58:09,600 --> 00:58:13,720
Speaker 1: Shrews endangering the Cuban souland on which is a long

897
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:18,160
Speaker 1: nose true like mammal, the extinction of the dwarf Kutia

898
00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:21,680
Speaker 1: in Cuba, which is a guinea pig like rodent, or

899
00:58:21,840 --> 00:58:24,640
Speaker 1: was a guinea pig like rodent. They are also threatening

900
00:58:24,720 --> 00:58:29,440
Speaker 1: the endangered Ammani rabbit population on amani Oshima Island, and

901
00:58:29,520 --> 00:58:33,400
Speaker 1: Amani rabbits are these really cool black, stubby eared wild

902
00:58:33,440 --> 00:58:36,600
Speaker 1: bunnies there. I think they're really neat looking very cute

903
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:39,520
Speaker 1: as well. Oh I'm sorry, I just saw it. It

904
00:58:39,520 --> 00:58:43,360
Speaker 1: looks so cute. It is very cute. It's got like

905
00:58:43,680 --> 00:58:46,360
Speaker 1: it looks like you were creating a rabbit and then

906
00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:48,480
Speaker 1: you ran out of material, so you just kind of

907
00:58:48,520 --> 00:58:53,520
Speaker 1: like made the ears real short, yeah, and left it

908
00:58:53,560 --> 00:58:56,120
Speaker 1: black for like, you know, like like the reason the

909
00:58:56,160 --> 00:58:58,800
Speaker 1: model t was black. Like it's just basic. It's good.

910
00:58:58,960 --> 00:59:02,880
Speaker 1: Leave it black. It's it's a it's a sleek redesign

911
00:59:02,920 --> 00:59:11,160
Speaker 1: of the rabbit. So the mongooses can also carry leptospirosis, rabies,

912
00:59:11,280 --> 00:59:17,840
Speaker 1: and antibiotic resistance strains of eat Coli neat. So we've

913
00:59:17,960 --> 00:59:22,480
Speaker 1: really been hoisted by our own mongooses here by trying

914
00:59:22,520 --> 00:59:26,960
Speaker 1: to bus around with nature and introduce them to regions

915
00:59:26,960 --> 00:59:30,000
Speaker 1: where they are not from and off of that ecol

916
00:59:30,080 --> 00:59:32,120
Speaker 1: I think, folks, this is why I do not let

917
00:59:32,160 --> 00:59:34,280
Speaker 1: mongooses work at my restaurant. I've taken a lot of

918
00:59:34,280 --> 00:59:38,160
Speaker 1: flak for this, taking a lot of negative comments about it,

919
00:59:38,360 --> 00:59:42,520
Speaker 1: but that's how we're keeping it. It's people only and

920
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:47,880
Speaker 1: certain other species. No mongooses. No more letters. Please again,

921
00:59:47,920 --> 00:59:51,080
Speaker 1: I don't want to come off as an anti mongoose podcast.

922
00:59:51,080 --> 00:59:55,200
Speaker 1: Despite Alex just saying he would discriminate against mongooses is great,

923
00:59:55,480 --> 00:59:59,600
Speaker 1: but yeah, it's not. I think mongooses are even this

924
00:59:59,640 --> 01:00:04,280
Speaker 1: spe she's the small Indian mongoose. They're wonderful animals and

925
01:00:04,520 --> 01:00:09,520
Speaker 1: they are an important part of their habitat where they're indigenous.

926
01:00:09,520 --> 01:00:12,040
Speaker 1: But the problem is when humans are like, oh, we

927
01:00:12,120 --> 01:00:14,120
Speaker 1: got a problem with snakes, Well, let's just throw some

928
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,640
Speaker 1: mongooses on the snake fire. That'll be fine. You gotta

929
01:00:17,680 --> 01:00:20,960
Speaker 1: fight snake fire with mongoose fire, and then that's that's

930
01:00:20,960 --> 01:00:24,400
Speaker 1: where the problem happens. And so I would say, when

931
01:00:24,440 --> 01:00:28,200
Speaker 1: we are looking at all of these extinctions and endangerments

932
01:00:28,200 --> 01:00:32,080
Speaker 1: of other species, this is not really the mongoose is fault.

933
01:00:32,120 --> 01:00:36,400
Speaker 1: The mongoose is just gonna mongoose. You can't like say, hey, mongoose,

934
01:00:36,520 --> 01:00:38,920
Speaker 1: stop doing mongoose things. It's like, but I'm a mongoose.

935
01:00:38,920 --> 01:00:42,280
Speaker 1: I'm gonna keep doing mongoose stuff. So yeah, it's like

936
01:00:42,440 --> 01:00:45,120
Speaker 1: again it's this is this is our fault as people

937
01:00:45,520 --> 01:00:51,040
Speaker 1: not understanding the consequences of introducing this animal to an area.

938
01:00:51,320 --> 01:00:55,160
Speaker 1: It's also why things like the exotic pet trade isn't

939
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:58,320
Speaker 1: great because like if you take a species of animal

940
01:00:58,520 --> 01:01:01,640
Speaker 1: that is not native to a region and then you

941
01:01:01,680 --> 01:01:04,480
Speaker 1: accidentally release it, the same thing with plants as well,

942
01:01:04,800 --> 01:01:08,240
Speaker 1: it can cause all of these problems. So yeah, again,

943
01:01:08,280 --> 01:01:10,600
Speaker 1: like I don't want this to come off as like, ah,

944
01:01:10,760 --> 01:01:13,680
Speaker 1: let's hate these animals. It's like, yeah, you know, the

945
01:01:13,680 --> 01:01:17,000
Speaker 1: the ecosystem is very delicate thing, and then when we

946
01:01:17,120 --> 01:01:20,760
Speaker 1: just try to like shove a mongoose shaped peg in

947
01:01:20,800 --> 01:01:25,800
Speaker 1: a snake shaped hole, it's not gonna necessarily be good. Yeah,

948
01:01:25,800 --> 01:01:27,760
Speaker 1: when you when you said the name mongoose, I thought

949
01:01:27,760 --> 01:01:30,919
Speaker 1: of going to our local library where my grandma worked

950
01:01:30,920 --> 01:01:33,840
Speaker 1: in the VHS section and getting that animated movie about

951
01:01:33,920 --> 01:01:36,560
Speaker 1: Ricky Tiki Tavy and watching it a whole bunch and

952
01:01:36,640 --> 01:01:40,120
Speaker 1: like that's basically all I know the Chuck Jones animated.

953
01:01:40,200 --> 01:01:42,959
Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, and like that's pretty much all I really

954
01:01:42,960 --> 01:01:45,640
Speaker 1: know about mongoose is. But I think a lot of

955
01:01:45,640 --> 01:01:48,000
Speaker 1: community leaders maybe know about that much too, and just

956
01:01:48,000 --> 01:01:50,400
Speaker 1: brought a bunch of mongooses in any way, Like that's bad.

957
01:01:50,560 --> 01:01:52,720
Speaker 1: Don't do that, Like no more than I did, you

958
01:01:52,760 --> 01:01:57,600
Speaker 1: know going in? Yeah, yeah, I mean yeah, mongooses are

959
01:01:57,800 --> 01:02:00,360
Speaker 1: I love them. When I was a kid, I loved

960
01:02:00,440 --> 01:02:04,040
Speaker 1: Ricky Tiki Tavi. I absolutely love mongooses. It's just like

961
01:02:04,080 --> 01:02:07,280
Speaker 1: it's like a cute little animal that like is able

962
01:02:07,360 --> 01:02:11,880
Speaker 1: to spar with scorpions and snakes. That's super awesome, and

963
01:02:11,920 --> 01:02:15,080
Speaker 1: they are really awesome animals. Yeah, it's just again, like

964
01:02:15,320 --> 01:02:18,120
Speaker 1: we can't just like throw a mongoose on every problem

965
01:02:18,120 --> 01:02:21,480
Speaker 1: and expect that to work out. Yeah yeah, be more

966
01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:25,520
Speaker 1: judicious in your moose. So I'm saying, right, if if

967
01:02:25,520 --> 01:02:27,280
Speaker 1: you think that we should bring in a bunch of

968
01:02:27,320 --> 01:02:32,440
Speaker 1: mongooses to fight the murder hornets, you are misguided. Although

969
01:02:32,440 --> 01:02:35,760
Speaker 1: I would I would definitely pay per view to see

970
01:02:35,760 --> 01:02:40,440
Speaker 1: that like this Sunday Sunday Sunday Murder Hornets versus murder mongoose.

971
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:44,120
Speaker 1: Just a very confusing way in trying to trying to

972
01:02:44,120 --> 01:02:50,240
Speaker 1: get him on the scale. Well what do we do? Yeah, yeah,

973
01:02:50,280 --> 01:02:53,760
Speaker 1: but but but don't but don't do that, guys, learn

974
01:02:53,960 --> 01:03:02,479
Speaker 1: learn from the mistakes that we repeatedly made without learning from. Yeah,

975
01:03:02,560 --> 01:03:04,440
Speaker 1: any any of us, at any time can be the

976
01:03:04,480 --> 01:03:10,160
Speaker 1: time humanity finally wises up. You know, it's great. Yeah, yeah, yeah, exactly.

977
01:03:10,320 --> 01:03:14,360
Speaker 1: Maybe we'll we'll just stop, We'll stop trying the like. Yeah,

978
01:03:14,560 --> 01:03:17,520
Speaker 1: you know it is. It is funny that we like

979
01:03:17,640 --> 01:03:21,000
Speaker 1: have not learned from the wisdom of the little lady

980
01:03:21,040 --> 01:03:24,760
Speaker 1: who swallowed a fly, because like, remember, she dies in

981
01:03:24,800 --> 01:03:26,880
Speaker 1: the end because she eats a horse and that's bad

982
01:03:26,960 --> 01:03:30,320
Speaker 1: and that's basically our planet. It's a metaphor for our planet. Yeah,

983
01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:32,960
Speaker 1: she ate a horse, So you don't have to exactly

984
01:03:33,040 --> 01:03:36,240
Speaker 1: exactly learn from learn from the old old ladies are

985
01:03:36,280 --> 01:03:38,600
Speaker 1: eating horses, so we can learn how to take care

986
01:03:38,640 --> 01:03:42,320
Speaker 1: of our environment. Is that the lesson? Did you learn

987
01:03:42,360 --> 01:03:48,920
Speaker 1: that lesson today? Alex? I learned that precise lesson? Yes, great, good,

988
01:03:49,040 --> 01:03:52,440
Speaker 1: so I've done my job as a science educator. All right, Well,

989
01:03:53,240 --> 01:03:56,240
Speaker 1: thank you so much for joining me today. Alex. Did

990
01:03:56,280 --> 01:04:01,840
Speaker 1: you learn? Did you laugh? Did you you know, hopefully

991
01:04:01,840 --> 01:04:05,280
Speaker 1: not murder. Hopefully I was about to say yes to everything,

992
01:04:05,840 --> 01:04:08,440
Speaker 1: no murder, but yes, right, no, that's amazing. Now I

993
01:04:08,520 --> 01:04:10,880
Speaker 1: now I know what's going on, especially with with these

994
01:04:10,920 --> 01:04:13,680
Speaker 1: murder hornets that are like an emergence than going on,

995
01:04:13,840 --> 01:04:17,280
Speaker 1: because there's there's like past invaders kind of all the time,

996
01:04:17,320 --> 01:04:19,120
Speaker 1: and a lot of ecosystems. Like when I was growing

997
01:04:19,160 --> 01:04:22,520
Speaker 1: up around Chicago, there were Asian kerp in the like

998
01:04:22,600 --> 01:04:24,520
Speaker 1: Great Lakes and in the water system, and we would

999
01:04:24,560 --> 01:04:26,360
Speaker 1: just hear the name and be told to be worried.

1000
01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:29,120
Speaker 1: But you have to like actually find out stuff to

1001
01:04:29,120 --> 01:04:30,760
Speaker 1: know what's going on. And now I now I know

1002
01:04:30,840 --> 01:04:35,640
Speaker 1: exactly how to feel about the murder hornets exactly. I mean, like,

1003
01:04:35,800 --> 01:04:38,960
Speaker 1: you know, to feel a little wary, but also to

1004
01:04:39,000 --> 01:04:42,320
Speaker 1: realize that they're not it's not they're not bad because

1005
01:04:42,360 --> 01:04:46,760
Speaker 1: they're scary looking and an insect that we typically aren't

1006
01:04:46,800 --> 01:04:51,840
Speaker 1: fond of. Their they're bad for native populations in the

1007
01:04:52,160 --> 01:04:55,520
Speaker 1: North America because of the way that it messes up

1008
01:04:55,560 --> 01:05:00,480
Speaker 1: with the indigenous ecosystem in the same way that the adorable,

1009
01:05:00,480 --> 01:05:05,440
Speaker 1: lovable little noodlely mongoose is bad. Like it's cute, it's lovable,

1010
01:05:05,480 --> 01:05:08,360
Speaker 1: but it's still killing off a lot of species of animals,

1011
01:05:08,400 --> 01:05:11,640
Speaker 1: which is really bad. Yeah, so you know, don't judge.

1012
01:05:12,520 --> 01:05:16,280
Speaker 1: Don't judge an invasive species by its covered. Judged invasive

1013
01:05:16,320 --> 01:05:25,240
Speaker 1: species by how many creatures it murders. That's lesson number two. Well, Alex,

1014
01:05:25,280 --> 01:05:28,000
Speaker 1: do you wanna plug anything? And I know you want to,

1015
01:05:28,240 --> 01:05:34,720
Speaker 1: so you gotta do it. Caught me a good Uh,

1016
01:05:34,760 --> 01:05:37,200
Speaker 1: there's a wonderful and uh, if folks want to hear

1017
01:05:37,240 --> 01:05:39,560
Speaker 1: the Cracks podcast, Katie Golden is on a recent episode

1018
01:05:39,560 --> 01:05:42,040
Speaker 1: and as amazing. Uh And and then I'm also I'm

1019
01:05:42,040 --> 01:05:43,680
Speaker 1: proud of that. And I'm also very very proud of

1020
01:05:43,680 --> 01:05:45,400
Speaker 1: this new mini series it's called One Way to Make

1021
01:05:45,440 --> 01:05:48,919
Speaker 1: an Emoji, which also features Katie Golden an episode three

1022
01:05:48,960 --> 01:05:51,200
Speaker 1: out of four, just four episodes, so you can get

1023
01:05:51,200 --> 01:05:52,800
Speaker 1: them all at once and do the whole story. And

1024
01:05:53,000 --> 01:05:58,000
Speaker 1: I think it's great. Us we talked about bison. Yeah,

1025
01:05:58,040 --> 01:05:59,960
Speaker 1: we talked about bison, and I learned you are as

1026
01:06:00,040 --> 01:06:02,960
Speaker 1: zoo tour guided. My mind was blown. Yeah. I I

1027
01:06:03,000 --> 01:06:04,760
Speaker 1: am finding more and more that I need to tell

1028
01:06:04,800 --> 01:06:07,960
Speaker 1: people that early on, but especially someone like you should

1029
01:06:07,960 --> 01:06:12,360
Speaker 1: have known immediately, like I should have sent you a letter. Yeah,

1030
01:06:12,400 --> 01:06:14,120
Speaker 1: when we met, you should have should you know, shook

1031
01:06:14,160 --> 01:06:17,200
Speaker 1: my hand and said, Alex former Zoo tour guys, you

1032
01:06:17,240 --> 01:06:19,000
Speaker 1: know that should should just be you should have hand

1033
01:06:19,040 --> 01:06:23,360
Speaker 1: out a little car basically. Yeah. And where can people

1034
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:26,360
Speaker 1: find you online? I'm at Alex Smitty on Twitter and

1035
01:06:26,400 --> 01:06:30,960
Speaker 1: then Alex meitty dot com is my website wonderful and

1036
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:34,360
Speaker 1: you can find us online at Creature Future Pod on Instagram,

1037
01:06:34,560 --> 01:06:37,520
Speaker 1: at Creature Feet Pod on Twitter. That's f e a T.

1038
01:06:37,720 --> 01:06:41,280
Speaker 1: That not feet, that's one point, very different. You can

1039
01:06:41,320 --> 01:06:43,920
Speaker 1: find me on Twitter at Katie Golden if you want

1040
01:06:43,920 --> 01:06:46,400
Speaker 1: to see my Katie thoughts, not necessarily related to the show,

1041
01:06:46,520 --> 01:06:49,560
Speaker 1: just random Katie thoughts. Uh. And as always, I am

1042
01:06:49,560 --> 01:06:54,880
Speaker 1: also at pro bird Writes, where I am taking none

1043
01:06:54,920 --> 01:06:57,360
Speaker 1: of the lessons that I we should have learned from

1044
01:06:57,400 --> 01:07:00,280
Speaker 1: this podcast in saying that birds should take over the world,

1045
01:07:00,320 --> 01:07:05,000
Speaker 1: just because that is a simple fact. And um yeah,

1046
01:07:05,040 --> 01:07:08,040
Speaker 1: thank you guys so much for listening. If you guys

1047
01:07:08,080 --> 01:07:12,120
Speaker 1: want to leave a rating or review or download, subscribe,

1048
01:07:12,520 --> 01:07:15,160
Speaker 1: those things actually really help. I know you're like, oh,

1049
01:07:15,240 --> 01:07:18,720
Speaker 1: what could pressing buttons from thousands of miles away do

1050
01:07:18,880 --> 01:07:22,560
Speaker 1: for Katie? Not true? In fact, I I can sense it.

1051
01:07:22,760 --> 01:07:25,360
Speaker 1: I have the sense like you pressed five stars and

1052
01:07:25,440 --> 01:07:27,880
Speaker 1: like I'm like, oh my god, someone just pressed five

1053
01:07:27,920 --> 01:07:32,560
Speaker 1: stars on my podcast. That's amazing, and it teaches the

1054
01:07:32,640 --> 01:07:36,520
Speaker 1: podcast robots that the show is good. So teach those

1055
01:07:36,640 --> 01:07:39,720
Speaker 1: robots about our show is good by pressing those buttons.

1056
01:07:39,840 --> 01:07:43,600
Speaker 1: That really does help out a lot. Thanks to the

1057
01:07:43,640 --> 01:07:47,440
Speaker 1: Space Classics for their super awesome song. X Alumina. Creature

1058
01:07:47,480 --> 01:07:50,560
Speaker 1: features a production of I Heart Radio or more podcast

1059
01:07:50,640 --> 01:07:53,200
Speaker 1: like the one you just heard. Visit the I heart

1060
01:07:53,280 --> 01:07:56,600
Speaker 1: Radio website, the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or

1061
01:07:56,640 --> 01:07:59,640
Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows. See you next Wednesday,

1062
01:08:00,080 --> 01:08:00,800
Speaker 1: Tete